Reserves and national parks of Russia and the world. teacher mkou "sosh2" neftekumsk, stavropol region markina irina ivanovna

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Nature reserves and national parks are the pride of Russia.
MKOU "Secondary school No. 10" Kh. Perevalny Mineralovodsky district. 4th grade students. Primary school teacher Asevova Nadia Nasuevna.

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Research objectives: Attracting attention to the problem of the environment. To study the meaning and functions of protected areas. Get acquainted with the protected areas of Russia and the reserves of the Stavropol Territory. Identify environmental issues. To consolidate in practice the skills of working with computer technology and educational electronic resources.
Research objectives: To characterize the natural conditions and natural resources of protected areas in Russia. Collect and process information and visual material on the topic. Create a travel project through the protected areas of Russia and the reserves of the Stavropol Territory in the form of electronic presentations. The object of the study is the reserves and national parks of Russia, the reserves of the Stavropol Territory. The hypothesis of the study-presentation in the study of protected areas will expand the horizons on this topic and increase interest in the protected areas of Russia and the native land.

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Preserve (the meaning of the word goes back to the word reserved, that is, "forbidden, inviolable"). The very concept of the word "reserve" is exclusively Russian. A reserve is a section of a territory (water area) where its entire natural complex is preserved in its natural state, and hunting is prohibited. In addition, any human economic activity is prohibited on the territory of the reserve, and the lands are forever withdrawn from any form of use.
The first reserve in Russia (1874) is Askania-Nova, located in the Kherson region. The oldest in Russia is the Barguzinsky nature reserve, the significance of which is still great today. He saved the amazing taiga of the Eastern Baikal region and the pearl of this taiga - the Barguzin sable

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A national park is a territory where human activities are limited for the purpose of protecting the environment. Unlike nature reserves, where human activity is almost completely prohibited, tourists are allowed into the territory of national parks, economic activities are allowed on a limited scale.
The reserve is a protected natural area in which not a natural complex is protected, but some of its parts: only plants, only animals, or their individual species, or individual historical, memorial or geological objects.

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As of 2017, there are about 110 nature reserves, 50 national parks, and 61 sanctuaries in Russia.

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Losiny Ostrov is one of the first national parks in Russia (established in 1983, simultaneously with Sochi), located on the territory of Moscow and the Moscow region. The fauna includes more than 230 species of vertebrates, including more than 160 species of birds, 38 species of mammals; 15 species are represented by fish, 10 by amphibians and 5 by reptiles.
Sochi National Park is one of the very first parks that were created on the territory of the country. The park is located in the northwest of the Greater Caucasus. It was created in 1983 with the aim of restoring and preserving natural complexes and objects of high scientific, recreational and ecological value. The total area of the park is about 194 thousand hectares.

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There is just a temple, There is a temple of science, And there is also a temple of nature, With forests stretching their arms Towards the sun and winds. He is holy at any time of the day, Open for us in the heat and cold. Entering here, Be a sensitive heart, Do not desecrate its shrines. S.V. Smirnov

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Sources Ozhegov S.O. Dictionary of the Russian language. "Soviet encyclopedia" Moscow 1973. Balandin R.K., Markin V.A., "100 great geographical discoveries" Moscow "Veche" 2008 Karpov G. V., "Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Geographer-Localist" Moscow "Pedagogy" 1981 War V. Zariy Kh., "In the mountains of Karachay-Cherkessia" Moscow "Planet" 1979 Free encyclopedia. [Electronic resource] Wikipedia https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki. Megabook (megabook). [Electronic resource] Reserves of Russia http://megabook.ru/article/Reserves%20 of Russia. Reserves and national parks. [Electronic resource] National parks of Russia http://www.zapovedniki-mira.com/nation_parks_russia.

"Barguzinsky Reserve" - Total area - 263,000 ha. Birds of prey are not uncommon in the taiga. Cedar cones. There are many bears in the reserve. The average annual temperature is minus 4.4. Pine nuts are the main food for taiga animals and birds. The Barguzinsky Nature Reserve was founded in 1916. Barguzinsky sable. In January, calm sunny and frosty weather sets in.

"Almaty Reserve" - Flora of Altyn-Emel Park. The tongue of the glacier cracks into numerous blocks and quickly moves down. Zaisan was inhabited by kulans. The parent rocks are represented by loess loams, pebbly and gypsum-bearing Tertiary deposits. Reptiles are represented by 25 species. The total area of the park is 459620 hectares.

"Alakol Reserve" - In total, 33 species of mammals are found in the reserve. Vegetation. The people of the island are called Stone. On the elevated parts of the Alakol basin, low-calcareous gray soils are developed. The "Delta" site refers to the southern coast of the lake. . The foot of the hills is gravelly-pebbly with loams and small solonchaks.

"Caucasian Reserve" - Nature of the Caucasian Reserve. Climatic conditions. The Caucasian Reserve is located in the Western Caucasus, within the Mostovsky and Maikop regions. The reserve has the largest scientific department in Russia (more than 30 employees at the end of 2001). Undoubtedly, the most vulnerable link in natural ecosystems are large mammals.

"Altai Reserve" - Iogach. Photo: A. Lotov. Yaylu. Presentation of the project before the Public Council, September 13, 2007. The Altai Biosphere Reserve (core) occupies about 10% of the territory of the Altai Republic. UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site "Altai - Golden Mountains" (1998). Pos. Involvement of the local population.

"Reserves of Russia" - Taiga, upland, oak and steppe elements are noted in the flora of the reserve. Reserves. There are 3 species of reptiles and 5 species of amphibians. Located on the Central Russian Upland in the Lipetsk region. The publication of the study of the tract caused a sensation in the scientific world. Berkut on Olkhon island. A protected zone with a total area of 6,213 hectares has been created around the reserve.

Why do we need nature reserves and national parks? 1. Reserves and national parks preserve wildlife, save species diversity from extinction, preserve the natural heritage of the country and the whole world. 2. Areas of great importance for the preservation of cultural heritage are protected in nature reserves and national parks. 3. The protective regime of reserves and national parks ensures the purity of water, fresh air and saves other vital resources. 4. The nature of nature reserves and national parks is a repository of natural genetic material (species biological diversity). 5. Preservation of a healthy environment for people's lives. 6. Reserves and national parks make a significant contribution to the development of science, environmental education of the population, and the development of civil society. 7. Biosphere models created on the basis of nature reserves and national parks demonstrate the possibility of human development in harmony with nature. 8. Raising funds for the economy of areas adjacent to nature reserves and national parks, first of all, the development of ecological tourism, ecological trails and routes, as well as the initiation of programs that combine the interests of society and nature. 9. The territory of reserves and national parks - places where people can join the values of pristine nature, the spiritual values of their nation and all of humanity. 10. Networks of reserves and national parks and the education system - an effective partnership for the formation of an ecological culture of society.

How many national parks and reserves are there? Currently, there are more than a thousand national parks and tens of thousands of protected areas in the world. According to rough estimates, there are about 70,000 of them, and they occupy approximately 10% of the entire land. In Russia, there are 101 nature reserves and 43 national parks, which together cover an area of sq. km (about 2% of the area of the Russian Federation).

The first national parks The first state reserves that protected natural communities appeared in the 16th century. However, the first national park was opened only at the end of the 19th century, in the USA. This really high honor was awarded to the unique Yellowstone Plateau, rich in geysers and hot mineral springs, where Yellowstone National Park was opened in 1872. Translated from English, it means yellow stone. In the beginning, national parks were created as a place to enjoy. In them, a person could strengthen his body, refresh his mind and heal his soul. In 1916, the National Park Service was created in the United States. Such US national parks as the Grand Canyon, Jasper, Olympic and others are now well known outside of North America.

The first national park in the USSR, Lahemaa, was founded in 1971 in the Estonian SSR. In the future, the list of protected areas has expanded. In the following years, the status of national parks was granted to: Sochi National Park, Losiny Ostrov (1983); "Samarskaya Luka" (1984); "Mary Chodra" (1985); Pribaikalsky National Park, Zabaikalsky National Park, "Prielbrusye", "Bashkiria" (1986). The last to be added to the list were: in January 2008 "Buzuluksky Bor", in June 2009 "Russian Arctic", in January 2013 "Beringia", in March 2013 "Onega Pomorie". According to the laws of the Russian Federation, national parks are one of the types of specially protected natural areas (SPNA).

The first reserve on the territory of Russia Barguzinsky reserve was founded on January 11, 1917 on the territory of Buryatia. In the future, the list of protected areas has expanded. The oldest reserves, in addition to Barguzinsky, are Astrakhansky (1919), Ilmensky (1920) and Caucasian (1924). The Erzi (2000), Kologrivsky Les (2006) and Utrish (2010) reserves were the last to be included in the list. In accordance with the action plan for the implementation of the "Concept for the development of a system of specially protected natural areas of federal significance for the period up to 2020", it is planned to create 11 new reserves in the years, 2 of them (Ingermanlandsky and Shaitan-Tau) in 2012. The total area of nature reserves in Russia is more than 340 thousand km², which is comparable to the territory of Finland. The largest of the Russian reserves are the Great Arctic (over 41 thousand km²), Komandorsky (over 36 thousand km²) and Wrangel Island (over 22 thousand km²). The smallest nature reserves in Russia are Belogorye (more than 21 km²) and Prioksko-Terrasny and Galichya Gora (both less than 50 km²). Most of the reserves are located on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk (7), Primorsky (6) and Khabarovsk (6) regions.

Sochi National Park was established in 1983 and became one of the first national parks in Russia. On a vast territory in the mountains, the size of which reaches 190 thousand hectares, any production activity was stopped. This land was transferred to the citizens of Russia for health and tourism purposes. Sochi National Park is located in the south of the Krasnodar Territory, north of Sochi, in the foothills of the Greater Caucasus. Most of the territory of the park is occupied by mountains, dissected by river valleys. The foothill zone occupies a narrow strip along the Black Sea.

About 40 rivers and streams of the Black Sea basin flow through the territory of the Sochi National Park. Their length is small, only such rivers as Mzymta, Psou and Shahe are more than 50 kilometers long. Rivers and streams have a large number of waterfalls and canyons. The waterfalls are mainly located in the upper reaches of the rivers, 103 waterfalls with a threshold height of 2 to 73 meters are available for visiting.

The territory of the park itself is unique, because nowhere in Russia subtropics and highlands coexist so closely. That is why the mountainous Black Sea region is characterized by the most complex range of altitudinal zones in our country - from mountain broad-leaved forests at the foothills through mountain beech and coniferous forests to subalpine landscapes and high mountains with exposed rocks and snow. The territory of the Sochi National Park belongs to the Colchis forest province with a very rich and diverse flora.

In the Sochi National Park there are about 1500 species of native higher plants, of which 164 species are classified as trees, shrubs, semi-shrubs and lianas, and all the rest are classified as herbaceous plants. The number of relict breeds and endemics is large. The yew berry is included in the Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, which is often found in the Sochi National Park. And 51 species of plants are listed in the Red Book of Russia, including yew berry, Pitsunda pine, 2 species of snowdrops, 3 species of fingerheads, 3 species of ophryses, 9 species of thrushes, Colchis boxwood, Caucasian lily, Caucasian lyon and others.

The fauna of the Sochi National Park includes about 80 species of mammals, about 120 species of birds, 17 species of reptiles, 9 species of amphibians, 21 species of fish. 15 species of animals are included in the Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, including leopard, corncrake, quail, Caucasian viper, Colchis snake, Colchis toad and others. Of those species of animals that are listed in the Red Book of Russia, 10 species of mammals, 9 species of birds, 4 species of reptiles, 5 species of amphibians, 3 species of annelids, from fish - trout and Ukrainian lamprey.

On the territory of the Sochi National Park there are 114 monuments of history and culture - these are the sites of ancient people, settlements, dolmen structures, well-shaped tombs, the remains of fortresses, temples, burial mounds, a sacrificial stone, obelisks and military monuments.

The idea of creating a national park appeared in 1909. In 1934, Losiny Ostrov was included in the 50-kilometer "green belt" around Moscow. Most of the forest was cut down during the Great Patriotic War. In 1979, by a joint decision of the Moscow City and Regional Councils of People's Deputies, Losiny Ostrov was transformed into a natural park, and on August 24, 1983, a national park was formed by a decision of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR.

The Elbrus area today is one of the most significant mountain natural monuments of the Caucasus. This is an area of unique landscape, where the mountains have become a cradle and a haven for many species of plants and animals, and to preserve it is an integral task of the state. For this purpose, on September 22, 1986, the Elbrus National Park was created here.

The park is located in the mid-mountain and high-mountain zones of the Lateral and Main Ranges of the Central Caucasus, on the territories of two administrative regions of the KBR - Elbrussky and Zolsky. Its total area is more than one hundred thousand hectares. 62 percent of it falls on hard-to-reach terrain: rocks, glaciers, snow fields.

As for the flora and fauna, it also has its own characteristics. Mount Elbrus, whose peaks are covered with solid firn (dense granular snow) and ice caps, serves as a powerful refrigerator that dries up the surroundings. Therefore, spruce and fir, which love moisture, do not grow in the Elbrus region, but pine, birch, aspen and some other deciduous plant species predominate. The main type of vegetation cover is meadows. And the slopes of the mountains are covered with a dark green carpet of rhododendrons, whose pink and white flowers bloom every summer.

The Barguzinsky Reserve is a reserve in Buryatia, located on the western slopes of the Barguzinsky Range at altitudes up to 2840 m above sea level. m., includes the northeastern coast of Lake Baikal and part of the water area of the lake itself. The reserve and the ridge are named after the Barguzin River.

The reserve was established in 1916 to preserve and increase the population of the Barguzin sable (Martes zibellina). At the time of its foundation, there were only about sable individuals on the entire territory of the current reserve, currently 1-2 individuals per 1 km² of cedar forest. The historical center is the village of Davsha, since 1999 the administration has been located in the village of Nizhneangarsk.

All natural complexes are preserved in the reserve. Elk, musk deer, white hare, brown bear, shrew, black-capped marmot live in the Barguzinsky Reserve, 41 species of mammals in total. In the waters of the reserve there are Baikal omul, whitefish, sturgeon, grayling, taimen, lenok and other fish species. Since 1986, it has been a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.

The Astrakhan Biosphere Reserve consists of three sections - Damchiksky, Trekhizbinsky and Obzhorovsky. Their territory is located within the borders of Kamyzyaksky, Ikryaninsky and Volodarsky districts of the Astrakhan region. The total area of the reserve ha. Marine area ha. Security zone - ha.

The reserve was founded in 1919. In 1975, it became part of the Volga River Delta wetland, which is of international importance as a habitat for waterfowl under the Ramsar Convention of 1971. In 1984, it was included in the worldwide network of biosphere reserves of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program.

The Caucasian State Natural Biosphere Reserve is located on the northern and southern slopes of the Western Caucasus in the coordinates of ° north latitude and ° east longitude. Actually, this territory was declared a reserve on May 12, 1924, but the history of the preservation of a unique natural complex began much earlier, from the moment the Grand Duke's "Kuban hunting" was organized in 1888.

Being the largest protected area of the Caucasian Isthmus and the second largest in Europe, the reserve occupies the lands of the Krasnodar Territory, the Republic of Adygea and the Karachay-Cherkess Republic of the Russian Federation, closely adjacent to the state border with Abkhazia. Separated from the main territory, in the Khostinsky district of Sochi, there is a subtropical Khostinsky department of the reserve - the world-famous yew-boxwood grove, with an area of 302 hectares. The total area of the reserve ha. It is surrounded by a protected zone, numerous reserves and natural monuments, and the Sochi National Park adjoins its southern border.

The Caucasian Reserve is the richest treasury of biodiversity, which has no analogues in Russia. It has an international reference value as a site of untouched nature that has preserved pristine landscapes with unique flora and fauna. It is no coincidence that in 1979 the reserve was awarded a Certificate of inclusion in the World Natural Heritage List. The reserve received the status of a biosphere reserve and was included in the International Network of Biosphere Reserves, and in December 1999 it was included in the list of UNESCO World Natural Heritage Sites.

Reserve SIKHOTE - ALINSKY (Russia) The initial goal of the reserve was to preserve and restore the sable, which was almost exterminated at that time. The well-known explorer of the region V. K. Arseniev stood at the origins of the creation. Now more than 1100 species of plants grow on the territory of the reserve, including 38 rare and endangered species (spiky yew, high lure, Fori rhododendron, real slipper). 63 species of terrestrial mammals live here, including Red Book species: Amur tiger (21-29 individuals), goral (about 150 individuals), spotted deer (individuals), Himalayan bear. 342 species of birds, 8 species of reptiles, 5 species of amphibians, 32 species of freshwater fish have been registered. Of great importance is the preservation of fauna and flora in two areas of the marine area.

SIKHOTE-ALIN State Natural Biosphere Reserve (territory area ha, sea area 2.9 thousand ha) is located in the northern part of Primorsky Krai (Terneisky and Krasnoarmeisky districts) and includes the eastern slope of the Sikhote-Alin ridge from its watershed (the highest altitude within the reserve is 1598 m above sea level) to the coast (including the coastal strip of the sea 1 km wide), as well as part of the west foot slope of the ridge. The reserve includes parts of three landscape districts: Terneisky (cedar-broad-leaved forests), Samargino-Dalnegorsky (in the subzone of broad-leaved-coniferous forests) and Sredne-Sikhote-Alinsky (fir-spruce forests) in the taiga subzone.

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Reserves and national parks of Russia

Reserves are specially protected territories or water areas where they try to preserve nature in its original form. For this purpose, any economic activity and tourism are completely prohibited on the territory of the reserve.

National parks are almost the same as a nature reserve, but tourism is allowed in the parks.

In total, there are 101 nature reserves and 35 national parks in Russia. Most nature reserves are located on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk, Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories.

The first nature reserve in Russia is the Barguzinsky nature reserve in Buryatia. The largest reserves are: Bolshoy Arktichny, Komandorsky and Wrangel Island.

The first national park is Sochi National Park and Losiny Ostrov in Moscow. The largest national parks: "Udege legend", "Yudyg Va", "Tunkinsky", "Vodlozersky", Shorsky.

Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean between the East Siberian and Chukchi Seas. Named after the 19th century Russian navigator and statesman Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel. The width of the island in the narrowest part is about 140 km.

The reserve "Wrangel Island" became the first Russian Arctic reserve. The total area of the reserve is 795,600 hectares, 5 miles of which surround the reserve from the sea.

The climate here is very severe, strong cold winds blow here. In the period from November 22 to January 22, the sun does not rise here at all! But there is also a polar day, this is the time when the sun does not set for more than a day, it usually lasts from the 20th of May to the 20th of July.

Completely different "northern animals" live on the island, such as: arctic foxes, arctic wolves, lemmings, seals, walruses; here you can meet the owner of the island - a polar bear, often there are wolves, foxes, wolverines, ermines

Wrangel Island is popular with both resident and migratory birds. Migratory birds use this skeleton as a resting point during major flights. Approximately 20 species arrive on the island and live here temporarily, and the same number live permanently in the reserve.

The reserve is home to such rare bird species as the white goose. Eiders, Icelandic sandpipers, tules, glaucous gulls, fork-tailed gulls, long-tailed skuas, snowy owls also live here.

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Reserves of Russia

Information about several reserves of Russia.

Tell your classmates about the reserves of Russia and show photos.

Nowadays, few people understand the importance of nature reserves and no one has ever thought that some species of animals can become extinct forever.

Barguzinsky reserve - a reserve in Buryatia, located on the western slopes, at an altitude of up to 2840 m of the Barguzinsky ridge, includes the northeastern coast of Lake Baikal and part of the water area of \u200b\u200bthe lake itself. The reserve (and the ridge) are named after the Barguzin River. The Barguzinsky Nature Reserve is the oldest nature reserve in Russia.

The area of the reserve is 374,322 hectares, including 15,000 hectares of protected water area.

Elk, musk deer, hare, brown bear, shrew, black-capped marmot, hazel grouse live in the Barguzinsky Reserve - a total of 41 species of mammals. In the waters of the reserve there are omul, whitefish, sturgeon, grayling, taimen, lenok and other fish species.

It was founded in 1992 on the basis of the Dzherginsky state complex reserve that existed since 1974. The Dzherginsky State Nature Reserve is located in the Kurumkansky District of the Republic of Buryatia. The reserve is located in the North-Eastern Baikal region at the junction of three large mountain ranges - the Barguzinsky, Ikat and South Muya ranges.

Dzherginsky Reserve" is a state natural reserve.

The area of the reserve is 238.088 thousand hectares, of which 0.894 thousand hectares are occupied by water. A 2 km wide buffer zone with a total area of about 7.5 million hectares has been created around the reserve.

Currently, 201 species of vertebrate animals have been recorded on the territory of the reserve: 6 species of fish, 3 amphibians, 4 reptiles, 145 birds, 43 mammals.

Larch forests predominate in the forest belt. At the moment, more than 650 species of vascular plants have been identified in the reserve. 29 species of rare and endemic plants have been identified on the territory of the reserve.

The Baikal State Natural Biosphere Reserve was established by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR of September 26, 1969 No. 571 on the basis of the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the Buryat ASSR of December 31, 1968 No. 461.

The area is 165,724 hectares, taking into account the changes made by the order of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR dated June 20, 1973 No. 366-r.

There are 49 species of mammals, 251 species are birds, amphibians and reptiles - 6, fish - 12.

787 species of plants grow in the reserve, about 70% of the territory is occupied by forests in the reserve. The general list of rare, endemic and relict plants of the reserve is about 40 species.