Greek colony cities in the Crimea. Bosporian kingdom. Chersonese. Sarmati, Pontic Kingdom and Roman Empire in Crimea. VII century BC - III century.
In the middle of the 7th century BC, the Greeks appeared in the Black Sea and Northeast from the Aegean Sea. Lack of arable land and deposits of metals, political struggle in polishes - Greek cities-statesThe unfavorable demographic situation forced many Greeks to look for new lands on the coasts of the Mediterranean, Marble and Black Seas. The ancient Greek tribes of Ionians who lived in the attic and in the field of iones on the coast of Malaya Asia, opened the country with fertile land, rich in nature, abundant vegetation, animals and fish, with wide trading opportunities with local tribes "Varvarov". To swim around the Black Sea could only be very experienced sailors, which were Ionians. The carrying capacity of Greek ships reached 10,000 amphors - the main container in which products were transported. Each amphora accommodate 20 liters. Near the port of Marseille from the coast of France was discovered such a trade Greek vessel, sunken in 145 BC. e., 26 meters long and 12 meters wide.
The first contacts between the local population of the Northern Black Sea and Greek navigators were recorded in the VII century BC. e. when the Greeks had no colonies on the Crimean Peninsula. In the Scythian burial ground on Mount Temir near Kerch, the painted Rhodes and Miletsky vase of excellent work, made at this time, was found. Residents of the largest Greek city-state Mileta on the shores of Evksin Ponta founded more than 70 settlements. Emporia - Greek trading points - began to appear on the shores of the Black Sea in the VII century BC. er, the first of which at the entrance to the Dneprovsky Liman on the island of Berezan became Borisphenide. Then in the first half of the 6th century BC. e. At the mouth of the South Bug (Hipanis), Olbia appeared, at the mouth of the Dniester - Tiras, and on the Kerch Peninsula - Feodosia (on the shore of the Feodosi Gulf) and Panticapey (on the site of modern Kerch). In the middle of the VI century BC. e. Nymphi arose in the eastern Crimea (17 kilometers from Kerch at the village of Heroevka, on the shore of the Kerch Strait), Kimmerik (on south Bank Kerch Peninsula, on the western slope of the mountain onuk), Tiritaka (south of Kerch at the village of Arshitsevo, on the bank of the Kerch Bay), Mirmekiy (on Kerch Peninsula, 4 kirchi kerch), the days (on the Kerch Peninsula, 40 kilometers to the south of Kerch), perfumes and parphy (north of Kerch), in the West Crimea - Kerkinitida (on the site of modern Evpatoria), on the Taman Peninsula - Hermonass (At the place of Tamani) and Fanagoria. In the south bank of the Crimea there was a Greek settlement, called Alupka. Greek colonies cities were independent cities-states that do not depend on their metropolis, but supported close trade and cultural ties with them. When sending the colonists, the city or the leaving Greeks themselves choose from their environment of the head of the colony - Okist, whose main responsibility in the formation of the colony was divided between the Greek-colonists the territory of new lands. On these lands, called Choir, were areas of citizens of the city. All rural settlements Choir submitted to the city. The cities of the colonies had their own constitution, their laws, courts, minted their coins. Their policies were independent of the policy of the metropolis. Greek colonization of the Northern Black Sea region mainly occurred in a peaceful way and accelerated the process of historical development of local tribes, significantly expanding the areas of propagation of ancient culture.
About 660 BC e. Greeks was founded at the southern mouth of Bospop Byzantium, to reach Greek trading paths. Subsequently, in 330, the Roman emperor Konstantin on the site of the shopping city of Byzantium, on the European coast of the Bosphorus, a new capital of Konstantin, "New Rome", was founded, which after some time began to be called Constantinople, and the Christian Empire of the Romans - Byzantine.
After the defeat of the millet in Persians in 494 BC. e. The colonization of the Northern Black Sea region continued the Greeks-Dorories. Leaving from the ancient Greek city on southern coast Black Sea Herakley Pontica at the end of the V century BC. e. On the south-west coast of the Crimean Peninsula was founded in the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Sevastopol Chersonesos Tauride. The city was built on the site of the already existing settlement and among all residents of the city - Tavrov, Scythians and the Greeks-Doriytsev, initially was equal rights.
By the end of the V century BC e. Greek colonization of the Crimea and the Black Sea coast has been completed. Settlements of the Greeks appeared where there was the possibility of regular trading with the local population, which ensured the sale of attic goods. Greek Emporia and the Favoris on the Black Sea coast quickly turned into major cities-states, the main classes of the population of new colonies, soon became the Greek Skifsky, there were trade and fishing, cattle breeding, agriculture, crafts associated with the production of metal products. Greeks lived in stone houses. From the street, the house separated a deaf wall, all the buildings were placed around the courtyard. Rooms and housekeeping rooms are lit through windows and doors overlooking the courtyard.
Approximately from the V century BC e. Skifo-Greek ties began to develop and quickly develop. There were no Scythians on the Greek Black Sea Cities. It is known to attack Scythians on the city of Mirmekiy at the beginning of the V century BC. e. With archaeological excavations, it was found that part of the settlements, during this period from the Greek colonies, died in fires. Perhaps why the Greeks began to strengthen their policies, removal structures. Scythian attacks could be one of the reasons that independent Greek Black Sea cities are about 480 to N. e. Tempered in the military union.
In the Greek Polisters of the Black Sea region, trade, crafts, agriculture, art developed. They provided a large economic and cultural impact on local tribes, while at the same time adopting all their achievements. Through the Crimea, trade was carried out between Scythians, the Greeks and many cities of Malaya Asia. Greeks took the Scythians first of all bread grown by the local population under Scythian control, cattle, honey, wax, salt fish, metal, leather, amber and slaves, and Scythians - metal products, ceramic and glassware, marble, luxury items, cosmetic Products, wine, olive oil, expensive fabrics, decorations. Skifo-Greek trading connections have become permanent. Archaeological data indicate that in Scythian settlements V - III centuries BC. e. Found a large number of amphors and ceramics of Greek production. At the end of the V century BC. e. The purely nomadic economy of the Scythians was replaced by half-garden, the livestock of cattle in the herd was increased, as a result, distilbitant cattle breeding appeared. Part of the Scythians settled on the ground and began to engage in a hute agriculture, planting millet and barley. The population of the Northern Black Sea region reached half a million people.
Decorations of gold and silver found in the former Scythia - in Kurgan Kul-Obss, Childlyksky, Soloch are divided into two groups: one group of decorations with scenes from Greek life and mythology, and the other - with scenes of Scythian life, was obviously manufactured by Scythian orders and For Scythians. It shows that the Scythians men wore short caftans, spidered by a wide belt, pants refilled in short leather boots. Women dressed in long dresses with belts, on their heads wearing an isochchi hats with long bedspreads. The dwellings of settled Scythians were huts with wicker cane walls, cropped clay.
At the mouth of the Dnieper, behind the Dnieper thresholds, the Scythians built a reference point - a stone fortress, which controlled the Water Road "From Varyag to Greeks", from the north to the Black Sea.
In 519 - 512 to N. e. The Persian King Darius I, with a conquering campaign on Eastern Europe, could not defeat the Scythian army with one of the kings of the Jadeth. The vast army Darius I passed the Danube and entered the Scythian lands. Persians were much more and the Scythians turned to the tactics of "scorched land", did not enter the unequal battle, but they went deep into their countries, destroying the wells and burning grass. Crouching through the Dniester and the Southern Bug, the Persian army passed the steppes of the Black Sea and the Azov region, the Don passed and, I could not strengthen anywhere anywhere, went home. The company failed, although the Persians did not have a single battle.
Scythians formed the Union of all local tribes, military aristocracy began to stand out, a layer of priests and the best warriors - Scythia acquired the features of state education. At the end of the 6th century BC. e. Joint campaigns of Scythians and Ethnic Praslavan began. Skolotes lived in the area of \u200b\u200bthe villagers of the Black Sea region, which allowed to hide from the raids of nomads. The early history of Slavs has no accurate documentary confirmation, it is impossible to reliably highlight the period of Slavic history from the III century BC. e. before IV century n. e. However, it is safe to say that during the centuries Praslavyan reflected one wave of nomads after another.
In 496 BC e. The combined Scythian army passed on the lands of Greek cities located on both shores of the Gellespont Strait (Dardanelles) and covered in their time the campaign of Darius I in Scythia, and on the Thracian lands came to the Aegean Sea and Chersonese Thracian.
On the Crimean Peninsula, about fifty Scythian Kurganov V century BC was found. e., in particular, the Golden Kurgan near Simferopol. In addition to the remnants of food and water, arrows, swords, copies and other weapons of weapons were found expensive weapons, gold products and luxury items. At this time, the permanent population of the Northern Crimea increases in the IV century BC. e, it becomes very significant.
About 480 to n. e. Independent greek citiesThe state of the Eastern Crimea was united into a single Bosporus kingdom, which was located on both shores of the Bospore of the Kimmerian - Kerch Strait. The Bosporian kingdom occupied the entire Kerch peninsula and Taman to the Azov Sea and Kuban. Most large cities The Bosporian kingdom was on the Kerch Peninsula - the capital of Panticapey (Kerch), the Mirliki, Tyritaka, Niffeak, Chinese, Kimmerik, Feodosiya, and on Taman Peninsula - Fanagoria, Kpay, Hronons, Gorgeypia.
Panticapy, an ancient city in the Eastern Crimea, was founded in the first half of the 6th century BC. e. Greek leaving from the Mileth. The earliest archaeological finds in the city are dated by this period. Greek colonists have established good trade relations with the Crimean Tsarist Scythians and even the place for the construction of the city received with the consent of the Scythian king. The city was located on the slopes and at the foot of the rocky mountain, called now mitridate. Bread supplies with fertile plains of the Eastern Crimea quickly made Panticapy main shopping center in the region. The convenient location of the city on the banks of the big bay, the well-equipped shopping harbor allowed this policy to quickly take control of the sea routes passing through the Kerch Strait. Panticapey became the main transshipment item for most of the goods brought with Greeks for Scythians and other local tribes. The name of the city is translated, perhaps "Fish Path" - an abundant fishing of a Kerch Strait. Copanil his copper, silver and gold coins. In the first half of the V century BC. e. Panticapey combined around him located on both shores of the Kimmerian - Kerch Strait Greek cities-colony. Understand the need to unite for self-preservation and the implementation of their economic interests, the Greek policies formed the Bosporian kingdom. Soon after that, a fortified shaft was created to protect the state from the invasion of nomads, which crossed the Crimean Peninsula from the city of Tiritaka, located at Cape Kamysh Burun, to the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov. In the VI century BC e. Panticapey was observed by a defensive wall.
Until 437 BC e. Bosphor's kings was the Greek Miletonian Dynasty of Archelanactides, the ancestor of which was the archecript, Okist Miletsky colonists founded by Panticapy. This year, the head of the Athens State Pericles arrived in Pentantapey at the head of the squadron of warships, which made a large squadron of the Greek cities-colonies to establish closer political and trade relations. Pericles held talks about bread supplies with the Bosporus king and then with Scyths in Olvia. After his departure in the Bosporian kingdom, the archelanactide dynasty was replaced by the local Ellinized Dynasty of Spartokidov, possibly Thracian origin that managed the kingdom until 109 to N. e.
In his biography, Pericla Plutarch wrote: "Among the campaigns, his campaign was especially popular in Chersonese (Chersonese in Greater means Peninsula - A. A.), who gave salvation living there with Ellinas. The pericles not only led a thousand Athenian colonists with him and strengthened the population of cities, but also spent across the curve of strengthening and barrier from the sea to the sea and the obstacles to the raids of Thracians who lived in a set near Khersonee, and put an end to the continuous, severe war from which It was constantly suffering from this land, formerly in direct contact with the barbarians-neighbors and filled with robbing gangs, both border and those who were within its limits. "
By the king of Spartok, his sons satire and Levton together with Scythians as a result of the war 400 - 375 BC. e. The main trading competitor - Feodosia and Sindica were conquered with Gerakleje Pontica - the kingdom of the people of Sindov on the Taman Peninsula, which was below the Kuban and South Bug. Tsar Bosporovsky Perisad I, ruled from 349 to 310 BC. E., From Fanagoria, the capital of the Asian Bosporus, conquered the lands of local tribes on the Right Bank of Kuban and walked further to the north, for the Don, capturing all the Azov. His son Emmel managed to build a huge fleet, clean the Black Sea from the pirates that interfered with trade. In PantixaPea, there were big shipbuilding shipyards, which also engaged in the repair of vessels. The Bosporus kingdom had a military fleet, consisting of narrow and long high-speed trielery ships that had three rows of cheerful on each side and a powerful and durable taran on the nose. Tripes were usually 36 meters long, 6 meters wide, the depth of the precipitate was about a meter. The crew of such a ship consisted of 200 people - rowers, sailors and a small detachment of marines. There were almost no boarding battles then, tries at full speed tagged enemy ships and treated them. Treater Taran consisted of two or three sharp hang-shaped tips. Ships developed speed up to five knots, and with a sail - up to eight knots - approximately 15 kilometers per hour.
In the VI - IV century BC e. The Bosporus kingdom, like Chersonese, did not have a permanent army, in the event of hostilities, the troops were collected from the militia of citizens armed with their own weapons. In the first half of the IV century BC. e. In the Bosporous kingdom in the Spartokids, a hired army is organized, consisting of the phalanx of heavy-mounted military warriors and light infantry with bows and darts. Goplites were armed with spears and swords, protective equipment consisted of shields, helmets, eyelids and stuff. Connection of the army was to know the Bosporus kingdom. Initially, the army had no centralized supply, each rider and Goplit accompanied the slave with equipment and products, only in IV BC. e. There are traffic on the carts surrounding the warriors during long stops.
Short description
Bosporian kingdom. Chersonese. Sarmati, Pontic Kingdom and Roman Empire in Crimea
The first colonies of Ellinov (the ancient Greeks called themselves) were founded in the Crimea as a result of the Great Greek colonization - the settlement of residents of mainland Greece in the Mediterranean pools and the Black Seas.
From the middle of the 7th century BC, on the coasts of black, marble and Mediterranean Seas. Looking for new Greeks lands, which political struggle in polishes (cities - states), lack of arable land and deposits, forced to look best Life. Visiting the northern shores of the Black Sea, Ellina called him the "sea by non-sensible", it was quite possible, they were frightened by the hostility of the Scythians, perhaps the "cold" climate. The first contacts of the Greeks - Hellenes with the local population occurred in the VII century BC. It was at this time that the painted Rhodes of wonderful work was made, which was discovered in the Scythmomy near Kerch. The tribes of the ionists, experienced sailors first opened the country with fertile soil, abundant vegetation, fish, child, with huge trading opportunities with local "barbarians". They had good ships: 26 meters long, 12 - width. Each ship could accommodate 10,000 amphors in which products were transported (one amphora \u003d 20 liters).
It is impossible to say that greek colonists "Departed to the Unknown". Long before the beginning of the colonization, their ships visited the northern shores of the Black Sea, which they called Putom Aksinsky, that is, the "sea of \u200b\u200bnon-sensitive". Probably, Ellinov frightened a relatively cold climate and hostility of local residents - Tavrov and Scythians. However, after a few colonies were founded here, and with local residents The lively trade, the sea was renamed Pont Evksinsky, that is, the "Sea is hospitable".
The first Greek settlers in Crimea became residents of the largest Greek city - the state of the Mileta. Their attention was attracted by terrain on the shores of the Kerch Strait. Here, on the site of modern Kerch, mileyan founded the city, called the name of Panticapy. According to legend, the land for the foundation of the city gave the Grekam Scythian king. Probably, the Scythians were interested in the development of commerce with the Greeks, and therefore did not interfere with the latter to organize colonies.
During the 6th century, the Greek ceremonies of the city of Tiritak arise in the Kerch Peninsula (south of Kerch at the village of Arshitsevo, on the shore of the Bay), the Chinese (on the Kerch Peninsula, 40 kilometers to the south of Kerch), Kimmerik (on the southern shore of Kerch Peninsula, on the western slope of the Onuk Mountain), Mirmekiy (on the Kerch Peninsula, 4 kirch) and others who subsequently formed the Bosporus state.
A number of cities founded on the opposite bank of the Kerch Strait (Bosporus). From the point of view of the ancients, this strait delimited Europe and Asia, so the land on his eastern shore was called "Asian Bosporus". The largest city of Asian Bosporus was Fanagoria, named so named Okista (leader of immigrants) Fanagora.
In addition, Mileyan on the shores of Evksin Ponte founded more than 70 settlements. Emporia - Greek trading points - began to appear on the banks of the Black Sea in the VII century BC, the first of which at the entrance to the Dneprovsky Liman on the island of Berezan became Borisphenide.
Then, in the first half of the VI century BC, Olbia appeared in the mouth of South Bug (Hipanis), at the mouth of the Dniester - Tiras, and on the Kerch Peninsula - Panticapey (on the site of modern Kerch) and on the side of Meganoma, the city of Feodosia (on the Koorodosi Bay) . By the way, this is the only city in the Crimea, who retained its name from antiquity to the present day.
Residents of the Bosporian cities soon launched the so-called " secondary colonization"" Now they themselves founded numerous rural settlements on the shores of the Bosporus Strait.
At the end of the 6th century BC in the West Crimea, Kerkinitid appears on the site of modern Evpatoria.
In the south-west, on the Herculene Peninsula, the inhabitants of Herculei Pontica (city on the southern shores of the Black Sea) and Delos (cities on the island of the same name in the Aegean Sea) founded in the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Sevastopol Chersonese Tavricheic. The city was built on the site of the already existing settlement and among all the inhabitants of the city - Tavrov, Scythians and the Greeks-Doriytsev, initially even had equality, but later the title of Greek nation was allocated.
By the end of the V century BC, the Greek colonization of the Crimea and the Black Sea coast was completed. Settlements of the Greeks appeared where there was the possibility of regular trading with the local population, which ensured the sale of attic goods.
Approximately from the V century BC, the Scythian - Greek ties began to be installed and quickly developed. There were raids and military campaigns of Scythians to the Greek Black Sea cities. The Scythians attack on the city of Mirmekiy at the beginning of the V century to our era. With archaeological excavations, it was found that part of the settlements, during this period from the Greek colonies, died in fires. Perhaps why the Greeks began to strengthen their policies, removal structures. Scythian attacks could be one of the reasons for the fact that independent Greek Black Sea cities around 480 were united in a military union ...
In the first half of the V century BC, Panticapey combined around themselves on both shores of the Cimmerian - Kerch Strait of the Greek cities-colony. Understand the need to unite for self-preservation and the implementation of their economic interests, the Greek policies formed the Bosporian kingdom.
The Bosporian kingdom occupied the entire Kerch peninsula and Taman to the Azov Sea and Kuban. (The largest cities were on the Kerch Peninsula of Crimea - the capital of Panticapey (Kerch), Mirliki, Tyritaka, Nymphi, Chinese, Kimmerik, Feodosiya, and on the Taman Peninsula - Fanagoria, Kpay, Hermanau, Gorgeypia.)
During his heyday, as the capital of the Bosporus kingdom, Pantikapey occupied the area of \u200b\u200babout 100 hectares. The city had a comfortable harbor, was surrounded by a defensive wall already in the 6th century BC, located on the slopes of Mitridat Mountains ( modern name). At the top of the mountain was Acropolis with temples and public buildings.
In PantixaPea, there were big shipbuilding shipyards, which also engaged in the repair of vessels. The Bosporus kingdom had a military fleet, consisting of narrow and long high-speed trielery ships that had three rows of cheerful on each side and a powerful and durable taran on the nose.
Tripes were usually 36 meters long, 6 meters wide, the depth of the precipitate was about a meter. The crew of such a ship consisted of 200 people - rowers, sailors and a small detachment of marines. There were almost no boarding battles then, tries at full speed tagged enemy ships and treated them. Treater Taran consisted of two or three sharp hang-shaped tips. Ships developed speed up to five knots, and with a sail - up to eight knots - approximately 15 kilometers per hour.
The main income brought trade with Greece and other attic states. Half her bread needed - one million pounds, forest, fur, the skin of the Athenian state received from the Bosporus kingdom. In the I - II centuries, our era of Panticapey remained a major craft and shopping center, but gradually the city declined.
In the third century, our era, the kingdom became the object of attacks of the barbaric tribes (ready, gelurov, boranians and others). The last blow to the kingdom was inflicted by the invasion of the Huns who destroyed the Bosporian cities at the end of the IV century and destroyed the Bosporus state.
The most famous political figure antique Crimea - Pontic king Mithridate VI Evpator (120 - 63 years BC). His state power was such that it was a threat even for the All-Fusion Roman Empire. Inheriting a small kingdom (located on the southern shores of the Black Sea), he expanded him through the seizures and weakened the Roman domination at the Eastern provinces of the Empire.
In 107 to our era, the Bosporus Tsar Perisad, refused the power in favor of Mithridate. Having received power over the Bosporus State, the Pontic King has further strengthened its power. Chersonese and the Bosporian kingdom gave him bread and cashAnd the northeastern barbarians, including the Scythians, replenished his army.
The victims in the end defeat in wars with Rome, Mithridat fled in Panticapey. Here he was preparing for a new campaign against the Romans. But the blockade of the Romans of the cities of Tauridics was adversely affected their position. The uprisings began. This was decided to take advantage of the son of the king, the Farnak to take such a welcome throne.
In 63 to our era, Mithridate, left by all in his Pantikipei Palace, after unsuccessful attempts to poison poison, ordered a slave - the Celt to stick himself with a sword. In memory of this event, Mount Mitridat, which dominates the Kerch, and received its name.
15 years after the death of Farnak's father, who became a king in Bosporus, took a successful hike in Caucasus In Kolchida and further to Cappadocia. He decided to restore the former kingdom of his father and in 49 to our era went to the small Asia to return the Pontic Throne.
Farnak II has achieved significant success, but on August 2, 47 to our era in the battle of the city of Zeli's army of the Pontic King, the Roman legions of Julia Caesar were defeated, in the report of Senate Rome who wrote his famous words: "Veni, Vidi, Vici" - "came, saw , won". Farnak again obeyed Rome and was released back into his Crimean land, where the local leader Asandrom was killed in the civil struggle.
Greek colonies in the Crimea
Modern Feodosia is the only city of the Northern Black Sea region, which wears its real ancient Greek name. The history of the city began in the middle - the second half of the 6th century BC. e. It was founded by its migrants from the Maju Jiegy town of Mileta, at the final stage "Great" Greek colonization. Favorable location on marine trading paths, beautiful harbor and proximity of agricultural areas predetermined the rapid growth and economic prosperity of the policy.
In the historical fate of Feodosia, like the whole Crimea, the outstanding role was played by the "Great" Greek colonization, which took place in the archaic era of the history of the ancient Ella, coming on the 8-6th century to our era. The Greeks (Ellina) brought civilization to the peninsula and the most advanced culture in the framework of the ancient Okumen. What made people leave their native land and go into a very dangerous journey in search of a new homeland?
Soils Eldlami lowland (only in a few of its areas, bread was grown in sufficient quantity), hence the greatest need of the Greeks in imported bread. Not rich in the country also metals and wood. Meanwhile, in the era of Archaika Ellada experienced an economic rise, intensively developed craft experienced a shortage of raw materials, marked with maritime markets was required to market for goods (olive oil, wines, craft products) and the purchase of all the Greeks needed (bread, raw materials).
The rapid development of the economy led to a sharp increase in the population, the society was not able to feed the "extra" people. The archaici era was also the time of formation of states (policies) in the territory of the Balkan and Island Greece. This process was accompanied by loss of land plots by many ordinary peasants and even aristocrats, hence the growth of property inequality and, which is inevitable in such circumstances, socio-political struggle. Polisites were slave-owned states, their economy needed a cheap labor force, the mining of slaves became another incentive of the colonization movement.
In search of a new homeland, the peasants who lost their land or not received them in their homeland; Among the immigrants were also artisans, merchants and representatives of childbirth (some of them hoped to fix their financial situation, others left their native land on political reasons, suffered defeat in the exacerbated struggle inside civilians of the born states of policies). The number of immigrants was small - from a hundred to a thousand people. Colonies (Greek - Apooyki) did not depend on the metropolis politically, although they usually supported friendly relations and various connections with them.
The bulk of the colonies of the Greeks in the Northern Black Sea region appeared in the 6th century to our era. On the western, Crimean coast of the Kerch Strait (Greek. - Bosporus Kimmerian) were founded by the city of Panticapey (Kerch), Nymphi, Mirmekiy, Tyritaka, Porphemes, Parfies, Acre, Tsytei, on the east coast - Fanagoria, Hermanau, Kpay, Sinda Harbor. Eastern Feodosia, on the slope of the mountain of Opuk - Kimmerik. In the southwestern Crimea - Kerkinitida (Evpatoria), Chersonese (Sevastopol). Who knew that the Greeks were known in the seafares and maritosa trade in the West Bank of the Feodosi Bay convenient bay; In the natural harbor, the port is located; To protect vessels from waves and winds built mol. The city-port has become a reliable shelter for ships and the most important shopping center on the northern coast of the Black Sea.
Not spoiled in the mother-in-country gifts of the Nature of the Greeks attracted in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Feodosi Gulf and much more. In antiquity, this territory was richer than our time, and the aliens managed to take advantage of the gifts of nature, as the so-called so-called industrial stocks of iron and coal, wood, various rocks, sand, clay. In neighboring lakes mined salt. Engaged in fishing and hunting.
And most importantly - agricultural work: bread, grapes, garden and garden crops were grown, diluted livestock. For freshwater extraction, all the available not very rich stocks were used: rivers, fresh lakes, sources, built waterborne structures and water pipelines. The center of the colony was a quarantine slide. Mountains and the sea defended it from possible dangers. A small slide was easy to surround the ring defensive wallsWhich if necessary, the entire population of the city could hide.
The relationship with local residents was in colonists in different ways, everything depended on which aliens claimed and what was the level of development of Aborigines, whether they were interested in contacts with new neighbors, in the exchange of goods. Antique authors associated Feodosia with the tribes of Scythians and Tavrov.
In those places where the Scythians were contacted with the brands (the area of \u200b\u200bFeodosia also includes this), the intensive process of assimilation of these two ethnic groups was. Excavations on the Feodosi quarantine brought fragments of the ending ceramics of the end of the 6th - 4th century to our era, and one find dates from the 7th - the beginning of the 6th century to our era. This dishes did not Greeks. But to say whether there was some barbaric settlement on the site of the future feodosia, we cannot - evidence clearly not enough.
Beautiful places Crimea
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Want to get a quality document, not overpaying for entering into the database? You can not worry! A team of professional calligraphers, who create documents, are working on every diploma, which are not different from those that receive graduates of universities, up to signatures and genuine seals. We advise you to buy a diploma of Ukraine, printed on a state form, which has all the necessary holographic symbols and watermarks, and hereby read our guarantees here.
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We know how, sometimes, a document is needed right now, so they are ready to fulfill work as soon as possible. Even if the interview date is already appointed, you can buy a diploma in Kiev, while getting a ready-made document during a couple of days - we approach individually to each client and its situation.
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Is it possible to buy a diploma of higher education? Need to! With such a document, you can change your life, get a prestigious position and even work in different countries! All in your hands on the site
History of Crimea March 20, 2014
All cities you see on this map were founded by ancient Greeks during the VI century BC. (With the exception of Kalos Limin, who was at the extreme west of the peninsula).
In the first half of the century, the Greeks-Ionians mastered the eastern coast of Tauridics, and the colonization of the western and south-western parts of the peninsula began closer to its end.
Unwittingly ask for a question: why did the Greeks do it? Why are they huge masses moved from the cozy and long-mastered Eldlag? The process of the settlement of the Greeks on the shores of the Mediterranean, Black and Azov Sela Received the name "Great Greek Colonization".
And indeed, without the word "the Great" can not do here. Almost 200 years of Ellina stubbornly mastered new spaces, founding hundreds of cities during this time. They were not afraid of any dangerous marine transitions, nor shacks with the local population, nor the separation from the usual cultural and linguistic environment.
Colonization was very difficult, but the Greeks had no other way out! Greece, though a picturesque country, but for life it is little adapted: arable land there is very few, cultivating the bread is incredibly difficult, and there are nowhere to expand: a circle - mountain wheels and the sea.
Therefore, when to the VIII century BC. The population of Greece has reached the limit number, the question arose - how to avoid overpopulation and inevitable at the same time. The output was found in the organized separation of part of the citizens to new, undeveloped land.
Moreover, the benefits of what happened to be able to extract all Greeks: and those that were left, and those who remained to cultivate scanties and develop crafts in their homeland. Going in search of new lands, Hellena tried to choose places where it was possible to produce agriculture. First of all, to grow bread.
In the newly founded cities of the Greeks reproduced by the model of the state device, there were traditional crafts, tied a trading exchange with the local population and with their abandoned homeland - the metropolis. Communication with the metropolis - and not only trade, but also spiritual, the descendants of the colonists retained the centuries later.
Greek people in those days were not uniform: it consisted of several tribes, distinguished themselves and by adverch, and in character. The most numerous and active were ionians and dorians.
Ionians lived, mainly on the shores Aegean Seaand early absorbed wisdom Of the Eastlying next door. They gave the world of famous scientists: Hippocrat, Falez, Euclidea and many others.
The largest Ionian city was Millet, lying on the eastern shore of Eldlas (now his ruins are in Turkey). It was Mileyan who began to master eastern coast Tauridics. Panticapey, Feodosia, Tyritaka are their colonies.
Ionians sought to be introduced into new lands peacefully, to establish trading relations with the local population. And, if the aboriginal ordinal, then gradually. Their weapon in the conquest of new spaces was often not a sword, but a debt deck, not a warship, but a merchant vessel.
The ionians were merry and cheerful people. They saw the world with light and beautiful and, therefore, there were especially many poets, artists and outstanding architects among them. The favorite God of Ionians was the patron of Muses, radiant Apollo.
Dorians They differed from the Ionians very much. Suffice it to say that the most powerful state of Doriytsev was Sparta - the city, where the cult of military discipline, coarse force, pressure and subordination reigned. The cruel orders of Spartans did not even approve of the Dorians themselves, but something nevertheless adopted.
Particularly honored by God, the Dorians are severe Rubezzz Zeus, and they revealed the militant herakla as their ancestor. "Nature is not a temple, but a workshop," Dorien would have subscribed eagerly under these words.
Dorians did not so much admired the world around them, as they adapt him to their own needs, showing the wonders of will, excerpt and strength.
So, Chersonese Tauride founded Dorians - the people are decisive, disciplined and severe. Unlike Ionians, they are not just mastered by new lands. They won them.
