) And Heliopol for the Millennium to the foundation of Cairo. For more than three thousand years (before the construction of the Cathedral in Lincoln, England, Ok. 1300)

The Great Pyramid was the highest built on Earth. Since 1979, as many other pyramids of the complex " Memphis and its necropolis - the area of \u200b\u200bthe pyramids from Giza to Dakhsura", is a part World Heritage UNESCO.

Age of pyramid

The architect of the Great Pyramid is Chemiow, Vizier and the nephew of Heops. He also wore the title "Managing all the construction plants of Pharaoh." It is assumed that the construction launched twenty years (the time of the Board of Heops) ended at about 2540 to N. e.

unknown, Public Domain

Existing methods of dating the start of construction of the pyramid are divided into historical, astronomical and radiocarbon. In Egypt, officially established (2009) and the date began to start the construction of the Hoeop Pyramid - August 23, 2560 BC. e. Such a date was obtained using the Astronomical method of Kate Spence (University of Cambridge). However, this method and the dates obtained with it were criticized by many egyptologists.

Dates according to other dating methods: 2720 BC e. (Stephen Hak, University of Nebraska), 2577 BC. e. (Juan Antonio Belmont, University of Astrophysics in Canary) and 2708 BC. e. (Pollux, University of Bauman). The radiocarbon method gives the range from 2680 BC. e. up to 2850 BC e. Therefore, there are no serious confirmations to the "birthday" of the pyramid, as Egyptologists cannot fall into what year construction began.

The first mentions of the pyramid

The mystery remains a complete lack of mentioning the pyramid in Egyptian papyrus. The first descriptions are found at the Greek historian of Herodota (V century BC) and in the ancient Arab legends. Herodotus reported (at a minimum, after 2 millennia after the advent of the Great Pyramid), that she was erected with pharaoh-despot named Heops (Greek. Koufou.), Raissed 50 years that 100 thousand people were employed on construction. For twenty years, and that the pyramid is in honor of Heops, but not his grave. True grave is burial near the pyramid. Herodotus brought erroneous information about the sizes of the pyramid, and also mentioned the medium pyramid of Plateau Giza, that she was erected by Heops's daughter, which sold himself, and that each building stone corresponded to the man to whom she was given.

Appearance

The pyramid is called "Ahet-Huf" - Horizon Hofu (or more accurately "referring to the sky - (this) huof"). Consists of limestone and granite blocks. It was built on a natural limestone hill. After the pyramid lost several layers of cladding, this hill is partially visible on the eastern, northern and southern sides of the pyramid.

Despite the fact that Heops's pyramid is the highest and most voluminous of all Egyptian pyramids, still Pharaoh Snofer built pyramids in Maidum and in Dakhshut (broken pyramid and), the total mass of which is estimated at 8.4 million tons.

Rigelus, CC BY-SA 3.0

Initially, the pyramid was lined with more solid than the main blocks, white limestone. The top of the pyramid was crowned gilded stone - Pyramidion (Dr. Egypt. - Benben). Facing shining in the sun with peach color, as if "the shining miracle myself seemed to gave all his rays."

In 1168, Arabs looted and burned Cairo. Residents of Cairo removed the cladding with the pyramid in order to build new homes.

Franck Monnier, Public Domain

Bending party

When the sun moves around the pyramid, you can notice the irregularities of the walls - the concaveness of the central part of the walls. Perhaps the cause of this is erosion or damage as a result of the fall of the stone cladding. It is also possible that it was specially done during construction.

Franck Monnier, Public Domain

According to Vito Marajolo (Vito Maragiooglio) and Cherep Rinaldi (Celeste Rinaldi), the Pyramid of Micheryina no longer has such concavation of the parties. I.E.S. Edwards explains this feature by the fact that the central part of each side over time simply went inside from a large mass of stone blocks.

VIVANT DENON, DOMINIQUE, PUBLIC DOMAIN

As in the XVIII century, when this phenomenon was opened, today there is still a satisfactory explanation for this feature of architecture.

Tilt angle

To accurately determine the initial parameters of the pyramid is not possible, since its edges and surfaces are currently mostly dismantled and destroyed. This makes it difficult to calculate the exact angle of inclination. In addition, its symmetry itself is not ideal, so with different dimensions there are deviations in numbers.

Peter Janoshi, Mark Leger, Miroslav Werner, Zaakhi Havass, Alberto Sylotti, who believe that the length of the parties can be from 230.33 to 230.37 m. Knowing the length of the side and the angle at the base The height of the pyramid was calculated - from 146.59 to 146.60 m. The slope of the pyramid is 51 ° 50 ", which corresponds to the sek (the ancient Egyptian unit of tilt measurement, which is defined as the ratio of half the base to height) in 5 ½ palms. Taking into account the fact that In one elbow (cube) 7 palms, it turns out that with such a selected selected, the double ratio of the base to height is 22/7, the approximation of the number of pi is well known with ancient times. which, apparently, it turned out randomly, since other pyramids were chosen Other values \u200b\u200bfor the sequence.

Franck Monnier, Public Domain

The study of the geometry of the Great Pyramid does not give an unequivocal answer to the question of the initial proportions of this structure. It is assumed that the Egyptians had an idea of \u200b\u200bthe "gold section" and the number of Pi, which were reflected in the proportions of the pyramid: So, the ratio of height to half the perimeter of the base is 14/22 (height \u003d 280 elbows, and the base \u003d 220 elbows, the base point \u003d 2 × 220 elbow; 280/440 \u003d 14/22). For the first time in world history, these quantities were used in the construction of a pyramid in Maidum. However, for the pyramids of late epochs, these proportions have no longer applied anywhere, as, for example, some have altitude ratios to the base, as 6/5 ( Pink pyramid), 4/3 (Hefrena Pyramid) or 7/5 (broken pyramid).

Some of theories consider the Pyramid of the Astronomical Observatory. It is alleged that the corridors of the pyramids accurately indicate the "Polar Star" of that time - Tuban, the Sirius ventilation corridors - at the Sirius star, and from the Northern side - on the star Alnik.

Internal structure

The entrance to the pyramid is at an altitude of 15.63 meters on the north side. The input form stone plates laid in the form of the arch, but this is a structure that was inside the pyramid - the true entrance is not preserved. The true entrance to the pyramid is most likely closed by a stone stopper. A description of such a traffic jam can be found at Strabo, it can also be a look at it, based on the preserved plate, which closed the upper entrance to the broken pyramid of the Snofer, Huefs's father. Today, tourists fall inside the pyramid through a 17-meter break, which in 820 Baghdad Caliph Abdullah al-Mamun is 10 meters below. He hoped to find the impenetrable Treasures of Pharaoh, but found a layer of dust thick in half an elbow there.

Inside the pyramid of Heops there are three burial chambers, located one above the other.

Yucatan, CC BY-SA 4.0

Burial "Yama"

A downward corridor of 105 m long, running under the tilt of 26 ° 26'46, leads to a horizontal corridor with a length of 8.9 m, leading to the camera 5 . Located below the ground level in the rock limestone base, it remained unfinished. The size of the chamber is 14 × 8.1 m, it is elongated from the east to the west. Height reaches 3.5 m, the ceiling has a large crack. The south wall of the chamber has a well depth of about 3 m, from which southern direction At 16 m, narrow LAZ (0.7 × 0.7 m in section), ending with a dead end.

john and Edgar Morton, Public Domain

John Perring Engineers and Howard Wiz (Richard William Howard VYSE) At the beginning of the XIX century, the floor was cleared in the chamber in the chamber and pulled a well depth 11.6 m, in which they hoped to detect the hidden burial room. They were based on Herodota's testimonies that claimed that the body of Heops is located on the island surrounded by a channel in a hidden underground chamber.

Their excavations did not lead to anything. Late studies have shown that the camera was thrown in progress, and the funeral cameras were decided to arrange in the center of the pyramid itself.

Photos taken in 1910

john and Edgar Morton, Public Domain

john and Edgar Morton, Public Domain

Ascending Corridor and Chamber of the Queen

From the first third of the descending passage (after 18 m from the main entrance) Up under the same angle of 26.5 ° goes south of the upstream ( 6 ) about 40 m long, ending at the bottom of the big gallery ( 9 ).

At its beginning, the ascending pass contains 3 large cubic granite "traffic jams", which are outside, from a downward passage, were disguised as a limestone unit that fell during the works of al-Mamuna. Thus, the previous ones about 3 thousand years have believed that there are no other premises in a large pyramid, except for the downstream passage and an underground chamber. Al-Mamuan could not break through these traffic jams and he just won in a softer limestone bypassing to the right of them. This passage is used so far. For traffic jams, there are two main theories, one of them is based on the fact that the upstream has corks installed at the beginning of construction and, thus, this passage was sealed with them from the very beginning. The second claims that the current narrowing of the walls is caused by an earthquake, and the plugs were before that within a large gallery and were used to seal the passage only after Pharaoh's funerals.

FRANCK MONNIER, GNU 1.2

An important mystery of this section of the ascending pass is that in the place where traffic jams are now located, in a full-sized, albeit a shortened model of the pyramid moves - the so-called test corridors north of the big pyramid - there is no bog, and at once three corridors, the third of which is the vertical tunnel. Since the plugs still could not move from the spot, the question is whether there are vertical Lases over them, it remains open.

JON BODSWORTH, GREEN COPYRIGHT

In the middle of the upstream passage, the wall design has a feature: in three places the so-called "frame stones" are installed - that is, the square through the entire length is pierced three monoliths. The appointment of these stones is unknown. There are several small niches in the area of \u200b\u200bthe frame stones.

john and Edgar Morton, Public Domain

In the second burial chamber, a horizontal corridor with a length of 35 m and a height of 1.75 m in southern direction, the walls of this horizontal corridor are composed of very large limestone blocks, which are applied fake "seams", imitating masonry from smaller blocks . Behind western Wall Passage there are cavities filled with sand.

The second chamber is traditionally referred to as the "Queen chamber", although the Faux of Pharaohov was buried in separate small pyramids. The "Tsaritsa chamber", lined with limestone, has 5.74 meters from east to west and 5.23 meters from north to south; her maximum height 6.22 meters. There is a high niche in the eastern wall of the chamber.

Grotto, Big Gallery and Chamber of Pharaoh

Another branch from the lower part of the big gallery is a narrow almost vertical mine with a height of about 60 m, leading to the bottom of the downward pass. There is a suggestion that it was intended to evacuate workers or priests, completing the "sealing" of the main passage to the "king chamber". In approximately in the middle, it is small, most likely, the natural expansion is the "Grotto" (Grotto) of the wrong form, in which several people could fit.

JON BODSWORTH, GREEN COPYRIGHT

Grotto ( 12 ) Located on the "junction" of a stone masonry of the pyramid and a small, about 9 meters high, a hill on limestone plateau underlying Big Pyramid. The walls of the grotto are partially fortified by the ancient stone masonry, and since its separate stones are too large, there is a suggestion that the grotto existed on the Giza Plateau as an independent structure is still long before the construction of the pyramids, and the evacuation mines itself was built by the location of the grotto. However, taking into account the fact that Mine was drowned in the already laid masonry, and did not laid out, as he says its wrong round section, the question arises of how builders managed to accurately go to the grotto.

JON BODSWORTH, GREEN COPYRIGHT

Big gallery continues the upward pass. Its height is 8.53 m, it is rectangular in a section, with a bit narrowing up (t. N. "False arch") walls, a high inclined tunnel with a length of 46.6 m. In the middle of a large gallery almost along the entire length goes correctly in the section Square deepening The size of 1 meter width and a depth of 60 cm, and on both side protrusions there are 27 pairs of deepening unclear destinations. The deepening ends t. N. The "big step" is a high horizontal protrusion, a platform of 1 × 2 meters at the end of a large gallery, immediately before Laz in the "hallway" - the pre-booth. The playground has a pair of similar recesses of the ramp, recesses at the corners at the wall (28th and last pair of BG decks). Through the "entrance hall", LAZ leads the funeral "king's lined in the black granite", where the empty granite sarcophagus is placed. Sarcophagus lid is missing. The ventilation mines have mouths in the King Camera on the South and Northern Walls at an altitude of about a meter from the floor level. The mouth of South Ventshacht is badly damaged, the northern appears intact. Paul, ceiling, the walls of the camera do not have any decorations or holes or elements of attaching anything related to the construction of the pyramid. The ceiling plates all bunt along the southern wall and do not fall inside the room only due to the clamping weight of the overlying blocks.

john and Edgar Morton, Public Domain

Over the "King Camera" there are five unloading cavities with a total height of 17 m, between which there are monolithic granite slabs with a thickness of about 2 m, and above is the boulder overlap of limestone. It is believed that their purpose is to distribute the weight of the overlying layers of the pyramid (about a million tons) to protect the "king chamber" from the pressure. In these voids, graffiti were found left, probably workers.

Ventilation channels

From the King Camera and the Tsaritsa Cameras in the North and South directions (first horizontally, then obliquely up) the so-called "ventilation" channels width 20-25 cm wide Through, they are open and below and from above (on the edges of the pyramid), while the lower ends of the channels of the "Queen chamber" separates about 13 cm from the wall surface, they were found when climbing in 1872. The upper ends of these channels do not reach the surface of about 12 meters. The top ends of the channels of the Queen Chamber are closed by stone "Guntenbreak" doors, each with two copper handles. Copper handles were sealed with gypsum seals (not survived, but traces remained). In the South Ventshachte "The door" was found in 1993 using a tele-controlled robot "Lock II"; The bending of the northern mine did not allow to detect the same "door" by this robot. In 2002, with the help of a new modification of the robot in the southern "door", a hole was drilled, but there was a small cavity with a length of 18 centimeters and another stone "door". What is next is still unknown. This robot confirmed the presence of a similar "door" at the end of the northern canal, but it did not drill it. In 2010, the new robot was able to push the drilled hole in the southern "door" a snake-shaped camera and found that the copper "handles" from the side of the "doors" are decorated in the form of neat loops, and on the floor of the "ventilation" mines are applied with separate ocher icons on the floor. Currently, the most common version is that the purpose of the "ventilation" channels was religious and is associated with the submission of the Egyptians mailway journey Soul. And the "door" at the end of the channel is nothing but the door to the afterlife. That is why it does not enter the surface of the pyramid. Pyramid Queen Meritites (G1B)

Heops Pyramid (Hufu)
Great Pyramid Giza
arab. الهرم الأكبر or هرم خوفو
english Great Pyramid of Giza, Pyramid of Khufu or Pyramid of Cheops

Statistical data

• Height (today): ≈ 138.75 m
• The angle of inclination of the side face (now): 51 ° 50 "
• Length of the side edge (initially): 230.33 m (by calculations) or about 440 royal elbows
• Length of the side edge (now): about 225 m
• Length of the base of the base of the pyramid: South - 230.454 m; North - 230.253 m; West - 230.357 m; East - 230,394 m
• The base area (initially): ≈ 53,000 m² (5.3 hectares)
• Side surface of the pyramid (initially): ≈ 85,500 m²
• Perimeter base: 922 m
• The total volume of the pyramid without deducting cavities inside the pyramid (initially): ≈ 2.58 million m³
• The total volume of the pyramid minus all known cavities (initially): 2.50 million m³
• Middle volume of stone blocks: 1,147 m³
• The middle mass of stone blocks: 2.5 t
• The most difficult stone block: about 35 tons - located above the entrance to the King Camera.
• The number of averaged volume blocks does not exceed 1.65 million (2.50 million m³ - 0.6 million m³ of rock base inside the pyramid \u003d 1.9 million m³ / 1.147 m³ \u003d 1.65 million blocks of the specified volume can physically fit in the pyramid without taking into account the volume of the solution in inter-block seams); The attribution to the 20-year construction period * 300 business days per year * 10 working hours per day * 60 minutes in an hour leads to the speed of laying (and delivery to the construction site) - near the block in two minutes.
• According to calculations, the total weight of the pyramid is about 4 million tons (1.65 million blocks x 2.5 tons)
• The base of the pyramid is resting on the natural rocky elevation height in the center of about 12-14 m and occupies, according to the latest data, at least 23% of the original volume of the pyramid

Study history

Recent research

There is a version that is trying to explain the exact fit of individual blocks when building a pyramid in that the blocks were created from the concrete of the material by a gradual raising of formwork and the manufacture of blocks immediately on the ground - from here and the accuracy of fitting. This version was offered the French chemist, Professor J. Daviditz. Professor Daviditz in the middle of the twentieth century developed a way to create the so-called geopolymer concrete. Daviditz suggested that his discovery could be known to the creators of the pyramids. Subsequently conducted studies refuted this theory.

There are also devoted to the pyramids of the unscientific work of some researchers, such as Erich von Danikin and Christopher Dann ("Mystery of Ancient Egyptian Machines", 1984), relying on the outdated information of Sir William Flinders Putrice from the book "Pyramids and Temples Giza" (1883).

Around the pyramid

Pharaoh boats

Near the pyramids, seven holes were discovered with real ancient Egyptian boats disassembled into parts.

The first of these vessels called "" or "Sunny areas" was discovered in 1954 by the Egyptian architect Kamael El-Mallah and the archaeologist Zaka Nur.

The boat was from the cedar and did not have a single trail from the nails for fastening the elements. The boat consisted of 1224 parts, they managed to mount the restorer Ahmed Yussef Mustafa only in 1968.

Boat sizes: Length - 43.3 m, width - 5.6 m, and a sediment is 1.50 m. On the south side of the pyramid of Cheops, the museum of this boat is open.

Pyramid Pharaoh Hofa.(Heops - Greek version of this Egyptian name) is the most famous and most famous Egyptian pyramid.

First of all, because she is the highest pyramid From ever built in the world. Secondly, it became for other pharaohs of the ancient Egypt a kind of standard and a sample during the construction of their own tombs.

Of course, the tombs - the term is sufficiently conditional, since there is no evidence that they directly served as graves for the Mummy Pharaohs, but at the same time, there is every reason to consider them part of the burial-ritual complexes.

Where is the pyramid of Heops

It was erected on a stone plateau near the village of Giza, now the suburb of the capital of modern Egypt - Cairo. It is this construction that comes first to mind when we hear the words: "Egyptian pyramids", "Pyramids of Egypt", "Great Pyramids", "Miracle of Light".

Many people who were not previously in Egypt believe that the Great Pyramids of Giza (Heops, Hefren and Micheer) are located somewhere far in the desert, and therefore, first heading on the road Sharia Al-Ahram (Avenue Pyramid) to the West, They are surprised to see that gigantic figures rise against the background of remote buildings.

The ancient monuments are now actually within the limits of Big Cairo. On the recommendation of scientists, certain measures are being taken to stop the further expansion of the city in this direction to preserve the famous pyramid complex.

When the pyramid of Heops was built

The question of when this was built great Pyramid In Giza, applies to the number of widely discussed issues for a long time - from the very beginning of the origin of Egyptology as science.

Initially, the Egyptologists - historians and archaeologists - were serious discrepancies in her eyes. However, as scientific knowledge accumulates as a result of archaeological excavations, the analysis of the found artifacts, the study of the entire complex of documents in professional Egyptology began to prevail the next point of view. This amazing architectural facility is the highest pyramid in the world - was built during the reign of Pharaoh of the IV Dynasty of Heops (approx. 2585-2566 BC).

Some scientific schools believe that the time of the reign of Heops falls on the XXVII century BC. Despite certain discrepancies in the date of dating, it can be stated that according to historical science, it was built in the XXVII or XXVI centuries BC. That is, the age of the pyramid of Cheops is about 4,600 years.

It would be strange if such an opinion dominated and among the general public, which was vividly interested in Egyptian antiquities, starting from the first publications of the XIX century Egyptologists. This interest does not fade and after 200 years.

Among the lovers of the history of ancient Egypt, you can allocate two large groups - Those who relieve the conclusions of professional egyptologists, and those who are focused on more "exotic theories" of the origin of these structures, including the pyramid of Heops. The second group of views is based on a complex and systemic analysis of all the huge material accumulated by Egyptology as a science (for this you need a lot of time and preparation), but on the inherent human nature, the thirst for the miracle.

The pyramids themselves, especially Cheops, are perceived by them as a miracle without any quotes. The argument of scientists seems to them, on the one hand, too complicated, on the other - too "landed", and therefore does not convince. Much "cooler" it seems to them the theory of creating ancient megasofores by aliens or, for example, some mysterious civilizationwho lived long before the times of the Egyptian pharaohs, which had incomprehensible um with technical capabilities.

The paradox of the human psyche in the fact that it is much easier to believe in a miracle than to recognize things more or less ordinary. But this is a separate conversation. It remains only to note that unscientific theories in relation to the history and monuments of ancient Egypt. The age of the pyramid of Heops is called from many tens of thousands of years to 6-7 thousand years, that is, according to these theories, this construction was built much earlier than traditional Egyptology believes.

With all the attractiveness and, unconditional, of interest, all these concepts have one global drawback - they are based on some assumptions that, in turn, are not supported by anything. That is, for novels in the style of Fantasy, they are suitable, but for more or less serious consideration - no.

Pyramid sizes

What are hope's pyramid sizes? It would seem that the answer to it is very easy to get, it is only necessary to take a lineup of a harder and just to merry. However, in fact, not everything is so simple.

For nearly five thousand years after construction, the construction has suffered a lot both from natural cataclysms and from the barbaric actions of the people themselves. The top of this architectural and construction miracle initially walked pyramidion - the stone is also a pyramidal shape, carved, presumably, from red granite. It is not now, as not and the overwhelming number of facing plates that covered its walls. These polished plates attached to the highest pyramid, according to the testimony of Herodotus, gray-yellow color and shine.

Measurements made with the help of modern equipment showed that its height was after the completion of the construction of 146.5 meters, but even losing 9 meters of height, it remains the highest stone structure on Earth.

The main dimensions of the pyramid of Heops and its parts:

Height: 146.5 m (currently 137 m)

Side length: 230.38 m (initially 232, 5 m).

Tilt of the Parties: 51 ° 50 "

Big Gallery:

Height: 8.48 to 8.74 m

Length 47.85 M.

Tilt: 26 ° 16 "40"

Chamber of Queen:

Height: 6.26 m

Length: 5.76 m

Width: 5.23 m

Chamber of the Tsar:

Height: 5.84 m

Length: 10.49 m

Width: 5.42 m

Road:

Length: 825 m

Pits boats (in the northeastern and southeastern corners of the pyramid):

Depth: 8 m

Length 52 M.

Width: 7.5 m

Inside the pyramid of Heops Pharaoh

Heads tomb, like all the pyramids of the III and IV dynasties, is almost a solid monolith made from stone blocks. The inner premises of the pyramids occupy a completely insignificant volume compared to the volume of the pyramid itself. However, heopse Pyramid Interior Also surprises with its engineering solutions and execution skill. It is more complicated than the inner structure of the Egyptian pyramids that were built after it.

Inside the structure there are 4 main premises, which received the following names in the Egyptological literature: the House of King (king), the Queen Chamber (Queen), the Underground Chamber (unfinished) and a large gallery.

The entrance is located on its north side, at an altitude of 16 meters above the ground. When the first scientists - researchers of the antiquities of Egypt - the French - met the height, then they had 12 meters - the base of the pyramid at the end of the XIX century was strongly listed as sand. The original entrance is above the entrance to which tourists are now used (he is pierced by Mamluki Califa al-Mamuna in the IX century. N.E, since they could not find an entrance to the entrance, hidden, then under existently facing plates).

Lady Heops.

The tomb of Heops, like all the pyramid complexes of ancient Egypt, was surrounded by a wall, from which some ruins were left now. In the southern direction, not far from the wall, in 1954, two large holes were found lined with stones, in which wooden boats were in disassembled form - sacred solar Pharaohs.

Poons with boats were closed with huge stone blocks of limestone weighing up to 16 tons. One of the boats is restored (it took 16 years of painstaking Labor) and put up for Furnishing in a pavilion specially built for this purpose next to an ancient object.

The rook is made mainly from the Lebanese cedar using individual local wood species. Its length is 43.5 meters, and the width is 9 meters. The second boat was left in place, making consisting of further destruction. Later there were also three empty docks repeating the form of the rook.

Construction of a pyramid complex

With the exception of several internal chambers and corridors, the cheek's tomb is completely built of dense stone, mostly from limestone. Her construction - unique phenomenon in the history of human civilization.

It is accurately oriented on the sides of the world. The deviation is only 3 "43"! And modern builders could be proud of such accuracy.

Now the creation of Cheops contains 201 series of stone blocks, and once there were from 215 to 220 rows. The height of the first row itself is the largest - it equals 1.5 meters, the second row is already less in height - 1.25 m, the third - 1.2 m, the fourth - 1.1 m. Further, the height of the series is even less, as a rule, from 65 to 90 cm. Closer to the top The height of the blocks is reduced to 55 cm.

According to modern estimates (and the first one who took up such calculations was Napoleon) about 2,300,000 (2 million 300 thousand) stone blocks and slabs went to the Great Construction. The stone blocks necessary for construction were cut down as not far from the site of construction and in limestone rocks, towering on the eastern (opposite) bank of the Nile.

For the facing of the main object of the Headstone Memorial, sandstone slabs mined in quarries are also relatively close to the mining of limestone. The length of the slabs of the lines of the lower rows reached 1.5 m and decreased to 75 cm in the next. According to the calculations of everything for the cladding it took about 115,500 plates.

Sand and limestone blocks were transported through the Nile on the transport vessels, and they were sacheling on large wooden salads, moved on stone rollers and balls. Granite, used in the construction and finishing of internal corridors and cameras, was also delivered by the Nile, but from afar - from the south, from the surroundings of the present Aswan, located at a distance of about one thousand kilometers from the construction site.

Ancient builders to build such Mahine, had to move and raise the volume of stones, which is about 6 (six) million tons by weight. To carry such load today by railway It would take 100 thousand railway platforms (such as a 4-axis platform for heavy-duty containers, model 13-470, a carrying capacity of 60 tons) loaded to the maximum.

And yet, the most difficult and challenging work was not delivery and transportation to the construction site of stone blocks, and their immediate prey in the quarries by cutting down and further grinding to the exact dimensions. At that time, they had not yet learned to make iron and steel guns - the Iron Age was ahead. Egyptians in the middle of the 3th millennium BC. I didn't know even bronze. They made their tools from almost pure copper, so the tools quickly fascinated and came into disrepair. And, of course, copper was dear. Judging by the archaeological finds, therefore the stone weapons from the silica were widely used: blades of knives, drill, teeth for saws, etc. That is, the stone was treated with a stone, though, more solid than processed.

The average volume of blocks, of which the tomb of the cheops is complex is approximately equal to one cubic meter, the weight is about 2.5 tons. But came across the blocks as an exception, weighing and 50 tons. For comparison, this is the weight of the modern tank T-90 "Vladimir". To lift and drag even the smallest of these blocks with one bare hands it is impossible: for this you need as many people that they simply cannot fit around. We needed certain technical means for lifting and transferring these blocks: all sorts of levers and rollers, goats and sleigh, strong ropes and, of course, a huge number of people who had to pull these ropes, straining all their strength. But the unlimited power of Pharaoh Heops, the resources that the Vladyka of Egypt had the resources - human and material, allowed him to attract tens of thousands of people to the construction of his own tomb at the same time.

How many years Heopsy grudge was built

According to Herodota's testimony, it was built about twenty years. Modern studies and calculations show that an ancient Greek thinker and historian called a very real figure of the duration of the construction of the highest stone structure in the world.

Who built it

Fantastic hypothesis about the mythical giants, aliens from space and even about the inhabitants of the mysterious Atlantis we will leave alone. Who built a pyramid of Heops According to historical science? Somehow it happened that the view is quite common that it (this opinion is usually applied to other Egypt's pyramids) slaves built.

However, scientific evidence sufficiently confidently say that these objects are more importantly the result of the Egyptians, which were not slaves. Of course, it is also impossible to call free in the full sense of this word - these were people who were under the authority of Sanovnikov, priests, and, of course, Pharaoh.

In the construction process there were cyclic periods associated with the annual spill of the Nile. At this time, thousands and thousands of peasants were attracted to the construction, which performed unskilled work on dragging and moving stone blocks.

Masters who worked in the quarries, cutters and stone polishers worked constantly, round year. It was the work that they knew how to do, for which they received food, shelter, clothes, etc. Construction experience, skills and work techniques were transmitted from generation to generation.

The total number of builders of such an important object for cheops during the spill of Nile reached 100 thousand people. This figure was first led Herodotus, but modern calculations and finds of archeology show that it is fairly plausible.

But in whose head the architectural idea of \u200b\u200bsuch a grand constructure was born? Who was able to organize the work of thousands and thousands of people for several decades? From the depths of the centuries to us the name of this great person came. His name was Heemion. He was a dignitary and Vizier under Pharaoh Heopse.

His tomb is located near the western side of the tomb of Heops himself. We reached us the statue of this architecture, which was found in his tomb. Interestingly, Hemion and other builders of the pyramids were, so to speak, part-time architects. Along with the management of construction, they performed a majority of other duties. The profession of architect in ancient Egypt has not acquired the status of an independent activity.

Sample construction skill and creative genius

The ancient builders of both this and other pyramids took care of everything. For example, the crypts in the depths of the masonry or the dungeons had ventilation channels. The inner premises of the Pyramid Pharaoh Heops were supplied with air through two small sections of the channel, which passed through the entire stroke of the structure, and left the eighty-fifth layer of stone masonry from the southern and north sides of this miracle of the world.

Although the first Europeans who studied the pyramids faced the fact that in the underground moves of the tomb of Heops, it was difficult to breathe due to front and suffocating air, it happened not because the ventilation was not, but because over the past five thousand years, ventilation moves They beat the dust and waste of the vital activity of volatile mice and other living organisms - insects, bacteria that found suitable conditions here. One of the undeclined while the secrets of the Heops pyramid is that such channels go from the Queen Chamber, but ... they do not go out (cm. Internal room scheme at the top).

Water protection was also thought out. For facing masonry, the blocks were elected particularly carefully. In the case of needing, the stone was additionally left on the spot, and then grinding. Therefore, the stones were flooded with each other so tightly that the water simply could not get between them. All the fledging water gathered at the bottom of the cuvetch. Cuvettes are made with a bias in the direction of deeper dual channels, with which the cuvettes are connected. Thus, the water was assigned to the tombs and their grounds. Only about the three largest pyramids of Giza discovered about 300 such gallery and cuvettes for receiving rainwater.

For many centuries, the pyramid complexes of Giza stand with damaged cladows due to the first place of human vandalism, and not natural cataclysms. And you can only be surprised by the stock of the strength that the ancient builders in their creations.

The ritual-funeral Memorial of Heops has remained largely an unsurpassed model of "pyramid architecture" for the entire era of the construction of such objects.

In a word, at all, a great pyramid in Giza back in time was recognized as one of the main miracles of the world. Without any technical supervision, the ancient Egyptians built their amazing creations so that they still stand, which cannot be said about many and many relatively modern designs, which building and engineering miscalculations and shortcomings led to death and destruction.

The pyramid of Heops - the legacy of the ancient Egyptian civilization, they are trying to see all the tourists come to Egypt. It affects the imagination of the grand sizes. The weight of the pyramid is about 4 million tons, its height is 139 meters, and age - 4.5 thousand years. Until now, it remains a mystery how people built the pyramids in those long-standing times. It is not known to reliably for what these majestic structures were erected.

Legends of Heops Pyramid

The ancient Egypt was shrouded in secrets was once the most powerful country on Earth. Perhaps his people were known secrets that are not available to modern humanity. Looking at the huge stone blocks of the pyramids that are laid with perfect accuracy, you begin to believe in miracles.

According to one of the legends of the pyramid, served as a grain repository during a great starvation. These events are described in the Bible (Book Exodus). Pharaoh dreamed of a prophetic dream, warned about a series of lack of town years. Joseph, the son of Jacob, sold by the brothers in slavery, managed to solve the sleep of Pharaoh. The ruler of Egypt instructed Joseph to organize a harvesting of grain, appointing it with his first advisor. The storages were supposed to be huge, given that many nations were fed from them for seven years, when hunger was hunger on Earth. A small discrepancy in the dates is about 1 thousand years old, adherents of this theory are explained by the inaccuracy of carbon analysis, due to which the archaeologists determine the age of ancient buildings.

On another legend, the pyramid served to transition the Pharaoh's material body in higher Mir Gods. An amazing fact is that inside the pyramid where the sarcophagus for the body is not found, the Mummy of Pharaoh, which the robbers could not pick up. Why did the rulers of Egypt built such huge tombs for themselves? Did the purpose of the beautiful Mausoleum, testifying to the greatness and power? If the construction of the construction occupied several decades and demanded tremendous labor costs, it means that the ultimate goal of the construction of the pyramid was vital for Pharaoh. Some researchers believe that we know very little about the level of development. ancient civilizationwhose riddles have yet to be discovered. Egyptians knew the secret of eternal life. She was acquired by Pharaoh after death, thanks to the technology that was hidden inside the pyramids.

Some researchers believe that Heops's pyramid built a great civilization even more ancient than the Egyptian, which we do not know anything about. And the Egyptians were only restored by the existing ancient buildings, and used them at their discretion. They themselves unknown the idea of \u200b\u200bthe forerunning of the pyramids. The forerunners could be giants of the dough civilization or inhabitants of other planets, flew to the ground in search of a new homeland. Giant sizes of blocks from which the pyramid is constructed is easier to present a convenient building material for ten meters than for ordinary people.

One more interesting legend Heopsy pyramid would like to mention. It is said that inside the monolithic structure hides a secret room in which the portal is located, which opens the ways to other dimensions. Thanks to the portal, you can instantly find yourself in the selected point of time or on another, inhabited planet universe. He was carefully hidden by the builders for the benefit of people, but will be found soon. The question remains whether modern scientists will be sought in ancient technologies to take advantage of the discovery. In the meantime, the research of archaeologists in the pyramid continues.

In the era of antiquity, when the heyday of the Greco-Roman civilization began, the ancient philosophers were a description of the most prominent monuments of architecture on Earth. They were called "Seven Wonders of the World." They were counted Hanging gardens Babylon, Kolos Rododsky and others majestic buildings, built even to our era. Hope's pyramid, as the most ancient, is in this list in the first place. This miracle of light is the only one who came to the present day, everyone else was destroyed many centuries ago.

According to the descriptions of the ancient Greek historians, a large pyramid shone in the rays of the sun, casting a warm golden glitter. It was lined with limestone plates for meter thickness. In the smooth white limestone, decorated with hieroglyphs and drawings, the sands of the surrounding desert were reflected. Later local residents Disassembled cladding for their homes, which they lost as a result of destructive fires. Perhaps the top of the pyramids was decorated with a special triangular block made of precious material.

Around the pyramid of Heops in the valley there is a whole city of dead. The dilapidated buildings of the clock temples, two other major pyramids and several tomb smaller. The huge statue of the sphinx with a chopped nose, which was recently restored, extruded from a monolithic block of giant sizes. He is taken from the same career as stones for the construction of tombs. Once in ten meters from the pyramid there was a three-meter thickness wall. It may be intended for the protection of royal treasures, but could not stop robbers.

Construction history

Scientists still can not come to a common opinion as an ancient people built a pyramid of Heops from huge stone blocks. According to the found figures on the walls of others, it was assumed that each block workers were cut into rocks, and then dragged to the construction site on a ramp made from cedar. History does not have a single opinion and about who was involved in the works - the peasants for whom during the spill of the Nile there was no other work, the slaves of Pharaoh or hired workers.

The complexity is that the blocks needed not only to deliver to the construction site, but also raise to a huge height. Hope's pyramid before the construction was the highest construction on Earth. Solving this task Modern architects see differently. By official version For lifting, primitive mechanical blocks were used. It is terrible to imagine how many people died in building such a method. When the ropes and belts that kept shutters were rummaged, she could crush tens of people with their weight. It was especially difficult to install the upper block of building at an altitude of 140 meters above the ground.

Some scientists suggest that ancient people have the technology of management of earthly gravity. The blocks weighing more than 2 tons, of which the peyramid of Heops was constructed, could move with such a method with ease. Construction was carried out by hired workers who knew all the secrets of the crafts, under the leadership of the nephew of Pharaoh Heops. Did not have human victims, the abnormal labor of slaves, only construction art that has reached the highest technologies that our civilization is not available.

The pyramid has the base the same on each side. Its length is 230 meters and 40 centimeters. Amazing accuracy for ancient uneducated builders. The laying density of the stones is so great that it is impossible to push the razor blade between them. The area of \u200b\u200bfive hectares is occupied by one monolithic structure, whose boulders are connected by a special solution. Inside the pyramid several moves and cameras. There are ventilation holes overlooking different sides of light. The purpose of many interior premises remains a mystery. Robbers carried out all valuable long before the tomb included the first archaeologists.

Currently, the pyramid is listed cultural heritage UNESCO. Her photo decorates many Egyptian tourist prospectuses. In the XIX century, Egypt's authorities wanted to disassemble huge monolithic blocks of ancient structures for the construction of a dam on the Nile River. But the cost of labor was much superior to the benefits of work, therefore monuments of ancient architecture stand to this day, admiring pilgrims of the Giza Valley.

Of course, everyone knows where Heops Pyramid is located. After all, this is one of the most prominent monuments not only Egypt, but also the entire planet. And despite the achievements of modern science, the secrets of the pyramid of Heops are still unscrews. This is one of the reasons why this huge structure attracts numerous tourists, as well as the only miracle of the world that has been preserved before our time.

This place really has some special magnetism. And even numerous wishes to earn on curious tourists sellers souvenirs and camel challenges do not spoil overall impression. Running forever, I will say that the peyramid of Heops inside is not so amazing as outside. And if you decide to save on the "inner" excursion, then you do not lose much. Moreover, I would not recommend entering people with claustrophobia, breathing problems or heart. Corridors are quite narrow here, and the air is heavy and silent, despite the presence of ventilation moves. By the way, often excursion tours are very rich and do not provide for a time to get acquainted with pyramidal facilities inside. Therefore, be sure to specify this moment before, if you still decide to get in touch with a secret from the inside

Construction history

By his "birth", the most famous pyramidal structure is obliged by Pharaoh Huf, who ruled Egypt for at least 27 years. According to legends, the creation of this great monument took a huge amount of funds, which led to the weakening of the state. Scientists have not yet have a single opinion, as far as it is true. But definitely, a lot of resources were spent. After all, the initial height of the Heops pyramid is 146.6 meters. But what is noteworthy, it looks slightly below the neighboring structure. And not only because "lost" the top. The son of Heops, building his pyramid, a little schitril by choosing a place above 10 meters.

There are many versions, as the Heopse pyramid was built, consisting of 2.3 million stone blocks. Their total weight is approximately 6.5 million tons. Stone blocks are carefully adjusted to each other and fastened with a special composition - gypsum "milk" pink color. The walls have a slope of 52 degrees and embody the number "PI". This giant is placed on the area of \u200b\u200b5 hectares. The pyramid scheme of Heops clearly demonstrates that inside it is almost a monolith, in which there are only a few corridors, halls and ventilation moves. To avoid plundering, the ancient Egyptians inside placed special mechanisms. But the traps of the pyramid of Heops, religious bans and other tricks did not save the construction from robbers.

There are also no accurate information how old is the pyramid of Heops. Its age is estimated only at about 4.5 thousand years. But some researchers believe that the monument could be erected much earlier - another 11 millennium BC, and that representatives of extraterrestrial civilizations are involved in construction.

There is a lot of legends about this constructure. But I also picked up interesting Facts Heop's pyramid confirmed by scientific research. Among them are those that still remain little-known. And if you have never been here on the excursion, it is unlikely to be in the know that:

• For almost three thousand years, the Pyramid of Heops was the highest construction in the world. "Palm Championship" she gave only in 1311 - construction was completed at this time in Lincoln Cathedral. Sometimes an erroneously new record holder is called Eiffel Tower, built at the end of the 19th century. In fact, and before it was constructions above the pyramid of Heops. These are predominantly temple facilities, as well as Washington Memorial.
• Many consider the pyramid of Pharaoh's tomb. But this is a delusion, since the Egyptian ruler was buried in the valley of the kings, and his body was never inside the construction. But still a connection with the pharaoh is direct. The pyramid functionally played the role of a kind of "suitcase". In its walls, there are many things that, in the opinion of the ancient Egyptians, are necessary for the royal person in the afterlife.
• For a long time it was believed that the pyramids were erected by slaves. But as modern researchers have proven, free residents of ancient Egypt have been occupied in construction, besides, having high professional qualifications. The sizes and proportions of the peyramid of cheops are ideally calculated, and the design is constructed with flawless accuracy.
• For the first time in writing, the pyramid of Cheops in Egypt is mentioned in the works of Herodota. The author describes his own impressions of this religious construction and shares the information that received from local priests. Dated this writings 440 BC However, any valuable information of Herodotus could not be requested, except for some geometric data.
• Hoeop's pyramid has its own "birthday" of the Egyptians celebrate it on August 23, and this day is national holiday. However, this holiday appeared in Egypt recently - only in 2009, and only an alleged attitude to the exact date of construction began. Such a hypothesis was put forward by scientists from Cambridge.

But, nevertheless, on this day there are too many tourists here, and if you want to inspect the main Egyptian attraction in a relaxed atmosphere, do not plan a tour of this day. There are also other nuances to know which is useful if you are going to get acquainted with this miracle of the world.

Helpful information

Hope's pyramid on the map is on the left and slightly south of Cairo, in Giza. It is from the Egyptian capital that it is most convenient to get to this pyramid complex, where in addition to the famous tomb of the huof, you will see the pyramids of the son and the grandson of Pharaoh (Hefrena and Micheryina), which are somewhat lower. This is the best preserved pyramidal complex in the whole country. The road from Cairo takes about 20 minutes. Excursion tour You can purchase both directly in the capital and in any of the resorts. The road from Hugard is about 5-6 hours away by bus, from Sherm al-Sheikh - from 7 to 8 hours.

• Buying excursions from these cities, do not focus on the cheapest offers - there is a risk of being in an uncomfortable bus without air conditioning that at high Egyptian temperatures it is able to spoil all the impression of the excursion.
• Entrance to the territory of paid (80 and 40 EGPs for adults and children, respectively). Separately, the entrance is paid in - (200 EGP for adults and half a smaller child's ticket). You will also have to pay extra for taking pictures inside.
• Be sure to look at the weather forecast. If in the future is a strong wind, it is better to postpone the trip, as everything will be in the sand. And do not forget to take a headpiece - this is protection and heat, and from the sellers.

The number of internal visits is limited (300 people per day), so the chances of getting inside the pyramid complex on their own, not as part of the excursion group, not too high. But the magnificent photos against the background of the most famous Egyptian monument can be done anyway, and they will long remind of this fascinating journey.

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A lot of articles and books are written about the Egyptian pyramid of Heops, considering it from the standpoint of a modern materialistic look, without considering that it was built during the preceding highly developed civilization, whose knowledge did not reach us. Hope's pyramid with his huge sizes involuntarily causes the question of the methods of its construction. The advanced hypotheses on this expense are far from the truth.

Hope's pyramid, built about 4,600 years ago, is located on the Stone Plateau of the Libyan Desert. Stones for its construction were delivered, mainly from the Makkatimsky Highlands Kamenomoloma, which is east of the Nile River. The construction of the pyramid was conducted under the leadership of the famous architecture Hefren for 20 years. According to the ancient sources, the peasants took part in its construction only three months a year, in the free time from the field of Nile. But this does not exclude the work of a small number of specialists who prepared the front of work for thousands of seasonal peasant builders.

The purpose of building a pyramid-tomb.

The word "pyramid" in the literal translation from Greek - "Fire, which inside." Under the "fire" here it is necessary to understand the presence of an ordered energy flux both inside and from the outside of the pyramid. Such energy flows can be observed in crystals (quartz, diamond ...), in trees, etc. Above the peak of the pyramid (wood ...), vertical energy flow is formed, which is sometimes called the space channel (pillar). In the morning, at the dawn, this energy flow can be seen over the top of the pyramid with the naked eye. Energy flows at the peak of the pyramid of Heops are connected to the energy flows of the adjacent pyramids, forming a channel-energy connection between themselves. In nature, such an energy utility is observed in the trees of crystals (friends), etc. At the same time, the formation of additional dome energy break, collective aura observed over them. Until now, the pyramid was considered as a material body without taking into account its energy properties, just as the physical body of a person is being studied in medicine without taking into account his other six thin bodies.

The pyramid, like the physical body of a person, is only a material frame for subtle power systems. The legends say that in the pyramid there is a great stone, which arrived from space to Earth. It has the Great Energy and Magic Power. Similar stones are located in the Kaab Mosque (Mecca, Saudi Arabia) In the Himalayas, and before the emperor Tatslau in the Atlantis, who is buried on Taimyr. These are stones of spiritual centers and civilization centers.

To create energy vertical vertical columns on Earth (streams), humanity at all millennia has applied a variety of technical solutions. For example, in mountainous areas The vertices of the mountains were placed in the form of pyramids, tents, sphinxes and other structures, and under them - tombs. In the low places, artificial architectural land or underground structures (mounds, pyramids, labyrinth pictures were created ...)

The pyramid has the calculated characteristics to obtain the necessary types of energy flow. The larger the pyramid, the more powerful its energy flow. Above the top of Mount Everest (Himalayas) is one of the most powerful energy flows on Earth.
The tails of the ancient Egypt are available both in the mountain range (at Oz. Victoria) and in the places (at the Nile Delta). Their construction was carried out mainly during the heyday of an ancient civilization, which had a high technical level of development (air transport (vimans, chariot), eternal lamps, energy, laser, nuclear, sound weapons, etc.).

Start of construction.

The peyramid of Heops has a height of about 150 meters with the length of the base of one side of 250 meters. It was built with the West Bank of the Nile, not far from the city of Cairo.
The famous architect Hefres took this pyramid not at his naked place. There were very ancient squat pyramids from the monolithic stone, which were named with modern specialists "Ostanes." One of the ancient pyramids with its energy fluxes and underground strokes (built about 14,000 years ago), Hefren used to be appointed, increasing it in height and rewriting internal moves and premises. This ancient pyramid had a powerful foundation and special entrances to the dungeon for conducting underground work.

Hope's pyramid, like ancient, focused on spiritual centers (Shambala - in the East, and Tula - in the north), as the North Pole 12000 years ago was in the north-west of Canada at the border with America. The North Geographic Pole constantly migrates on the globe.

Using an ancient pyramid as a basis for a new, builders have achieved a significant reduction in labor and material costs, reducing the construction period. No one remembers about the more ancient builders now, although more than half of the volume of the pyramid of Heops make up stones ancient pyramid. The initial monolithic pyramid (the rest) had its own burial chamber with other dungeons. In the construction of the Pyramid, Hefren made a new redevelopment of the dungeons. Therefore, some voids from the ancient pyramid that did not fit into a new layout, do not find a logical explanation researchers.