Open lesson for grade 8. Education and Science in the 19th Century.

Russian discoverers and travelers.

At the very beginning of the 19th century, a system of higher, secondary and primary education took shape in Russia. The educational reform carried out in 1803 led to the creation of a gymnasium in every provincial town. In every district town of the district school. The Ministry of Public Education was created to manage educational institutions. The government paid much attention to the development of higher education.

1. Match the universities and the dates of their formation.

Derpt 1802

Kazan 1804

Kharkiv 1804

Vilensky 1804

Petersburg 1819

Alexandrovsky (Tsarskoye Selo) Lyceum 1811

In which representatives of the highest noble society studied (A.S. Pushkin).

2. Complete the table. Educational institutions under Nicholas 1.

Whom and what they taught.

Parish schools

Representatives of the lower classes. The law of God, literacy, arithmetic.

County schools

Children of merchants, artisans, bourgeois. Russian language arithmetic, geometry, history, geography.

Gymnasiums

Children of nobles, officials, merchants of the first guild. Studied exact and humanitarian subjects.

3. Indicate a book publisher whose books contributed to the development of education in the 40s. 19th century?

A. Sytin I. D.

B. Smirdin A.F

V. Soldatenkov K.T.

G. Pavlenkov F.F.

4. Complete the table.

Improvement of the education system in many ways contributed to the development of domestic science.

Science field

opening

biology

Dvigubsky I.A.

The earth's surface and the creatures inhabiting it undergo radical changes over time under the influence of natural causes.

Dyadkovsky I.E.

Life is a continuous physical and chemical process.

Ber K.M. 1834g

The general law of the development of nature.

the medicine

Pirogov N.I. 1856

The founder of military field surgery was the first to use anesthesia.

geology

N.I.Koksharov 1840

A geological map of European Russia was compiled.

Astronomy

Creation of powerful telescopes. Pulkovo Observatory

mathematics

Lobachevsky N.I. 1826

Non-Euclidean geometry.

Petrov V.V. 1802

Developed a galvanic battery. The prototype of the light bulb.

Lenz E.H. 1833

The rule of the direction of the driving force of induction. A year later he invented the electric motor.

Jacobi B.S. 1840

Galvonoplasty - a method of applying metal to the desired surface using electricity .. Letter-printing apparatus for telegraph. 1850

Schilling P.L. 1832

Invented the electric telegraph.

Guess the crossword puzzle. Chemistry, Science and Manufacturing. Using the tutorial on pages 105-106

1. In 1826-27, one of these researchers laid the foundation for powder metallurgy.

2. This researcher discovered the basic law of photochemistry.

3. 6.In the 30s of the 19th century, these brothers, serf mechanics of the Nizhniy Tagil Metallurgical Plant, built the first steam railway.

4. In 1840, this scientist discovered the basic law of thermochemistry.

5.In 1817, this outstanding metallurgist developed four variants of the technology for producing damask steel.

6. This chemistry researcher has developed a method for producing glucose.

7. One of these chemists developed permanent chemical dyes for the booming textile industry.

Distinctive features of the development of education and science in the first half of the 19th century were: an increase in the number of higher and secondary educational institutions and representatives of various strata of the country's population studying there; growth in the number of researchers; the major successes of Russian scientists achieved on this basis in the development of domestic and world science; strengthening the practical orientation of scientific research; strengthening links between science and industrial production

6. Russian discoverers and travelers.

The 19th century was the time of the largest geographical discoveries made by Russian explorers. Continuing the traditions of their predecessors, explorers and travelers in the 17-18 centuries, they enriched the perception of Russians about the world around them, contributed to the development of new territories that became part of the empire. For the first time, Russia has fulfilled its old dream: its ships entered the World Ocean.

Working with text insert missing words.

1.Kruzenshtern I.F. and Lisyansky Yu.F.

In 1803, at the direction of Alexander 1, an expedition was undertaken on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" to explore the North Pacific Ocean. This was the first Russian expedition, which lasted three years. It was headed by Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, the largest navigator and scientist-geographer of the 19th century.

During the voyage, more than a thousand kilometers of the coast of Sakhalin Island was mapped for the first time. YF Lisyansky discovered one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, named after him. A lot of data was collected by the members of the expedition about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska. Islands of the Pacific and Arctic oceans.

The results of the observations were presented in the report of the Academy of Sciences. Kruzenshtern I.F. was awarded the title of academician. His materials formed the basis for the Atlas of the South Seas, published in the early 1920s. In 1845, Admiral I.F. Kruzenshtern became one of the founding members of the Russian Geographical Society.

Working with the map. Correlate the information received with the task.

2. Bellingshausen F.F. and Lazarev M.P.

Fadey Fadeevich Bellingshausen became one of the students and followers of Kruzenshtern. He was a member of the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

In 1819-1821 Bellingshausen was assigned to lead a new round-the-world expedition on the sloops Vostok and Mirny. The expedition plan was drawn up by I.F. The main goal was designated "the acquisition of the fullest knowledge about our globe" and "the discovery of the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole."

On January 16, 1820, the expedition approached the shores of the then unknown Antarctica, which Bellingshausen called the "ice continent". After anchorage in Australia, the Russian ships moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, where they discovered a group of islands called the Russians.

For 751 days of sailing, Russian sailors covered about 50 thousand km. The most important geographical discoveries were made, valuable collections were brought. Observational data on the waters of the World Ocean and ice coverings of a continent new to mankind.

Student report. Suck in missing words.

3. Baranov A.A. and the development of Russian America.

Alexander Alexandrovich Baranov can hardly be attributed to discoverers or travelers in the strict sense of the word. But he was a man who made an invaluable contribution to the development of Russian America by our compatriots.

In search of new hunting areas, Baranov studied in detail the Kodiak Island and other territories, searched for minerals, founded new Russian settlements and supplied them with everything they needed. Established an exchange with local residents. It was he who, for the first time, truly secured for Russia vast territories on the Pacific coast of North America. Baranov's activities were extremely difficult and dangerous. The constant raids of the Indians cost the Russian settlers not only considerable funds, but also their lives. In 1802 alone, more than 200 settlers were killed while trying to establish a settlement on the island of Sitka.

Baranov's efforts were so successful that in 1799 he became the ruler of the Russian-American Company, and in 1803 he was appointed ruler of the Russian colonies in America. In 1804, Baranov on the island of Sitka founded the Novoarkhangelsk fortress, and then the Ross fort. In 1825 he undertook an expedition to the Hawaiian Islands with the aim of their annexation to Russia. However, it did not bring good luck. In 1818 he received consent to leave America for his homeland. On the way, on the island of Java, Baranov died in 1819.

Working with the map. Correlate the information received with the task

4. Nevelskoy G.I. and E.V. Putyatin.

The largest researcher of the Russian Far East in the mid-19th century was Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy.

In two expeditions (1848-1849 and 1850-1855), he managed to bypass Sakhalin from the north, discover a number of new, previously unknown territories and enter the lower reaches of the Amur. Here in 1850 he founded the Nikolaev post (Nikolaevsk-on-Amur). Nevelskoy's travels were of great importance: for the first time it was proved that Sakhalin was not at all connected to the mainland. And the Tatar Strait is an island and it is a strait, and not a bay, as it was believed.

Efimy Vasilievich Putyatin in 1822-1825 traveled around the world and left a description of what he saw to the descendants. In 1852-1855. during the expedition led by him on the frigate "Pallada" the islands of Rimsky-Korsakov were discovered. Putyatin became the first Russian who managed to visit Japan, closed from Europeans, and even sign an agreement there in 1855.

The result of the expeditions of Nevelskoy and Putyatin, in addition to purely scientific ones, was the consolidation of the Primorsky region in the Far East for Russia.

The scientific information collected by Russian travelers was so extensive and significant that it took the creation of special institutions for their generalization and use.

The most important of these was the Russian Geographical Society, opened in 1845. It has become the center of geographical knowledge in Russia. The organization of scientific expeditions has become regular. Conducting research on the population of Russia and neighboring countries. Publishing of geographic and statistical compilations. For the development of economic and geographical research in Siberia, the Far East, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Central Asia in 1851, the Caucasian and Siberian departments of the Russian Geographical Society were created.

8. Homework paragraphs 15.16.

Russian navigators, along with European ones, are the most famous pioneers who discovered new continents, sections of mountain ranges and vast water areas.

They became the discoverers of significant geographic objects, took the first steps in the development of hard-to-reach territories, and traveled around the world. So who are they - the conquerors of the seas, and what exactly did the world know thanks to them?

Afanasy Nikitin - the very first Russian traveler

Afanasy Nikitin is rightfully considered the first Russian traveler who managed to visit India and Persia (1468-1474, according to other sources 1466-1472). On the way back, he visited Somalia, Turkey, Muscat. On the basis of his travels, Afanasy compiled the notes "Voyage across the Three Seas", which became popular and unique historical and literary textbooks. These records became the first book in the history of Russia, made not in the format of a story about a pilgrimage, but describing the political, economic and cultural characteristics of the territories.

Afanasy Nikitin

He was able to prove that even being a member of a poor peasant family, one can become a famous explorer and traveler. Streets, embankments in several Russian cities, a motor ship, a passenger train and an air terminal are named after him.

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Semyon Dezhnev, who founded the Anadyr prison

Cossack chieftain Semyon Dezhnev was an Arctic navigator who became the discoverer of a number of geographical objects. Wherever Semyon Ivanovich served, everywhere he strove to study new and previously unknown. He was even able to cross the East Siberian Sea on a makeshift koch, going from Indigirka to Alazeya.

In 1643, as part of a detachment of researchers, Semyon Ivanovich discovered Kolyma, where, with his associates, he founded the city of Srednekolymsk. A year later, Semyon Dezhnev continued his expedition, walked along the Bering Strait (which did not yet have this name) and discovered the easternmost point of the continent, later called Cape Dezhnev. Also, an island, a peninsula, a bay, a village are named after him.

Semyon Dezhnev

In 1648, Dezhnev hit the road again. His ship was wrecked in the waters located in the southern part of the Anadyr River. Having reached on skis, the sailors went up the river and stayed there for the winter. Subsequently, this place appeared on geographical maps and received the name Anadyr prison. As a result of the expedition, the traveler was able to make detailed descriptions and make a map of those places.

Vitus Ionassen Bering, who organized expeditions to Kamchatka

Two Kamchatka expeditions inscribed the names of Vitus Bering and his associate Alexei Chirikov in the history of sea discoveries. During the first voyage, the mariners carried out research and were able to supplement the geographic atlas with objects located in Northeast Asia and on the Pacific coast of Kamchatka.

The discovery of the Kamchatka and Ozerny peninsulas, the bays of Kamchatsky, Krest, Karaginsky, the Providence Bay, the island of St. Lawrence is also the merit of Bering and Chirikov. At the same time, another strait was found and described, which later became known as the Bering Strait.

Vitus Bering

The second expedition was undertaken by them with the aim of finding a way to North America and exploring the Pacific Islands. On this journey, Bering and Chirikov founded the Peter and Paul prison. It got its name from the combined names of their ships ("St. Peter" and "St. Paul) and later became the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

On the approach to the shores of America, the ships of like-minded people lost sight of each other, a heavy fog affected. "St. Peter", piloted by Bering, sailed to the west coast of America, but got into a violent storm on the way back - the ship was thrown onto the island. The last minutes of Vitus Bering's life passed on it, and the island subsequently began to bear his name. Chirikov also reached America on his ship, but successfully completed his voyage, having discovered several islands of the Aleutian ridge on the way back.

Khariton and Dmitry Laptev and their "named" sea

Cousins ​​Khariton and Dmitry Laptev were Vitus Bering's associates and assistants. It was he who appointed Dmitry the commander of the ship "Irkutsk", and his double-boat "Yakutsk" was led by Khariton. They took part in the Great Northern Expedition, the purpose of which was to study and accurately describe and map the Russian shores of the ocean, from the Yugorsky sphere to Kamchatka.

Each of the brothers made a significant contribution to the development of new territories. Dmitry became the first navigator who made a survey of the coast from the mouth of the Lena to the mouth of the Kolyma. He made detailed maps of these places, based on mathematical calculations and astronomical data.

Khariton and Dmitry Laptev

Khariton Laptev and his associates conducted research on the northernmost part of the Siberian coast. It was he who determined the size and outlines of the huge Taimyr Peninsula - he completed a survey of its eastern coast, was able to identify the exact coordinates of the coastal islands. The expedition took place in difficult conditions - a large amount of ice, snowstorms, scurvy, ice captivity - Khariton Laptev's team had to go through a lot. But they continued their work. On this expedition, Laptev's assistant Chelyuskin discovered the cape, which was later named in his honor.

Noting the great contribution of the Laptevs to the development of new territories, members of the Russian Geographical Society decided to name one of the largest seas of the Arctic after them. The strait between the mainland and the island of Bolshoi Lyakhovsky is also named in honor of Dmitry, and the western coast of Taimyr Island bears the name of Khariton.

Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky - organizers of the first Russian circumnavigation

Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky are the first Russian navigators to circumnavigate the world. Their expedition lasted three years (started in 1803 and ended in 1806). They set off with their crews on two ships, which bore the names "Nadezhda" and "Neva". The travelers passed through the Atlantic Ocean, entered the waters of the Pacific Ocean. The sailors sailed along them to the Kuril Islands, Kamchatka and Sakhalin.

Ivan Kruzenshtern This trip allowed us to collect important information. Based on the data obtained by the sailors, a detailed map of the Pacific Ocean was compiled. Another important result of the first Russian round-the-world expedition was the data obtained on the flora and fauna of the Kuriles and Kamchatka, local residents, their customs and cultural traditions.

During their voyage, the sailors crossed the equator and, according to maritime traditions, could not leave this event without a well-known ritual - a sailor, disguised as Neptune, greeted Kruzenshtern and asked why his ship had arrived where the Russian flag had never been. To which he received the answer that they were here exclusively for the glory and development of national science.

Vasily Golovnin - the first navigator who was rescued from Japanese captivity

Russian navigator Vasily Golovnin led two expeditions around the world. In 1806, while in the rank of lieutenant, he received a new appointment and became the commander of the sloop "Diana". Interestingly, this is the only case in the history of the Russian fleet when a lieutenant was entrusted with the control of the ship.

The leadership set the goal of a round-the-world expedition to study the North Pacific Ocean, with special attention to that part of it, which is located within the borders of the native country. Diana's path was not easy. The sloop passed the island of Tristan da Cunha, passed the Cape of Hope and entered a port belonging to the British. Here the ship was detained by the authorities. The British informed Golovnin about the beginning of the war between the two countries. The Russian ship was not declared captured, but the team was not allowed to leave the bay either. After spending more than a year in this position, in mid-May 1809 "Diana", led by Golovnin, tried to escape, which the sailors successfully succeeded in - the ship arrived in Kamchatka.

Vasily Golovin The next important task Golovnin received in 1811 - he had to compose descriptions of the Shantar and Kuril Islands, the shores of the Tatar Strait. During his travels, he was accused of violating sakoku principles and captured by the Japanese for more than 2 years. It was possible to rescue the team from captivity only thanks to the good relations between one of the Russian naval officers and an influential Japanese merchant, who was able to convince his government of the harmless intentions of the Russians. It is worth noting that before that, no one in history had returned from Japanese captivity.

In 1817-1819 Vasily Mikhailovich made another round-the-world voyage on the ship "Kamchatka" specially built for this.

Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev - discoverers of Antarctica

Captain Second Rank Thaddeus Bellingshausen was determined to find the truth in the question of the existence of the sixth continent. In 1819 he set out on the open sea, carefully preparing two sloops - "Mirny" and "Vostok". The latter was commanded by his associate Mikhail Lazarev. The first Antarctic round-the-world expedition set itself other tasks. In addition to finding irrefutable facts confirming or refuting the existence of Antarctica, the travelers were going to explore the waters of three oceans - the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian.

Thaddeus Bellingshausen The results of this expedition exceeded all expectations. For 751 days, which it lasted, Bellingshausen and Lazarev were able to make several significant geographical discoveries. Of course, the most important of them is the existence of Antarctica, this historical event took place on January 28, 1820. Also, during the trip, about two dozen islands were found and mapped, sketches with views of Antarctica, images of representatives of the Antarctic fauna were created.

Mikhail Lazarev

It is interesting that attempts to discover Antarctica were made more than once, but none of them was successful. European seafarers believed that either it does not exist, or it is located in places that simply cannot be reached by sea. But Russian travelers had enough perseverance and determination, therefore the names of Bellingshausen and Lazarev are included in the lists of the greatest navigators in the world.

Yakov Sannikov

Yakov Sannikov (about 1780, Ust-Yansk, Russian Empire - after 1811) - Russian merchant from Yakutsk, fox, mammoth tusks and explorer of the Novosibirsk Islands.
He is known as the discoverer of the ghost island "Sannikov Land", which he saw from the New Siberian Islands. Discovered and described the islands of Stolbovoy (1800) and Faddeevsky (1805).
In 1808-1810 he took part in the expedition of the exiled Riga Swede M. M. Gedenshtrom. In 1810 he crossed the island of New Siberia, in 1811 he bypassed the island of Faddeevsky.
Sannikov expressed his opinion about the existence to the north of the New Siberian Islands, in particular from the Kotelny Island, a vast land called "Sannikov Land".

After 1811, traces of Yakov Sannikov are lost. No further occupation or year of death is known. In 1935, the pilot Gratsiansky, who flew in the lower reaches of the Lena River, near Kyusyur, discovered a tombstone with the inscription "Yakov Sannikov". The strait, through which a section of the Northern Sea Route passes today, is named in his honor. Opened in 1773 by the Yakut industrialist Ivan Lyakhov. Initially, the strait was named after the expedition doctor E.V. Tollya V.N. Katina-Yartseva F.A. Mathisen. The current name was given to K.A. Vollosovich on his map, and in 1935 it was approved by the government of the USSR.

Grigory Shelikhov

Grigory Ivanovich Shelikhov (Shelekhov; 1747, Rylsk - July 20, 1795, Irkutsk) - Russian explorer, navigator, industrialist and merchant from the Shelekhov family, who since 1775 was engaged in the arrangement of commercial merchant shipping between the Kuril and Aleutian island ridges. In 1783-1786 he headed an expedition to Russian America, during which the first Russian settlements in North America were founded. He organized several trading and fishing companies, including in Kamchatka. Grigory Ivanovich mastered new lands for the Russian Empire, was the initiator of the Russian-American company. Founder of the North-East Company.

The bay was named in his honor. Shelikhov Bay (Kamchatka Region, Russia) is located between the Asian coast and the base of the Kamchatka Peninsula. Refers to the water area of ​​the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

Ferdinand Wrangel

Wrangel showed himself from the best side, and he, tested in a difficult round-the-world voyage, is instructed to lead an expedition to the extreme northeast of Siberia, to the estuaries of the Yana and Kolyma, in order to map the coast of the Arctic Ocean up to the Bering Strait, and besides this, test the hypothesis about the existence of an undiscovered land connecting Asia with America.
Wrangel spends three years in the ice and tundra with his companions, among whom his main assistant was Fyodor Matyushkin - Lyceum comrade A.S. Pushkin.
In between the campaigns to the North, under the leadership of Wrangel and Matyushkin, a topographic survey of the huge coast was made, covering 35 degrees in longitude. On the territory of the recently white spot, 115 astronomical points were identified. For the first time, studies of the influence of climate on the existence and development of sea ice were carried out, and the first meteorological station in this region was organized in Nizhnekolymsk. Thanks to meteorological observations of this station, it was established that in the interfluve of the Yana and Kolyma rivers there is a "cold pole" of the Northern Hemisphere.
Ferdinand Wrangel described the expedition and its scientific results in detail in a book that was first published in 1839 and was a huge success. The renowned Swedish polar explorer Adolph Erik Nordenskjöld called it "one of the masterpieces among writings on the Arctic."

The expedition to the Chukotka-Kolyma region put Wrangel on a par with the largest explorers of the harsh Arctic. Later, becoming one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society, he thought over a project for an expedition to the North Pole. He proposes to go to the Pole on a ship, which is to spend the winter off the northern coast of Greenland, to prepare food warehouses along the route of the Pole Party in the fall, and in March people go out exactly in the direction of the meridian on ten sledges with dogs. Interestingly, the plan to reach the pole, drawn up by Robert Peary, who entered the pole 64 years later, repeated Wrangel's old project in the smallest detail. An island in the Arctic Ocean, a mountain and a cape in Alaska are named after Wrangel. Having learned about the sale of Alaska by the Russian government in 1867, Ferdinand Petrovich reacted very negatively to this.

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In the 19th century, Russian explorers made a number of outstanding geographical discoveries. In 1803 I. Kruzenshtern on "Nadezhda" and "Neva" made the 1st Russian round-the-world expedition exploring the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, Sakhalin, Alaska, Aleutian Islands. Yu. Lisyanakiy discovered one of the Hawaiian Islands on the Neva. In 1819-21 F. Bellingshausen and M. Lazarev on the sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny" made the 2nd Arctic expedition. During its 16.1.1820 ships approached Antarctica, which Bellingshausen called the "ice continent." After resting in Australia, the expedition moved to the tropical Pacific Ocean and discovered islands in the Tuamotu archipelago. They were named in honor of Kutuzov, Lazarev, Raevsky, Barclay de Tolly, Ermolov and others. After resting in Sydney, the ships returned to Antarctica and discovered about. Peter I and the land of Alexander I. In July 1821 the ships returned to Kronstadt, bringing a huge amount of materials and collections. The development of Russian America is associated with the name of A. Baranov. A merchant from Kargopol traded in Alaska since 1790. He made detailed maps of Alaska and the surrounding islands. In 1799 Baranov became the ruler of the colonies in America. B1804 He founded Novoarkhangelsk. Baranov tried to annex Hawaii to Russia, but failed. Despite his illness, he remained in office until his death. The territory of the Far East remained a blank spot on the Russian map. In 1848 Nicholas 1 sent G. Nevelskoy's expedition to the Far East. He proved that Sakhalin is an island and explored the lower reaches of the Amur. E. Putyatin during the expedition around the world in 1822-25. discovered the Rimsky-Korsakov Islands and entered into an agreement with Japan. Around the world expeditions were made by V. Golovin-1807-11, F. Litke-1826-29 and made 50 maps. I. Voznesensky in 1839-40 described Alaska, the Aleutian and Kuril Islands. In 1809 A. Kolodkin began to study the Caspian. In 1848 E. Hoffman and M. Kovalsky explored Sev. Ural. In 1845 the Russian Geographical Society was created.

Who: Semyon Dezhnev, Cossack chieftain, merchant, fur trader.

When: 1648

What I discovered: The first to cross the Bering Strait, which separates Eurasia from North America.

Thus, I found out that Eurasia and North America are two different continents, and that they do not merge.

Who: Thaddeus Bellingshausen, Russian admiral, navigator.

Travels

When: 1820.

What I discovered: Antarctica together with Mikhail Lazarev on the frigates Vostok and Mirny.

He commanded "Vostok". Before the expedition of Lazarev and Bellingshausen, nothing was known about the existence of this continent.

Also, the Bellingshausen and Lazarev expedition finally dispelled the myth about the existence of the mythical "Southern continent", which was mistakenly put on all medieval maps of Europe.

Navigators, including the famous captain James Cook, have searched the Indian Ocean for this “Southern Continent” for more than three hundred and fifty years without any success, and of course have found nothing.

Who: Kamchatka Ivan, Cossack and sable hunter.

When: 1650s.

What I discovered: peninsula Kamchatka, named in his honor.

Who: Semyon Chelyuskin, polar explorer, officer of the Russian fleet

When: 1742

What I discovered: the northernmost cape of Eurasia, named after him by Cape Chelyuskin.

Who: Ermak Timofeevich, Cossack chieftain in the service of the Russian Tsar. Yermak's surname is unknown. Possibly Tokmak.

When: 1581-1585

What I discovered: conquered and explored Siberia for the Russian state. For this he entered into a successful armed struggle against the Tatar khans in Siberia.

Ivan Kruzenshtern, officer of the Russian fleet, admiral

When: 1803-1806.

What I discovered: He was the first of the Russian navigators to travel around the world with Yuri Lisyansky on the sloops "Nadezhda" and "Neva". He commanded the "Nadezhda"

Who: Yuri Lisyansky, officer of the Russian fleet, captain

When: 1803-1806.

What I discovered: He was the first Russian navigator to sail around the world with Ivan Kruzenshtern on the sloops "Nadezhda" and "Neva". He was in command of the "Neva".

Who: Peter Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky

When: 1856-57

What I discovered: He was the first of the Europeans to explore the Tien Shan Mountains.

He also later studied a number of areas in Central Asia. For the study of the mountain system and services to science, he received from the authorities of the Russian Empire the honorary surname Tien Shansky, which he had the right to pass on by inheritance.

Who: Vitus Bering

When: 1727-29

What I discovered: The second (after Semyon Dezhnev) and the first of the scientific researchers reached North America, passing through the Bering Strait, thereby confirming its existence. Confirmed that North America and Eurasia are two different continents.

Who: Khabarov Erofei, Cossack, fur trader

When: 1649-53

What I discovered: mastered part of Siberia and the Far East for the Russians, studied the lands near the Amur River.

Who: Mikhail Lazarev, Russian naval officer.

When: 1820

What I discovered: Antarctica together with Thaddeus Bellingshausen on the frigates Vostok and Mirny.

He commanded "Mirny". Before the expedition of Lazarev and Bellingshausen, nothing was known about the existence of this continent. Also, the Russian expedition finally dispelled the myth about the existence of the mythical "Southern continent", which was drawn on medieval European maps, and which sailors were unsuccessfully looking for for four hundred years in a row.

The achievements of Russian scientists in the field of geographical research were of particular importance. Russian travelers have visited places where a European has never gone before. In the second half XIX century... their efforts were focused on exploring the interior regions of Asia.

Expeditions deep into Asia began Peter Petrovich Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky (1827-1914), geographer, statistician, botanist.

He made a number of journeys to the mountains of Central Asia, to the Tien Shan. Heading the Russian Geographical Society, he began to play a leading role in the development of plans for new expeditions.

The activities of others were also associated with the Russian Geographical Society. Russian travelers- P.

A. Kropotkin and N. M. Przhevalsky.

PA Kropotkin in 1864-1866 traveled across Northern Manchuria, Sayan and Vitim plateau.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky (1839-1888) he made his first expedition along the Ussuriysk Territory, then his paths ran through the most inaccessible regions of Central Asia.

He crossed Mongolia, Northern China several times, explored the Gobi Desert, Tien Shan, and visited Tibet. He died on the way, at the start of his last expedition. In connection with the news of his death, AP Chekhov wrote that such "ascetics are needed like the sun." “Composing the most poetic and cheerful element of society,” he added, “they excite, comfort and ennoble ...

Russian travelers of the 19th century (briefly)

If positive types, created by literature, constitute valuable educational material, then the same types, given by life itself, are beyond any price. "

Overseas Russian travel scientists in the second half of the 19th century.

have become more focused. If before they were mainly limited to describing and mapping the coastline, now they studied the way of life, culture, and customs of local peoples. This direction, which began in the XVIII century. put S.P. Krasheninnikov, was continued Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklukho-Maclay (1846-1888).

He made his first travels to the Canary Islands and North Africa. In the early 70s, he visited a number of islands in the Pacific Ocean, studied the life of local peoples. For 16 months he lived among the Papuans on the northeastern coast of New Guinea (this place has since been called the Maclay Coast).

The Russian scientist won the trust and love of local residents. Then he traveled to the Philippines, Indonesia, Malacca, and again returned to the "Maclay Coast". The descriptions of the life and customs, economy and culture of the peoples of Oceania compiled by the scientist were published in a significant part only after his death.

World geographical science in those years was largely based on the achievements of Russian researchers.

By the end of the XIX century. the era of geographical discoveries is over... And only the icy expanses of the Arctic and Antarctic still kept many of their secrets. The heroic epic of the latest geographical discoveries, in which Russian researchers took an active part, falls at the beginning of the 20th century.

§The first Russian Marxist V.

G. Plekhanov
§The beginning of Lenin's revolutionary activity
§The beginning of the reign of Alexander I
§Start of the Patriotic War of 1812
§End of the Patriotic War of 1812

XIX century. became the time of the largest geographical discoveries made by the Russian people. Continuing the traditions of its predecessors - discoverers and travelers of the XVII-XVI11 centuries. they enriched the perception of Russians about the world around them, cno-j contributed to the development of new territories that became part of the empire. For the first time, Russia has realized an old dream: Russian ships entered the World Ocean.

In 1803, at the direction of Alexander I, an expedition was undertaken on two ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" to explore the North Pacific Ocean. This was the first Russian round-the-world expedition, which lasted three years. It was headed by Corresponding Member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1846). He was one of the greatest navigators and geographers of the century. During the expedition, for the first time, more than a thousand kilometers of the shores of the island were mapped. Sakhalin. The participants of the trip left many interesting observations not only about the Far East, but also about the territories through which they sailed. The commander of the "Neva" Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky (1773-1837) discovered one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, named after him. A lot of interesting data was collected by the members of the expedition about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, the islands of the Pacific and Arctic oceans. The results of the observations were reported to the Academy of Sciences. They were so significant that I.F. Kruzenshtern was awarded the title of academician. His materials were used as a basis * published in the early 20's. Atlas of the South Seas. In 1845, Admiral Kruzenshtern became one of the founding members of the Russian Geographical Society and educated a whole galaxy of Russian navigators and explorers.

One of the students and followers of Kruzenshtern was Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen (1778-1852). He was a member of the first Russian round-the-world expedition, and after her return he commanded the frigate Minerva on the Black Sea. In 1819-1821. he was instructed to lead a new round-the-world expedition on the sloops Vostok (which he commanded) and Mirny (Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev was appointed commander). The project of the expedition was drawn up by Kruzenshtern. Its main goal was designated "the acquisition of the fullest knowledge about our globe" and "the discovery of the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole." On January 16, 1820, the expedition approached the shores of Antarctica, unknown at that time to anyone, which Bellingshausen called the "ice continent". After staying in Australia, the Russian ships moved to the tropical Pacific Ocean, where they discovered a group of islands in the Tuamotu archipelago, called the Russians. Each of them received the name of a famous military or naval leader of our country (Kutuzov, Lazarev, Raevsky, Barclay de Tolly, Wittgenstein, Ermolov, etc.). After a new stop in Sydney, the expedition again moved to Antarctica, where Fr. Peter I and the coast of Alexander I. In July 1821 she returned to Kronstadt. For 751 days of sailing, the Russian ships covered a distance of about 50 thousand miles. In addition to the geographical discoveries made, valuable ethnographic and biological collections, data from observations of the waters of the World Ocean and ice coverings of a continent new to humanity were also brought. Later, both leaders of the expedition heroically showed themselves in the military service of the Fatherland. And M.P. After the defeat of the Turks at the Battle of Navarino (1827), Lazarev was appointed chief commander of the Black Sea Fleet and Russian ports on the Black Sea coast.

The largest researcher of the Russian Far East in the middle of the century was Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy (1813-1876). Having since the 18th century. vast possessions in the Far East, Russia has not succeeded in developing them. Even the exact limits of the country's eastern possessions were not known. Meanwhile, England began to show attention to Kamchatka and other Russian territories. This forced Nicholas I, at the suggestion of the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia N.N. Muravyov (Amursky) to equip a special expedition to the east in 1848. Captain Nevelskoy was put at its head. In two expeditions (1848-1849 and 1850-1855), he managed, bypassing Sakhalin from the north, to discover a number of new, previously unknown territories and enter the lower reaches of the Amur, where in 1850 he founded the Nikolaevsky Post (Nikolaevsk-on-Amur). Nevelskoy's travels were of great importance: for the first time it was proved that Sakhalin is not at all connected to the mainland, but is an island and the Tatar Strait is precisely a strait, and not a bay, as La Perouse, who first visited these places, believed.

Evfimy Vasilievich Putyatin (1804-1883) in 1822-1825 traveled around the world and left to posterity a description of "many of what he saw. In 1852-1855, during the expedition he led on the frigate Pallada, the Rimsky-Korsakov Islands were discovered. He became the first Russian who managed to visit Japan, closed from Europeans. and even sign a treaty there (1855).

The result of the expeditions of Nevelskoy and Putyatin, in addition to purely scientific ones, was the recognition by Europe of the existence of the Primorsky region (Nikolaevsk) and the fact of its belonging to Russia.

In the first half of the XIX century. other discoveries were also made. Round-the-world expeditions have become traditional: V.M. Golovnina; on the sloops "Diana" (1807-1811) and "Kamchatka" (1817-1819), F.P. Litke on a military sloop "Senyavin" (1826-1829, according to the materials of which more than 50 maps were drawn up), etc.

He carried out extremely useful and necessary information on Alaska, the Aleutian and Kuril Islands in 1839-1849; I.G. Voznesensky.

In 1809 A.E. Kolodkin began an intensive exploration of the Caspian Sea, which ended 17 years later with the compilation of the first Atlas of the Caspian Sea.

In 1848, an exploration of the Northern Urals (up to the Kara Sea) was carried out by the expedition of E.K. Hoffman and M.A. Kowalski.

Expeditions in the north of Siberia, carried out in 1842-1845, were crowned with tremendous results. A.F. Middendorf (who first described the Taimyr Territory).

P.A. Chikhachev discovered the Kuznetsk coal basin.

The successes of Russian travelers were so capacious that it took the creation of special institutions to generalize and use the results obtained. The most important among them was the Russian Geographical Society, opened in 1845.