Most of the attention of states are controversial territories that may have military importance. Laccom are also shelves, and sea spaces rich in fish. Not in the last place at the significance of the places where you can successfully develop. Such important objects from an economic point of view are most often the theme of state disputes. The border of Russia has a length of 60,000 kilometers, and with the United States - the longest sea border.

Claims to Russia from Asian states

The Kuril Islands are today a stumbling block for signing a peace treaty between Russia and Japan. Since the end of World War II, he was never signed between these countries, although it was finally Japan capitulated on September 6, 1945. Today, these two states are in a state of truce, the Japanese demand to give them part of the Kuril ridge.

With China, the border is demarked, but he has claims to Russia. And today is controversial to Tarabarov and a large Ussuri Islands on the Amur River. Here the boundaries are not even delimited. But China is another way, he systemally populates its citizens the territory of the Russian Federation. The water space and shelves of the Caspian Sea are divided into Russian-Iranian agreements. Newly emerged on the political world of the state, and this Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan, demand to divide in a new bottom of the Caspian. Azerbaijan does not expect, he is already developing subsoil.

Claims from Europe

Today, the territorial claim to Russia in Ukraine, it does not want to agree with the loss of Crimea. Previously, disputes about the Kerch Strait and the Azov Sea, which Russia offered to be considered internal between the two countries, Ukraine demanded that their separation. There are problems, and they are solved very hard. Latvia tried to make a claim for the Treeshovsky district, but for the sake of the possibility of accession to the EU refused it.

Despite the fact that rumors are mutated in the media about the claims of Estonia to the region of Ivangorod, the official Tallinn claims did not prevent. Kaliningrad region plans to annex Lithuania, but it is unlikely that she wants war with Russia.

Norway does not suit the border of Russia between the islands of the Arctic Ocean. Norway requires to establish a border exactly in the middle between the islands belonging to the two countries, it wishes the revision of the borders of Russian polar possessions. In 1926, the WTCIK found the border of the USSR polar possessions, including all the islands in the north of the eastern hemisphere, including the North Pole. Today, many countries consider this document illegal.

Abstract on the topic:

"Controversial territory"

Student 8 "a" class

linguistic gymnasium №13.

Korostyleva Vladimir

Scientific Director: Lokteva Galina Ivanovna

I.VEVENING ................................................ p.1.

II. History of the opening and mastering of the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin Islands ...................................... ..

III.Bell "Northern Territories" after the second

World War ..............................................................

IV. Slope .............................................................

V.Biliography ....................................... p.11

The processes of globalization begin, countries actively cooperate with each other, but still there were unresolved problems, territorial issues, such as a dispute about Western Sahara between Mauritania and Morocco, regarding the island of Major (Maor) between France and the Federal Islamic Republic ComorosFor the Falkland (Malvinsk) islands between the United Kingdom and Argentina, the war for the independence of Palestine, etc. Russia is also among the disputes, Japan places the right to the southern part of the Kuril archipelago. I'm going to talk about this in my abstract.

The problem of "northern" territories

The ancient and medieval history of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands are full of secrets. So, today we do not know (and even ever find out) when the first people appeared on our islands. The archaeological discoveries of the last decades make it possible to say only that it happened in the Paleolithic Epoch. The ethnic affiliation of the population of the islands remains the mystery until the first Europeans and the Japanese appeared here. And they appeared on the islands only in the XVII century and found on smoke

and the southern Sakhalin Ainov, in Northern Sakhalin - Nivkhov. Probably, already in the central and northern regions of Sakhalin lived by Utal (Orcoi). The first European expedition, which turned out to be in Kuril and Sakhalin

the shores became the expedition of the Dutch Marithelist M.G.phriz. He not only explored and inflicted the South-East Sakhalin and southern chickens on the map, but also proclaimed the masculine ownership of Holland, which, however, remained without

any consequences. Russian landlords played a huge role in the study of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. At first - in 1646 - the expedition of V.D. Poyarkov opens the north-west coast of Sakhalin, and in 1697 V.V.ATlasov learns about the existence of the Kuril Islands. Already in the 10th year. XVIII century The process of studying and gradually joining the Kuril Islands to the Russian state begins. The success of Russia in the development of Kuril became possible thanks to the enterprise, courage and patience of D.Ya.Anziferov, I.P. Kozyrevsky, I.M. Evreinova, F. F. Lugina,

M.P.Shpankberga, V.Valton, D.Ya.Shabalina, G.I. Selikhov and many other Russian researchers - Gardening. Simultaneously with the Russians who moved along smoked from the north, the Japanese begin to penetrate the southern chickens and the extreme south of Sakhalin. Already in

the second half of the XVIII century. Here are Japanese factors and fishing, and from the 80s. XVIII century - Scientific expeditions begin to work. Tokunay and Mamia Rindzo played a special role in Japanese studies.

At the end of the XVIII century. Research from the shores of Sakhalin was a French expedition under the team of J.-F. Laperus and English - under the command of V.Broauton. With their work, the appearance of the theory of the Sakhalin peninsula is connected. Russian contribution to this theory

the navigator I.F. Trrusenshtern, who in the summer of 1805, unsuccessfully tried to pass between Sakhalin and the mainland. Point in the dispute set G.I.nevela, who in 1849 managed to find a shipping strait between the island and the mainland. The discoveries of Sakhalin to Russia followed the discoveries of Nevelsky. On the island one after another, Russian military posts and villages arise. In 1869-1906. Sakhalin was the largest cortica in Russia. From the beginning of the XIX century. Sakhalin and Kuriles become the object of the Russian-Japanese territorial dispute. In 1806-1807 Japanese settlements were defeated by Russian sailors on South Sakhalin and Itupe. The answer to this was the capture of the Japanese on the Kunashir of the Russian navigator VM Golovnin. For the last two centuries, Russian-Japanese

the border has repeatedly changed. In 1855, in accordance with the Simed Treaty, the border passed between the Islands of Warpet and ITUURUP, Sakhalin was left undeveloped. In 1875, Russia transferred Japan to her northern smokers, having received all the rights to Sakhalin in return. The beginning of the XX century Sakhalin and Kuril Islands met as part of different states. Sakhalin was part of the Russian Empire, the Kuril Islands - to the Japanese Empire. The question of the territorial affiliation of the islands was resolved by Russian-Japanese

treaty signed in 1875 in St. Petersburg. In accordance with St. Petersburg Treaty, Japan lost all its rights to Sakhalin. Russia is in exchange for it gave way to her Kuril

islands. As a result of Russia's defeat in the Russian-Japanese war, 1904-1905. Japan managed to turn off her South Sakhalin. In 1920-1925 Northern Sakhalin was located under the Japanese occupation.

The last time the Russian-Japanese border has undergone changes in 1945, when our country as a result of victory in World War II returned South Sakhalin and Kuril Islands to himself. In August-September 1945, the US approval councils occupied all the chickens, and in 1946 the Occupational US administration announced the Japanese government that the whole chain smoked, including Habmioma, was excluded from Japan. In 1951, Japan began peaceful negotiations with the United States and their allies. Moscow participated in the first time, but then came out of negotiations under the pretext of disagreements regarding the actions of the United States in the Cold War. Despite this, the final text of the San Francisian peace treaty establishes completely unequivocally, that Japan "refuses all rights, claims and p1 deals to the Kuril Islands."

At this time, the leading negotiations from the Japanese side of Prime Minister Sigeru Joside publicly stated that Japan is unhappy with this wording, especially with respect to the southern part of the islands. In administratively, Habomai and Shikotan under Japanese

always treated Hokkaido, and not to smokers. As for IUTUP and Kunashir, the historical fate of these two islands is different from the fate of the rest of the smoked, the rights of Russia to which Japan were recognized in 1855.

Nevertheless, Joside signed an agreement. All he managed to get from the Americans represented by Yarym Anti-communist Secretary of State John Foster Dulles was a statement that if Japan had such strong feelings for Habomai, she could try

contact an international court. Regarding Japanese claims to the rest of the islands - the answer was very loud silence.

In 1955, Japan began an attempt to conclude a separate peace treaty with Moscow. Japan understood the weakness of his position regarding the islands. But she hoped that there is an opportunity to get at least some

the concessions relative to Habomaia and Shikotana and to ensure that the United States, France and Britain recognize that at least these islands do not belong to the smokers from which Japan refused in 1951.

To the surprise of Tokyo, the advice agreed with such a requirement: they wanted to stop Tokyo from rapprochement from the United States. But the conservatives in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs "E, the fear of any Japanese-Soviet reconciliation immediately intervened and included ITUUP and Kunashir into a list of territorial claims. Moscow said" no ", and the conservatives calmed down.

Nevertheless, in 1956, Prime Minister Itiro Hatoyama decided to try to escape from a dead end and sent his conservative foreign minister Mamoru Sigamitsa to Moscow with the authority to lead peaceful negotiations.

Sigamitsa began with the standard Japanese requirements of ITUPUP and Kunashir, - - received a refusal immediately. However, the advice again offered to return Shikotan and Habmioma, provided that the peaceful

treaty. Sigamitsa decided to accept this proposal. However, when news about a possible agreement leaked out, Tokyo anti-communist

conservatives again started decisive actions.

Sigamitsa was recalled and on the way home was "intercepted" all the same John Foster Dulles, who only five years before the Japanese to abandon the Kuril Islands, including most of the fact that now is called the Northern Territories. Dulles warned that if Japan ceases to claim all northern territories, the United States is not

will return to the Japanese Okinawa. Tokyo immediately ripped negotiations with Moscow.

Scientists have aroused a lot about how this Dulles managed to make such a turn of 180 degrees. One of theories argues that in 1951 the United States knew that if they would not comply with Yalta Agreements on Kurilah, Moscow could stop following the Yalta

austria's agreements - this problem has practically disappeared by 1956. Another interesting theory put forward by Professor Kimitad Maja from Sofia University Tokyo argues that the American position of 1951 was the result of the transaction with the Councils, which secured the decision of the UN Security Council Micronesia for the United States in three years earlier.

And finally, there is such a theory that the cunning distance Dulles thought everything and planned in advance. His intention from the very beginning to force Japan to abandon Kuril in 1951 and, knowing that the Japanese would later try to return the islands, to include in a peace treaty,

Allowing the United States to pay any concession to the Japanese to make Russian in the future. In short, if Japan allows the advice to keep at least part of the smoke, the United States holds Okinawa. Today's Japanese position completely ignores all the subtleties described above. She simply claims that the northern territories there are original Japanese lands ("koyu but Rödo") and as such must be returned. In the same way as regards the San Francisal contract, Tokyo puts forward two extremely controversial arguments. The first is because in the contract it is not said who exactly should receive those chickens from which Japan refused, anyone can claim them, including Japan herself. Another argument is that the northern territories do not belong to those churons, from which Japan refused, and cannot be treated, being again "original Japanese lands." With the last argument, however, not all right. If Japan did not really refuse the northern territories in 1951, then why would this Joside stated to the world in 1951 that he detected the loss of northern territories? Upon returning from San Francisco, he appeared before parliament and received a request, whether the term "Kuril Islands", used in San Francis, ITUURUP and Kunashir, includes. Management under the contracts of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, responding to this request on the instructions of the Prime Minister, answered the parliament on October 19, 1951: "Unfortunately, yes, includes." Over the next years, official representatives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs "and commented on this key moment so: that the response to the parliament on October 19 was: a) misunderstood, b) outdated, and finally, B) was" Cocoon Flour ", that is," for internal use " - In other words, foreigners do not seem to poison my nose into such cases. Official representatives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs "and also love to indicate energetic support from the United States, which, since 1956, officially claim that ITUURUP and Kunashir are definitely not related to territories, From which Japan refused to San Francisco. It is clear that the United States, speaking directly opposite to what they spoke in 1951, simply use a small trick in the style of the Cold War to keep Tokyo and Moscow on the knives - but such an assumption is politely ignored. But not only the United States participated in this process. In 1951, Britain played an important role in making Japan to abandon Kuril, and the British Embassy in Tokyo has a report from 1955 in its archives, where the unexpected requirement of the Japanese IUTUP and Kunashir is called "funny and naive.". Today, Britain supports the same requirement as completely reasonable. Australia, which in 1951 made efforts to prevent any concessions to Joside on territorial issues (from fear that post-war Japan uses any uncertainty with borders as a preposition for militarization) today also unconditionally supports the Japanese position. In short, the fact that it began as an event to punish Japan for aggression of the time of war was rearranged at the successful operation of the Cold War on the retention of Japan in the West camp. I do not suggest completely discarding the Japanese position. If Tokyo refer to that reluctance, from which Joside refused to smoke, and especially from the southern part of them in San Francisco and would prevent certain secret documents demonstrating exactly the US forced him to surrender - it would be a good legal basis for To seek to revise this part of the peace agreement. But today, Japan is trapped by his own statements that she allegedly never refused the northern territories, so it does not dare to say the truth about what exactly happened in 1951. It is easier for it to pour everything to the former Soviet Union than in the United States. It vainly insists on the return of Moscow of these "original lands", not understanding that in the face of such a claim, Moscow could not give up, even if she wanted, - to create a precedent to create a precedent, who will allow other neighbors to present the rights to the former "original land ". Hasimoto's proposal that Moscow can control the territory for several years, provided that it recognizes Japanese sovereignty, shows how inadequately in Tokyo are perceived as laws of international diplomacy and the Russian mentality. In the meantime, most Japanese, even educated, completely forgot, what happened then, in the 50s, and are in the conviction that the requirements of Tokyo are absolutely legal. The government is asked to continue negotiations in a tough key and ignore regular hints of Moscow, that it is still ready to return Shikotan and Habomai. Such a dispute is doomed to eternal extension. And John Foster Dulles giggles himself in a coffin.

I believe that the chickens should belong to Russia, because Japan refused them in 1951 and it's too late to refuse to decisions, she lost in the war and should be deprived of deprivation related to this. After all, if all nations will demand their lands, there will not be such states as the USA, the United Kingdom, Russia, etc. And secondly, Russia with Japan is still in a state of war, and from the beginning you need to sign a peace treaty, but only then talk about territorial disputes.

If you look at the card, then the boundaries separating one state from the other are clearly visible. Everything looks clear and definitely. Unfortunately, reality is not so rainbow. Every day the border change: some states disappear, others appear, the third tend to expand their territory at the expense of the neighbor. We offer an overview of the controversial areas, which claim several powers, without recognizing each other's rights.

Greece with Turkey could never peacefully coexist, and the problem of Cyprus just gives them the opportunity to express displeasure to each other fully. After several times the territory of the island passed from hand to hand, it is now divided into two parts. 37% is under Turkish control, 63% of the southern part is the Republic of Cyprus, between them exists buffer zone under NATO control.

These cities on the north coast of Morocco are the only territories remaining in Spain in Africa. Morocco regularly appealed to the Spanish government to provide them with independence, but the local population categorically rejected a similar idea. On the this moment Officially, they are part of the EU.

The relationship between Singapore and Malay governments was never simple, and quite recently, Malaysia accused Singapore in the illegal management of her lands. "Point 20", a small area of \u200b\u200bthe land allocated by the sea in Singapore, Malaysia declares that it is in its territorial waters.

People are ready to fight in the modern world for anything, and the island of New Moore is that confirmation, not even an island, and a spit of 10 square meters. It appeared in 1970 in the Bengal bay after the cyclone and disappeared in 2010 due to raising the level of the world ocean. For this, India and Bangladesh fought for him and fought.

Another amazing territorial dispute concerning uninhabited island In North Atlantic. Great Britain, Iceland and Ireland are claimed to him.

Although no one shed for this territory, she still has long been divided, empty and hypothetically. And therefore, the property issues are constantly arising.

The dispute began when the Argentine Whale Company created the base at the Falkland Islands at about the time when the UK annexed them. During the Falkland War, they hit Argentina to the Board for a short period, but they soon returned to the jurisdiction of Britain.

Although there is no acute conflict between the United Kingdom and Spain on the territories, but they still are opponents in this matter.

The region, which is mostly a desert, refers to the most low-covered territories of the world. Once he belonged to Spain, but now Morocco and the Sahara Arab Democratic Republic are presented at him.

It has long been known that in Sudan it is not calm at all. For many years, the country is spreading civil war and bloodshed, and South Sudan has achieved its independence. Abea is a region located in the very center of the conflict of the two countries. And although South Sudan claims to him, leads them to the northern neighbor.

Unusual controversial territory. Its feature is that they are not fighting for her, and he is trying to get rid of two countries - Egypt and Sudan.

Despite the independence of Belize in 1981, over the past 30 years, the territorial claims of Guatemala are charged. On some maps of the restless neighbor, Belize is as the 23rd county.

If you think that if three million people proclaim independence and form a new state, then all the other 200 countries joyfully nodded and recognize it, then you are mistaken. In 1991, Somaliland announced independence from Somalia, but no one blinked her eye. Perhaps it was necessary to choose another name for the state?

More recently, there was a war between Argentina and Britain, which ended with the recognition of the Islands of the Status of the British Territory. And in 2007, the President of Argentina again proposed to resume negotiations.

Although most of the world community perceives Tibet as autonomous Region In China, the Tibetan government, which is in exile in India, is categorically not according to this.

After decades of the cruel conflict of Kosovo, who were part of Serbia, in 2008 declared independence. Since then, it has been recognized by 88 countries, including the United States, Great Britain and France. Russia and China, not to mention Serbia, performed categorically against.

Although the Kuril Islands officially moved into the USSR after the end of World War II, Japan still calls them with its northern territories.

A narrow strip between Ukraine and Moldova turned into a self-proclaimed republic, which was recognized only two countries - South Ossetia and Abkhazia, who themselves are in the same status. For the rest of the world, this is an autonomous territorial unit as part of Moldova.

After World War II, the Korean Peninsula was divided along the 38th parallels. As a result, the North The DPRK was formed, in the south - the Republic of Korea. Both states declare their rights to the entire peninsula, one day it has already led to the Korean War, after which a demilitarized zone appeared between them.

There are two countries applying for the name "China". This is the PRC and the Republic of China (Taiwan). Both are absolutely not ready to recognize each other's existence and declare claims for the same territory.

21. Islands Spratley

The two self-proclaimed republics sought independence from Georgia for about a century. In the region, a cruel confrontation was discontinued, in which the Russian Federation helped them. As a result, their independence recognized only a few countries _ Russia, Venezuela, Nicaragua and several Pacific Islands.

The territory of Kashmir, located between India and Pakistan, is actually divided between three forces - India in the south, Pakistan in the North-West and China in the northeast. None of the parties agrees to recognize the rights of others for these territories.

One of the most conflict regions on the world map over the centuries. The territory passed into the hands of various states many times. After the establishment of the state in 1947, Israel did not improve the situation, they are constantly shooting, and serious military collisions are constantly taking place.

Last territorial conflict in newest Story Ukraine and Russia.

No one is taken to predict than these conflicts can end, but scientists have made them in

What areas can take away from Russia in the coming years.

Last Monday, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe said that he would like to solve with Russia the question of belonging to the Kuril Islands and sign a peace treaty. According to him, "the solution of the issue of northern territories is an old desire for the Japanese people." How Japan intends to solve the issue, Abe did not specify. The peace treaty cannot sign since the end of World War II.

We decided to recall the history of the Kuril Islands, and at the same time other disputed territories, which in the future can cause the conflict of Russia with their neighbors.

Kurile Islands

The dispute between Russia and Japan for the Kuril Islands can be traced since the XVIII century. At that time, the islands inhabited the people of Ainov and the Permanent Russian or Japanese population did not exist on them yet. The expeditions on the smokers were carried out both the Russians and the Japanese, but no real control over the territories until the XIX century were not carried out by the parties.

The first full-fledged demarcation agreement was signed by Russia and Japan in 1855 - he recognized the right of the Japanese to the island of ITUURUP, Kunashir, Shikotan, as well as on the group of Habmioma Islands. The remaining islands of the Kuril ridge remained for Russia. It is on the basis of this treaty that Japan today puts forward a claim to the territory of South smoked.

Subsequently, the island has repeatedly moved from hand to hand - in 1875, Russia in exchange for South Sakhalin gave Japan all the Kuril Rud, and in 1905, after defeating in the Russian-Japanese war, South Sakhalin also gave. In 1945, the USSR joined the war with Japan at the request of the United States under the terms of the subsequent return of the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin.

After the victory in the war, the Soviet troops occupied the agreed territories, however, Japan is a fact of transfer to the USSR of ITUPUP, Kunashir, Shikotana and the Islands of Habmioma did not recognize. The basis was that according to Japanese cartography, they do not belong to the Kuril Islands, being the historical Japanese province of Tisima.

The Soviet Union agreed to convey Japan to Japan of Habomai and Shikotan, in exchange for recognition of other territories for the USSR, but these conditions Japan did not suit the peace treaty between countries and was not signed.

In the USSR, the fact of challenge the territories was not recognized until 1991, so no political negotiations were conducted on this topic. The active political phase in the question of the Kuril Islands resumed already between Japan and the Russian Federation.

In 2007, Russia proposed to return to the conditions of the 1955 truce with the transfer of Habomai and Shikotana, but Japan refused and chose to continue to consider all southern chickens with their "northern territories".

In 2010 and 2012, controversial territories visited Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, along with other high-ranking officials, which caused a disapproving reaction from Japan. The new attempt of the Japanese authorities to rapprocheate in the question of solving a territorial dispute has not yet received an answer from the Russian side.

Amur Islands and Altai

The eastern part of the border of Russia and the PRC takes place along the Amur River and its influx of Ussuri. In the robes of these rivers there are a huge number of islands, the territorial status of which has not been challenged by two parties during the twentieth century.

So, in 1969, an armed conflict for the island of Damansky happened between the troops of the USSR and the PRC, as a result of which control over him actually moved from the Soviet side to Chinese. In 1991, the island was finally fixed for the PRC by signing the agreement.

In 2005, Russia and China concluded another agreement on the demarcation of the border between the two states, according to which 337 square kilometers of island territories were enshrined for the PRC, earlier on the fact of the control of Russia. Part of the island of Big Ussuriysky, the island is the island of Tarabarov, and other, smaller islands, located close to Khabarovsk, in the place where Ussuri flows into Cupid.

According to the statements of the Russian authorities, the transfer of China's disputed territories was made to settle the relations between the two countries and the avoidance of a possible military conflict in the future. At the same time, in 2012, China demanded the movement of the RF portion of the border in the Altai Mountains.

In the PRC, they hoped to get 17 hectares of land, according to which a gas pipeline will be held in the future ascending sun. Thus, in 2005, in 2005, the controversial territories in 2005, the Russian authorities did not get rid of Chinese claims on our land, but on the contrary - rather created a dangerous precedent.

At the same time, in China itself, the mood at the return of the former imperial borders is quite strong. The local press without constraint publishes the cards on which the Earth of Siberia and the Far East are denoted by the historic Chinese territory.

Pintov

In 1920, a peace treaty was signed between Soviet Russia and Latvia, according to which the parties recognized the sovereignty of two states. At the same time, the state border was also carried out. As a result, part of Latvia entered part of the island district of the former Russian Empire.

In 1940, Stalin introduced Soviet troops to Latvia, and in 1944 the territory of the former Ostrovsky County returned again to the RSFSR, and she became the Pskov region of the Pskov region.

After the collapse of the USSR, Latvia recognized its foundation as part of the USSR by the occupation and on this basis was put forward by territorial claims to the Pratovsky district. In this case, the Russian authorities, taking this issue, in the transfer of controversial territories the Baltic country denied categorical form.

In 2007, the Latvians went on concessions and the border was finally fixed as remained after the collapse of the Soviet Union. In Latvia, they decided that the claims do not have deterioration of relations with Russia, besides this, the country needed to resolve territorial disputes to join NATO.

Saatssian boogne

Territorial claims to Russia have both Estonia. They, however, were not connected with the historical law of Estonia to certain Russian territories, but with a banal inconvenience.

The fact is that one of the Estonian roads, built in the USSR, partially passes through the territory of the Pechora district of the Pskov region, who goes into Estonian Estonia and reminiscent of Sapog. To drive along this road, you have to cross the state border twice.

Russia introduced a special regime in this territory, according to which Estonian transport has the right to pass the Russian section of the road without borderline inspection, but there is forbidden to stop and walking.

Allow the data of the inconvenience of the Russian authorities was supposed in 2005, having submitted to Satsesse Sap Tog in favor of Estonia in exchange for nearly 100 hectares of forest areas. But the signing of a ready-made contract was broken due to the introduction of the Estonian side into the text of the amendments that were not arranged by the Russian Federation.

As a result, in 2014, the next demarcation agreement was signed by the countries, recognizing the borders remaining after the collapse of the USSR. Estonia, like Latvia, at a certain stage was forced to collapse the question of transferring borders due to the rules of joining NATO.

Karelia

For its history, Karelia more than once became a disputed territory. She belonged to the Novgorod Republic, Sweden and the Russian Empire. In 1920, after civil War And the first Soviet-Finnish war, the western part of Karelia was transferred to Finland.

The territory was returned after World War II, although part historical region Karelia remained as part of Finland - there and now there are administrative units of North and South Karelia. Since the end of the world, the Second World Russian-Finnish border has not changed and the official Finnish government has never been challenged.

However, recently, the moods in the return of Karelian lands are growing in Finland - according to sociological surveys, at least a third of the population advocate for the combination of Karelia under the Finnish flag. Recently, several political organizations appeared for the return of the disputed territory.

Spitsbergen

The islands of Svalbard were first visited in the XII century inhabited Rus Pomoras. They were finally open, they were the famous Dutch navigator Willem Barents in 1596. Since then, the island regularly conducted whaling fishery and hunting for walrus, while the XIX animals were not completely exterminated.

In Russian maps, in those days, this territory was designated as part of the Russian Empire, although Denmark and United Kingdom also had a claim for her. In this case, actually the island remained without any control until the beginning of the twentieth century.

In 1920, Norway, taking advantage of the crash of the Russian Empire, declared his rights to Svalbard. After that, an international agreement was signed on the special legal status of Spitsberena, according to which the archipelago was recognized as the territory of the Norwegian crown.

At the same time, all the signatories of the country had the right to conduct commercial and research activities on the islands. Also Spitsbergen admitted a demilitarized zone.

Between world wars in the archipelago was actively carried out coal mining, in addition, Svalbard became one of the centers of polar aviation. During the war, many mines were destroyed, but after the extraction resumed - mainly due to the efforts of Norway and the USSR.

By the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union, coal reserves on Spitsbergen were exhausted and Norwegian settlements on the island reoriented their economy into Arctic tourism. The Norwegian authorities fell to the position of protecting the environmental situation on the archipelago, introducing new laws in 2000, which strongly limited the activities of organizations on the islands.

Russian part of Spitsberegin adapt to new realities could not and at the moment lives on state subsidies. However, the Russian population of Svalberena is no more than 500 people, most of whom live in the village of Barentsburg. At the same time, Norwegians on the islands live about two thousand.

Russia and Norway official disputes on the belonging to Spitsberena did not learn, although territorial claims from countries were recently each other. They concerned in the first place of the border in waters Barents Sea. The Russian side conducted a border along the coast of Svalbard Island, the Norwegians insisted that the border should be held at an equal distance from Spitsberegen and Franz Joseph.

The dispute moved to the active phase when the reserves of hydrocarbons were discovered on this marine area. In addition, live fisheries are being conducted here, and Russian and Norwegian border guards were often arrested by fishing vessels here. In 2010, the dispute was solved by the signing of a demarcation agreement, which was compromised on a compromise basis.

Alaska

Alaska was opened by Russian navigators in the 18th century and until 1867 was managed by the so-called Russian-American company. However, after an unsuccessful Crimean War, it became clear that Russia is simply not able to protect such a remote and undeveloped territory as Alaska.

In addition, after Alexander II large-scale reforms in the treasury, there was not enough money, and the government decided to sell the peninsula. The amount of the transaction with the US authorities amounted to 7.2 million dollars, that is, 4.74 dollars per square kilometer.

Almost immediately after the sale, gold was found in Alaska, but the fishery for mining began to actively develop only by the end of the nineteenth century, when the Golden fever happened in America. In 1959, Alaska became a state, and now there is extensive mining of minerals, including oil.

Official Russia since the sale of the peninsula has never expressed his rights to him, although the reminder of the Russian past Alaska pops out of the mouth of politicians. Of course, Vladimir Zhirinovsky is located in the fairway of these sentiments, which has long been offering to demand in the USA Alaska back. After the events in Ukraine and the accession of the Crimea to the Russian Federation, the conversations about the return of Alaska resumed with a new force, although for the most part they are more comic.

On September 28, 1939, an agreement was concluded about the friendship and the border between the USSR and Germany. He was signed by German Foreign Minister Ribbentrop and People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR Molotov. We decided to talk about five controversial territories of Russia with other states.

The agreement between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union was concluded on September 28, 1939. He was signed after the invasion of German Army and the USSR Germans by the German Foreign Minister Ribbentrop and the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR Molotov. According to this agreement, the territory of Poland was divided between Germany and the USSR. The text of the contract and the card with the line of the border between the USSR and Germany were published in the Soviet press. Under this agreement, Lithuania passed into the sphere of the influence of the USSR. This provided the Soviet Union of German Non-Estracy in relations with Lithuania, which as a result led to the establishment of the Lithuanian SSR on June 15, 1940.

Controversial islands

The Kuril Islands include 30 large and many small islands. They enter the Sakhalin region of Russia and have important military-strategic and economic importance. However, the southern islands of the archipelago - ITUURUP, Kunashir, Shikotan and the Habmioma group are disputed by Japan, which includes them in the Hokkaido Prefecture.

The principal position of Moscow is that the Southern Kuril Islands entered the USSR, the successor of which was Russia, and are an integral part of the territory Russian Federation On legal basis following the results of the Second World War, enshrined in the UN Charter, and Russian sovereignty over them, which has the appropriate international legal confirmation, is not questionable.

In Japan, they say that the northern territories are the age-old territories of this country, continuing to be under illegal occupation of Russia. According to the Japanese position, in the case of confirmation of the belonging to the northern territories to Japan, it is ready to flexibly approach the time and order of their return. In addition, since Japanese citizens who lived in the northern territories were forcibly evaluated by Joseph Stalin, Japan is ready to come to an agreement with the Russian government so that Russian citizens living there are not the same tragedy. In other words, after the return of Japan islands, it intends to respect the rights, interests and desires of the now living on the Russians of Russians.

We took half the island

The problem of the controversial islands of Tarabarov and Big Ussuriovsky emerged in 1964, when it was developed new project Agreements on the border between Russia and China. And the story was like that. In 1689, a nonsense agreement was concluded when Russia recognized China's right to land on the right bank of Amur and in Primorye. In the middle of the XIX century, using China's weakness, Russia joined 165.9 thousand square kilometers of Primorye, who were in joint management. China remained without exiting the Japanese sea. During the Second World War between Stalin and Commander-in-Chief of Noak Mao Zedong, who controlled the northern regions of China, an agreement was concluded on the border line on the Chinese bank of the Amur and Ussuri rivers. Thus, China actually deprived the right to use the Farwater of these rivers, but it was supported from the USSR.

In 2004, a Russian-Chinese agreement was signed between Russia and China state border on her eastern part. The document determines the passage of the border on two sites: in the Island area is large in the upper reaches of the Arguan River (Chita region) and in the area of \u200b\u200bTarabarov Islands and Big Ussuriysky when merging the Amur Rivers and Ussuri near Khabarovsk. Tarabarov is completely given to China, and Ussuriysky is only partially. The line of the border, according to the document, passes both in the middle of the rivers and on land. The territory of both plots (about 375 square meters) is distributed approximately in half.

Wanted to delay a piece

Estonia claims the Pechora district of the Pskov region and the right bank of the River Narva with Ivangorod. May 18, 2005 Foreign Ministers of Russia and Estonia Sergey Lavrov and Urmas Pat signed agreements on the state border and the distinction between marine spaces in Narva and Finnish Gulfwho secured the passage of the State Border between the two states on the former administrative border between the RSFSR and the Estonian SSR "with a slight adjustment on the terms of adequate territorial compensation." One of the main items of negotiations on the Russian-Estonian border is "Saatse Sapot". He was planned to transfer Estonia, exchanged to other territories. The contract was not ratified by Russia, due to the Estonian side of the amendments made to it.

Fish War

Without a small half a century, Russia leads an undeclared fish war with Norway. Basically, battles go on the territory of the famous "twilight zone" in the Barents Sea. This is a controversial water space with half of Germany or Italy, two thirds of the UK.

The essence of the dispute comes down to the fact that Russia conducted a border along the coast of Svalbard Island, Norway believed that the border should be equidistant from Svalbard on one side and the land of Franz Joseph and Island New Earth with another. Since states were in friendly relations, the dispute about the border rarely flowed into any shares, the occasionally was detentions of Russian fishing vessels. However, in the future, the dispute was aggravated, as in the Barents Sea, including in disputed territories, hydrocarbon reserves were found. In April 2010, the parties came to the Agreement that the new Delimitational line would be divided controversial territory In two equal parts, a finally 40-year dispute was settled on September 15, 2010 after signing the contract "On the delimitation of marine spaces and cooperation in the Barents Sea and Northern Arctic Ocean»Transmission 90 thousand square meters. km. In favor of Norway.

Crimea - Territory of Disputes

Over the years, disputes around, perhaps the most beautiful and beloved place of rest of the Soviet people, do not subscribe. Crimea is not only "All-Union Slazpersona", but also a strategic area.

In 1991, when the collapse of the Soviet Union took place, the relationship of Ukraine and Russia worsened. The people living in Russia, after the loss of so many territories, remembered the Crimea, which could be returned, because The transfer of it to Ukraine in 1954 many have not approved. At the same time, 80 percent of the inhabitants of Crimea said they consider themselves citizens of Russia, and the Crimea is part of its territory. But Ukraine remained one very weighty pressure lever to Russia - this is the Black Sea Fleet. In January 1992, the then President of Ukraine L. Kravchuk announced the taking under his custody of the Black Sea Fleet. It was a collapse for Russia. But the transfer of Crimea to Ukraine is quite a huge loss for Russia.

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