2.5.1. Dangerous places on the contact network include:

· mortise and sectional insulators separating frequently disconnected and grounded loading and unloading paths and inspection of roof equipment;

• places where consoles or clamps of various sections of stages and stations approach each other at a distance of less than 0.8 m;
• supports with anchor waste of catenary suspension of various sections and grounded anchor waste, the distance from the place of work on which to live parts is less than 0.8 m;
• common racks of clamps of various sections of double-track consoles of hauls and stations, where the distance between the clamps is less than 0.8 m;
• supports where 2 or more disconnectors, arresters are located;
• piercing the contact suspension and passing above it at a distance of less than 0.8 m, cables of disconnectors and arresters with other potentials;
• places of passage of supply feeders, suction and other wires along the cables of flexible crossbars;
• location of electro-repellent (bird-scaring) protection;
• supports with a horn arrester, on which the suspension of one of the paths is mounted, and the arrester cable is connected to the other path.

2.5.2. Dangerous places on overhead lines include:

· supports with joint suspension of overhead line wires 6.10 kV and up to 1000 V with a distance between them of less than 2 m;

• sections of overhead lines in the span of the intersection of two lines, if the intersection is made in deviation from the requirements of the rules for the construction of electrical installations;
• supports on which 2 or more disconnectors, 2 or more cable couplings of various connections are installed;
• supports on which wires of intersecting lines with voltages up to 1000 V of various connections are attached;
• sections of lighting lines for pedestrian bridges located above the contact network, and lighting lines for passenger platforms on a cable suspension attached to the lower fixing cables of the crossbars;
• wooden supports with rotting more than permissible, according to the instructions for the maintenance and repair of signaling power supply devices.

2.5.3. Depending on local conditions, by decision of the EC management, other dangerous places may be installed within the contact network areas.

2.5.4. Dangerous places must be determined by a commission headed by the deputy head of the electric control center in charge of the operation of the contact network, consisting of a labor protection engineer or a contact network engineer, and the head (senior electrician) of the electric control room. The results of the inspection of electrical installations are documented in a report indicating the reasons for the danger. Each dangerous place must be fenced off with a warning sign “Attention! Dangerous place”, in accordance with the regulations on safety signs at railway transport facilities.

2.5.5. The list of dangerous places and their cards (Appendix 6 to these Rules) must be approved by the management of the electrical control center and be kept by the energy dispatcher and in the electrical control committee. Instead of cards, the energy dispatcher may be given a list of dangerous places indicating safety measures when performing work in each place. A list of dangerous places with safety measures should be posted in the safety corner of the ECHK.

2.5.6. A dangerous place may be excluded from the list if the necessary technical reconstruction of the electrical installation is carried out to ensure safe working conditions without taking additional safety measures.

10.1. The list of oversized and dangerous places (gates, ramps and walls of warehouses, supports of gantry and bridge cranes, contact network supports, lighting installations and other station facilities) located on the territory of the operational depot is indicated in this Instruction (Appendix No. 5).

10.2. Sequence order for oversized items.

All oversized areas must have a distinctive coloring of yellow and black stripes at an angle of 45˚. When approaching an oversized place, the locomotive driver is obliged to sound a warning signal, make sure that the path is clear and that there are no people, proceed through the oversized (dangerous) place with special vigilance, the speed of passing oversized (dangerous) places should be no more than 3 km/h. When passing oversized (dangerous) places, the driver's assistant, the train preparer, while on the running board of the rolling stock, before reaching the oversized (dangerous) place, must give a command to the driver to stop, get down from the rolling stock and pass the oversized (dangerous) place on foot, from a safe distance signal to the driver to move the locomotive. After passing an oversized (dangerous) place, give a signal to the driver to stop the locomotive and board the rolling stock.

10.3. When passing an oversized (dangerous) place with a single locomotive, it is prohibited to lean out of the side windows of the driver’s cabin beyond the paravan (bay window), to be on stairs and steps, and other external parts of the locomotive.

10.4. The diagrams of service passages are indicated in the diagram of depot tracks in Appendix No. 1.

Occupational Safety and Health

11.1. All employees engaged in shunting work on the tracks of operational locomotive depots, when performing their job duties, must comply with all labor safety standards and requirements, be guided by the “Occupational Safety Instructions for Locomotive Crews of JSC Russian Railways”, approved by order of JSC Russian Railways
dated December 27, 2012 No. 2707r, “Rules on labor protection when operating locomotives of JSC Russian Railways”, approved by the order of JSC Russian Railways dated December 29, 2012 No. 2753r, “Instructions on labor protection when equipping locomotives of JSC Russian Railways”, approved by the order of JSC "Russian Railways" dated December 29, 2012 No. 2757r, "Instructions for labor protection of locomotive drivers working without assistant drivers when operating the locomotives of JSC "Russian Railways", approved by the order of JSC "Russian Railways" dated October 27, 2014 No. 2517r, as well as this Instruction.

11.2. When located on the railway tracks of an operational depot, the locomotive crew must comply with the following safety requirements:

Wear a signal vest with reflective stripes and an inscription with the name of affiliation with the household and structural unit;

Comply with traffic light indications, visible and audible signals and warning signs;

Walk to and from the place of work along established service passage routes, indicated by “Office passage” signs;

You should cross railway tracks in designated places (on pedestrian bridges, tunnels, decks), and in their absence - at right angles, stepping over the rail, without stepping on the ends of the sleepers, having first made sure that there is no approaching mobile vehicle in this place from both sides. composition;

You should walk around groups of cars (locomotives) standing on the railway track at a distance of at least 5 m from the automatic coupler of the outermost car or locomotive;

Passing between uncoupled cars (locomotives) is allowed in the middle if the distance between automatic couplers is at least 10 m;

When approaching rolling stock, it is necessary to pay attention to open doors, sides of cars, objects protruding beyond the dimensions of the rolling stock;

When leaving the premises to the territory of the operational depot in conditions of poor visibility, as well as because of the corner of the building, which makes it difficult to see the path, you should first make sure that there is no moving rolling stock, and at night, wait until your eyes get used to the darkness, consciously switching your attention to ensure the safety of their movements;

At night, it is mandatory to use a hand torch to give hand signals;

11.3. When located on the railway tracks of an operational depot, it is prohibited:

Walk inside the rut;

Cross or run across railway tracks when moving rolling stock is detected (visually or audibly), and also move to an adjacent track (inside the track track or to the edge of its ballast prism) while the train is passing;

Get off locomotives while moving;

Be on the steps, ladders and other external parts of locomotives when they are moving;

Move under rolling stock standing on railway tracks, through automatic couplers or under them;

Stand or sit on rails, electric drives, track boxes, car retarders and other floor devices;

Cross turnouts equipped with electrical centralization at the points where the switches are located, and also stand between the point and the frame rail, the movable core and the guardrail in the grooves on the switch;

Be located in an oversized place when passing rolling stock;

Jump from a locomotive or from a carriage transition platform;

Use mobile cellular communications, audio and video players and other devices not provided for by technological processes.

When using portable radio stations to communicate between an assistant driver and a driver on a locomotive, it is prohibited to be in the track of the railway track and in the oversized area to the adjacent track.

11.4. Clearing turnouts from snow on the tracks of the operational depot must be done during breaks between shunting operations. When cleaning turnouts equipped with electrical centralization, it is prohibited to go inside the track, and in the case of blowing turnouts with compressed air, the presence of a second worker is necessary as a signalman.

When clearing snow from turnouts, the worker must wear safety glasses; a hand-held flashlight with a red light at night and a red shield during the day must be installed inside the track.

11.5. While the locomotive is moving, it is prohibited to lean out of the side windows of the control cabin beyond the rear-view mirrors and the rotating safety panel, paravan (bay window).

11.6. An employee of a locomotive crew performing shunting movements may enter the space between the rolling stock only after the rolling stock has completely stopped.

It is prohibited for a locomotive driver to set the rolling stock in motion in the absence of an assistant driver in the locomotive cabin, as well as until he is completely convinced that there are no people in the space between the rolling stock.

11.7. In the absence of visual control of persons participating in shunting movements, as well as in the absence of radio communication, the locomotive driver is obliged to immediately stop and find out their location.

11.8. Employees of locomotive crews are required to notify their immediate or superior manager about every accident that occurs at work, about a deterioration in their health, including the manifestation of signs of an acute occupational disease (poisoning), as well as about the occurrence of a situation that threatens the life and health of people.

11.9. In the event of an injury or deterioration in the health of one of the employees of the locomotive crew, the other employee is obliged to stop shunting movements, provide first aid to the injured person and report the incident to the duty officer at the operational depot, the station duty officer (if necessary).

11.10. Persons at least 18 years of age who have passed a mandatory preliminary (upon employment) medical examination, passed qualification exams, as well as briefings, internships, tests of knowledge of labor protection, fire safety rules, tests of knowledge of norms and rules of work in electrical installations are allowed to work. to the extent appropriate to the duties performed.

11.11. During the work process, the employee must undergo mandatory periodic medical examinations, in the prescribed manner, instructions and training on labor protection, fire safety standards, first aid to victims, regular and extraordinary testing of knowledge of labor protection requirements, fire safety, norms and regulations for working in electrical installations and duplication.

11.12. The employee must know, to the extent appropriate to the duties performed:

Design and purpose of locomotive devices;

Human exposure to hazardous and harmful production factors that arise during work and measures to protect against their exposure;

Rules for staying on railway tracks, routes of service passages, oversized places in the work area; safe work practices;

Methods of providing first aid to victims of industrial accidents;

First aid kit storage location;

Locations of primary fire extinguishing equipment and warning signals in case of fire;

Requirements for industrial sanitation, electrical safety, fire safety;

Chemical factors affecting the human body through the respiratory tract, digestive system and skin;

Physical overload;

11.13. The employee is prohibited from:

Start performing work without undergoing the required instructions on labor protection and the next test of knowledge of labor protection requirements;

Start performing new work that is not related to his direct duties, without receiving targeted instruction from his immediate supervisor on safe methods of performing it;

Start performing work without personal protective equipment, the use of which is specified by the relevant instructions, rules and other regulatory and technical documentation, as well as use faulty personal protective equipment or their testing period has expired;

Stay in places marked with the safety sign “Caution! Oversized place!” during rolling stock maneuvers;

Climb and go onto the roof of a locomotive located under the contact wire or wires of an overhead power line and when there is voltage in the contact network of the equipment position;

Carry out any work on equipping rolling stock during maneuvers;

Enter the protective fences of electrical equipment;

Touch broken electrical wires, clamps (terminals) and other easily accessible live parts;

Touch the wires of the contact network, overhead power lines and foreign objects located on them, regardless

depending on whether they touch or do not touch the ground, grounded structures.

Be under the raised load and in the path of its movement.

Work near rotating parts of equipment that are not protected by protective nets or shields;

Unnecessarily remove guards and protective covers of mechanical and live parts of equipment;

Go beyond the fences of dangerous places;

Use mobile phones, players, headphones and other attention-distracting devices when performing your work duties at workplaces, except for specially designated rest areas.

11.14. Labor protection requirements during work.

11.14.1. After being placed in a repair position, the rolling stock must be braked with a hand brake, and brake shoes must be placed under its wheel pairs (on the inside of a two-axle bogie or on both sides of the middle wheel pair of a three-axle bogie).

11.14.2. Before cranking the crankshaft or starting the diesel engine, the driver must check that there are no workers in the diesel room, sound a sound signal (one short whistle), and warn the locomotive crew workers, outfitters and other service personnel: “Attention! I’m cranking the diesel!” or “Attention! I’m starting the diesel engine!”

11.14.3. Valves and taps must not be opened or closed with hammer blows.

11.14.4. When accepting diesel locomotives, check the availability and serviceability of fire extinguishing equipment.

11.14.6. The worker must fill and drain cooling water from the cooling system of diesel locomotives using serviceable pipelines, hoses and other devices that prevent water spillage.

11.14.7. It is prohibited to dispense cooling water and its components for purposes other than refueling the cooling systems of diesel locomotives.

The 10 most dangerous places on the planet are presented to the attention of the curious. The information used in the article is taken from reliable sources.

10. Reveals the ten most dangerous places on the planet Lake Kivu(Central Africa). The mountainous reservoir, no different from others in appearance, contains a clear threat to local residents. A population of 2 million people lives on a “powder keg” almost in the literal sense of the word. The lake has huge methane deposits equal to 55 billion cubic meters. A small earthquake or volcanic eruption will lead to the death of all life in the surrounding areas. The scientists’ fear is quite justified, because next to Kivu there is an active volcano called Kituro, the last eruption of which in 1948 led to the boiling of the lake and the death of all the fish. Despite this, not far from the reservoir there are resort towns that are visited by tourists every year. The panoramic views here are very picturesque, and the water in the lake is crystal clear.

9.Komodo Island(Indonesia), also known as Komodo National Park, is one of the most dangerous places on the planet to visit. Its main inhabitants are huge three-meter Komodo dragons, which pose a potential threat to human life. There are not isolated cases of attacks on local residents. Killing the animals is prohibited by local authorities, as the species is rare and is protected. The lizards inhabiting the island sometimes create complete chaos, digging up graves and eating the corpses of people. For this reason, many residents began to bury their deceased relatives under cement slabs. Monitor lizards are very susceptible to the smell of blood and can smell it at a distance of 5 kilometers. Often their victims were tourists with wounds, as well as women during their menstrual cycle. In 1999, the film “Komodo” was dedicated to this captivating and at the same time creepy island. Island of Horror."

8. The most dangerous places on Earth were created not only by nature, but also by man. Such a creation is Death Road in Bolivia. The transport artery was built at the beginning of the 20th century by Paraguayan prisoners, stretching 70 kilometers forward at an altitude of about 4 thousand meters above sea level. For many years, it was the only land transport route connecting the capital of the state with the province of Yungas. The road with difficult terrain, sharp changes and a width of just over 3 meters is located in the highlands. It is very dangerous to move along a narrow path with a clay soil surface. According to some reports, the Road of Death claims more than a hundred human lives every year. In the second half of the last century, attempts were made to reconstruct the road surface, but work stopped already at 20 kilometers. Now the Road of Death is a favorite place for extreme tourists who are ready to take a risky journey on mountain bikes.

7. The top 10 most dangerous places on the planet include Chernobyl(Ukraine). A total of about 8.5 million people suffered from the disaster that happened thirty years ago. The radiation dose from Chernobyl is 10 times higher than the contamination received by the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Scientists studying the “forbidden zone” claim that the radioactive background will persist here for several hundred years. It is extremely undesirable to be here even in a protective suit and masks, since particles of radiation dust can penetrate through special clothing.

6.Manchac Swamp The state of Louisiana (USA) ranks sixth on the list of the most dangerous places on the planet. Another name is “Swamps of Ghosts”. The mystical area, shrouded in a veil of secrecy, has a bad reputation. The thing is that people disappear here regularly. According to legend, at the beginning of the 20th century, the swamps were cursed by a follower of the Voodoo cult, who was kept here as a prisoner. After this, an incredible hurricane hit the nearest settlements, destroying everything to the ground. Attempts were made to drain Manchac and cut down all the trees. The operation ended with the destruction of the buildings where the workers were located and the death of several people. Now the Swamp of Ghosts is a favorite place for tourists who are in search of thrills. The swamps pose a real threat to human life, as they are literally teeming with alligators.

5.Darvaza or the Gates of Hell is one of the ten most dangerous places on the planet. A fire crater with a diameter of 60 meters is located in the middle of the Karakum Desert in Turkmenistan. It was formed in 1971 as a result of drilling an exploration well in places where natural gas accumulated. During the work being carried out, the ground collapsed, forming a huge hole 20 meters deep. To prevent people and animals from being harmed by the gases, it was decided to set the crater on fire. The burning was expected to last only a few days. But the gas regularly escaping from the ground does not allow the flame to subside to this day. Being near a fire-breathing crater is extremely dangerous due to high temperatures and the risk of its edges collapsing.

4. Death Valley, located on the Kamchatka Peninsula, is one of the most dangerous and mystical places on Earth. This is a real phenomenon created by nature, which scientists cannot give an exact explanation to this day. The thing is that a long stay in the Valley of Death is dangerous for both human life and any animal. It is located at the base of the active volcano Kikhpinych, which means “fire-breathing mountain”. On its western slope there are hot springs emitting gas. Within a radius of two kilometers from the volcano, all living things die from suffocation. The reason for this is carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide coming out of the ground. Once here without a gas mask, a person begins to experience weakness, dizziness and dry mouth. If you do not leave the Valley of Death in time, then death is inevitable. This terrible place has become the death of hundreds of people, and animals that accidentally ended up here die every day.

3.Afar Basin or the Afar Triangle (Ethiopia) reveals the three most dangerous places on our planet. Regular tectonic movements occur here, which provoke earthquakes. The number of earthquakes per year can reach 160. Due to the constant movement of the earth’s crust, huge cracks up to 8 meters deep form on the soil surface. Being here is associated with an every-minute threat to human life. Despite this, a small settlement of Dallol previously existed in the Afar Basin, which is now uninhabited.

2.Danakil Depression- one of the most dangerous places on the planet, captivating with its deceptive beauty. It was accidentally discovered at the beginning of the 20th century by travelers in northern Ethiopia in the desert of the same name. Danakil is also considered the hottest place on Earth, where the air temperature reaches +63 degrees and the soil +70. The depression is located 125 meters below sea level. On its territory there are three volcanoes: Ayalu, Dallol and Erta Ale. The last of them is active and is part of the “Afar Triangle”. Erta Ale does not sleep day or night, throwing pieces of red-hot lava into the air from her fiery lake. The Dallol volcano, or rather its dead multi-colored lake, annually captivates and attracts tourists who are in search of thrills and unearthly beauty. The last eruption of Dallol occurred in the 20s of the last century, which contributed to the formation of a huge lake filled with sulfuric acid. High temperatures, toxic gases and regular eruptions do not stop daredevils who want to visit the most amazing and dangerous place in the world.

1. The top most dangerous places on the planet are headed by Queimada Grande, which means Snake Island in Portuguese (Brazil). It is located near the coast of Sao Paulo. One of the most dangerous species of snakes, the island bothrops, lives on a rocky, small area. The venom of reptiles is so toxic that it can kill a small animal in a couple of seconds. The bite of the island bothrops is also fatal to humans. According to some data, per 1 sq. meter of the island there are up to 5 poisonous individuals. This type of snake is endemic, that is, it lives directly only on this island. Deadly predators settle in trees and bushes, so birds most often become their victims. Visiting the island is prohibited by order of the Brazilian authorities. In 2002, the film “Snake Island” was made, dedicated to this place on Earth.

See also “The most dangerous places on the planet”, video

DANGEROUS PLACES
1. Dangerous places on the contact network include:

mortise and sectional insulators separating frequently disconnected and grounded loading and unloading paths, inspection of roof equipment, etc.;

places where consoles or clamps of various sections of stages and stations approach each other at a distance of less than 0.8 m;

supports with anchor waste of catenary suspension of various sections and grounded anchor waste, the distance from the place of work on which to live parts is less than 0.8 m;

common racks of clamps of various sections of double-track consoles, stages and stations, where the distance between the clamps is less than 0.8 m;

supports where two or more disconnectors or arresters are located;

piercing the contact suspension and passing above it at a distance of less than 0.8 m, cables of disconnectors and arresters with other potentials;

places of passage of supply feeders, suction and other wires along the cables of flexible crossbars;

location of electrorepellent protection;

supports with a horn arrester, on which the suspension of one of the paths is mounted, and the arrester cable is connected to the other path.

2. Dangerous places on overhead lines include:

supports with joint suspension of wires of overhead lines 6, 10 kV and with voltage up to 1000 V with a distance between them of less than 2 m;

sections of overhead lines in the span of the intersection of two lines, if the intersection in terms of dimensions is carried out in deviation from the requirements of the PUE;

supports on which two or more disconnectors, two or more cable couplings of various connections are installed;

supports on which wires of intersecting lines with voltages up to 1000 V of various connections are attached;

sections of lighting lines for pedestrian bridges located above the contact network, and lighting lines for passenger platforms on a cable suspension attached to the lower fixing cables of the crossbars;

wooden supports with rotting more than acceptable.

3. Dangerous places must be marked with warning signs and posters "Attention! Dangerous place."

Appendix 4
INDICATORS, PERMANENT AND TEMPORARY SIGNAL SIGNS, MANUAL SIGNALS USED ON THE CONTACT NETWORK
"LOWER POWER COLLECTOR" INDICATORS
1. On electrified areas of direct current in front of air gaps, where in the event of a sudden release of voltage in one of the sections of the contact network, the passage of electric rolling stock with raised pantographs is not allowed, signal light indicators “Lower the pantograph” are used, placed on the supports of the contact network or individual masts ( Fig. 58).

Rice. 58
When a flashing luminous strip of transparent white color appears on the signal indicator, the driver is obliged to immediately take measures to follow the fenced air gap with lowered pantographs. Normally, the signal bars of the indicators do not light up and in this position the indicators have no signal value.
PERMANENT SIGNAL SIGNS
2. If signal signs “Lower the pantograph” are used, a permanent signal sign with reflectors “Attention! Current divider” is installed in front of it (Fig. 59, A). A permanent signal sign “Raise the pantograph” with reflectors on it is installed behind the air gap in the direction of movement (Fig. 59, b).

The installation diagram of the signal indicators “Lower the pantograph” and the permanent signal signs “Raise the pantograph” and “Attention! Current divider” is shown in Fig. 60. Their placement should not impair the visibility and perception of permanent signals.

When operating 12-car electric trains, the distance from the air gap to the permanent “Raise the pantograph” sign must be at least 250 m.

Rice. 59


Rice. 60
3. Contact network supports that limit air gaps must have a distinctive sign - alternating four black and three white horizontal stripes. The first support in the direction of train movement is, in addition, additionally indicated by a vertical black stripe (Fig. 61, A).

Signs can be applied directly to supports or shields mounted on supports (Fig. 61, b).

Rice. 61
On multi-track sections, it is allowed to install the indicated signs on the contact network structures above the track axis. Stopping electric rolling stock with raised pantographs between these supports (signs) is prohibited.

4. Warning signs with reflectors are installed in electrified areas:

"Turn off the current" (Fig. 62, A) - before the neutral insert;

“Turn on the current on the electric locomotive” (Fig. 62, b);

“Turn on the current on the electric train” (Fig. 62, V) - behind the neutral insert.

The installation diagram of these signs is shown in Fig. 63.

Rice. 62


Rice. 63
The signal sign “End of the catenary” (Fig. 64) is installed on the contact network in the places where the working area of ​​the contact wire ends.

Rice. 64
TEMPORARY SIGNALS
5. In places that do not allow the passage of electric rolling stock with raised pantographs (in the event of a malfunction of the contact network, scheduled repairs and construction work, when it is necessary to lower pantographs when moving trains), temporary signal signs with reflectors are installed that show:

"Prepare to lower the pantograph" (Fig. 65, A);

"Lower the pantograph" (Fig. 65, b);

"Raise the pantograph" (Fig. 65, V).

The installation diagram of these signs is shown in Fig. 66.

Rice. 65

Rice. 66
If planned track repairs and construction work are being carried out on a double-track section with the passage of trains along one of the tracks and the laying of temporary ramps that are not equipped with a contact network, the signal sign “Lower the pantograph” is installed at a distance of at least 100 m from the fenced section. The remaining signal signs are installed as shown in Fig. 66 scheme.

In the event of sudden detection of damage to the contact network, which does not allow the passage of electric rolling stock with raised pantographs, the employee of the power supply distance who discovered this malfunction is obliged to move 500 m towards the expected train and give the driver of the approaching train a manual signal “Lower the pantograph” (Fig. 67) :

during the day - by repeated movements of the right hand in front of you along a horizontal line with the left hand raised vertically;

at night - repeated vertical and horizontal movements of a flashlight with a transparent white light.

Rice. 67
The driver is obliged to: give a warning signal, when the electrical circuit is de-energized, lower the pantographs and, with special vigilance, follow the location of the damage, making sure that the contact network is in good condition, raise the pantographs and continue driving.

Appendix 5
SAFETY MEASURES WHEN WORKING WITH HAND TOOLS AND INSTALLATION DEVICES
1. The heads of hammers and sledgehammers must have a smooth, slightly convex surface without warps, chips, gouges, cracks and burrs.

2. The handles of hammers, sledgehammers and other impact tools must be made of dry hardwood (birch, oak, beech, maple, ash, rowan, dogwood, hornbeam) without knots and cross-layers or from synthetic materials that ensure strength and reliability at work. The free end of the handle should be somewhat thicker (except for sledgehammers) to prevent the handle from slipping out of your hands when swinging and striking with the tool.

In sledgehammers, the handle becomes somewhat thinner towards the free end. The sledgehammer is placed on the handle towards the thickened end without wedges. Wedges for strengthening the tool on the handle are made of mild steel with notches (ruffs).

3. Shovel handles are made from wood without knots or cross-layers or from synthetic materials.

4. Impact tools (chisels, crosscutters, bits, cores, etc.) must have a smooth back part without cracks, burrs, hardening and bevels. There should be no damage to the working end. The length of the impact tool must be at least 150 mm.

5. When working with wedges or chisels using sledgehammers, wedge holders with a handle of at least 0.7 m in length should be used.

6. When working with impact tools, workers must wear safety glasses to prevent solid particles from getting into their eyes.

7. The dimensions of the jaw (grip) of the wrenches should not exceed the dimensions of the bolt heads (nut faces) by more than 0.3 mm. The use of shims when the gap between the planes of the jaws and the heads of bolts or nuts is more than permissible is prohibited.

8. Do not extend wrenches with additional arms, second wrenches or pipes. It is allowed to extend the handles of the keys with additional levers of the “asterisk” type only, or to use keys with long handles. To avoid falling, it is prohibited to place the tool on the railings of fences or on the edge of scaffolding, scaffolding, or near open hatches or wells.

9. The working surfaces of the adjustable wrench jaws must be parallel to each other. Deviation from parallelism is allowed, in the direction of widening the pharynx towards its base, not exceeding 2°. When turning the worm, the movable jaw of the wrench should move smoothly along the entire length of the jaw, without jamming. During operation of the adjustable wrench, it must be ensured that the worm is kept from turning spontaneously. There should be no loss of the sponge when opening the pharynx. When using adjustable wrenches, it is not allowed to use additional levers or use a wrench with a jaw size larger than that indicated on the wrench.

10. Tension couplings must not have bending screws, play, screws in the guide nuts, cracks or burrs on the coupling body

11. The handles of straightening wrenches must be smooth and free of burrs.

12. Files, hacksaws and other tools with the pointed end on the handle side must be mounted on wooden handles with tightening rings. It is prohibited to operate such a tool without handles.

13. Blocks of pulley blocks must have a stamp indicating the load capacity. The rollers in pulley hoists should rotate easily, for which they must be systematically lubricated. The block cheeks, roller flanges, tension hook and loops must not have cracks, chips or other defects.

Appendix 6
WORKING WITH THE MEGAOHMETER
1. Measurements with a megohmmeter in installations with voltages above 1000 V are carried out by two workers, one of whom must have group IV.

In installations with voltages up to 1000 V, measurements are carried out by order of two persons, one of whom must have group III.

Measurements with a megohmmeter are performed on disconnected live parts from which the charge has been removed by first grounding them. Grounding from live parts should be removed only after connecting the megohmmeter.

2. Testing the insulation of a line that can receive voltage from both sides is permitted only if a message has been received from the operating personnel of the electrical installation that is connected to the other end of this line that the switch and disconnectors are turned off and a “Do not” sign has been posted. include. People are working."

3. Before starting the tests, it is necessary to make sure that there are no people working on that part of the electrical installation to which the test device is connected, to prohibit persons located near it from touching live parts and, if necessary, to set up security.

4. When working with a megohmmeter, touching the live parts to which it is connected is prohibited. After completion of work, it is necessary to remove the residual charge from the equipment being tested by briefly grounding it.

5. Megohmmeter measurements are prohibited:

on one of the circuits of double-circuit lines with a voltage above 1000 V, while the other circuit is energized;

on a single-circuit line, if it runs parallel to a working line with a voltage above 1000 V;

during a thunderstorm or when it is approaching.

Appendix 7
POSTERS AND SAFETY SIGNS

Poster or sign number	Name and purpose	Version, dimensions, mm	Application area
PROHIBITIONAL POSTERS
1.	"Don't turn it on. People are working." To prohibit the supply of voltage to the workplace	Red letters on a white background. The border is red, 13 and 5 mm wide. Portable poster	In electrical installations with voltages up to and above 1000 V. They are hung on the drives of disconnectors, separators, load switches, on keys and remote control buttons, on switching equipment up to 1000 V (in automatic machines, switches, circuit breakers), if switched on incorrectly, voltage may be applied to the workplace. For connections up to 1000 V that do not have switching devices in the circuit, the poster is hung near the removed fuses
2.	"Do not turn on. Work on the line." To prohibit the supply of voltage to the line on which people are working	White letters on a red background. Portable poster	The same, but they are posted on the drives, keys and control buttons of those switching devices, if switched on incorrectly, voltage may be supplied to the overhead line or cable line on which people are working.
WARNING SIGNS AND POSTERS
3.		According to GOST 12.4.026-76 (sign No. 2.5). The background is yellow, the border and arrow are black. Triangle side: 360 on room doors 100 for equipment and containers Permanent sign	In electrical installations with voltages up to and above 1000 V. They are fixed on the outside of the entrance doors of the switchgear, with the exception of the doors of the complete switchgear and package transformer substations located in these devices; external doors of chambers of switches and transformers; fencing of live parts located in production premises; doors of panels and assemblies with voltage up to 1000 V
	Same	Same	In populated areas*. It is fixed on the supports of overhead lines above 1000 V at a height of 2.5-3 m from the ground, for spans of less than 100 m it is strengthened through a support, for spans of more than 100 m and crossings of roads - on each support. When crossing roads, signs should be facing the road, in other cases - on the side of the support, alternately on the right and left sides. Posters are mounted on metal and wooden supports
4.	"Caution! Electrical voltage." To warn of the danger of electric shock	The dimensions are the same as for sign No. 3. The border and boom are applied using a stencil to the concrete surface with indelible black paint. The background is the concrete surface. Permanent sign	The same, but only on reinforced concrete supports of overhead lines
5.	"Stop! Tension." To warn of the danger of electric shock	Black letters on a white background. The border is red, 21 mm wide. Portable poster	In electrical installations up to and above 1000 V. In closed switchgear, it is hung on temporary fences of live parts that are under operating voltage (when the permanent fence is removed); on temporary fences installed in passages where you should not enter; on permanent fences of cells adjacent to the workplace. In outdoor switchgear, it is hung during work performed from the ground, on ropes and cords enclosing the workplace; on structures, near the workplace on the way to the nearest live parts that are energized
6.	"Test. Life-threatening." To warn of the danger of electric shock when performing high voltage tests	Black letters on a white background. The border is red, 21 mm wide. Red arrow according to GOST 12.4.026-76. 280210	Posted with an inscription outside on equipment and fences of live parts when preparing the workplace for testing with high voltage
7.	"Danger! Keep out!" To warn about the danger of climbing structures, which may involve approaching live parts that are energized	Black letters on a white background. The border is red, 21 mm wide. Red arrow according to GOST 12.4.026-76. Portable poster	In the switchgear it is hung on structures adjacent to the one that is intended for lifting personnel to a workplace located at a height
8.	"Warning! Dangerous place."	Background yellow, border and arrow black	In dangerous places on switchgear structures of traction substations, on the contact network
9.	"Caution! Oversized space"	The background is yellow, the border and the exclamation mark inside the border are black	Installed at the boundaries of zones where the space between the approach clearance of buildings and the clearance of rolling stock does not ensure the safety of workers
POSTERS PRESCRIPTION
10.	"Work here." To indicate a workplace	White circle with a diameter of 168 and 68 mm on a green background. Black letters inside a circle. The border is white, 5 and 2 mm wide. 250250; Portable poster	In electrical installations of power plants and substations they are hung at the workplace. In outdoor switchgear, if there are protective fences, the workplace is hung at the place of passage behind the fence
11.	"Get in here." To indicate a safe climbing path to a workplace located at height	Same	Hung on structures or stationary ladders that allow access to a high-altitude workplace
INDEX POSTER
12.	"Grounded." To indicate the inadmissibility of supplying voltage to a grounded section of an electrical installation	Black letters on a blue background. The border is white, 13 and 5 mm wide. 8050	In electrical installations of power plants and substations, they are hung on the drives of disconnectors, separators and load switches, which, if turned on incorrectly, can supply voltage to the grounded section of the electrical installation, and on the keys and buttons for their remote control

At power supply distances, work is carried out to identify dangerous places in the contact network. Lists and photographs of these places, indicating the necessary measures to ensure the safe performance of work, power supply distances approved by management, are located with the energy dispatcher and in the area of ​​​​the contact network, where they are posted in the premises of duty stations, in the occupational safety corner, and cards for the completion of work in these places are handed over to the work manager along with a work permit.

The following are considered dangerous places on the contact network (Fig. 12.5).

• 1. Mortise and sectional insulators separating frequently disconnected and grounded loading and unloading paths, inspection of roof equipment, etc. (Fig. 12.5, A).
• 2. Places where consoles or clamps of various sections of hauls and stations come together at a distance of less than 0.8 m (Fig. 12.5, d).
• 3. Supports with anchor waste of contact suspension of various sections and grounded anchor waste, the distance from the place of work to live parts is less than 0.8 m (Fig. 12.5, g).
• 4. Common racks of clamps of various sections of double-track consoles of hauls and stations, where the distance between the clamps is less than 0.8 m (Fig. 12.5, e).
• 5. Supports where two or more disconnectors, an arrester, a disconnector and an arrester are located (Fig. 12.5, V).
• 6. Stitching the contact suspension and passing above it at a distance of less than 0.8 m are the cables of disconnectors and arresters with other potentials (Fig. 12.5, b).
• 7. Places for passage of supply feeders, suction and other wires along the cables of flexible crossbars (Fig. 12.5, d).

Rice. 12.5. Dangerous places on the contact network and layout of signage signs: A - mortise and sectional insulators separating frequently disconnected and grounded loading and unloading paths, inspection of roof equipment, etc.; b - piercing the contact suspension and passing above it at a distance of less than 0.8 m, cables of disconnectors and arresters with other potentials; V - supports where two or more disconnectors, arrester, disconnector and arrester are located; d - places of approach at a distance of less than 0.8 m of consoles or clamps of various sections of stages and stations; d - places of passage of supply feeders, suction and other wires along the cables of flexible crossbars; e - common racks of clamps of various sections of double-track consoles of hauls and stations, where the distance between the clamps is less than 0.8 m; and- supports with anchor waste of catenary suspension of various sections and grounded anchor waste, the distance from the place of work on which to live parts is less than 0.8 m; h - locations of electro-repellent protection on the crossbars of the AC contact network to prevent nesting of birds; And - supports with horn arresters

• 8. Locations of electro-repellent protection on the crossbars of the AC contact network to prevent bird nesting. The length of the antenna should be 180-190 m, the distance to the catenary wires should be at least 2.5 m, in addition, to protect the insulators from birds, special structures should be used on both sides of the insulator (Fig. 12.5, h).
• 9. Supports with horn arresters, on which the suspension of one of the tracks is mounted, and the arrester loop is connected to the contact network of another track or feeder. Horn arresters mounted on a rigid crossbar, except for horn arresters, the loops of which are connected to the paths closest to the support (Fig. 12.5, And).

Notes

The list of dangerous places can be supplemented by the management of the power supply distance, based on local conditions.

The work order for work in a dangerous place must have a difference: a red stripe diagonally from the lower left corner to the upper right corner. The same strip should be on the map of the technological process of preparing work in a dangerous place. The routing number must be indicated in the upper right corner of the work order.

On the contact network, dangerous places are indicated by warning signs (red arrow) and posters “Attention! Dangerous place".

Control questions

• 1. How is the contact network grounded for work?
• 2. What electrical safety groups are there?
• 3. What are the conditions for performing work on the contact network and what is their essence?
• 4. Which devices on the contact network belong to dangerous places?
• 5. What is induced voltage?
• 6. How is compliance with safety rules monitored?
• 7. What is the procedure for working from insulating removable towers and working platforms of railcars and handcars?
• 8. Who has the right to issue orders, permission orders?
• 9. Who is responsible for the safe performance of work?
• 10. What is the responsibility of the observer?
• 11. What is the responsibility of the work contractor?
• 12. How are combined works performed?
• 13. What organizational and technical measures are available?