More than 2000 years ago stood - southeastern outpost Bosporan kingdom, which united the lands of the Kerch and Taman Peninsulas with adjacent territories. The Greek city got its name from the name of the son of King Satyr I - Gorgippa, who annexed these lands, which belonged to the Sind tribe, to the Bosporan state.
The city of Gorgippia was not only a trading and craft center, but also a border fortress and one of the largest ports of the kingdom. At present, the ancient settlement, together with the necropolis, is located under the central part of the Anapa resort. Numerous archaeological finds record the existence of a Hellenic city on this site from the 5th century BC. e. to the 3rd century A.D. e. - when Gorgippia died as a result of an enemy invasion and this ended the ancient stage of her history.
Archaeological excavations
In 1949, archaeologist Vladimir Dmitrievich Blavatsky conducted the first reconnaissance work on the search. Five years later, excavations were organized at the site of the Gorgippian necropolis. Unfortunately, in the 50s, during construction work, large areas ancient city were destroyed.
Systematic excavations of the ancient polis began in 1960. Then a stationary expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences was opened under the leadership of I.T. Kruglikova. dense building modern city complicated excavations, and yet, over 15 field seasons, archaeologists managed to explore various parts of ancient Gorgippia and determine its layout. Scientists have recorded the cultural layer of the ancient city 800 m along the sea and 500 m inland, with total area about 40 ha.
In 1977, by decision of the Gorgippia Council of Ministers of the USSR, the settlement was declared a monument of archeology of federal significance, and a plot of almost two hectares was allocated on its territory, which received the status of an archaeological reserve.
archaeological finds
The earliest on the site of present-day Anapa date back to the 6th century BC. e. The first settlement of the Greeks stretched for 400 meters along the sea. By the beginning of the 5th century BC. e. the city has grown significantly: archaeologists have found that the city market provided the neighborhood with Mediterranean goods for 15-20 km.
From the residential buildings of ancient Gorgippia, cellars of houses were preserved, the walls of which were built of stone or made of mud bricks, and the roof was covered with tiles of various shapes. The streets of the city were paved with cobblestones and fragments of clay amphorae, cart tracks were preserved on the pavements, and ancient coins were found. The approaches to the city from land were covered by a powerful fortress, explored in 1978-1980.
Fragments of inscriptions give an idea of the administrative structure of the city, the composition of the population. Found a huge number of different items that tell about the economic activity and everyday life of the inhabitants of the city. Scientists have proven that iron and copper processing, glassmaking, stone-cutting and woodworking existed in the ancient city.
Crypts with unique frescoes and a large number of gold items from the first centuries of our era were discovered. One of the most interesting finds was made in 1975. An archaeological expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences discovered a burial complex of two crypts and a rock tomb with a large number of gold and highly artistic items. The frescoes of the stone crypt depict the exploits of Hercules, who was considered the founder of the Cimmerian dynasty ruling in the Bosporus.
Today, archaeological finds of ancient Gorgippia are in various museums around the world.
This summer historical heritage Anapa - the ancient city of Gorgippia - was included in the route project " Golden ring Bosporus kingdom. The idea of creating a global interregional tourist route, which will combine four southern region Russia, belongs to Lev Stepko - an employee of the Novorossiysk Historical Museum-Reserve. The project is also supported by the Federal Tourism Agency, the Krasnodar Regional Branch of the Russian Geographical Society (RGO), the Committee on the Use of Natural Resources.
Now various specialists are actively working on the project. As conceived by the organizers, the route should be accessible to tourists traveling both by rail and by road. water transport: “Taking into account the start of operation Crimean bridge, the objects of the Golden Ring will become more accessible,” said Ivan Chaika, Chairman of the Russian Geographical Society.
In the future, the project will have a website that will be convenient for both tour operators and tourists. With it, you can choose a convenient route and start it at any point, choose the best trip for any type of transportation.
In the meantime, we invite you to learn a little more about Gorgippia than what is written in Wikipedia.
In the 4th-3rd century BC, the city of Gorgippia existed on the territory of present-day Anapa. Killed in a fire, he seemed to have disappeared from the face of the earth, but no such luck. In 1975, excavations began in Anapa, and the city, with an area of 35 hectares, began to revive. Today, the remains of the foundation and walls give visitors the opportunity to imagine the image of an ancient settlement that once existed on this territory. Here you can see the cellars and foundations of residential buildings, cobbled streets, wineries, wells, drains, a fragment of the fortress.
Archaeological excavations are still being carried out, and the Anapa Archaeological Museum is constantly replenished with exhibits: household utensils, coins, sculptures, weapons, figurines. In the museum-reserve there is a crypt of Hercules, where the nobility were buried - scientists managed to find three sarcophagi. It is noteworthy that the walls of the crypt are painted according to the plots of the exploits of Hercules, taking you to that world that people met only on the pages of books.
In the photo below, you will see only a couple of excavated quarters of the ancient city with an area of about 1.5-2 hectares. The total area of the whole city was about 40 hectares. Modern Anapa is entirely located above the ancient Gorgippia. We will show you a small part of it.
Greek settlements and war with the Persians
There were a lot of Greek settlements in the Black Sea region. According to archaeologists, we can say that these cities were located on the Black Sea coast at a distance of 5-10 km. from each other, and even closer, which is a fairly dense placement for ancient settlements. However, we are interested in the Asian part of the eastern Black Sea coast. It is curious, but it is here in the spurs that begin Caucasus mountains Prometheus, chained to the Caucasian rocks, suffered, exiled here by Zeus to suffer, because he conveyed to people the sacred fire of knowledge.
Sinds and many other tribes have lived in this area since ancient times. The Cimmerians once lived here, driven out by the Scythians, and those who were later driven out by the Greeks. The Greeks founded Panticapaeum, which was located on the eastern part of the modern Crimean peninsula and other cities, including those in Asia Minor and its eastern Black Sea part. Phanagoria was the second city in its importance after Panticapaeum, it was located in the eastern part of the coast through the Cimmerian Bosporus (strait), and further east in the 5th century BC in the foothills North Caucasus the city of Sind or Sindika was founded - the future Gorgippia.
Before the war with the Persians, the city was not subordinate to the Bosporan kingdom (these are Greek colonial cities united in a single state), and its king Satyr, while the Greeks were at war with Xerxes, decided to take over Sindica, but got involved in political intrigues, strife and war against the Sindh king Hekatey , and eventually died from overexertion and the loss of his youngest son. The archon (hereditary ruler) of the Bosporus was his wise and far-sighted eldest son Levkon. He sent his brother Gorgipp to Sindika, and he, using his talent as a politician, through negotiations and generous gifts, persuaded Sindika to peace and became the first governor of the king of the Bosporan kingdom there. Interestingly, it was in this year that the battle of the Greeks with the Persians took place in the Thermopylae Gorge, where King Leonidas and his 300 Spartans died, which is now known to every schoolchild.
New name - Gorgippia
So, in the IV century BC. Sindika became part of the Bosporus kingdom and was its key border town. The new name - Gorgippia was given to the city as Gorgipp's merits before the Bosporan kingdom for his great deeds, as the sources note. Leukon, on the other hand, reigned in the Bosporus for forty years and received Athenian citizenship, although he was not a Greek at all by origin. His sons Spartok and Parisades received confirmation from the Athenian people regarding the benefits given to their father and grandfather Satyrus. From Spartok came the dynasty of the Bosporan kings - the Spartokids. They reigned for about three hundred more years and were faithful allies of Greece. There was general order. The local Scythians paid moderate tribute to the Bosporus and were kept from raids by force. There was a strong fleet in the Bosporus kingdom, and it defended everything Black Sea coast from sea robbers.
Under Mithridates Evpator, Gorgippia moved into the ranks of the most important cities of the Bosporan kingdom. In subsequent years, the city continued to flourish and grow rich. Public buildings were erected here, their own silver coins were minted, large roof tiles were made in potters' workshops. Even under Levkon, self-government was introduced in Gorgippia within the framework of a civil community.
Gorgippia was a significant, very rich city, shopping mall throughout Asia Minor and major and key seaport. For hundreds of years, Greek merchants have brought here wine, fragrant oils, elegant black-glazed Greek dishes, expensive fabrics, and jewelry. They took away in huge quantities wheat, leather, furs, livestock, honey, salted fish and, of course, slaves. By the way, in Athens, on the agora at that time, statues of Satyr, Perisad and Gorgippus from the “grateful Athenian people” were installed.
Geographer Pausanias - Journey to Gorgippia
The only eyewitness for us to travel to living Gorgippia is the historian Pausanias. He recounted his impressions of her visit in his "Description of Hellas" in the 11th book in the 2nd century AD.
When you sail to Gorgippia on a ship from Panticapaeum, you see how the sandy flat coast protrudes more and more into the sea, forming a cape that cuts through a magnificent bay ... However, if your ship passes the bay and goes around this cape, then you will open completely a different picture - a high coast, smoothly turning into harsh, lifeless mountains, almost sheerly descending into the sea. No wonder that it was to these rocks, by order of Zeus, Hephaestus chained Prometheus.
By the way, this area is now included in the boundaries of the modern city of Anapa and locals They call it the "High Coast".
The city itself impresses even the Greeks who arrived from Egypt. The main city street stretches from west to east along the sea, from the western gate to the agora. The street is wide, not less than 18 cubits (one cubit - 40-50 cm), covered with huge stone slabs, up to three cubits long, and completely new. The slabs are laid thoroughly on a thick layer of bedding and tamping, in some places old pavements can be seen under them. Gutters run under the new pavement slabs, connecting to water collection wells.
In the courtyard of each house there is either a well or a plastered cistern for rainwater coming from the roof of the house. The house itself has a huge basement with a stone staircase. Drainage channels originate from the yard, made of carefully processed slabs with a gutter. The courtyards are paved with either stone slabs or sea pebbles, the floors in the rooms are earthen with clay coating, the walls are plastered and mostly painted. The houses built by the Romans are distinguished by their large size and thick walls, and, as a rule, contain baths. One building of the Roman barracks is located in the city center, the other at the eastern gate.
During my stay in Gorgippia, I saw the construction of new temples. The theater was also rebuilt, now it was adjusted to the simple tastes of the Romans, which means that it had to be suitable for conducting gladiator fights. At the entrance to the agora, the courthouse and the gymnasium are open. On the very central square- temples were erected dedicated to Poseidon - the lord of the sea element, Demeter - the patroness of farmers, Aphrodite - the foam-born protector of sailors and, of course, the great Zeus the Savior. This is truly the home of the gods. They amaze with the power, and even the heaviness of their forms. From the statues, my attention was drawn to a huge statue of Athena, the patroness of Hercules. As they explained to me, this is the work of Hypatodorus, made by him for the 102nd Olympic Games and bought from the Megalopians by Mithridates, especially for his border city of Gorgypia.
Gorgippia architecture
In the 4th century BC, apparently, the layout of the urban quarters of Gorgippia had already been outlined. This is evidenced by the orientation of the walls and the direction of the streets, open in layers under the pavement of the 2nd century BC. There are clearly traces of increasing street levels, starting from the 4th century. BC e., in the form of alternating layers of ceramic bedding, gravel and crushed stone.
The existence of streets during the Hellenistic period in the same place where they passed in the first centuries of our era is also evidenced by a blocked doorway, the threshold of which, corresponding to the level of the street of the 4th century BC. BC e., in the II century. n. e. turned out to be more than a meter below the level of the stone pavement. The city was burned and destroyed by the Goths in 238 AD. Gorgippia was one of the first to accept this unexpected and catastrophic blow from the barbarian tribes from the Baltic. Some of the inhabitants were killed, all the rest were taken into slavery - this was the main craft of the Goths. This is where his glorious ancient history ends, but another one gradually begins.
The archaeological excavation of the ancient city is located right next to the main city beach of Anapa, which, it seems, should give it a pop and resort character and the presence of large crowds of curious vacationers.
Gorgippia (Sindh harbor) (ant. Γοργιππία) - ancient city on the Black Sea coast, which existed in the IV century BC. e.-III century AD e. within the Bosporan kingdom.
Gorgippia began to exist on these lands from the 4th century BC. Prior to this, historical sources mention a settlement called Sindika, after the name of the Sind people living on the shore of a convenient bay. After the formation of the Bosporus kingdom, Sindika became part of it, the city was renamed Gorgippia, in honor of the governor Gorgipp, the son of the Bosporan king Satyr.
Gorgippia, according to experts, occupied an area of at least 40 hectares. Large stone houses with cellars and courtyards were built in the city. The roofs of the houses were covered with tiles. Amphoras with grain, oil and wine were stored in the cellars. The walls of houses from the inside were coated with clay or plastered. Glass windows in Gorgippia appear only in the 3rd century BC. n. e. and were a rarity for the townspeople, so more often the windows were covered with bull bubbles. To maintain order on the streets of the city, drains were built. The drinking water problem was solved by a system of wells.
During its heyday, the city minted its own coin, which depicts the head of the god Dionysus on one side, and a bunch of grapes and the inscription GORGIPPIA on the other. This suggests that the inhabitants of the ancient Greek city were engaged not only in agriculture, various crafts, but also in viticulture and winemaking.
Life in the city was bright, noisy, various holidays and competitions were often held. The names of the winners were entered into special lists on a stone slab. For several decades, 226 names appeared on this plate.
With reverence, the Gorgippians treated their gods - Athena, Demeter, Zeus, Dionysus; they erected temples and statues. The inhabitants of Gorgippia were also reverent towards their dead.
Outside the city there was a necropolis - the city of the dead, where the dead were buried in crypts and sarcophagi.
At the end of the 30s of the 3rd century, Gorgippia was attacked, separate quarters or even the entire city were destroyed. Who destroyed Gorgippia? No written evidence of this has come down to us. Some ancient historians have versions that they were the Goths, who at that time, together with other tribes, invaded the borders of the Bosporan kingdom.
After the defeat, Gorgippia was never able to recover, although in some places the population restores the destroyed houses. And in the second half of the 4th century, a new disaster struck the Bosporus. The nomadic hordes of the Huns broke into the boundaries of this kingdom and, sweeping away everything in their path, plundered and destroyed cities and villages. Thus ended the life of a beautiful, civilized city. After several centuries, various agricultural tribes settled in its place.
The settlement is located in the center of the modern city of Anapa. Partially excavated city blocks, rich burials. The museum-reserve "Gorgippia" was created under open sky, where stone-paved streets, foundations and walls of dwellings, the remains of workshops, wineries, fish salting baths, marble slabs with inscriptions, sarcophagi of local nobility extracted from the necropolis, etc. are presented.
The ancient city of Gorgippia is the most famous and popular attraction of Anapa. The archaeological museum-reserve includes excavations of an ancient settlement and several exhibitions presenting the most interesting finds found in Anapa and the resort's environs.
Photo of the archaeological museum of Anapa and Gorgippia
History of Gorgypia
Gorgippia is a city of the Bosporus kingdom, founded on the site of an even more ancient settlement of Sindskaya Gavan in the 4th century BC. The Bosporan kingdom itself is an interesting state formation. It was created in 480 BC, when the Greek cities-policies located in the area of the Kerch Strait united. At the same time, the state, which was formally democratic, was ruled by a king. It combined the features of Greek democratic government and forms of government characteristic of the tribes living here - Sinds, Scythians, Sarmatians and many others. The capital of the kingdom - Panticapaeum - was located on the territory of modern. Sindika Harbor voluntarily did not enter the Bosporus kingdom, and a hundred years later Sindika was annexed by force. This happened under King Leukon, who sent his brother Gorgippus as governor. Probably, the Sind Harbor by that time lay in ruins: archaeologists have found numerous traces of conflagrations. So Gorgipp actually founded the city anew and named it after himself. The layout laid down under him was preserved for centuries: the main streets stretched along the sea from east to west, others from north to south.
Gorgippia was destroyed around 240 AD: she died in a fire. It was an outside intrusion. However, scientists are still arguing about the perpetrators of the death of the city. For a long time it was believed that these were the Goths: Byzantine authors mention that once the Goths burned the outlying cities of the Bosporus kingdom, and Gorgippia was just on its borders. There is also a version that these were the North Caucasian tribes of the Alans, who at about the same time captured Tanais, located near modern Taganrog. True, Tanais was restored, and the Alans remained to live there. And Gorgippia has sunk into oblivion. However, the location of the city was so successful that further cities were built right on it.
Modern Anapa stands completely on the ancient Gorgippia. This means that we will never see many of the sights of the ancient settlement. Now the museum owns a small plot of about 1.5 hectares, many buildings are still underground. Funding for the excavations stopped allocating in 1996, so that serious research had to be stopped. However, the museum's collection is replenished annually: mainly due to excavations, which are mandatory during the construction of new facilities.
Archaeological Museum of Anapa
The Anapa Archaeological Museum began with a small cabinet of antiquities, which was opened in the Kurortny Hall in 1909. Finds accidentally made by the inhabitants of Anapa fell here. Then it started Civil War, the archaeological collection was lost. In the 1930s, it became clear that a city like Anapa could not remain without its own museum. It was revived to be lost again during a new war. However, already in September 1945 the museum reopened its doors.
In the mid-1950s, the first significant finds were made in Anapa. An ancient necropolis was discovered at the site where the Rodina cinema was later erected. Treasures from the burials have replenished the museum's collection. However, the most important discovery was made in 1975, when the so-called "Crypt of Hercules" was discovered. This discovery gained worldwide fame, so it was decided to turn the museum into an archaeological reserve. Previously, everything that archaeologists found, they buried back in the ground for preservation, in the hope of museumification in the future. But already in 1977, the museum was allocated a plot of land on the seashore, excavations began, which would have continued to this day, if not for the termination of funding.
Now tourists can see three streets and several buildings of the ancient city, including the house of a grain merchant, two wineries, an ancient pavement, a small pottery workshop where cult figurines were made, a trading shop in which many glass and iron products were found. Wealthy Gorgippians lived in two-story houses. Downstairs there were cellars where supplies were stored or workshops were located, and on the second floor, built of adobe bricks, there were living quarters. The roofs were covered with tiles. It is interesting that construction technologies have changed little over 2 thousand years: the Cossacks then built houses from the same mixture of clay and straw.
The central city highway passes through the site of the museum-reserve. She should lead the archaeologists to the main town square. True, there are fears that now in its place is the Starinnaya Anapa boarding house. On the part of the museum territory where excavations have not yet been carried out, there is an open-air exhibition: here you can see fragments of Gorgippian temples, tombstones and sarcophagi.
In 2008, an exposition of the archaeological finds of Gorgippia was opened on the territory of the museum-reserve. This is a modern, well organized museum housed in an early 20th century building. Tourists can learn about the history and purpose of the exhibits with the help of an audio guide: to do this, you need to read the QR codes of the exhibits using your phone.
Now the museum buildings are being renovated, some of the exhibitions are closed, but tourists can see the main expositions - the excavation and the collection of Gorgippian finds.
Crypt of Hercules in Anapa
The legendary crypt of Hercules was discovered in 1975 while digging a foundation pit for the construction of a 12-story building on Gorky Street. In fact, there were two crypts, but the second one did not receive a big name, so only one became widely known among tourists. The first crypt was looted, but what the thieves could not carry away was preserved - walls with frescoes depicting the exploits of Hercules. It is because of the frescoes that the crypt of Hercules got its name. So do not believe the guides who claim that the Greek hero was buried here.
But the robbers did not notice the second crypt: it contained the burial of a noble Gorgippian of the 2nd-3rd centuries AD, possibly a member of the family of the ruler of the city. Archaeologists have discovered here a huge number of items made of precious metals, decorated with stones. True, you can see the famous gold of Gorgippia in Krasnodar: the collection was taken there. However, the original frescoes from the first crypt are in the Anapa Archaeological Museum. True, out of 150 stone blocks with images in Anapa, only eight can be seen (the ninth block is in Krasnodar). Restoration is still going on, the process turned out to be very difficult and painstaking.
How is Hercules connected with Gorgippia so far from Greece? It turned out that the cult of this hero was very developed in the Northern Black Sea region, the Scythian kings erected their genealogies to him. Legend has it that Hercules left his bow to the Scythian Serpent-footed Goddess, who bore him three sons. The hero bequeathed that one of the sons who could pull the bowstring not his tight bow would be the king of the Scythians, and so it happened. The kings of the Bosporus kingdom were also sure of their relationship with Hercules, who printed their own coins with the image of Hercules or his attributes - the skins of a lion, arrows, and so on. At the turn of the II-III centuries AD, a whole series of coins with images of the exploits of Hercules came out, now they are worth their weight in gold, very few have survived.
The museum is on the list best museums Taman Peninsula and Anapa, compiled by Travel.ru as part of the "" project.
Opening hours: 9:00-18:00. Tours are scheduled several times a day, at 11:00 and 16:00, but the schedule may vary depending on the season. Ticket price: an adult ticket costs 150 rubles, a ticket for children and pensioners - 80 rubles, disabled people and preschoolers are free. An excursion ticket for adults costs 190 rubles, a reduced ticket - 120 rubles. Photographing costs 30 rubles, video filming - 100 rubles. Address: Anapa, st. Embankment, 4. How to get there: the entrance to the museum is located on the city embankment, not far from the park of the 30th anniversary of the Victory. The nearest stops are on Lenin and Astrakhanskaya streets. www:
The ancient Greek city was called a polis. Each policy is a small state, which was called a city-state. Such cities in Ancient Greece there were hundreds, and each of them had its own administration. The most powerful city-states were Athens and Sparta.
The polis consisted of the city itself, as well as the agricultural land adjacent to it, which was called chora.
The population of the policy consisted of citizens who were full-fledged, as well as slaves, of which there were much more. Each citizen of the policy must serve in the army, also have armor, a shield and a spear.
Greek policies named after three different state systems, among which are: democracy, monarchy and oligarchy.
The story should begin with information about the life of the Greeks.
Greek daily life
Greek dwellings
Greek houses were one and two storey, they had no windows - only smooth walls. A small open courtyard was in the center of the Greek house. Each Greek house was divided into two parts: women's and men's. Only family members had the right to enter the first one, and in the male part the head of the house received guests.
As you know, the Greeks had furniture, but its number was small. The furniture consisted of a family bed, several small tables. The owner of the house had his own armchair, and the women sat on wooden chairs.
There were no cabinets at that time, so the Greeks kept their things in chests, and hung the rest on the wall.
In addition to chairs, the Greeks also had benches of various sizes.
Poor citizens used clay dishes, while the rich used silver. Also, rich houses were decorated with mosaics and wall paintings.
Greek clothing
Most of the clothes the Greeks made at home - this was done by women. However, rich clothing was produced by artisans. Clothing for women and men was similar - they wore shirts, which were longer for women. Men also threw on a shirt something like a cloak. There were no pockets and buttons at that time. Hats were also worn, but they were worn only for protection from the sun's rays and only outside the city. Shoes mostly consisted of sandals. In addition, men wore boots, and women wore shoes.
Slaves most often did not wear any shoes, and their shirt was poor and made of coarse fabric.
The attire of the warriors consisted of bronze armor, a bronze helmet and greaves. In addition, they wore army cloaks. The main attribute of a warrior was a wooden shield, which was covered with bronze, such a shield was called a hoplon. Hoplite is a Greek infantryman, whose name comes from the name of the shield.
A Day in the Life of a Politician
The story of life in the Greek city should be based on the class division of Greek society. The life of slaves, women and free citizens was seriously different.
The Greeks got up as early as possible, with the first ray of the sun. Then they had breakfast. Tomorrow was often quite meager - just a few small pieces of bread.
Immediately after this, each citizen went to a large square, which was called the agora. It was the center of the whole life of the city, shopping was made here.
Citizens sold olives, beans, grapes, a large number of various vegetables and fruits. In addition, meat, various poultry, as well as eggs were sold. In addition to food, artisans also sold other goods, among which were weapons, household appliances, clothes, tools, shoes and utensils. In addition to shopping, in the agora, citizens discussed laws and exchanged news.
When evening came, the Greeks liked to walk around the neighbors. It is generally accepted that the Greeks were very sociable and were always for the sake of having guests in their house.
The guests sat on the couch, in front of which there were tables with food. The Greeks ate most often with their hands, since there were no forks, spoons were not common. The basis of the dishes during such gatherings was meat and fish, which were diluted with various vegetables, fruits, as well as a small amount of seasonings. In addition, there was bread on the table.
They drank only wine diluted with water. The Greeks did not drink pure wine, it was considered real barbarism. While drinking wine, the Greeks discussed many topics, from politics to gossip.
The poor people are much worse, they did not have time to go to the guests, the poor also did not go to the agora. Their main occupation was hard work. The diet was also meager: the cheapest wine, mostly small fish, bread and barley flour stew. The poor people ate meat very rarely, mostly only on holidays.
The life of Greek women
The life of women in the Greek policy was significantly different from the life of men, as they were not full-fledged residents. Women did not have the right to vote and did not participate in any way in the management of the policy.
Women have always obeyed their husbands, fathers, or brothers.
The main task of women was to educate the younger generation. Slaves and female slaves, who were in charge of women, were engaged in household chores. The hostess could also be engaged in a craft - weaving.
For most of the day, women did not even leave the house, they were not allowed to do this without the permission of their husband or father. Interestingly, poor women had much more freedom than women from wealthy families.
