Each era has their own people who are not limited to the presentation of the world. All their life is a search. It is thanks to such restless people opened America, Australia, New Zealand and many other points on the map. And the most rich on travelers have become in Europe 15-16th century - time colonization.
Miklukho-Maclay (1846-1888)
The future traveler and the ethnographer was born in St. Petersburg in the family of an engineer. From the university, it was very quickly excluded for participation in student movement. So finished education, he is already in Germany. From there he went to his first journey to Canary Islands, then on Madeira, Morocco, the coast of the Red Sea. Round there as a researcher of the fauna, and returned to the ethnograph. He was more interested in animals and flowers, but people.
Miklukho-Maklai explored indigenous population South-East Asia , Australia and Pacific Islands. He lived for several years on the north-west coast of New Guinea, visited Oceania Islands. Making two expeditions on the Malack Peninsula. Studying the indigenous people of these low-investment lands, the scientist concluded about the species unity and kinship of various races. Last years He spent his life in Indonesia and Australia and even offered the project of the Papuan Union on New Guinea. He, on the idea of \u200b\u200bthe researcher, was supposed to withstand invaders-colonizers. One of his recent ideas is the Russian artel communities in New Guinea - the ideal version of the state device.
The scientist died in his native St. Petersburg for him on the hospital bed, numerous expeditions by 42 years completely "wear" the body. Collection and paper Miklukho-Maclay - Sixteen notebooks, six thick notebooks, plans, maps, own drawings, newspaper clippings, magazine articles, diaries different years - were transferred to the Imperial Russian Geographical Society and were placed in the Museum of the Imperial Academy of Sciences.
Christopher Columbus (1451 - 1506)
Christopher Columbus became a real navigator thanks to the test, the owner of one of the islands in Portugal. Studying geography, Columbus decided that you can get to the cherished India through Atlantic Ocean. Indeed, in those days, strong Turkey blocked the path to the East, and Europe was needed new road In this area of \u200b\u200bspices. Only the Spanish Corona agreed to sponsor Columbus, and in 1492, three Karavellas "Santa Maria", "Ninia" and "Pinta" entered the open water. At first, the ships took the course to the Canary Islands, then west. Several times the crew demanded a return, but Columbus insisted on his. As a result, they moored to the island of San Salvador (Guanakhani). Then the islands of Juan (the current Cuba) and Espanyola (Haiti) were opened. True, the traveler was confident - they are on the coast, washed by the Indian Ocean. In Spain, he returned to the triumph, and the squadron went to the new journey already as part of 14 Karavel and three merchant ships.
But Columbus was not a scientist, but pursued perfectly selfish goals: to provide a family and himself. And this affected his further fate: the indigenous population rebuilding. In the colonies, where the main principle was complicated and greed, written to Spain complaints about Columbus and his brother even their colonializers. But he did his job - he opened the large archipelago for Europe Antille Islands, mouth of the Orinoco River, Central America. True, until the end of the life was confident that all this is adjacent to India.
At the measures of Columbus in illness and poverty and even after death did not find peace. His remains were transferred from the city to the city several times.
Vasco da Gama (1460 - 1524)
Pyerv passed the path through the ocean from Portugal to the East. The future discoverer grew in a noble family in Portugal. On the expedition to the east, he fell instead of a traveler's father who died suddenly. In 1497, his trial came out of the port. Few people believed in the success of the Portuguese. But it turned out. Yes Gama reincuted Cape of Good Hope and took the course to India. The sailors died from Qinggi and skirmishes with Muslim merchants, flooding Africa. They saw a competitor's traveler. And not in vain. Two years later, the Portuguese brought back the ships of the spices - one of the most expensive goods at the time.
The second expedition was also successful. At the disposal da Gama had already warships to defend themselves from unfriendly.
The third expedition has become the last for Vasco da Gama. He was appointed by the representative of the royal family in India. But he stayed in this position not so long. In 1954, he died of severe illness.
Fernand Magellan (1480-1521)
Born in 1480 in North Portugal. The first time came out in the sea as part of the Fleet Admiral Francisco Almeda. Participated in several expeditions before independently went to look for new ways to the Malay Archipelago in Indonesia. Supported Magellan Spain - she sponsored a trip across the Atlantic Ocean. In 1519, five ships reached South America. The expeditions then and the blood was given a way to the south along the coast of America. But in 1520, the strait in Pacific Ocean He was found - later will be called Magellan. After a year, the traveler has already arrived at the destination - to Molukski Islands. But in the Filipino Islands of the traveler, the leaders were drawn into the local war, and he was killed. The reassembling of the rest of the crew to the homeland was not easy. Only one ship out of five and 18 people from 200 reached.
James Cook (1728-1779)
Cook was born in the family of the English Batraka. But I made a career from a simple jungle to the head of the expedition. Mastery, mind and smelter were rated quickly. The first expedition of James Cook began in 1767 on the ship "Endeavor". Official version - Observation of the passage of Venus through the drive of the Sun. But in fact, the colonial England needed new lands. In addition, among the tasks it was a study eastern coast Australia. During swimming, Cook did not cease to study cartography and navigation. The result of the expedition was the information that New Zealand - These are two independent islands, and not part of an unknown mainland. The scientist was also a map of the Eastern Coast of Australia, opened the strait between Australia and New Guinea.
The results of the second expedition (1772 - 1775) became even more impressive. New Caledonia, South Georgia, Easter Island, Marquis Islands, Friendship island, were applied to the map. Cook ship crossed the southern polar circle.
Third swimming occupied 4 years. They were investigated, and some others. Exactly by Hawaiian Islands During one of the conflicts of the natives with the British and died, James Kook died - the head was punched with a spear. But evidence that aborigines eaten Cook, not found.
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Travel always manifested people, but before they were not only interesting, but also extremely difficult. The territories were not studied, and, going on the road, everyone became a researcher. What travelers are the most famous and what exactly opened each of them?
James Cook
Famous Englishman was one of the best cartographers of the eighteenth century. He was born in the north of England and by thirteen years began to work with his father. But the trading boy turned out to be unable, so I decided to go to the navigation. In those times, all famous travelers The world went to distant countries on ships. James became interested in the sea business and so quickly advanced through the career staircase, which he was offered to become captain. He refused and went to the Royal Fleet. Already in 1757, talented cook began to manage the ship himself. Its first achievement was the compilation of the Farwiter of the River, he opened the talent of the navigator and the cartographer. In the 1760s, he studied Newfoundland than attracted the attention of the Royal Society and Admiralty. He was instructed to travel through the Pacific Ocean, where he got to the shores of New Zealand. In 1770, he committed something that other famous travelers did not seek before, - opened a new mainland. In England in 1771, Cook returned to the famous pioneer of Australia. His last journey became an expedition in search of a passage connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Today, even schoolchildren know the sad fate of Cook, who killed the natives-cannibals.
Christopher Columbus
Famous travelers and their discoveries have always had a considerable impact on the course of history, but few people turned out to be so famous as this person. Columbus became the national hero of Spain, resolutely expanding the country's card. Christor was born in 1451. The boy quickly achieved success, because he was diligent and well studied. Already at the age of 14, he went to the sea. In the 1479th he met his love and began his life in Portugal, but after the tragic death, the spouse went with her son to Spain. Having received the support of the Spanish king, he went to the expedition, the purpose of which was to find a way to Asia. Three ship sailed from the shores of Spain to the West. In October 1492, they got to Bahamas Islands. So America was open. The local residents of Christopher mistakenly decided to call Indians, believing that he got to India. His report has changed history: two new continents and many islands, open Columbus, became the main direction of travel of colonizers in the next few centuries.
Vasco da Gama
The most famous traveler of Portugal was born in the city of Sinesh on September 29, 1460. From the young age he worked on the fleet and became famous as confident and fearless captain. In 1495 in Portugal, King Manuel, who dreamed of developing trade with India came to power. To do this, it was necessary for the sea route, in search of which Vasco da Gama had to go. There were also better famous navigators and travelers in the country, but for some reason chose the king. In 1497, four ships went to the south, reinforced and fell to Mozambique. There I had to stay for a month - half of the team was sick to the queen. After the break, Vasco da Gama reached Calcutta. In India, he established trading ties for three months, and in a year he returned to Portugal, where he became a national hero. The opening of the sea route, which allowed to get to Calcutta by the Eastern Coast of Africa, became its main achievement.
Nikolay Miklukho-Maclay
Famous Russian travelers also committed a lot important discoveries. For example, the same Nikolai Mihlukho-Maclay, born in 1864 in the Novgorod province. He could not finish the University of St. Petersburg, as it was expelled for participating in student demonstrations. For the continuation of education, Nikolai went to Germany, where he met Geckel - the naturalist who invited Miklukho-Maclay to his scientific expedition. So for him the world of wanderings opened. His whole life was devoted to traveling and scientific work. Nikolay lived in Sicily, in Australia, studied New GuineaThe embodiment of the Russian Geographical Society project was in Indonesia, in the Philippines, on the Malacca Peninsula and Oceania. In 1886, the naturalist returned to Russia and offered the emperor to establish a Russian colony overseas. But the project with New Guinea did not receive royal support, and Miklukho-Maclay seriously fell ill and soon died, so without completing his work on the book on travel.
Fernan Magellan
Many famous navigators and travelers lived in the era of the Grand Magellan, is no exception. In 1480, he was born in Portugal, in the city of Sabrose. After going to serve at the court (at that time he was only 12 years old), he learned about the confrontation between his native country and Spain, about traveling to East India and trade routes. So he was interested in the sea for the first time. In 1505, Fernan fell on the ship. Seven years after that, he fought maritime expanses, participated in expeditions to India and Africa. In 1513, Magellan went to Morocco, where he was wounded in battle. But this did not take traction to travel - he planned an expedition for spices. The king rejected his petition, and Magellan went to Spain, where he received all the necessary support. So began his world journey. Fernan thought that from the West way to India could be shorter. He crossed the Atlantic Ocean, got to South America and opened the strait, which would later call him the name. He became the first European who saw the Pacific Ocean. On him, he got to the Philippines and almost reached the goal - Molukky Islands, but died in a battle with local tribes, injured by a poisonous arrow. Nevertheless, his journey opened Europe a new ocean and an understanding that the planet is much more than the scientists thought before.
Ruled Amundsen
Norwegez was born at the very end of the era into which many famous travelers became famous. Amundsen became the last of the navigaters who tried to find unopened lands. Since childhood, he was distinguished by persistence and faith in his forces, which allowed him to conquer the southern geographical pole. The beginning of the path is connected with 1893, when the boy threw the university and settled the sailor. In 1896 he became a navigator, and next year he went to his first expedition to the Antarctic. The ship was lost in the ice, the team was sickling, but Amundsen did not give up. He took the command to herself, cured people, remembering his medical education, and brought the ship back to Europe. Becoming the captain, in 1903 he went to search for the northwestern pass from Canada. Famous travelers have never accomplished anything like that - in two years the team overcame the way from the East of American Mainland to its West. Amundsen became known for the whole world. The next expedition was a two-month trip to the southern plus, and the last enterprise is the search for Nobile, during which he disappeared.
David Livingston
Many famous travelers are associated with navigation. He became explorer Sushi, namely the African continent. The famous Scotland was born in March 1813. At the age of 20, he decided to become a missionary, met Robert Moffeth and wished to go to African villages. In 1841, he arrived in Kuruman, where he was taught local residents Agriculture, served as a doctor and taught a diploma. In the same place he learned the language of the Bechuiana, which helped him in travels in Africa. Livingston studied in detail the life and morals of local residents, wrote several books about them and went to the expedition to search for the origins of the Nile, in which he fell ill and died of fever.
Amerigo Vespucci
The most famous world travelers most often were from Spain or Portugal. Amerigo Vespucci was born in Italy and became one of the famous Florentine. He got a good education and learned to the financier. From 1490 he worked in Seville, in the Trade Representation of Medici. His life was associated with sea journey, for example, he sponsored Columbus's second expedition. Christor inspired him the idea of \u200b\u200btrying himself as a traveler, and already in 1499-M Vespucci went to Suriname. The goal of swimming was the study of the coastline. There he opened the settlement, called Venezuela - a small Venice. In 1500, he returned home, bringing 200 slaves. In 1501 and 1503. Amerigo repeated his journey, speaking not only by the navigator, but also by the cartographer. He discovered the Rio de Janeiro bay, whose name gave himself. From 1505 he served as the King of Castile and did not participate in the campaign, only equipped foreign expeditions.
Francis Dreyk
Many famous travelers and discoveries benefited humanity. But there are among them and those left by themselves and unsubstately memory, since their names were associated with fairly cruel events. Not an exception was the English Protestant, who was swimming on the ship from twelve years. He captured the locals in the Caribbean, selling them into slavery to the Spaniards, attacked the court and fought with Catholics. Perhaps no one could compare with a drone in the number of captured foreign ships. His hiking sponsored the Queen of England. In 1577, he went to South America to defeat the settlements of the Spaniards. During the journey, he found Fire Land And the strait, which was subsequently called in his honor. Having reinged Argentina, Drake looted the port of Valparaiso and two Spanish vessels. Reaching California, he met the aborigines who presented the British gifts from tobacco and bird feathers. Drake crossed Indian Ocean and returned to Plymouth, becoming the first led from the UK, visited around the world journey. He was taken to the House of Communities and awarded the title of Sir. In 1595, he died in the last hike on the Caribbean.
Athanasius Nikitin
Few famous travelers in Russia have achieved the same heights as this leaving from Tver lands. Athanasius Nikitin became the first European, visiting India. He traveled to Portuguese colonizers and wrote "walking in three seas" - the most valuable literary and historical monument. The success of the expedition provided the Career of the merchant: Athanasius knew several languages \u200b\u200band knew how to negotiate people. In his journey, he visited Baku, lived in Persia for about two years and got to India on the ship. Having visited several cities exotic countryHe went to parvat, where he stopped for a year and a half. After the province of Richur, he headed to Russia, putting the route through the Arabian and Somali Peninsula. However, Athanasius Nikitin did not get home, because it fell ill and died near Smolensky, but his notes were preserved and ensured the merchant world fame.
As a result of the Turkish conquest, the path to the countries of the East on land and then in the 15th century becomes dangerous. There is a need to search for new paths from Europe to Asia.
Causes of the era of great geographical discoveries
In the struggle for the opening of a new path from Europe to Asia, entered. Their aspirations laid the beginning. In addition, in Europe in the 15th century, certain conditions for large travels have developed.
First, the growth began large cities And trade quickly developed. Interest in science resumed, there was a revival of ideas about the shag-likeness of the Earth. Scientists began to provide evidence that reaching the shores of India is possible in two ways - southern (around Africa) and Western (through).
Secondly, European typography developed. Popular steel such works as "a book about the diversity of the world" Marco Polo about rich in gold, precious stones and spices of the countries of the East. Thirdly, new cards appeared, which included information collected earlier by Europeans and Arabs.
Expeditions of Christopher Columbus
In the second swimming, Columbus opened a number of other islands, in the third reached the coast of South America, in the latter - the coast of Central America.
Monuments of the brave navigator installed in, Spain, a number of countries Latin America and in the USA. In his honor, is name - country in South America. "Sea-Ocean Admiral", as Columbus called, died in poverty. By the end of the days he never found out that he opened a new continent. It became known later as a result of expeditions. It was in his honor of the land open by Columbus, began to call the "country amerigo", and later - America.
The value of the opening of the new light
Thanks to the opening of the new light, Europeans not only received gold, but also learned about previously unknown cultural plants that quickly spread in the old world. For Indians, a meeting with new people turned the tragedy. Following the primaries of the warriors - the conquistadors were taken by the ash, they killed local residents, washed from the face of the city of the city and destroyed temples, honesting a new language and faith.
