Emergencies on board an airplane are rare, but they do happen. The right to make a decision on an unscheduled emergency landing is given to the commander of the airliner’s crew or his deputy.
Whenever emergency situation The crew may decide to make an emergency landing in the following cases:
1. Fire on the plane
Careless handling of fire and smoking on board can cause a fire. Fires on board account for approximately 20% of aircraft accidents. If a fire starts on the liner, you should try not to swallow smoke and breathe through a rag.
After the plane lands, you need to immediately head to the nearest exit. In this case you need:Protect your skin with clothing or a blanket;
Bend down and go to the exit on all fours - there should be less smoke below;
Do not stand in the crowd at the exit if the line is not moving, remember that if there are other exits;
Don't take it with you hand luggage, it could cost you your life.
2. Failure of one of the engines
The failure of one of the aircraft's engines can cause the plane to crash. After detecting a problem, the flight commander decides to return to the departure point or asks to land at the nearest airfield.
Accidents at altitudes above seven thousand meters are often accompanied by decompression (thin air on an airplane). The crew makes a decision on an emergency landing in the event of a sharp drop in air pressure and depressurization of the aircraft cabin. During emergency decompression in airliners civil aviation Oxygen masks for passengers and crew are automatically ejected. Passengers and crew members must immediately put on these masks, after which the crew must reduce the flight altitude to a level at which pressurization of the cabin is not required, and then make an emergency landing.
4. Troubles on board
Fights on board planes have become quite common. Finding themselves in a confined space and intoxicated, rowdies look for reasons for conflict.
In an effort to get maximum adrenaline, unbalanced passengers rush at those around them. If the stewards cannot cope with pacifying the rowdies, the crew decides to force the plane to land.5. Passenger feels unwell
The plane may make an emergency landing due to poor health or death of one of the passengers.
6. Ill health or death of the pilot
An airplane can make a forced emergency landing in the event of poor health or death of the pilot, when the incomplete crew for some reason cannot continue the flight.
7. Airplane hijacking
A forced landing may occur if the aircraft is hijacked by criminals. To prevent hijacking, most commercial airlines install armored doors in their cockpits. In addition, on some flights there are armed plainclothes air security officers who can neutralize the hijackers.
What should you do in case of an emergency landing of an airplane?
During a forced landing, the plane can crash into trees, rocks, split in half, catch fire and explode. In the event of an emergency landing, passengers must:
Immediately clear the aisles and take your seats in your chairs;
Bring the backrests to a vertical position;
Remove glasses, dentures, remove sharp objects (pens, knives, lighters) from internal pockets;
Remove high-heeled shoes;
Loosen the tie and unbutton the collar;
Place soft things on your knees to protect your head and torso;
Fasten and tighten the seat belts tightly.
At the command of the flight attendant “Attention landing!” follows:
Bend forward, cover your head with soft things and place it on your hands, with which you clasp your knees;
You need to remain in this position until the plane comes to a complete stop.
After the plane stops, you should unfasten your seat belts and prepare for evacuation. For emergency egress by passengers and crew, all main and emergency doors are used, as well as emergency exits, located, as a rule, on the left and right sides of the fuselage.
Current page: 4 (book has 8 pages total) [available reading passage: 2 pages]
§ 14. Safety in public transport and cars
Let's look at how to behave safely in public transport (bus, trolleybus, tram, metro) and car.
Bus one of the most common types of transport. It easily maneuvers in traffic and can suddenly change direction and speed. True, in unfavorable weather conditions and poor road conditions, in case of sudden braking and in some other situations, an accident may occur. Moreover, an impact even at low speed often leads to injuries to passengers.
Evacuation from the bus through the emergency exit
To exit the bus in the event of an accident, you can use doors, windows, and ventilation hatches.
Buses have special windows that can serve as emergency exits. To use them, you need to pull out the sealing cord using a special handle, and then squeeze out the glass. You can simply knock out any glass using a hard object: a “diplomat” with a metal rim, a fire extinguisher, a brake shoe. At the same time, you need to make sure that there are no people nearby who could be injured by sharp fragments. Don’t forget to also knock off any sharp fragments around the edges of the window.
After an accident has occurred, the first thing you need to do is determine where and in what position you are and whether there is a fire. Depending on the situation, move towards the exit.
The situation of interior flooding is rare. However, once inside, you should not rush to leave the cabin; you must wait until it is partially filled with water; it will be easier to get out.
Trolleybus And tram due to their relatively low speed and low maneuverability, the most safe types public transport. But we must remember that electric traction creates the danger of electric shock. During heavy downpours or thaws in winter, current-carrying wires may short out to the machine body. In 1996, several times in Moscow, up to 40% of trolleybuses failed for this reason, which caused interruptions in passenger service. Sometimes this resulted in people being injured.
Electric shock is also possible in strong winds, when the contact wire is likely to break and fall onto the roof of the car. You can only leave a trolleybus (tram) that is under current by jumping to prevent electric shock when the passenger, standing with one foot on a step, touches the ground with the other foot.
Evacuation from a trolleybus (tram)
Metro vehicle increased danger. To avoid trouble, you must follow the rules for using the subway.
The first danger zone in the metro turnstiles at the entrance. An attempt to pass freely, create a crush and break through as a group, or jump over the turnstile most often ends with a blow from its doors. For adults, such a blow is practically safe, but for a child it can cause serious injury.
Second danger zone escalator. The cause of a dangerous situation on it can be a sudden stop, unexpected acceleration or destruction of the escalator belt. If you cannot stay on your feet when you suddenly stop, you need to regroup and get up as quickly as possible. In the event of sudden acceleration or destruction of the escalator belt, you must immediately move to the next escalator, jumping or rolling over the fence and without stopping on it. You shouldn’t create dangerous situations on the escalator yourself: sit on its steps, organize running competitions, blocking the passage, put objects on the handrails or throw coins and other things and watch them fly down. Thin heels on girls' shoes, too soft or torn soles can get stuck in its corrugated steps.
Third danger zone platform. Streams of passengers entering and leaving, also with bags, suitcases, backpacks, can create a dangerous situation. If you go beyond the boundary line and are at the edge of the platform, you can fall on the path. An attempt to independently retrieve an item that has fallen from the platform can lead to the same result. Having fallen on the tracks, you cannot immediately climb onto the platform (there is a high-voltage contact rail under it), you must run along the train to its beginning (there are stairs there). If a train appears, you should lie down between the rails with your head facing the train, covering your ears with your hands and opening your mouth.
Fourth danger zone train carriage. During its movement, sudden braking and stopping, lighting switching off, electrical wiring catching fire, and smoke are possible. On a moving train, these situations become doubly dangerous. We must remember that each car is equipped with emergency communication with the driver. In any dangerous situations, you need to use it: press the button, take your time, say what happened, and give the car number.
How to behave on the subway:
There is no need to try to get into the metro for free: the impact of the turnstile doors can be quite strong;
Do not run down the escalator, do not place things on the steps, do not sit down or stand with your back in the direction of travel;
Do not linger at the exit of the escalator, do not create a crush;
Do not approach the edge of the platform;
Do not approach the carriage until the train has completely stopped; remove the backpack or bag from your shoulder: they will prevent you from turning around in the carriage;
Do not pick up an object that has fallen on the rails yourself; call the station duty officer for this;
Don't panic if the train stops in a tunnel; wait for announcements and follow all orders of metro employees;
Do not rush to look into a suitcase or bag left by someone, and report them to the station duty officer;
Remember: the safety of other passengers depends on your manners (a banana peel thrown onto the platform can cause injury for someone, and failure to hold the entrance door of the lobby behind you will hit the person following you).
A car. Most people use this type of transport from time to time, even if the family does not have a car. Passenger cars are the most dangerous for pedestrians and passengers for several reasons:
Many car enthusiasts, unlike professionals, do not have good training;
Cars have high speed;
In traffic, a passenger car can collide with a heavy truck, in which case its driver and passengers are at greater risk than the people in the truck.
Safety measures in a passenger car:
Do not open the doors while driving;
You cannot drive without fastened seat belts;
You should have a first aid kit and a fire extinguisher in your car;
While driving, you must watch the road and not interfere with the driver;
The driver must not be distracted from driving while the vehicle is moving.
Sometimes during a trip the passenger is passive, does not watch the road, and the danger of a collision is a complete surprise to him. Therefore, you should develop a very useful habit: while sitting in a car, perceive every unusual signal (the sound of a horn, the growing sound of the engine of an approaching car, the squeal of brakes outside the window) as a warning of danger.
Seeing that a collision is inevitable, you need to rest your feet on the floor and your hands on the panel or front seat. After a collision, you should try to quickly leave the car.
If it is impossible to get out through the doors, this must be done by kicking out the front or rear window. Any tool or other item located inside the car will help in this situation. An anti-theft device - a steering lock - can also be a handy tool. Having got out, you need to help the others get out, get a first aid kit and a fire extinguisher from the car.
Questions and tasks
1. Tell us about one of the city bus, trolleybus, or tram routes you know. Describe the route in detail, tell us about dangerous places, through which it passes (intersections, steep ascents, descents, overpasses at transport interchanges), traffic patterns on this route at different times of the day and on different days of the week.
2. Outline the rules for safe behavior on the bus.
3. Tell us about the rules of conduct on a trolleybus and tram in wet, inclement weather.
4. When using public transport, study the design of the entrance doors of buses and trams. Tell us why you shouldn't lean against them while driving. How can you use them as an emergency exit?
5. Tell us about the safety features in the subway. What dangerous situations can arise in a subway train car? Tell us about your actions in these cases.
6. Study the subway map in your city. Find possible detour options for a situation where one of the sections is closed due to an accident. Do you know what kind ground transport can you use it in case of an emergency at the station you usually use?
7. Tell us what safety devices you know in passenger cars.
TASK 18.
You are traveling on a subway train in the evening. Besides you, the only person in the carriage is your sleeping grandfather. Suddenly the train stopped in the passage between stations. 20 minutes pass, but the train stops. And then you noticed a box left by someone at the end of the carriage. Choose from the options offered further actions and determine their order.
1. Wake up grandfather and go with him to the other end of the car or hide behind the seats.
2. Open the box and see what's there.
3. Notify the driver.
4. Throw the box out the window.
TASK 19.
You are traveling to school in a crowded subway car and are at the door. Suddenly you feel dizzy and have a stomach ache. Select further actions from the proposed options and determine their order.
1. Get off at the nearest station and sit.
2. Get off at the nearest station and go to the doctor.
3. Go to the clinic.
4. Ask someone to give you a seat.
TASK 20.
You and your mother were invited to the dacha to celebrate New Year. It's -29°C outside. From the metro station you have to take the highway for 17 km. At the bus stop you learn that buses will start running only in two hours. You are told that you can walk through the forest in an hour. Choose your next steps from the options provided.
1. Stand at the bus stop and wait for the bus.
2. Go through the forest.
3. Try to get there in any passing car.
4. Return home.
5. Try to find some other way to get to the desired place (another bus).
TASK 21.
You and a friend are traveling on the subway. While waiting for the train, you notice that one of the passengers has dropped his bag on the rails and is trying to jump after it. The green semaphore signal is on. Select further actions from the proposed options and determine their order.
1. Go look for a transport police officer.
2. Stop the passenger from acting rashly.
4. Prompt this person to turn to the station duty officer for help.
TASK 22.
You are traveling with friends in a subway car. Suddenly the car begins to fill with smoke, and my eyes water. People are starting to worry. Select further actions from the proposed options and determine their order.
1. Transmit information to the driver via internal communication.
2. Try to open the carriage doors and windows to allow fresh air to enter.
3. Find a fire extinguisher under the seat in the carriage.
4. Stay calm, reassure people, seek help from adults.
5. When the train stops in the tunnel and the doors open, do not step onto the tracks.
TASK 23.
You are traveling with friends in a car in winter. Ice. You are sitting in the back seat. Suddenly a dog runs out onto the roadway across from the car. The driver starts to brake. As a result, the car begins to slide, and you see that a collision with a light pole is possible. Select further actions from the proposed options and determine their order.
1. Shout and give advice to the driver.
2. Pull yourself together, group yourself, rest your feet on the back of the front seat.
3. Lie down in the back seat, covering your head with your hands.
4. While sitting, rest your hands on the back of the front seat.
5. Try to find seat belts and fasten them.
6. When stopping, leave the car.
§ 15. Rail transportRail transport today remains one of the most common, as it is relatively cheap and relatively safe. But the danger of accidents still exists on it, since it takes at least a kilometer to stop a train traveling at high speed. It can be difficult for rescuers to quickly come to the aid of its passengers in the event of an accident, since railway lines often pass far from settlements and highways.
Danger lurks not only on the train. Dangerous areas are also railway tracks, crossings, stations, and landing platforms. There is a real threat here not only for railway workers and passengers, but also for people living near railway tracks, stations, terminals and depots.
Danger zones railway transport
During the trip, we must not forget about the rules of conduct in station areas (boarding platforms, railway tracks and crossings, at stations and on trains). These most dangerous zones of railway transport are shown in the diagram. Although the speed of the train when maneuvering and approaching the platform is low, visibility for the driver and passengers is very limited. There are many different technical devices on access roads (semaphores, track switches), so there is a danger of injuring your legs. The best way to cross railway tracks is through underground, overground or marked crossings. If you do have to go out on the tracks (for example, at small stations in rural areas), you need to be especially attentive and careful, do not cross the tracks without looking around, and never rush. Remember that Railway high danger zone!
How to avoid being harmed by railway transport:
Do not walk on railway tracks, especially where there are switches, do not play on the tracks;
Do not crawl under the carriages; when crossing the tracks, use pedestrian bridges, tunnels and passages;
Do not run around the platform while waiting for the train;
Do not stand at the edge of the platform;
Do not approach the carriage until the train has completely stopped;
Do not lean out of windows while the train is moving;
Do not open the outer vestibule doors and do not jump out when the train is moving.
Once you are in your seat in the carriage, you need to place your luggage safely. It is better not to put heavy and bulky luggage on top, but to place it below under the lower shelves. Think about your safety while sleeping (especially on the top bunk). Study the rules of conduct for passengers that are posted in the carriage.
What to do in case of a train crash:
Try to get out through the window;
Don't think about luggage: life is more valuable;
Do not go far from the scene of the accident; once you get out of the danger zone, try not to move away from adults;
Jump from a moving train only in case of immediate danger to life; at the same time, put on as much clothing as possible, protect your head, jump as you move from the side of the car where there are no pillars, and try to land on your legs connected together, and then rolls and somersaults to reduce the speed of your fall.
If a fire occurs in the carriage, you should immediately inform the conductor about it, and commuter train– on the intercom to the train driver. After this, at the direction of the train crew officials, you must quickly go to the front or rear carriages of the train, tightly closing the doors behind you.
Questions and tasks
1. Name the dangerous zones of railway transport.
2. Imagine that you are late for boarding and do not have time to get to your carriage. What will you do?
3. Make a list of things you need on the train.
4. What should the passenger know? What rules should he follow?
5. What should you do in case of an accident?
6. What to do if there is a fire in the train carriage?
TASK 24.
You and your parents are rushing to catch the train. You're late for the train. There is a freight train on the tracks in front of you. Select your next steps from the options provided.
1. Run across the tracks to the platform, avoiding the freight train.
2. Walk to the passage and exit onto the platform.
3. Climb to the platform under the freight car.
§ 16. Air transportModern airplanes are reliable, and flying them is almost always safe. However, there are no completely safe mechanisms or machines yet. The plane is a very complex machine, and the weather during the flight is not always calm and sunny. Unfortunately, an average of 3,000 people die in plane crashes around the world every year.
In flight, the aircraft is always autonomous, its safety is ensured by the work of dozens of people on Earth: technicians, signalmen, dispatchers. But no matter how perfect it is, any flight on it always depends on external conditions. Strong winds, poor visibility, snow and rain affect flight safety, sometimes creating situations that require a lot of skill, perseverance, and sometimes courage from the crew and ground services to overcome.
The passenger must also follow the rules, the implementation of which determines the safety of the flight.
How to behave in the airplane cabin:
Before takeoff and landing, take your seat and do not walk around the cabin;
On the shelf located above the chairs, place only non-bulky items (coat, raincoat, jacket);
Listen carefully to the information from the flight attendant about the rules of behavior and safety equipment on board the ship;
During the flight, study the rules for using safety equipment;
Make sure that the seat belt is tightly tightened at the hips during takeoff and landing;
In dangerous situations, remain calm and follow all instructions from the crew.
In catastrophic situations on airplanes, two dangerous types of passenger behavior usually manifest themselves: panic and apathy. The second, oddly enough, is more common.
You should take this into account and never stop fighting for your life.
Let's look at some dangerous situations that are possible during a flight, and together we'll think about how to get out of them.
In the event of an airplane accident, the time available for action is very small, so fear and panic will only increase the danger and shorten this time. You must act wisely: your salvation depends on it.
If an accident occurs during takeoff, landing, or at high altitude, pilots will try to abort the flight and land the plane, but an emergency landing in this case will not be soft.
At emergency landing you need to take a safe position: your body is bent, your head is tilted as low as possible, your hands are covering your head, your legs are resting on the back of the front seat.
Remove bulky, heavy and other dangerous objects that can cause injury from yourself. Try to put on outerwear.
After an emergency landing, you must not panic, follow all the commands of the aircraft crew, and help those who are injured or in a helpless state. You can only leave the plane through emergency exits. After leaving the plane, you need to move away from it to a safe distance, as it may explode. Actions must be clear, conscious, and fast, because health and life depend on it.
Safe position during emergency landing
When the aircraft depressurizes During the flight, the passenger has only a few seconds to put on the oxygen mask, which is located in the back of the front seat or overhead.
In case of fire on an airplane all crew commands must be followed. After landing, the most important thing is to leave the plane as quickly as possible, and to do this you need to head to the nearest emergency exit. You should make your way to the exit on all fours, bending down as low as possible, since there is less smoke below (it is not so much the fire that is dangerous, but the smoke). Cover your mouth with a scarf or handkerchief (if possible, wet). Do not take hand luggage with you, show determination and discipline.
During an emergency landing of an airplane on water need to wear life vest, but inflate it only slightly so that it does not interfere with exit.
Questions and tasks
1. If you have ever flown on airplanes, tell us about your impressions.
2. Tell us about the safety rules in aviation transport.
3. Remember and tell us about any film or book that shows (describes) an emergency situation in air transport.
TASK 25.
During the flight, a problem occurred on the plane, resulting in an emergency landing. Select further actions from the proposed options and determine their order.
1. Don’t panic, listen to the crew’s information.
2. Group yourself before landing, cover your head with your hands and lean forward.
3. Get dressed.
4. Go to the crew to find out the situation.
5. Fasten your seat belt.
6. Prepare your belongings for evacuation.
Aircraft accidents and catastrophes are possible for many reasons and lead to serious consequences. Take-off and landing accidents are those where there is hope of rescue, since they usually occur while the aircraft is still on the ground or not high above it, and its speed is relatively low. Moreover, they usually occur in the area of the airport, where rescue teams and the necessary equipment are available.
Unlike a car, an airplane, when it hits a stationary structure or any vehicle, usually does not stop, but rushes on. Therefore, passengers are not exposed to sudden impacts. An exception to this would be when an airplane collides with a mountain. In this case, the chances of salvation are scanty.
In other cases, if an emergency occurs during flight, the crew may decide to make an emergency landing. When preparing it (Diagram 58), you must immediately clear the aisles and take your seats in your chairs, the backs of which should be brought to a vertical position. In addition, it is necessary to remove glasses, dentures, remove sharp objects (pens, knives, lighters) from inside pockets, remove high-heeled shoes, loosen your tie and unbutton your collar. After this, put soft things on your knees to protect your head and torso, fasten and tighten the seat belts tightly. At the command of the flight attendant “Attention landing!” You should lean forward, cover your head with soft things and place it on your hands, with which you clasp your knees. You need to remain in this position until the plane comes to a complete stop (Fig. 23).
Once the plane has stopped, unfasten your seat belts and prepare to evacuate. For emergency exit of the aircraft by passengers and crew, all main and emergency doors, as well as emergency exits, located, as a rule, on the left and right sides of the fuselage are used. Passenger exits, approaches and opening means are clearly marked to facilitate their identification. All inscriptions are illuminated from the inside, regardless of the main lighting system. The design of emergency hatches and their locks with handles is made simple, noticeable and does not require much effort to open. Instructions for opening them are printed on the doors (hatches). In the areas where emergency exits are located on the wing, the passages between the seats are wider than elsewhere and do not interfere with the opening of the hatches and the exit of passengers.
When leaving your seat, do not take any luggage carried on board as carry-on baggage with you. This is for safety reasons, as it is likely that some items in your bag will have sharp corners and edges. This may cause damage and deflation of the inflatable escape ladder, which in turn will lead to injury and possibly death to passengers waiting in line for evacuation.
When leaving the plane through the exit with the ladder extended and inflated, you need to jump onto it without stopping, and not sit on the edge and then slide down. Only by jumping can an increase in evacuation speed be achieved (Fig. 24, 25).
Try to wear a coat or jacket made from materials that are difficult to ignite and difficult to melt;
Consider what shoes you should wear; Avoid high-heeled shoes, but if you are wearing them and need to use an inflatable escape slide during evacuation, take them off when leaving the plane;
During every takeoff and landing, make sure that the seat belt is tight around your hips;
Know what fixed position you need to take during an emergency landing; keep an eye on what's happening outside the plane; if everything indicates that an accident is inevitable, take the necessary position;
Know where the exits are located on the plane and how they open.
During decompression, i.e. rarefaction of air in the aircraft cabin as a result of depressurization, the latter is filled with dust and fog. Visibility is sharply reduced, air quickly escapes from a person’s lungs, and it cannot be contained. Ringing in the ears and pain in the intestines may occur at the same time. Rapid decompression usually begins with a deafening roar (air is escaping). In this case (Diagram 59), without waiting for the command, immediately put on an oxygen mask. Do not try to help someone before you put on a mask yourself, even if it is your child: if you do not have time to help yourself and lose consciousness, you will both find yourself without oxygen. Immediately after putting on your mask, fasten your seat belts and prepare for a sharp descent.
In case of fire on an airplane
(Diagram 60) remember that the greatest danger on board is smoke, not fire. Breathe only through cotton or woolen items of clothing, if possible moistened with water. When making your way to the exit, move crouched down or on all fours, as there is less smoke at the bottom of the cabin. Protect exposed areas of the body from direct exposure to fire using existing clothing, blankets, etc.
After landing and stopping the plane, immediately head to the nearest exit, as there is a high probability of an explosion. If the passage is blocked, make your way through the chairs, lowering their backs. When evacuating, get rid of your hand luggage and avoid exiting through hatches near which there is an open fire or heavy smoke. After leaving the plane, move as far away from it as possible and lie on the ground, pressing your head with your hands - an explosion is possible.
Forced landing of a plane on water happens rarely. Before sinking, the plane can float from 10 to 40 minutes. However, if the fuselage is damaged, this time is significantly shorter.
Airplanes with engines on the wings will float in a horizontal position, while those with two or more engines on the tail will float tail-down.
During splashdown, which is always unexpected, there is practically no time for preparation. In one case, the plane can touch the surface so smoothly that it is unclear whether it landed or splashed down; in another, it can fall apart and quickly sink. Therefore, during splashdown, it is necessary to act on the command of the crew commander or flight attendant (Diagram 61), i.e. put on a life jacket and inflate it, take it with you or put on warm clothes and go to the exit indicated by the flight attendant to board the life raft.
After a forced landing, life rafts are lowered into the water. The time to bring the raft into working condition is approximately 1 minute in summer and 3 minutes in winter. If the splashdown occurred in the cold season, you need to take more warm clothes on the raft. Don't forget to stock up on water and food. The raft comes with an emergency supply, which may not be enough if the voyage is long. The command of all passengers on the water is assumed by the captain of the aircraft crew.
Using oars and available objects, you need to move away from the place where the plane dives. After this, straighten and throw overboard a floating anchor, which will reduce the speed of the raft's drift downwind and will keep those escaping in the area of the accident.
Check your knowledge by checking your answers to the tests with the answers given at the end of the textbook.
36. How to leave the plane after an emergency landing through the exit with the ladder extended and inflated:
a) without stopping, jump onto the ramp and slide down;
b) without stopping, sit on the edge of the ladder and slide down;
c) stop in front of the ramp, sit on it and slide down. |
37. During an emergency landing of an aircraft, you must:
a) fold your hands on your stomach, bend over and tuck your legs;
b) put on a life jacket, rest your hands on the back of the front seat, and press your head between your knees;
c) bend over, tilt your head as low as possible and cover it with your hands, rest your feet on the back of the front seat.
38. You are flying on an airplane. The flight attendant reported a fire on board and an upcoming emergency landing. Your actions after an emergency landing, provided that the aircraft cabin is smoky, fire is visible in some places, and the passage to the emergency exit is not blocked:
a) immediately put on an oxygen mask, protect your body from burns and wait for rescuers;
b) protect yourself from burns by covering open areas of your body, bend down and crawl to the exit on all fours, covering your mouth and nose with a scarf or items of clothing soaked in liquid; Once overboard, quickly move away from the plane;
c) ask the flight attendant to bring a bottle of mineral water, you will make your way along the backs of your seats to the exit, dousing yourself with water as you go; once you are overboard, you will stand near the plane in case your help is needed.
39. The plane made an emergency landing on water. You need:
a) put on a life jacket and inflate it, take it with you or put on warm clothes, go to the exit to board the life raft;
b) take a life jacket and warm clothes with you, go to the exit, go down into the life raft, put on warm clothes and a life vest;
c) put on and inflate a life jacket, take a supply of food, go to the next cabin and wait for help from the flight attendant.
40. If there is a leak in the aircraft cabin, you must:
a) fasten your seat belt and cover your head with your hands and lean forward;
b) immediately put on an oxygen mask, fasten your seat belt and prepare for a rapid descent;
c) fasten your seat belt, help your neighbors fasten their seat belts, and put on an oxygen mask.
Briefing for flight attendants
Security Council informs all flight attendants about the current situation.
If there is enough time, the briefing can be held at the front of the aircraft.
To prepare the passenger cabin for an emergency landing, it is necessary
full lighting.
Information for passengers
The ship's commander informs passengers about the situation on board. If this is entrusted to the Security Council, it may use the established texts of information for passengers.
Preparation of work areas.
Remove all loose items, including newspapers and magazines (place in a bag).
Close and lock toilets, remove video monitors, remove bassinets.
Secure kitchen equipment (containers, carts, etc.).
Disconnect all electrical equipment and remove fuses.
Lock all compartments and wardrobes.
Open and secure curtains, tear them down if possible.
Clear escape routes of any objects (hand luggage, etc.).
Doors and gangways
The door selectors must be in the “ARMED” position.
Helper passengers
When selecting passenger assistants, preference is given to crew members of any airlines traveling as passengers, as well as other airline employees.
Passenger assistance should sit in emergency exit seats, in empty flight attendant seats, and next to passengers who require additional assistance (disabled persons, unaccompanied children).
When transferring assistant passengers, it is necessary to convince other passengers to give them their seats.
Passenger preparation information
The Security Council reads out the stages of preparation for an emergency landing point by point according to the text of the emergency information. If there is little time for preparation, then the Security Council selects only those items whose implementation is necessary in this particular emergency situation.
The flight attendants themselves carry out and check that passengers comply with the instructions of the Security Council, sequentially transmitting a signal about the completion of each stage of preparation:
Place the seat backs in an upright position, remove the folding tables,
running boards and individual video monitors to: clear escape routes,
Take a safety pose to avoid injury when landing.
Remove ties and unbutton collars to avoid breathing difficulties.
Outerwear. Wear according to external conditions.
Sharp and cutting objects, glasses, dentures must be removed and placed in hand luggage. If time is short, these items can be placed between the seats of the chairs. Placing these items in the pockets of the seats in front is prohibited.
Hand luggage must be placed under the seats of the seats in front.
Light items are placed on luggage racks (as an exception, they may be
toilets are used). In case of evacuation, hand luggage
must be left on board the aircraft. Take off your shoes and place them on a shelf or under the seat in front of you to avoid damaging inflatable ladders and rafts.
Demonstrate emergency exits.
Emergency lighting.
Flight attendants must display the light trail (if available) and
exit light boards.
Emergency landing.
The use of stairways and wing exits must be explained.
Landing on water.
Life jackets must be worn before landing on the water. Vests are inflated: immediately before leaving the aircraft through the door or after leaving the aircraft through the emergency hatch (a prematurely inflated vest will interfere with taking a safe pose, evacuation and may be damaged during evacuation).
Life jackets for small children must be inflated by an accompanying person immediately after the aircraft stops. The child's rescue cradle is inflated before leaving the aircraft.
Safe posture.
Passengers need to explain the meaning of the command "SAFETY POSITION" and that it may sound shortly before landing. It is necessary to demonstrate a safe position to passengers: while the security guard explains how to take a safe position, the flight attendants, sitting on the back of the first row seat in their area, demonstrate it. In first and business class cabins, safe posture is demonstrated by flight attendants standing in the aisles. The safe position for the baby is individually explained to the accompanying person.
Warn passengers to expect several strong
shocks and should remain seated with their seat belts fastened until the aircraft comes to a stop.
Explain the beginning of the evacuation: at the command of the flight attendants, you need to unfasten your seat belts and
quickly run to the nearest exit.
Safety belt.
After demonstrating the seat belt and training in its use,
require passengers to fasten their seat belts tightly at hip level
(A prematurely fastened seat belt will make it difficult for the passenger to get ready.)
Safety instructions for passengers.
Helper passengers.
The passenger assistant's instructions include: opening exits; help below at the gangway; providing assistance on the wing of the aircraft and on the ground; providing assistance to disabled passengers; gathering passengers at a safe distance; assistance to passengers who need it (the elderly, the sick, children).
Last readiness check
Flight attendants must make sure that the cabins and galleys are fully prepared for an emergency landing.
Uniform
Wear a full set of uniforms to distinguish yourself as a crew member. Remove metal emblems and name badges. Flight attendants remove their shoes at the time of informing passengers during training, or at the time of the last readiness check.
Passenger cabin lighting
Upon completion of preparation, the interior lighting should correspond to the exterior
conditions at the time of landing.
Removable emergency equipment
Make sure emergency equipment is available. All equipment is kept in place until it is needed after landing.
Completion of preparation
Flight attendants must report to the Security Service, and the Security Service to the ship’s commander.
Flight attendant seat
Take your seat and do a 30-second tune-up.
Carrying out evacuation
Preparations for an emergency landing are not always followed by evacuation.
If evacuation becomes necessary, flight attendants must
start it after the “PASSENGER EVACUATION” command in accordance with the “Instructions
for evacuation"
Actions of passengers in case of an emergency (collision, coup, rollover) on urban public transport
group yourself, grab the handrails tightly, try to avoid falling
place your feet on the floor, hands on the back of the front seat, tilt your head forward
leave the vehicle through doors, windows, emergency exits. As a leader, provide assistance to the victims
items: a fire extinguisher located in the brine, a brake shoe, a hard briefcase, etc.; as a last resort, knock out the glass with a strong kick to the corner of the window while hanging by your hands on the ceiling handrails. Before leaving, be sure to clear the window opening of any remaining glass.
If there is a burning smell, such measures should be considered mandatory, since passengers may not have time to form a line leading to an active exit. In case of fire, city vehicles burn very quickly. In this case, the nose and mouth should be protected in advance with a scarf, sleeve or other material, if possible moistening it with any liquid.
In the event of a fire in the cabin, notify the driver, open the doors (using emergency opening), emergency exits or break a window. If there is a fire extinguisher in the cabin, take measures to eliminate the fire. Get out of the cabin outside, bending down, without touching the walls or metal parts.
In the event of an accident in the event of damage to a live wire, the most safe places in a tram or trolleybus - seated. In this case, it is better to lift your feet off the floor and not touch the walls and handrails. You should get out of the electric vehicle by jumping, with both feet forward at the same time, without touching the body, so as not to close the electrical circuit with your body.
If you fall into the water, wait until the cabin is half filled with water, hold your breath and emerge through a door, emergency exit or broken window.
Actions of passengers in case of fire in public transport
immediately report the fire to the driver
Protect your mouth and nose with a handkerchief, scarf, sleeve
start putting out the fire
open the doors with the emergency release button or break the glass
leave the vehicle, letting children, women, and elderly people pass ahead
provide assistance to the victims
Actions of passengers when public transport falls in
if the vehicle is afloat, get out through the window
When immersed in water, remove excess clothing
take a deep breath and get out through the door or window
if necessary, break out the glass 126
help children and non-swimmers
Once ashore, provide assistance to the victims
Accidents in the subway Danger zones in the subway
Turnstile
It is prohibited to: jump over the turnstile; go through the turnstile in a group
Escalator
It is prohibited: to run along the escalator; sit on the steps of the escalator and place things on the handrails; linger at the exit of the escalator and create a crush
It is prohibited: to go down the metro tracks; go beyond the boundary line at the edge of the platform; come close to the car until it comes to a complete stop
It is prohibited to: lean against the doors; prevent doors from opening and closing;
open doors while driving and at stops
From the rules for using the subway. If people and objects fall on the subway tracks, smoke, fire, or other dangerous situations arise, contact the station duty officer or train driver using the “passenger-driver” system.
If you find forgotten, ownerless or suspicious things and objects in the subway or train carriage, immediately notify police officers, subway workers or the train driver.
Actions of a passenger who has fallen on the tracks
do not climb from the tracks onto the platform (there is a high-voltage power line underneath it)
contact rail)
if the train is not visible, run to the beginning of the platform (there are stairs there)
if a train appears, lie down between the rails, covering your ears with your hands and opening
Actions of train passengers when it stops in a tunnel
do not leave the carriage without the train driver’s command “Get out!” on command, leave the carriage from the side where the contact rail does not pass; move along the track along the train between the rails; when a train appears, take shelter in the niches of the tunnel; be careful on the tracks when exiting the tunnel
do not carry flammable, chemical or explosive substances with you
do not connect household appliances to the car's power supply
If you smell burning rubber or see smoke, contact a conductor immediately
if there is a real threat, immediately leave the carriage through the vestibule doors and emergency exits; as a last resort, knock out window panes with improvised objects (ladders - stepladders, hard briefcases - diplomats, tables and clothing shelves torn from their sockets)
don’t reach for your suitcases, throw them away; your life is not worth the things in them
Actions of passengers during a train crash
move away from windows and doors
grab hold of the stationary parts of the carriage and rest your feet on something
leave the carriage through the exits and windows. Evacuate victims and children first
To avoid being hit by step voltage, move at least 30 m away from the path
be the first medical care to the victims
In collision and emergency braking accidents, most injuries occur from falls from shelves. To avoid them or at least soften the blow, you should, in addition to securing your luggage, remove unsafe bottles from the tables, glasses in cup holders with spoons sticking out of them like daggers, etc. Bend, especially on shelves where children sleep. Mattresses on the outside or place a folded blanket or unnecessary clothing under them to create a protective cushion that is difficult to roll over. Completely close or open the compartment doors until they lock, so that during a sudden stop they do not cause injury to a hand or head caught in the opening.
In the event of a serious accident, you must immediately get out of the carriage (only when jumping out, do not get hit by an oncoming train) and provide assistance to the injured passengers. Carefully look around for fallen live wires nearby: they can pose a mortal danger.
A fire on a train is scary not because of the flames, but, first of all, because of the toxic combustion products of synthetic finishing materials. Poisoning occurs in a matter of minutes. And with intense combustion - seconds. To avoid this, on a moving train, move to the next car. Preferably in the direction of traffic, when stopped on the street, if possible from the side, where there are no railway tracks. Do not scatter in all directions, as the arriving rescuers will look for you near the canvas.
If there is heavy smoke in the carriage, cover your nose and mouth with a rag moistened with water - a towel, pillowcase, sheet, or a piece of torn clothing. In half-empty carriages you can move on your knees. Since there is less smoke at the bottom (near the floor). There are situations when a moving train cannot be stopped. In such cases, it is necessary to proceed according to the following scheme.
put on more clothes. Protect your head
jump along the train to the side where there are no pillars
try to land with your feet together
use somersaults and rolls to reduce the speed of falling
Jump out of a moving train only in cases of immediate danger to life!
Actions of passengers in case of fire on a train If a fire occurs
report the fire to the carriage conductor
wake up sleeping passengers
go to the front cars; if this is impossible - to the rear; closing the doors tightly
If exits are cut off by fire
go to the compartment or to the toilet
close the door tightly behind you and open the window
If it is impossible to put out the fire
stop the train with the stop valve
open the doors, break out the windows
help children and victims evacuate
get out of the car, move away from it
After an accident, quickly get out of the car through the door or windows - emergency exits (depending on the situation), as there is a high probability of fire. The emergency exit from the carriages is provided by quickly opening windows in the 3rd and 6th compartments on the side of the transverse shelves. Break it up
The compartment window is opened only with heavy improvised objects. When leaving the carriage through the emergency exit, get out to the side of the railway track where there is more free space, taking with you documents, money, clothes or blankets. Once outside, immediately get involved in rescue efforts: help passengers in other compartments break windows, pull out victims, etc.
During an accident, fuel may spill. In this case, move away from the train to a safe distance, as there is a risk of fire and explosion. If a current-carrying wire is broken and touches the ground, move away from it by jumping or taking short steps to protect yourself from step voltage. The distance over which the electric current spreads across the ground can be from 2 (dry) to 30 (wet) meters.
Check your knowledge by checking your answers to the tests with the answers given at the end of the textbook.
When leaving the plane through the exit with the ladder extended and inflated, you need to jump onto it without stopping, and not sit on the edge and then slide down. Only by jumping can an increase in evacuation speed be achieved.
Leaving the plane by jumping onto the ramp
Right wrong
Escape from an airplane using a canvas ramp
try to wear a coat or jacket made of materials that are difficult to ignite and difficult to melt
think about what shoes you should wear; Avoid high heels, but if you are wearing them and need to use an inflatable escape slide during evacuation, remove them when leaving the plane
Make sure the seat belt is tight around your hips during every takeoff and landing.
know what fixed position you need to take during an emergency landing; keep an eye on what's happening outside the plane; If everything indicates that an accident is imminent, take the necessary position
know where the exits are located on the plane and how they open
Actions of air passengers during decompression (depressurization of the cabin)
put on an oxygen mask immediately
Fasten your seat belt and get ready for a sharp descent
Actions of air passengers in case of fire on an airplane
listen and follow crew members' commands
Protect yourself from burns by covering exposed areas of your body
crouch down and crawl to the exit on all fours
if the passage is blocked, move on top of the lowered backrests of airplane seats
Once outside the plane, move as far away from it as possible Forced landing of a plane on water happens rarely.
Actions of air passengers during a forced (emergency) landing on water.
put on a life jacket and inflate it slightly
bring or wear warm clothes
take your place in the life raft
