The entrance to the Gate Koenigsberg was allowed only. Seven gates of Kenigsberg-Kaliningrad

"Unforgettable my city father
established in the history of centuries,
i'm for you longing and night
and I know by heart your every stone ... "

(Horst voice "Konigsberg")

The ancient Gate of Königsberg ... Like the doors in the past, they invite us to move for several centuries ago in the old Keynigsberg - the capital of East Prussia.

Alas, but not every modern Kaliningradets will find today in the silent fragments of the once majestic city for themselves interesting and exciting. People who are immersed in the bustle of their thoughts and rhythm of the modern city, habitually rush past an old gate, not paying any attention to them. And only the nostalging groups of German tourists without tired clicked by shutters of cameras to capture the history of Königsberg in the pictures, ongoing and in our days ...

Back in 2011, I planned to release a series of posts on all the preserved goal of our city, but did not realize this idea. What else can time be now? Konigsberg's gate has always been something special for me. In their work, I often go in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Royal and Rosgarian Gate. And every time they again and again care my eyes again, and the imagination draws a picture of the past centuries ...

Here is the messenger guard, hiding from the hot July sun in the shade of the gate, checks the documents in a hurrying to the city of the merchant. Sky boys with lightning run through the gate, hurry to plunge into cool waters of the nearby pond, and the elegant lady under a white umbrella about something lively talking with a fun soldier ... The world and calm reigns everywhere, the warm sun shines, the birds sing in the green trees, and the air is filled Aroma from neighboring bakery ...

I want my story about the gate of Konigsberg, I want to start with a general story about when and why the city gates began to be built, and after introducing you to the first goal on our route - Ausfalsk and Railway.

It is logical that any gate must behave somewhere. So, for example, the very first gates of Königsberg were erected in the XIII century simultaneously with the royal castle and led to his courtyard. A century later, when the city has grown and was surrounded by a wall, the gate has already become an integral part of the fortress.

More serious strengthening was erected in 1626 - 1634 and surrounded Konigsberg from all sides. Strengthening consisted of several bastions and semi-lastons, as well as from 9 gates. In addition, from the sea in 1657, a powerful Fort Friedrichsburg was laid.

And already two centuries later, the King of Friedrich Wilhelm IV issues a decree on the start of the construction of a second strengthening, in general, the repeating contours of the previous one. Powerful towers of Don and Wrangel are being built, the defensive barracks of crownprints and an astronomical bastion, as well as new fortified gates, on the site of the previous ones. The first in 1843 began to build the royal gate, and the construction of the Friedland gate was completed in 1862.

However, at the beginning of the 20th century, the second warst strengthening has lost its military importance and it was partially disappeared, released new squares for urban construction in a rapidly developing Konigsberg. So they disappeared from the face of the Earth the beautiful Stordamsk and the Tragheim Gate, and the Square of Hans-Platz, known now as the Victory Square was built in their place. The time and Hollenderbaum gate did not spare ...

02. Not preserved Stordamm Gate Königsberg.

But the remaining seven gates of the second bulk blast survived to this day and it is about them, and my story will be.

Our route begins with the Victory Square - the heart of modern Kaliningrad, where once were, perhaps the most beautiful, city gates - Steindhamsky. We will return to these gates, but so far we will go on to take the beginning of the Victory Square, the Guards Avenue to the Victory Park and the Memorial Complex "1200 Warriors Guardsmen".

It is here, through the road from an astronomical bastion and in a hundred meters from Obelisk, there are the most invisible city gates - Ausfali. Now there is a small Orthodox chapel of St. George Victorious, built in 1995, well, and the gate themselves can be seen, descending down to a small lake in the park formed from the former RVA.

03. Chapel of St. George Victorious on ... Roof Gate.

Why are the gate below the level of the earth's surface and where do they lead? To do this, get acquainted with the history of the building of the gate.

Ausfalsk gate (it. Ausfalltor), translated the "outbound gates", were designed in the XVII century and were part of the first strengthening of Konigsberg. The author of the project is an unknown military engineer.

These gates were extremely pedestrian and served as a passage through the earthen shaft. From the field side, a small bridge was adjacent to the gate through the fortress. The bridge itself has long been not ... Only preserved coastal supports from brick and granite, still remind us of the past. And if you look good at the slope of trees the slope, then you can still see (especially in the winter), not yet destroyed by time, the road leading to the bridge through the ditch.

The Ausfalitian gates are not distinguished by bright pompous architecture and more resemble a powerful firepoint, the incapsites of which were sophisticated with numerous embrasures for direct and lateral fire in the enemy. High walls of the caasemates are half lined with granite plates protecting brickwork from water and snow. And only the five brick teeth over the arched passage served the only gate decoration.

At the beginning of the 20th century, when modernizing the strengthening, the Ausfalist gate was lower than the level of the Earth and were turned into a pedestrian tunnel, and a little later the urban part of the gate was covered with the earth.

During the Great Patriotic War The gate was converted into a team point-blonde with hemospheric concreted premises. In combat actions, the Ausfalcian gates were practically not affected, and in the post-war time they had a warehouse and bomb shelter of the Kaliningrad Militia School (Modern Kaliningrad Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation), located next door.

At the moment, it is not possible to get inside the gate, however, in 2007, the Ausfalcian gate was transferred to the Kaliningrad historical and artistic museum, which inspires a certain hope that these gates will someday be restored and will become accessible to a thorough inspection of tourists. Although, 10 years have passed, and WHO and now there ...

11. Once there was a bridge leading to the gate.

The second gate with whom we will meet are next to the Ausfali. They are called - Railway (it. Eisenbahnhof Tor). Through these gates, also designed in the second half of the XIX century Ludwig von Asterom, the old railway was held on Pillau (Baltiysk).

In the architectural plan, the gate have two separate arched spans with barrel vaults. And if everything was quite modest from the outside, then from the city of the archway were made in the form of beautiful fitted portals.

On the sides of the gate are classic chases, and on the field side, the gate is equipped with a guard room - Cordhegardia and two gates similar to a giant crab claw.

Once on them there were settled sash, closing that one could turn this area of \u200b\u200bthe gate into a small courtyard. It is worth noting that these are the only gate with a similar architectural solution.

In addition, there was another interesting feature at the gate ... Rectangular notes were made in the walls of the Arch (from the floor to the ceiling) - strains. In them, on the type of "blinds", rectangular bars or sleepers were laid horizontally, thanks to which it was possible to completely close the passage through the gate.

15. Receptions are visible - stages. Archive photo of the author, 2011

And from the side of the enemy, it was impossible to disassemble such a barrier if, of course, not to shoot it from the cannon with direct vendor. Therefore, the effectiveness of this fortification barrier in the XIX century was very dubious ...

When the gate has lost its defensive destination, the road was laid at the top, which turned the gate to the most real bridge, through railway tracks, disassembled only at the beginning of the 90s of the 20th century.

Currently, the gate partially perform its function. Throughout them, cars are passing, and mostly gates are used by residents of nearby houses, as a pedestrian walkway in the Park Victory is held through them - a great place for cultural holiday. Like the Ausfalsky Gate, in 2007, the railway gates were transferred to the Kaliningrad historical and artistic museum.

And from recently, a digital planetarium of the center of popularization of Sciences named after F.V. has opened in the railway gate Bessel. In the future, in one of the arches of the building-monument, tenants intend to open the gallery in which the works of astrophotocheodists, photographers, as well as children's creative work will be exhibited. And 14.15 December 21 and 22, the gate will host a scientific film festival, within which, the audience will be shown the full-length documentaries about science from around the world, created over the past five years.

From funny curiosities related to these gates I want to mention a sign, from the series "Do not believe our eyes", explaining to us that this is not a gate at all, but Kirch XIX century ... the signboard hung on the wall of the gate and only after the recent restoration was removed and replaced on the right right.

At this, I finish the first part of my story about Königsberg gates, and in the second part we will get acquainted with the Friedrichsburg and Brandenburg Gate.

To be continued...

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In this section, it will be described about one of the attractions of the Kaliningrad region - seven surviving and some data on the fully destroyed gates, which at one time served in the entrances to Konigsberg.

Zakhaimsk gate

Zakhaimsk gate (SackHeimer Tor) - Some of the seven preserved city gates of Kaliningrad. Located at the intersection of Moscow Avenue and the Lithuanian shaft.

The current building of the Zakhaimsk gate was built in the middle of the XIX century. However, the first gates at this place were built even during the construction of the first strengthening of Konigsberg at the beginning of the XVII century. By the end of the XIX century, while there were gross fortifications, the gate was performed by the function of the checkpoint when entering the city. After the shafts were broken, they lost the defense function and became a kind of analogue of the Triumphal Arch. At the beginning of the 20th century, the gate was sold by the Military Office in the city. After that, part of the incidents was demolished and residential buildings were attached to the gate.

After the Second World War, the gate began to be used under the warehouse, which function was performed until 2006. At the same time, the gate have the status of a monument of the history of federal significance.

In 2006, the restoration of the gate began. After restoration, the gate will be transferred to the federal state institution "Center for Standardization and Metrology". Laboratories and a small museum will be placed here, where they can see the scales and other vintage measuring instruments.

Architecture

Zakhaimsk gates have one passage in the form of an arch. In the past, the sides were also smaller arches, which may have been pedestrian passages, but they were not preserved to this day. At the corners of the gate there are four towers: two rounds from the city and octaled from the outside. From the side of the city, the gates were decorated with the burners of Johann David Ludwig York and Friedrich Wilhelm Bühlov, on the outside - the image of a black eagle (the Order of the Black Eagle was the highest award of Prussia).

Royal Gate.

Kinglavskaya Avomt - Some of the seven preserved city gates of Kaliningrad. Located at the intersection of Frunze Street and Lithuanian shaft. In 2005, the royal gate was a symbol of the celebration of the 750th anniversary of Kaliningrad. From the same year, the gate is the branch of the World Ocean Museum. They are located in them dedicated to visiting Königsberg the Grand Embassy of Peter I.

The gate is lined up in a pseudo-styled style and externally resemble a small castle.

German time

The current royal gate inherited their name from the older gates, located in the same place. These first gates were originally called Humbninnen, since it was in Humbinen (now Gusev) who went the road through them. In 1811, the gate was renamed the royal, by the name of the street on which they were (Koenigstrasse). The name of the street is due to the fact that Prussian kings followed on it, directed from Königsberg castle to military viewers in the suburbs of Deva.

At the end of the first half of the XIX century, modernization of urban fortifications began in Konigsberg. Then the old gates were demolished, and newly preserved in their place were built.

Royal Gate in the XIX century

The solemn bookmark of the new royal gate took place on August 30, 1843 in the presence of King Friedrich-Wilhelm IV, and construction ended in 1850.

At the beginning of the 20th century, defensive structures, which included the royal gate, are outdated, lost military importance and sold the city by the military department. In 1910, the shafts adjacent to the gates on the sides were broken. Thus, the gate has become a free standing, an island structure. Now they performed the function of a kind of triumphal arch.

It is not known whether the royal gate was used as a defensive structure during the storming of the city by Soviet troops during the Great Patriotic War. At least in the chronicles of hostilities and in memoir literature they are not mentioned.

The gate was damaged from artillery and bombardments, but this does not mean that they were a target, because the whole city was exposed to artholsters and bombardments.

Soviet time

About the history of the gate in the period from 1945 to 1960 is nothing unknown. The first official post-war document relating to the Royal Gate - Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR No. 1327 dated August 30, 1960. This document established a list of historical monuments of the city taken to state protection.

However, the only consequence of this resolution was that the gate was decorated with a sign "The monument is to take into account and is protected by the state." No restoration and even conservation works were then not carried out.

By the time the pass-through pass through the gate was no longer.

For another fifteen years in the history of the gate, nothing happened. They were not restored, they did not write about them. The gate gradually collapsed.

In 1975, the following letter was reached into the Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR and the Office for the Protection of Monuments of History and Culture, signed by the Chairman of the Kaliningrad City Executive Committee V. V. Denisov:

Kaliningrad City Executive Committee reports that repair and conservation work on the "Royal Gate", located on Frunze Street - Lithuanian Val and who are a monument of state-acting architecture will be fulfilled in the coming years. In the future, this building will be adapted for the cultural needs of the city.

However, in fact, these good intentions did not cause any consequences. On the contrary, a new threat was hung soon over the gate:

"... ask your permission as not representing neither historical, nor state value to demolish the following sculptural images, burners, bas-reliefs and medallions: a) from the royal gate sculpted images of Friedrich I, Duke Albrecht and Ottokara II, b) from the Brandenburg Gate medallions with images of generals Aster and Boien and the coat of arms of Prussia ... ".

The author of this letter sent to the State Inspectorate on the Protection of History and Culture Monuments in 1976 was a person who should not be destroyed by office, but to maintain cultural monuments, namely the head of the cultural department of the Kaliningrad Regional Executive Committee V. K. Glushkov.

However, Moscow experts did not give good to the "clutching" of the gate.

In the same year, for the first time since the end of the war, the gate began to be used: they are located a bookstore.

In the following years, the attempts of local authorities destroy the gate did not stop. In the room dated January 8, 1978, the Kaliningradskaya Pravda newspaper wrote that the gate should be demolished. It is unlikely that this article was an accident, since at about the same time the Kaliningrad City Executive Committee sent to the Ministry of Culture and the Central Council of All-Union Society for the Protection of Monuments of History and Culture The official request for removal from the royal gate of state protection.

Fortunately, this time the initiative of the Kaliningrad authorities to destroy evidence of the pre-war history of the city did not meet support in Moscow. An article from "Kaliningradka" fell to the head of the Office for the Protection of Monuments of History and Culture of the Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR A. N. Kopylov, who sharply broke the initiative.

In order to resolve the issue of the value of the royal gate, a special commission was sent to Kaliningrad to the Ministry of Culture. She worked in the city from September 10 to 16, 1978. As a result, the guard status of the gate was confirmed, and a letter came from the Ministry of Culture to Kaliningrad, in which the historical and cultural importance of the gate was justified, and a refusal to the request for removing the status of a protected monument was given to the request.

By the beginning of the restructuring, the bookstore in the gate stopped existing. They again became an inappropriate building, for which no one was courted, and which gradually destroyed. Some time the gate was used under the warehouse.

As noted above, by 1991 the gate was abandoned. Over the next ten years, this provision has not changed, despite the fact that there were many options for their recovery and further use.

A turning event in the history of the gate was the celebration of the 750th anniversary of the city, which was noted in 2005. The royal gate has become not only one of the many objects restored to the anniversary, this construction has become the main symbol of the anniversary.

An anniversary symbol was a silhouette of a gate against the background of the Russian flag with the inscriptions "Kaliningrad" and "750".

In the fall of 2004, 20 million rubles were allocated from the federal budget for the recording of the gate, but then the cost increased more than twice as possible, up to 49 million rubles.

Restoration work began in November 2004. By this time, the state of the gate left much better, because they were damaged during the war during the war and stood without departure almost sixty years. Bas-reliefs were damaged: Friedrich I, the Duke of Albrecht and Ottokara II were chopped off her heads

The gate restoration course was overseen at the highest level, since the organizing committee for the preparation of the celebration of the 750th anniversary of Kaliningrad headed the Minister of Economy of Russia German Gref. In February 2005, he stated that if by July 3 (the last day of anniversary celebrations), the gate will not be completely renovated, then the Royal Hangovian will be installed next to them for officials responsible for the restoration.

However, it was not necessary to resort to such steep measures: the gate was prepared on time. Their discovery after the restoration took place on July 1.

The restoration of the bas-reliefs "Three Head Of Kings", as they were called in Kaliningrad (although one of them, Albrecht, was not the king) was a special difficulty. There was practically no documentation, and judge how they looked before the war could only be photographs. Send figures to restoration to Germany, where there is a lot of experience in such work, it was extremely difficult because of Russian laws that provide for a complex procedure for making permission to temporarily export crop objects abroad. In this regard, it was decided to restore the figures on the spot.

For the restoration of figures to Kaliningrad from St. Petersburg, Master Alexey Kadyrov and Sergey Bugaev, sculptors restorers, who had previously restored the singer chapel them. Glinka in St. Petersburg. Also, a leading restorer of the State Hermitage Restorer Vyacheslav Mozgovaya was invited to restore the bas-relief.

The difficulty of restoration was among all other things that the figures were made of sandstone of a special breed, and to strengthen their heads had to create a special composition.

It was not without curiors: when the heads were almost ready, detailed photos of the figures were discovered in one of the Polish archives. Heads had to do again. Now, in case, the kings in the future for some reason will again lose their heads, they can be replaced by replacement.

On November 10, 2005, a message to the descendants was prompted to the descendant's wall - a glass case with the book "City of My Dream", from which Kaliningraders of the Future will recognize how their time was the 2005 Kaliningraders. One of the records in the book was made by Russian President Vladimir Putin on July 2, while visiting the anniversary celebrations.

The creation of a message to the descendants was the initiative of the World Ocean Museum.

On February 10, 2005, the gate was transferred to the Museum of the World Ocean. There is an exposition dedicated to the Great Embassy of Peter I to Europe.

Architecture Gate

Like the rest of Königsberg, the royal gate was built in the style of neoatics, but it was in the royal gate of the style most brightly expressed. Material gate - brick.

The royal gate consist of one pass of 4.5 meters wide, on the sides of which there are former incapsures. From the city of the caasemates had windows and doors, and from the outside - ambrusuras. From the outside of the gate, the so-called Cordhegardia was located - the courtyard, which rang from all sides.

The vertical part of the gate consists of three units of parts, the two side part of the membership enter into an incinerate, the average belongs to the passage. Horizontal membership is indicated by a tour of the eaves, which divides the gate to two tiers. Casemates have a height of one tier, the middle part of the gate (part with the passage) towers above them to the height of another tier. At the edges of the roof of both the chambers and the central part are the teeth. On the four corners of the high central part are located on the tower. At the external corners of the lower tier there are four of the same towers, so the gate have eight towers. Now all eight towers look equally, but in the XIX century the towers of the lower tier had the shape of turons - stylized sentigious turrets. Most likely the Tower of the Lower Tarus acquired their current appearance when the gate was rebuilt after their sale of the city.

The first gate tier is decorated with three portals, the second - three niches, in which the Borders of the King Czech Czech Ottochar II (left), the King of Prussia Friedrich I (in the middle) and the duke of Prussia Albrecht I (right). The figures contain their generic emblems. Above niches depicted the coat of arms of Prussian lands - the deputy and natantia.

Facial walls have a thickness of two meters, the vaults are 1.25 m. Thus, the walls of the gate could withstand the shelling of then artillery. Coatings of tiers and overlap between tiers are made in the form of a system of crusades. Since these vaults caused a strong stretch, counterphorties were arranged on the side of the gate.

During its existence, the gate architecture has undergone changes. Back in 1875, the Northern Casemate was converted into a pedestrian passage, later the same thing happened with the South Casemate. After the sale of the gate, the city was demolished by Cordhegardia and some other elements necessary for defensive construction, but unnecessary to the gate - the Arc de Triomphe. The end sides of the gate were rebuilt that the styles are visible after shaking the shaft.

Gate as a possible place of concealment of lost cultural values

During the war, Cultural values \u200b\u200bwere sent to Königsberg, abducted by German troops in museums, archives, libraries and churches of the Soviet Union. In the spring of 1945, these values, together with the values \u200b\u200bof Konigsberg museums and other cultural institutions, were stamped in different caches. Often such caches were arranged in fortification facilities.

There are versions of the fact that the values \u200b\u200bhid at Königsberg gates, including in the royal.

Basically, the search for the expedition was focused on the Rosgardon gate, as there were other evidence that values \u200b\u200bwere hidden there. Searches mostly limited to visual inspection of the premises. The expedition had no devices, used devices taken into temporary use in the Military Engineering School. Although these devices were not intended for such use, the selection of search engines was not.

Rosgarian Gate

Rosgar'an gate - one of the seven preserved city gates of Kaliningrad. Located at the intersection of the streets of Chernyakhovsky and Alexander Nevsky, next to the Vasilevsky Square and the amber museum.

The current gate building is located on the place where the epidiamed gates were located, belonged to the first to strengthen the city (the beginning of the XVII century).

The building of the gate preserved to this day was built in 1852--1855 on the project of the Gauptmann engineer and the director of serf-building Irfuhelbacht and Lieutenant Engineer von High in Königsberg. The project facade of the gate was developed by the secret Supreme Construction Advisor to August, the head of the technical construction deputation in Berlin. Author of sculptural jewelry - Wilhelm Ludwig Sturmer.

The first gate project was developed in 1852 by the department of fortresses in Königsberg. This project was significantly reworked by a secret advisor center. Stewler himself worked the facade project, giving him bright gothic forms.

After the war, the gate was restored and began to be used as a cafe-restaurant "Sunny Stone".

Architecture

The gate is only one pass four meters wide. On both sides of the sides of the passage, there are three caasemate. Thus, the facade of the gate consists of seven openings. From the city of the caasemates have windows, from the outside - ambrusuras.

From above above the facade of the gate is a series of teeth, separated by two halves sublime central part. On the sides, the central part is framed by two high eight-grown turrets, which are completed with decorative machines. Between the turrets there is a high arch, which is actively entry into the gate itself. Over the arch is a supervisory platform, fenced with teeth. On the right and left of the archway are arcades, consisting of arches based on columns.

On the sides of the main archway there are two medallion-portrait depicting Prussian generals of Sharnhorsta and Gneisenau.

While the urban side of the gate is characterized by a beautiful decorative design, the outer side has no decorative ornaments. From the outside, the passage is covered with blockhouse, from which there can be a circular rifle and artillery fire and Cordegardia, from Ambrazur which the front and flank fire could be conducted. Cordegardia had a swing gate. In front of Cordegardia, there was a moat, through which the lifting bridge was thrown.

Ausfalsk gate

Ausfalco Gate (also: Exit Gate, from him. Ausfalstor, Gate for Salizations) - Some of the seven preserved city gates of Kaliningrad. Located on in the south-western corner, the crossroads of the Guards Avenue and the Mountain Street, in the disjected intimacy from the monument of 1200 Guards.

Of all the preserved gates, Ausfali were rebuilt to a greater extent.

The first gates of approximately the place of the current were built in the twenties of the XVII, during the construction of a defensive shaft around the city. Later, in 1866, the gate was reinstalled, in the style of brick gothic. Built in the XIX century, the Ausfalcian gate passed only pedestrians, and were less significant in relation to the rest of the city gate (as he says, for example, poorer architectural design). Designed new Ausfalist Gate Architect Ludwig von Aster.

From the very beginning, the shaft crashed and were actually below the ground level. In the XX century, the only goal fare was laid. Like all other city gates, in 1910, the Ausfalcian gates were sold by the Military Office in the city.

During the war, the Ausfalist gates were converted to the management of military units. Extensive indoor gates were divided into separate compartments with concrete walls. Passages between compartments were closed with hermetic protective doors.

After the war, the gates were used as a warehouse, later - like a bomb shelter located near the School of Militia, and later in a wastewater collector was located.

In 1993, the Orthodox Chapel of St. George, dedicated to the Soviet soldiers who died during Königsberg's Soldiers, was built on the upper coating of the gate, which is located in the roadside of the arrival part of the Guards Prospect.

In the spring of 2007, Ausfali and railway gates were transferred to the Kaliningrad historical and artistic museum. It is planned to restore the gate, and placement of museum expositions in their premises. Together with the monument of 1200 guardsmen and the Park of Victory, the gate should be part of the military-historical complex.

Architecture

The Ausfalsky Gate have only one passage, to which the staircase and a rather narrow bridge (traces of which have been preserved still), which is confirmed by the fact that the gate passed only pedestrians. On the sides of the passage are the chambers of the front and flank fire. Travel is blocked on an arc of the arc, which is decorated with a casing with teeth. The lateral outdoor walls of the gate are lined with granite slabs, decorated with rustic in the type of quad.

On the passage there is a combat platform with a toothed parapet.

ABOUT appearance Internal (facing in the direction of the city) The facade of the gate is unknown, since he was covered in land, and his photographs or drawings were not preserved.

Railway Gate (Kaliningrad)

Railway gate - one of the seven preserved city gates of Kaliningrad. The gate is located under the roadway of the Guards Avenue, next to the monument of 1200 guardsmen. Through the gate passes a pedestrian walkway leading to the park located behind the monument.

At the gate, the inscription was preserved with the date of their construction - 1866--1869 years. It is located on the castle stone of the gate. Trained Railway Gate Architect Ludwig von Aster (he is the author of the draft Ausfalsk Gate).

Through these gates, the railway was held, leading to Pillau (now - Baltiysk). After the defensive structures of the city center were removed, Doychordering Street was laid on the former shaft (now Guards Avenue). Thus, since then the gate is minorly, and rather reminiscent of the tunnel through the road mound.

After the Second World War, the movement in the railway passing through the gate ceased, as a new railway line was built. Nevertheless, the rails from the old road remained up to the end of the nineties.

Later on the part of the former railway A pedestrian walkway was laid, which leads from the Moscow Avenue through the railway gate to the park behind the monument of 1200 guardsmen.

In the spring of 2007, the railway and ausfalist gates were transferred to the Kaliningrad historical and artistic museum. The restoration of the gate is planned, and the placement of museum expositions of military historical subjects in their premises. Together with the monument of 1200 guardsmen and the Park of Victory, the gate should be part of the military-historical complex.

Architecture

Railway gates have two spills decorated with arches of the shaded outlines. Gate portals are decorated with vasoma curious brick. On the sides of the arches are housemates with embrasures. From the outside of the gate there is a Cordegardia having powerful ambrusuras.

The gate is completed by parapets with a wrought lattice, which protect the Guards Avenue passing on the goal.

The feature of the gate is the so-called stages. They are vertical double borders arranged in the arches walls. In the case of defense with them, there should be stole bass. Educated thus barrier resembled blinds. Disassemble stages from the outside was impossible.

Other railway gates in Konigsberg

Other railway gates existed in Konigsberg. The first were built after 1853, they were near the Brandenburg Gate. Through these gates, the railway leading to Berlin took place. There were also several other railway gates. All of them were demolished to the twentieth years.

Brandenburg Gate (Kaliningrad)

Brandenburg (Berlin) Gate - Some of the seven preserved city gates of Kaliningrad. Located on Bagration Street. The Brandenburg Gate is the only city gates of Kaliningrad, still used in direct appointment.

The Brandenburg Gate was built in Konigsberg in 1657 in the southwestern plot of the first strengthening when crossing it with an expensive leading to the brandenburg castle (now pos. Ushakovo). Due to the lack of money and the relevant project, the organizers were limited to the construction of a wooden gate set under the roof and resting in an earthen shaft. For reliable cover, ahead was pulled out and filled with water.

After a hundred years, by order of the Prussian King Friedrich II, the dilapidated structure was broken, and a massive brick construction with two spacious roads having a fitting completion was built in its place. New Durable Gate completely blocked the road to the south (now Suvorov Street) and served as a reliable protection of the city. Thick walls were well covered by a small garrison of the guard, which were placed in the inner caasemates. There were also service, utility, warehouses and lifts. During the restoration work of 1843, the gate was significantly rebuilt (almost built anew in the same place) and are decorated with pointed decorative detacies, cruciform flowers from sandstone, stylized leaves on imparts, coat of arms and medallions. On the gate the sculptural portraits of Field Marshal Boyen (1771--1848), the military minister, a participant in the reforms in the Prussian army; On the right - Lieutenant-General Ernst von Aster (1778--1855), the chief of the engineering building, one of the authors of the second strengthening.

The Brandenburg Gate is the only of all the Königsberg gates who have survived to this day performing their former transport function. The structure is renovated and protected by the state as architectural monumentDecorating Bagration Street in Kaliningrad.

Architecture

The gate have two drives. Although everyone built in the middle of the XIX century in Konigsberg, the gate treated the style of neootics, in the Brandenburg gate, the gothic motives are pronounced especially brightly. Furovidal frontones are distinguished, which give low in essence, the feeling of height. The gate is richly decorated with decorative elements - for example, burners and stylized stone flowers.

Friedland gate

Friedland gate - one of the seven preserved city gates of Kaliningrad. Located at the intersection of Kalinina Avenue and Dzerzhinsky Street, adjacent to the South Park (former park of the 40th anniversary of the WLKSM). At the gate is the museum.

The name of the gate is associated with the city of Friedland, the current Pravdinsky. The first Friedland gates were built in the XVII century, but they were not located in the place of the current ones.

Now the preserved Friedland gates became the last gate of Königsberg (that is, they were built last). The exact date of their construction is unknown, approximate dates - 1857--1862 years. It is also unknown who was their architect. At the beginning of the 20th century, obsolete and lost military importance, the gates together with all second combat the city were sold by the Military Ministry. Then the movement of transport through them was discontinued, since part of the unnecessary defensive shaft was broken, and the road to Friedland (the current street of Dzerzhinsky) began to go on the side from the gate.

After the war, the gate was empty for a long time, then a warehouse was located in them. In the late 80s, working on clearing the territory and cleaning of the bottom of the park was performed in the southern Park. During these works, many old items were found. Soon, a museum was organized at the gate, the basis of the collection of which and became the objects found in the park.

Architecture

Like all the Konigsberg gates, the Friedland gate was built in the style of neoatics. The name of the author of the project is unknown, sometimes the authorship is attributed to the apleller.

The facade of the gate from the side of the city is divided into five counterphicities of six parts. The counterphorts are completed by pointed two-tight decorative turrets, which are the decorative parapet with teeth. All outer openings of the gate (drives, windows, doors) are made in the form of a fitted arches and are decorated with promising portals.

Two central parts of the gate are busy travel. Dimensions of travel - 4.39 m wide and 4.24 m in height. Parts across the edges are busy with caasemates.

The surface of the gate facade is decorated as if a mesh representing a rhombic ornament. "Threads" of this grid are laid out of the bricks of another color.

The facade of the gate was decorated with the statue of the Great Comut of Friedrich von Trollena, which was not preserved (disappeared after the war). Another statue depicting the Grand Master of Siegfried von Fouhtwangen, is located on the outside of the gate. This statue has been preserved, but she is off his head. From the outside of the gate is Cordegardia.

The museum in the Friedland gate founded Alexander Georgievich Novik (1956-2001). Initially, the museum was actually private and did not have official status. Only in 2002 the museum was officially created by order of the director of the South Park. Formally, the museum opened on October 22, 2002.

The foundation of the museum is the objects found during work on cleaning the park and its reservoirs. In the museum you can see vintage bottles, dishes, household items, television and regime wheels, etc. Another exposure tells about the fortification facilities Königsberg.

In 2007, the museum took second place on the fourth All-Russian competition "The Changeable Museum in the changing world." Four hundred museums took part in this competition, the Friedland gate gave way only to the Tretyakov Gallery. Prize money will be used to modernize the museum.

Unappropried city gate Kaliningrad

In addition to the seven city gates that have been preserved so far, there were other gates in Konigsberg, now lost.

Tragheimsky gate

Tragheim gates were located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe current Victory Square. They were demolished in 1910, after the defensive structures of the second obligation are outdated, lost defense significance and were sold by the city by the military department.

Steindham Gate

As well as Tragheim, these gates were located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe current Square of Victory. They were demolished in 1912.

Hollenderbaum

These gates were located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe intersection of the current streets of General Butkova and the embankment of Marshal Bagryamyan, next to the bunk bridge through the prevolution. The gate was called the area in which they were located (Hollenderbaum, "Dutch tree"). Nearby there was a railway station with the same name. The gate was demolished at the beginning of the 20th century.

In the Soviet chronicles of Königsberg they are not called anything like a "fortress city" - and not in vain. Founded as the metropolis of someone else's and hostile land, at the gate of the restless East, the centuries growing around the castle, Konigsberg could not not be a fortress. The oldest walls of the 14th century, a sort of "zero belt", covered, and two towers survived from them. The first belt was built in 1626-34, it was already covered by Forestadt, and the second belt rose in 1843-62, and in partly coincided with the first - in the aggregate, what remained from them as an inner ring. Finally, the third belt (external ring) was built in the 1870-90s, it passes approximately along the current bypass, and was used to be appointed up to the present day. The inner ring, which lost defense significance by the beginning of the twentieth century - is actually the center of Konigsberg, the edge of the "holes from the bubble", which is crowded and two stations. It is also impressive that British Aviation, Motor Splatte Downtown, spared transport hubs and strengthening - the inner ring has been preserved from the preliminary pore almost entirely, its main losses are associated with the building of Königsberg at the beginning of the twentieth century.

Hike along the ring (which in practice was not solid) I will deal into three parts, and in the first inspect the South Station adjacent to the Old District Haberberg and covered part of the fortifications. I will also make a reservation in advance that I am a fabric by the topic of fortification, I'm confused even in terminology, so I count on edits and comments.

At the introductory frame - Friedland Gate, extreme point Route. To the right - Lomme Island, a bridge on which is somewhat further, and I no longer go there, so let's go counterclockwise. Most of the objects noted on the scheme of objects survived, except for Hollarderbaum gates, a plot from Bastion Krausek to the Tragheim gate inclusive and individual bastions along the entire length of the ring. The South Station is about the site of the Brandenburg Bastion. Green stripes I hid on the scheme (photographed in the Friedland gate) myself, and they denote the "borders" of my posts:

Let's start the campaign we are not from the Friedland gate, but from the southern station, which since its foundation in Konigsberg and Kaliningrad chief. As already mentioned in the post, the railway came to Königsberg in 1857, and in 1862 closed with the railways of Russia. Königsberg was an important transport assembly, but at the same time did not have a pronounced main station - only a few small stations, with some of which existing and disappeared, we will meet. Conditionally, the main one could be considered the complex of the Eastern and South Stations - the oldest in the city, they were quite far from the current South.

In general, this is no longer an order, but some kind of Bardak, so in the 1920s, Königsberg transport node was a comprehensive reconstruction. The southern station in this form opened in 1929, and its device is clearly visible on the googlockarth:

Before the station - huge (420x160m) and empty Kalinin Square, and a simple, but stylish building station in the style of "new substance" - the most impressive object on it:

On the facade - the coat of arms of the Soviet Union, but a separate RSFSR. In my opinion a rather rare case?

5a.

Inside, it seemed to me, the station was scolded, but very civilizer:

The main attraction is a huge (180 meters of 120 meters) a three-rolling debtarcader with inscriptions "Good Kaliningrad to welcome" on the ends. Such debarkarders remained in the former USSR still in Moscow (Kiev and Kazan train stations), St. Petersburg (Vitebsk Station), and already in our time, there was also a debadar studio. In Germany, it was the usual thing. And as you can see, such a relatively fragile thing has survived August 1944, and April 1945:

The station is not located in the middle, but at the northern tip of the debarkaarder. The second entrance is on the tunnel from the other end:

The debarkard is not very high (in Lviv is tangible above, not to mention Moscow-Kiev), but it seems immensely wide. Long-distance trains Now there is something about three pairs (in Moscow every day, to Peter in the day and in Adler sometimes), suburban - a half dozen. And here, perhaps, the largest variety of paths: not only that both diesel and electrified (in Zelenogradsk and Svetlogorsk) are so also there is a path of Stephensian gauge (the Kaliningrad-Gdansk-Berlin train).

The train station here is purely passenger, the cargo paths do not enter it (a huge station of Kaliningrad-sorting is visible on a configuration picture):

10.

The northern exit is marked by a very stylish dispatching point:

11.

Southern - a small railway museum that hangs across the ranks of the bus station. The bus station here is typical, small, but revived. In general, the bus service in the area is organized very competently.

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Ends the ensemble German viaduct, the "tunnel" under which is assessed at the surprise of high-quality graffiti:

13.

The plots are very different. Close - a gray creature from his belly pulls as a train:

14.

In general, one of the most impressive stations that I saw ... As well as the North. But the transport mosaic of Königsberg is not exhausted by these two stations ...
And I will go from the overpass first clockwise - to the Friedland Gate. The railway goes to the south, and our way - along Kalinin Avenue, along the fortress shaft, on which at which at the end of the 19th century was broken, I apologize for the name, South Park:

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In which two rages. Closer to the station - Haberberg:

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Between them - Obelisk. At the Nazis, the park was named Horst Wessel - a young activist, the author of the anthem NSDAP, in 1930 killed by the Communists. Under the councils, the park was renamed the 40th anniversary of the WLKSM, and at the place where the monument of Vessel stood, put Stel Komsomolets.

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And finally, the Friedland gate, the youngest on the inner ring (1857-62). The gate with the same name was on the first ring, but were located somewhat closer to the center, the name is in both cases from the town of Friedland (now Pravdinsk), which was located on the side. At the old Friedland gate, the Germans constrained Napoleon's army for several days, pressing the Russian time to retreat for the Neman.

21.

You can climb on the gate, but from the outside it is not yet:

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Two parties of the gate are decorated with the sculptures of Teutonic compete Friedrich von Trollena (1412-16) and the Grand Master of Siegfried von Fihhetvangen (who suffered the capital of the Order in Marienburg), recreated in 2005.

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The fact is that since the 1990s, the gate occupies a museum founded by the enthusiast Alexander Novikov, and only in 2002 received official status. For Kaliningrad, it was a breakthrough - if the World Ocean Museum showed itself an effective organization, then this museum is an example for imitation. It was the first museum specializing in the pre-war Konigsberg. In 2007, at the All-Russian Competition "The changing museum in a changing world" he ranked second after the Tretyakov.

24.

Munchhausen on the wall:

24a.

However, I was not lucky - the big (and most interesting) part of the museum is now on reconstruction, so I turned out to be somewhat disappointed. But that the museum is made with taste - it can be seen:

25.

Between the railway and Street of Bagration along the shaft stretches the former district of Haberberg ("Oat Mountain"). It is believed here that there was a pasture here, whether the oats landing for the Teutonic cavalry, and the suburb of Haberberg took place at the same time, when Rosgar'an and Tragheim - in the 17th century: in 1613 a community was formed, by 1652, which was cut to a full-fledged outdoor , like others, entered the joint city. As far as I understand, the 17th century tree Haberberg did not cover what was corrected during the construction of the second shaft.

26.

In Haberberg from the overcrowded center, "evicted" the cemeteries, so a small area on the outskirts had as many as three chirms. Troitskaya Haberberg Kirch has been known since 1652, Cant baptized in it ... And when the church burned down and was rebuilt in 1748-52, according to the legend, Kant offered to equip it with a ramp. She stood not far from the current square Kalinin:

27.

Kirk Luther from the 67-meter tower was built in 1907-10, and was located near the barracks shown above. In Kirch was a reinforced concrete dome, organ and steel bells with a very unusual "heavy" ringing. This is the last Kirch Königsberg, purposefully demolished under the councils - in 1976. Perhaps generally the last temple destroyed by the Soviet power ...

28.

Finally, the Catholic Kirch of the Holy Family (1904-07) is located on the same line with the already mentioned Obeli VlKSM. Since 1980, philharmonic and organ hall live in it.

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Architecturally, it is perhaps the best stylization under the "Hanseatic Gothic" among the surviving Kaliningrad Kirch:

30.

In this area, I walked in the evening of the first day - the train arrived at the southern station in about half the fifth, and I had an hour and a half. The following frames are no longer a Haberberg, but Furhstadt, partially shown in. Forestadt stands out among other areas with gloomy architecture, overaveness and unchanged red.

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Especially well this house in a small alley is a former telegraph office:

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And or rather, his gate in the style of "new substance" is one of my favorite works of old Königsberg:

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And a whole quarter of the Kaliningrad Sea Fish Industrial College:

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In the yard - some visual benefits:

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And the horned main building is the former hospital of St. George (1894-97), founded in 1329 as leprosarium, and in the following centuries a multiplely destroyed and revived:

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I forgot to take a picture of one iconic building on Leninsky Prospekt (which communicates the South and Northern Stations) - the Directorate of Railways in Königsberg, since 1895, which has occupued a profitable house, built, by the way, at the School site, where Kant studied in the 1730th. Snapshot from Wikipedia, 2002:

40.

And this is again Haberberg, the end of Lenin Avenue:

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Go back to the station. It is close to it extremely (as well as the whole complex) stylish railway postal (pay attention to the portal):

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View of the same gate. Frame removed in sight of the staff - no one said the words. Probably decided that the German ...

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The attribute buildings stretch for a couple of hundred meters:

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On the contrary - the brick fence of Altstad and Kneyprhof cemeteries, as already mentioned, "evicted" here in the 18th century:

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In addition to the walls from them, nothing left:

45a.

Nearby - the Brandenburg Gate (right as in Berlin!) Over Bagration Street. Brandenburg (now Ushakovo) - Castle at the Bay, on the way to Balgu ... and then as once in that barland, where Potsdam and Berlin. These gates are the only passages in the inner ring, even with tramways.

46.

However, we are not under the gate, but in parallel to them - the road rises to the overpass, parallel to which the railway bridge passes. Below - the path of the cargo station, somewhere in its right part there was an east station:

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Some of the warehouses are still German, and the high-rise buildings are already behind the prege:

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Further - a noisy road and a sad industrious. At the railway embankment, so similar to the fortress tree, another stunningly stylish tower, on Wikimapia marked as "point of mechanical centralization of the South Station."

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And the railway bridge (1915-27) is seen behind it ... about which in the next part.

Far-2013

Leaving behind the railway gate, I went out on the street. General Butkova (formerly. Ausfalltor Straße), and then on the Guards Avenue (previously Deutschordenring). My further path was lying in the direction of the automotive and railway bridge across the Pragol River.

After a couple of hundred meters in front of me there was a huge bulk of the bunk bridge, and the building was glad a little rightly former station Holländerbaum, preserved to this day. Now the Kaliningrad Regional Customs is located in this building.

But, before joining the bridge, I decided to approach the edge of the embankment to admire the type of the Pragol River, still a custodized ice, and the snow shiny in the sun.

There was quite clear weather and the opposite bank was clearly visible. There, proudly towering over low warehouse buildings, a powerful tower of the Friedrichsburg gate was visible. It is these gates that are the next stopping point of our journey.

Having made several frames that were visible on the opposite shore, the gate, I headed for a brown bunk bridge (formerly Reichsbahnbrucke). The original bridge was blown up by the retreating Germans in 1945, but already in 1959-60. The bridge was completely restored and rebuilt. A unique mechanism unfolding 1000-ton Machine in just 2.5 minutes, was irrevocably destroyed, so the modern bridge acquired a new, already vertical, adjustable mechanism, working and to this day.

It is worth noting that here, not far from the bridge, at the intersection of ul. General Butkova (formerly Ausfalltor Straße) and the embankment of Marshal Baghamyan (Holländerbaum Straße), have previously been another gate - Hollenderbaum, which were demolished at the beginning of the 20th century.

Crossing the bridge, wrapped left on ul. Port (formerly Friedrichsburger Straße), where, among numerous warehouses and autocentrers, are located that interest us Friedrichsburg gate (it. Friedrichsburg Tor). Looking ahead, I will say that these gates are not related to the city gate of Königsberg, as they were not in the city, but in a small fort, but, nevertheless, they are beautiful and interesting in their own way.

Long ago, in 1657, on the left bank of the Pregel, to protect Königsberg from the sea, as well as the control of the water path to the Pillau fortress, on the orders of the Kurfenburg Friedrich Vilhegelma, the Fortress of Friedrichsburg was laid, and the gate of the same name, built a little later, performed Bandwidth through a protective shaft of the fortress.

The project of the fortress was developed by a Prussian engineer and mathematician Christian Otter (1598-1660). He belongs to the invention of the Dutch system of building fortresses, which he successfully applied and during the construction of the Fritronichsburg Fortress, surrounding it with a wide, filled with water mo. The construction of the fortress was led by Georg Neumann. The first commandant of Fritronichsburg fortress was appointed Dutch Colonel Engraner Gerhard von Belgulm.

In the form, a small fortress resembled the right square, with four sides protected by earthy bastions. Inside the fortress there were barracks, prison, food and weapons warehouses, a customs service and a small church. In 1858, the modernized fortress, which received the status of the fort, became part of the second strengthening. At the same time, on the project of Friedrich August August, the brick Friedrichsburg Gate was attached to the fort.

The gate, striking by its heavily, was built from the burned clinker brick in the style of Tudor - the English course of neootics. The vaults of pass-through pass are made in a traditional boar style, and the caasemates located on the sides of the gate, in the crusade.

If you carefully look at the goal, we will see that the walls, as well as complex architectural jewelry over the entrance arch, are made of bricks of various colors and forms, which speaks of the high mastery of the builders of the XIX century. On the front facade of the gate to this day, the Black Gothic inscription "Friedrichsburg" and the core of the Prussian Eagle are preserved.

On the left and right of the arched passage are massive round towers, decorated with decorative teeth. The names of the towers are unusual and interesting and interesting: "Rubin", "Pearls", "Almaz" and "Smaragd (Emerald)". Each tower has six round and four firewalls - boys.

On August 23, 1910, Fort has ceased to be a military facility, and was transferred to the management of the Imperial Railway, and after 10 years the bastions were completely disassembled, and the Rips are covered in order to free the place under the railway station railway routes and do not interfere with the construction of the railway bridge.

After the Great Patriotic War, the gate was badly damaged and were under threat of demolition, but in 1960 they still received the status of an architectural monument, but it did not save them from further destruction and illness.

And now, quite recently, it was finally a bright period in the post-war gate history. The collapsed gate took the museum of the World Ocean under his wing. In the FDP "Culture", more than 20 million rubles were allocated for the restoration and gateing the initial architectural image. The complexity lies in the fact that for the restoration of the gate, a special brick is required, purchased in Latvia, and already on the spot from it the necessary figured elements are cut.

The director of Azimut-Stroy LLC, which performs the restoration of the gate, Alexander Feschanko says that, in comparison with the royal gate, there are much more difficult things here, as 46 species of different bricks are required for numerous elements.

Upon completion of all works, the gate will take long-awaited guests already in the status of the branch of the World Ocean Museum. It is planned that the Museum Squares will be devoted to the history of shipbuilding, the center of the restoration of underwater archaeological finds will be opened, the area in front of the gate will be decorated with a beautiful fountain, as well as the opening of Minique.

In conclusion, the story of the Friedrichsburg gate, I want to celebrate another interesting historical fact. In 1697, the Frydrichsburg Fortress, for the purpose of learning artillery skills, was visited by Peter I.

The Brandenburg Colonel Von Sternefeld, who spoke as a teacher, gave a high appreciation to his student. Upon returning to Moscow, Peter I received a certificate in which it was said: " Peter Mikhailov to admit and read for the bombs perfect in throwing, cautious and skilled firearm»

The last time I looked around the gate slaughtered snow, between the towers of which the rays of the winter sun were glanced, I went further on the street. Port and, soon, wrapped on the street. Serpukhovskaya (formerly. Knochen Straße), which in turn brought me to the street. Bagration (former. Alter Garten Straße).

On this street there are the following gates on our route - Brandenburg (it. Brandenburg Tor) - The only of the seven preserved city gates of Königsberg, who perform their transport function to this day.

The name of the gate comes from the Oddensky castle of Brandenburg on the Freshing River, the ruins of which are still preserved in modern pos. Ushakovo Bagrationovsky District. It is through these gates that a broken road from Königsberg was walking toward the castle of Brandenburg.

The date of construction is 1860. The author of the project of the Facade of the Brandenburg Gate, as well as Friedrichsburg, is a talented military engineer Friedrich August of Stüler. The gate was part of the second strengthening and served to pass pedestrians and transport across the Earth's Tree at Bastion Brandenburg.

These gates made in neo-style style in the architectural plan are slightly more lightweight, in comparison with the rest of the city gates. On both sides of the two symmetric arched openings for travel, there are small incapshots with embrasures. Previously, these premises served to protect and customs service, and now they are located in the city of the "Frame and Framework" store.

The walls wallmates are made of clinker bricks; The base is lined with granite slabs in the KVAD technique, and the facades are decorated with a carved stone and shallow plastic.

Over the two inaccurate arches, the gate is decorated with very beautiful "vimpergami" - Roman frontons with faceted turrets - "phylami".

The frontones on the edges are decorated with stylized sandstone flowers - "crabs", and impertly - "crossflowers". The semi-branches are interconnected by gear parapets.

"Timpans" (fields of frontones) are decorated by the city of the corelines, on the other hand - coat of arms. The author of sculpture plastics - Wilhelm Ludwig Sturmer.

Gorotor's burners depict portraits of military generals, Russia's allies in the fight against Napoleonic France: Military engineer Hermann von Boyen (left) and lieutenant-General Ernsta Ludwig von Asterig (right).

Hermann von Boyen was born in the city of Kroyzburg (modern village. Yenino Bagrationsky district) and is known for taking an active part in wars with Napoleon, fought in battles near Leipzig, Lyon and Paris. With his participation in Prussia, a military service system was introduced. At the place of his generic estate still there is a forgotten and dilapidated monument to this outstanding person ...

The second terminal belongs to Ernstu Ludwig von Aster, also an active participant in battles with Napoleonic France. However, he brought the greatest fame to work on the project of serfs of second strengthening.

During World War II, the Brandenburg Gate suffered, relatively, not much. In the post-time, it was used as a warehouse and were in general start-up. And only in 1960, the decision of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, the Brandenburg gate was declared a monument of urban planning and architecture of republican significance ...

Bright, but still cold February sun highlighted the vintage walls of the gate - silent witnesses of the rich history of Königsberg. Aspirated winding frontons beautifully looked on the background of the blue sky, probably, as well as and a half a century ago, causing a view of a random passerby.

I wanted to look infinitely for a long time to look at the gate and a row of cars passing through them, but my path lay on - towards the southern station, where in a hundred meters from the gate, at the site of the old wall there are commemorative burners informing us that here in the XIX century were drunk Professor - Rectors of Königsberg University "Albertina".

This is a philosopher Christian Jacob Kraus (1753-1807) (christian Jacob Kraus), Anatas and Physiologist Karl Friedrich Burdach (1776-1847) (it. Karl Friedrich Burdach), the name of which is called a nervous bundle in the rear poles of the spinal cord, providing a touch and the deep sensitivity of the lower extremities and the lower parts of the body and the philologist Ludwicas Reza (1776-1840) (it. Liudvikas Gediminas Rėza).

By the way, an unforgivable error in the name (Ludwigas instead of Ludwicas) was admitted to the burner of the famous Lithuanian poet, but let it be on the conscience of the author of this memorial sign. I also add that in Kaliningrad in 2000, in the square of Lithuanian cities-twinths at the intersection of ul. The chestnut alley, etc. Victory, solemnly discovered a monument to Ludvicas, the sculptor A. Sakalaususas.

And in the meantime, after time, bypassing the beautiful building of the South Station, went to Kalinina Avenue and headed towards the next goal on our route - Friedland. Also in the third part, I will introduce you to the same city gates of Königsberg - Zakhaimsk.

To be continued...

Last Sunday in Kaliningrad was warm and sunny. On this occasion, I first released my bike from the basement for the first time and went to the bicycle expert on the 8th city gate of Königsberg-Kaliningrad, which were still preserved.

The first defensive distribution of Königsberg was built back in the XVII century. Then the shafts were embanked, the gates and other strengthening structures were erected. At the end of the XIX century, a second defensive distribution was created, partially repeated the first. Well, in the 20th century, all defensive and strengthening buildings were sold by the city, losing their military importance.

I started my way on Upper lake (Furue pond) - one of the few places in Kaliningrad, where there are cycles. Having traveled the lake clockwise and passing through a small door, I found myself in front of the amber museum located in the former defensive tower "Don". By the way, on the other hand, the pond is a twin tower "Dona", which is called "Wrangel".

Tolsthenian Don.

Next to the museum is my first destination: Rosgar'an Gate (Crossroads of Chernyakhovsky and Alexander Nevsky streets). They no longer perform their function, it is impossible to drive through them. But to present them in the case quite real. Now at the gate is the fish restaurant "Sunny Stone". Previously, it was very tasty there, I don't know now - I will check on the case.

Rosgarian Gate

It's time to move on. My path lies along the street Lithuanian shaft. And here really is the shaft, a fastened century ago - to imagine! On the way, I meet many old strengthening facilities that are now used in various purposes.

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And here is the second gate - the royal (crossroads of the Lithuanian shaft and the street Gagarin). They received their name in 1811, and before that were called Gumbinninsky, since they led the road to Humbinnin (now Gusev). For a long time, the royal gate was abandoned and slowly destroyed. But by the 750th anniversary of Königsberg-Kaliningrad in 2005, they were finally restored. Now at the gate houses the branch of the World Ocean Museum - "Great Embassy", telling about the history and development of the city.

Three figures at the top are Ottokar II (Czech king and founder of Königsberg), Friedrich I (King of Prussia) and Duke Albrecht (the last Grand Master of the Teutonic Order and the first Duke of Prussia). They had chopped heads, and the recovery was a whole problem due to the lack of necessary photos. But everything went smoothly and three kings look at her city again.

Meanwhile, I'm going further on the Lithuanian shaft, I am moving to Moscow Avenue and see the Zakhaimsky gate. The last few years in them there is an art space "Gate", which I gently love, so I am going there on a cup of coffee. Since I did not take a lock for a bike, I kindly allowed to put it inside. In the "gate" there is a café "Bread and Turk", the exhibitions of Kaliningrad and not only artists, photographers and other creative personalities are regularly held, and the "Table and Chair" coworking is also working. I highly recommend to look!

Coffee will drink, the cupcake is eaten, the resting time is over, and I continue my way - again in the Lithuanian shaft, which after Moscow Prospect becomes narrow and calm. I move aside a recently renovated tributs embankment to get to the bridge to the bridge and move to the other side of the Pragol River, where the following three gates are located.

Previously, this coast of Pragoli was unsengidated, the scorn and covered garbage, and now it's a pleasant to walk here.

Promenade tributsa

In front of me, the second Kaliningrad estakade, which would lead me directly to the Friedland gate, but it seems to me that it is not a good idea on a bike in a windy weather, so I do a hook through the Oktyabrsky Island.

On the way I see the Cathedral - one of the main symbols of the city, and pass the fish village - it was built in 2005, also to the 750th anniversary of the city. Someone says that this is a terrible Novodel, and I am very glad that the embankments acquire a new life.

Friedland gates are at the intersection of Kalinin Avenue and Dzerzhinsky Street. Here is the Museum of the same name, the exposition of which is devoted to the history of the pre-war Konigsberg. Named the gate in honor of the city of Friedland (now Pravdinsk), and the figure on the facade is Siegfried Fayakhtvangen, founder of the Marienburg castle (now Malbork, Poland).

Friedland gate

Further I'm going to the side of the only gate, still performing your duty function. This is the Gate of Brandenburg, they are located in the opposite end of Kalinin Avenue in place, where Bagration Street turns into Suvorov Street. By the way, did you know that the father of the commander of Alexander Suvorov, Vasily Suvorov 2 years old was the Governor-General of Eastern Prussia? And here!

The Brandenburg Gates are named not in honor of Brandenburg that the land in Germany, but in honor of the Brandenburg Castle (now the village of Ushakovo). I really like what the gate looks like - almost like a gingerbread house 🙂

The following in my list of Gate Friedrichsburg (Porthouse Street). Once it was a whole fortress, which Peter I, who arrived in Königsberg with the Great Embassy, \u200b\u200bwas very inspired. According to the example of Friedrichsburg, guarding the river entrance to the city, Kronstadt was built.

Friedrichsburg gate

The fortress was demolished back in 1910, because she lost their meaning. And the gate is preserved, in the second world war they were damaged and, like the royal gate, were not needed for a long time. But in the early 2000s, the authorities took up their restoration and in 2010 (if I'm not mistaken) another branch of the World Ocean Museum was opened here. The museum itself, by the way, is right across the river. I was not here since the opening and pleasantly surprised, seeing how the territory has changed.

This museum is solidly called the Historical and Cultural Center "Ship Resurrection" and is dedicated to the history of shipbuilding. And here lives Königsberg cat - in my opinion, this is a very important fact!

Meanwhile, only 2 points remained in my program. To put the ticks opposite them, you need to move again through the prey. This time I got the most interesting bridge Kaliningrad - bunk. On the upper tier pass the train, and the latter moves cars and pedestrians. This is an adjustable bridge: its middle span rises. I happened to see the divorce of this bridge just once in my life. Maybe you are lucky more?

The last gate of those eight, which was preserved in Kaliningrad, - Ausfali and Railway, are near each other in the territory of the Victory Park, next to the monument of 1200 guardsmen - the memorial and the fraternal grave of warriors who died during the Königsberg storm.

Railway gates are located under the Guards Avenue. At first I drove directly on them, and then went down the ladder down. These gates to some extent saved their functions: a pedestrian walkway leads through them. Previously, the railway track in Pillau ran through them (now Baltiysk), hence the name. Now the railway gate is restored, they say, the museum exposition will be placed in them.

Ausfalist gates are at the intersection of the Guards Avenue and the streets of the mountain. To recognize the gate in them is very difficult. From the very beginning they were embedded in the shaft, were below the ground level and passed only pedestrians. And in the XX century, the passage through them was closed and the control point of military units is located at the gate. Now the Orthodox chapel is built on the Ausfal gate.

My little excursion is over - it turned out 16 kilometers. I am going home, and you can cross the street mountain, sit on a bench at the astronomical bastion, look at the monument to the heroes of the First World War and go to the Guards Avenue to the Square of Victory, where you are not definitely lost.