Unicum is an unusual place on the planet. Natural uniqueness of Russia

Glyadensky basic secondary school No. 11.

Essay

by geography

Subject: Kamchatka Peninsula.

Natural uniqueness of the Far East

East.

Completed by: Tykvenko Marina.

Checked:

Looked 2007

Kamchatka Peninsula. Kamchatka is a country of natural contrasts, extraordinary originality, and captivating beauty. Mountains, active and extinct volcanoes, vast valleys and lowlands, mountain and lowland rivers, cold and hot mineral springs - all this is on the peninsula.

This is one of the most remote corners of the country from the European center of Russia. About ⅔ of Kamchatka's area is occupied by mountains. This is an area of young folded-volcanic mountains with tundra and forest vegetation. Two ridges stretch along the entire peninsula - Median And Oriental, shared Central Kamchatka depression with the Kamchatka River flowing through it. The ridges are topped with volcanic cones with snow caps and glaciers. From time to time, Kamchatka is shaken by volcanic eruptions. There are about 130 extinct volcanoes on the peninsula. One of the most active and highest volcanoes in the world - Klyuchevsky, its height is 4750 m.

Active volcanic activity affects many other features of nature. Thus, as a result of eruptions, soils periodically receive additional portions of primary minerals, which ensures their high fertility.

The science of volcanology deals with the prediction of volcanic eruptions. Almost all large volcanoes have special stations where, with the help of modern instruments, they monitor the temperature of rocks, conduct chemical analyzes of gases, and listen to the crater of the volcano. In a few days, it is possible to predict the beginning of increased volcanic activity and warn residents of surrounding towns and villages.

Volcanologists are people in a dangerous profession. Sometimes they have to work on channels of lava that has not yet cooled down, descend into the crater of a volcano, be under “fire” from hot stones, near red-hot lava with a temperature of about +1300 ° C.

The climate of Kamchatka is characterized by excess humidity throughout the year. The driest and warmest place is the Central Kamchatka depression.

The Kamchatka Peninsula occupies a subzone of coniferous and birch park forests. The specificity of this subzone is the predominance of small-leaved trees (stone and Japanese birches) over conifers and the widespread occurrence of tall grasses.

Stone birch has gray or reddish bark and a thick curly crown: the height of the trees usually does not exceed 10 m. Due to the curvature of the trunk, stone birch is little used in construction, but is mainly used for firewood and crafts. However, stone birch forests play an important water and soil protection role.

Common herbs include shelamaynik, basilisk, bear's flute and other umbelliferous herbs.

The mountain ranges are covered with thickets of dwarf cedar and shrubby alder; even higher are mountain tundras, alpine meadows and the snow zone of Kamchatka glaciers.

The dwarf cedar forests are home to very large brown bears, Kamchatka sables, squirrels, chipmunks, lynx, Kamchatka nutcrackers, etc. Reindeer live in the mountain tundras, and bighorn sheep graze in the alpine mountain meadows.

Historical reference. The first information about Kamchatka was obtained from the “tales” (reports) of explorers. The honor of discovering Kamchatka belongs to Vladimir Atlasov, who made trips there in the years. Soon Kamchatka was included in Russia. He also drew up a drawing (map) of Kamchatka and gave a detailed description of it.

As a result of the First and Second Kamchatka expeditions under the leadership of the Russian navigator Vitus Bering, the separation of Asia and North America was confirmed, Aleutian And Commander Islands, maps have been drawn up.

Natural uniqueness of the Far East. Valley of Geysers. Eastern Kamchatka is the only region in Russia with periodically gushing geysers.

The most active volcanoes are on the Eastern volcanic plateau, composed of lava covers, tuffs, ash and elevated to m. Numerous geysers are associated with these volcanoes. The Valley of Geysers is the biggest attraction of Kamchatka. Geysers were first discovered by an employee of the Kronotsky Nature Reserve in 1941, penetrating to the river, which later received the name Geysernaya(inflow R. Noisy). Here, in a deep canyon-like gorge, there are several groups of geysers. Among them “Firstborn”, “Giant”, “Triple”, “Fountain”, “Pearl”, “Double” and others - a total of 20 geysers, 10 large pulsating springs and more than 300 small, boiling and freely flowing springs. The largest geyser, “Giant”, operates in a very original way. Its eruption does not last long - two minutes, but thick steam continues to rise for another 10-15 minutes, covering the adjacent parts of the valley.

Grove of grandiose fir (Kamchatka) on the eastern coast of Kamchatka is part of Kronotsky Nature Reserve. These are unusually slender beautiful trees, their height reaches 13 m, trunk diameter is 20 - 25 cm, the needles contain essential oils and smell pleasant. Botanists classify the grandiose fir as an ancient (pre-glacial) vegetation.

Lake Khanka – females are large in the Far East. Located at an altitude of 69 m above sea level. Its length is up to 95 km, width up to 65 km, area more than 4 thousand square meters. km, average depth is about 4 m. About 13 rivers flow into it. The lake is rich in fish. The lake is home to a relict lotus plant, a giant water lily whose leaves reach 2 m in diameter, and a water chestnut.

Lazovsky (Sudzukhinsky) Nature Reserve (area 116.5 thousand hectares) on the coast of the Sea of Japan, in the cedar-deciduous forests of which tigers, lynxes, sables, bears, wild boars, sika deer and wapiti, pheasants and hazel grouse live. Part of the reserve is also small (about 30 hectares) Petrov Island, located 1 km from the shore of the bay Xiaohe. Petrov Island is an archaeological and natural landmark of Primorye. It was inhabited several centuries ago. In the relict yew grove, some trees reach 200-300 years old.

The position of the territory of the Far East on the border of the largest continent and the largest ocean on Earth significantly influenced the characteristics of the region’s natural-territorial complexes and their location. Marine air masses arriving on land in summer are colder than the continent.

Therefore, due to the heat spent on warming them up, summer air temperatures over the coast are significantly lower than in the interior parts of the mainland. Sea air brings a lot of moisture, which leads to an increase in precipitation compared to inland areas.

These conditions are the main reason for the sharp shift in the south of the boundaries of natural zones in the Far East compared to mainland territories.

Using the atlas maps, determine how much further south in the Far East the border of the tundra and taiga zones is compared to Eastern Siberia.

The physical-geographical zoning of the Far East is based on two factors: the structural features of the surface and the nature of vegetation. Let's consider the most typical physical and geographical regions of the Far East: the Chukotka tundra highlands, the Kamchatka young tundra-forested mountains, Sakhalin Island with coniferous-deciduous forests, the Ussuri taiga.

Chukotka Highlands. The climate of the Chukotka Highlands is one of the harshest in the Far East.

Therefore, the Chukotka Plateau is a combination of flat and mountain tundras with a mountainous Arctic desert.

In the north of the Chukotka Peninsula, the mountain tundra rises no higher than 100-200 m; in the south, the tundra is located much higher. Common inhabitants of the tundra are reindeer, arctic fox, lemmings and tundra partridges. Many waterfowl nest in the swampy lowlands. On the coast of the Chukchi Sea there are walrus rookeries, and on the coastal cliffs there are bird colonies.

Kamchatka Peninsula. Kamchatka is a country of natural contrasts, extraordinary originality, and captivating beauty. Mountains, active and extinct volcanoes, vast valleys and lowlands, mountain and lowland rivers, cold and hot mineral springs - all this is on the peninsula.

This is one of the most remote corners of the country from the European center of Russia. About 2/3 of Kamchatka's area is occupied by mountains. This is an area of young folded volcanic mountains with tundra and forest vegetation. Two ridges stretch along the entire peninsula - Sredinny and Vostochny, separated by the Central Kamchatka depression with the Kamchatka River flowing through it. The ridges are topped with volcanic cones with snow caps and glaciers. From time to time, Kamchatka is shaken by volcanic eruptions. There are about 30 active and more than 130 extinct volcanoes on the peninsula. One of the most active and highest volcanoes in the world is Klyuchevskaya Sopka, its height is 4750 m.

Find the active volcanoes of Kamchatka on the map in the atlas, write their names on the contour map. Remember the names.

Active volcanic activity affects many other features of nature. Thus, as a result of eruptions, soils periodically receive additional portions of primary minerals, which ensures their high fertility.

Volcanologists are people in a dangerous profession. Sometimes they have to work on flows of lava that has not yet cooled down, go down into the crater of a volcano, be under “fire” from hot stones, near hot lava with a temperature of about +1300°C.

Climate of Kamchatka characterized by excess humidity throughout the year. The driest and warmest place is the Central Kamchatka depression.

Explain the distribution of heat and moisture in Kamchatka, comparing the climatic and physical maps of the atlas and textbook.

Rice. 131. Volcano on the Kamchatka Peninsula

Among the herbs, shelomaynik, cornflower, bear's pipe and other umbelliferous are common.

The mountain ranges are covered with thickets of dwarf cedar and shrubby alder; even higher are mountain tundras, alpine meadows and the snow zone of Kamchatka glaciers.

Rice. 132. Scheme of monsoon circulation in summer and winter (arrows indicate wind direction, numbers indicate atmospheric pressure, in mb)

The dwarf cedar forests are inhabited by very large brown bears, Kamchatka sables, squirrels, chipmunks, lynx, Kamchatka nutcrackers, etc. Reindeer live in the mountain tundras, and bighorn sheep graze in the alpine mountain meadows.

Historical reference. The first information about Kamchatka was obtained from the “tales” (reports) of explorers. The honor of discovering Kamchatka belongs to Vladimir Atlasov, who made trips there in 1697-1699. Soon Kamchatka was included in Russia. He also drew up a drawing (map) of Kamchatka and gave a detailed description of it.

As a result of the First (1725-1730) and Second (1733-1743) Kamchatka expeditions under the leadership of the famous Russian navigator Vitus Bering, the separation of Asia and North America was confirmed, the Aleutian and Commander Islands were discovered, maps were compiled, and valuable material about Kamchatka was collected. S.P. Krasheninnikov took part in the Second Kamchatka Expedition, whose work “Description of the Land of Kamchatka” is one of the classic works of geographical literature.

In the 19th century voyages from St. Petersburg to Russian America began with an obligatory stop at Kamchatka and Petropavlovsk. During this period, Petropavlovsk became Russia's main base in the Far East. The city is located on the shores of the unusually beautiful Avacha Bay, a part of Avacha Bay that juts deep into the land. Avachinskaya, Koryakskaya and Vilyuchinskaya hills rise above it.

Sakhalin is the largest island in Russia, its area is 76,400 km 2, its length from north to south is more than 900 km, its greatest width is 160 km, its smallest is 47 km.

What strait separates the island from the mainland and where is the border between Russia and Japan?

The island is mountainous, but the mountains are not high - the average height is 500-800 m. The highest point of the island is Mount Lopatina in the East Sakhalin Mountains. Its height is 1609 m above sea level. Sakhalin is located in the seismically active zone of the Pacific Ring of Fire, which is why frequent earthquakes occur within its borders. The last one, with a force of 8, occurred in 1995. The geological structure of Sakhalin consists mainly of sedimentary rocks, which are associated with deposits of oil, gas, and building materials.

A characteristic feature of the climate of Sakhalin- high relative humidity and frequent winds. Precipitation is clearly distributed over the seasons, which is explained by the dominance of the monsoon circulation.

The island has many short, rapids mountain rivers and mountain and valley lakes. The flora and fauna of the island are poorer than on the mainland. But in the adjacent sea waters there are preserved species that have disappeared or are very rare on the mainland, for example, the one and a half meter sea otter and the two-meter fur seal. In the north of the island you can find reindeer moss, and in the far south you can find blooming magnolias.

Two thirds of Sakhalin's territory is occupied by forests. In the north, light-coniferous taiga of Daurian larch with an admixture of birch and alder dominates; in the south - dark coniferous forests of Ayan spruce, fir with an admixture of broad-leaved species - oak, yew. Thickets of bamboo and vines are common throughout the south.

Primorye, or Primorsky Krai, is located in the southern part of the Far East, on the coast of the Sea of Japan. Its territory could easily accommodate such European countries as Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and Switzerland combined. The appearance of the region is characterized by numerous ridges, ridges and isolated hills. Tectonically they are quite young. Almost all the mountains of Primorye belong to the mountainous country of Sikhote-Alin.

The monsoon climate, characteristic of the entire Far East, is most pronounced in Primorye.

In terms of the amount of solar heat, Primorye ranks one of the first places in Russia, not inferior to the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.

Using the maps in the textbook, determine how much solar radiation the areas of Vladivostok receive and what is the duration of the frost-free period there.

Rice. 133. Ussuri Nature Reserve

The abundance of moisture in the summer contributes to the development of a thick vegetation cover. Most of the territory of Primorye is occupied by the famous Ussuri taiga, in which coniferous and broad-leaved species are combined in the most bizarre way. Cedar and larch grow next to Manchurian walnut and Amur velvet. Over 250 species of trees and shrubs grow in the forests of the region. Primorye occupies one of the first places in Russia in terms of the number of endemics - plants distributed only in this area. Only here do Amur velvet (cork tree), iron birch, etc. grow. There are many relict plants in the region that have been preserved since the Neogene.

The fauna of Primorye is diverse and rich. Endemics include the Ussuri tiger, the leatherback turtle, the remains of the Neogene and Quaternary fauna include the sika deer, the Ussuri black bear, the Amur goral antelope, the small graceful mandarin duck, striking in the beauty of its plumage, the ground thrush, etc.

Up to hundreds of species of fish live in the lakes and rivers of the region. In coniferous-deciduous forests there are many midges and ticks that cause harm to humans and animals.

Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov (1711-1755)

Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov - famous traveler, geographer, botanist, ichthyologist, ethnographer, historian and linguist - was born in Moscow on October 31 (XI 11), 1711.

In August 1733, S. Krasheninnikov was included in the Kamchatka expedition, whose task was to explore and describe little-known areas of Siberia and Kamchatka. During 1733-1736 S.P. Krasheninnikov studied the nature of Siberia, visited Tobolsk, Altai, Transbaikalia, Irkutsk, Yakutsk. From October 1737 to June 1741, Stepan Petrovich lived and worked in Kamchatka. The result of the expedition work was the publication of the work “Description of the Land of Kamchatka” (1756). It was read by scientists - geographers and historians, and writers, including A. S. Pushkin. A volcano in Kamchatka, a cape on Karaginsky Island, and a cape on Novaya Zemlya are named after the scientist-traveler.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky (1839-1888)

N. M. Przhevalsky is a famous Russian traveler, explorer of Central Asia. For his services he was elected an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

He made his first trip to the Ussuri region. After this, he led five large expeditions to Central Asia (from 1870 to 1888). Przhevalsky discovered the giant Altyn Tag ridge, visited Lake Lop Nor, described the sources of the Yellow River and the upper reaches of the Yangtze, explored the Taklamakan desert, discovered hundreds of species of plants and animals, including a wild horse, later called Przhevalsky's horse, and the Tibetan bear.

During the fifth expedition, N. M. Przhevalsky fell ill and died on the shore of Lake Issyk-Kul in the city of Karakol.

The expeditions of M. I. Venyukov (1858), N. M. Przhevalsky (1867-1869), V. K. Arsenyev (1906-1910) were engaged in exploring the nature of the region.

Rice. 134. Research of the Far East

Natural uniqueness of the Far East. Valley of Geysers.

Eastern Kamchatka is the only region in Russia with periodically gushing geysers.

The most active volcanoes are on the Eastern volcanic plateau, elevated to 600-1000 m. Numerous geysers are associated with these volcanoes. The Valley of Geysers is the biggest landmark of Kamchatka, which was mentioned in “Description of the Land of Kamchatka” by S.P. Krasheninnikov. Geysers were first described in detail by G.I. Ustinova, an employee of the Kronotsky Nature Reserve, in 1941. Having penetrated to the river, which later received the name Geysernaya (a tributary of the Shumnaya River), she discovered several groups of geysers in a deep canyon-like gorge. Among them are Firstborn, Giant, Triple, Fountain, Pearl, Double, etc. - a total of 20 geysers, 10 large pulsating springs and more than 300 small ones, boiling and freely flowing. The largest geyser, the Giant, operates in a very original way. Its eruption does not last long - two minutes, but thick steam continues to rise for another 10-15 minutes, covering the adjacent parts of the valley. In 2007, the Valley of Geysers suffered from a mudflow.

Rice. 135. Autumn in the Primorsky Territory

Grand fir grove(Kamchatka) on the eastern coast of Kamchatka is part of the Kronotsky Nature Reserve. These are unusually slender and beautiful trees, their height reaches 13 m, trunk diameter is 20-25 cm, the needles contain essential oils and smell pleasant. Botanists classify the grandiose fir as an ancient (pre-glacial) vegetation.

Lake Khanka- the largest in the Far East. Located at an altitude of 69 m above sea level. Its length is up to 95 km, width up to 65 km, area more than 4 thousand km 2, average depth about 4 m. 13 rivers flow into it. The lake is rich in fish. The lake is home to a relict lotus plant, a giant water lily, the leaves of which reach 2 m in diameter, and water chestnut.

Lazovsky (Sudzukhinsky) Nature Reserve(area 116.5 thousand hectares) on the coast of the Sea of Japan, in the cedar-broad-leaved forests of which tigers, lynxes, sables, bears, wild boars, sika deer and wapiti, pheasants and hazel grouse live. Part of the reserve is the small (about 30 hectares) Petrov Island, located 1 km from the shore of Xiaohe Bay. Petrov Island is an archaeological and natural landmark of Primorye. It was inhabited several centuries ago. In the relict yew grove, some trees reach 200-300 years old.

Questions and tasks

Indicate what main factors form the basis of the physical-geographical zoning of the Far East, and name the most typical natural complexes for it.
Compare the natural complexes of the northern and southern parts of the Far East.
Describe the natural complexes of Kamchatka.
What is the main difference between the natural complexes of the island parts of the Far East and the mainland?
On a contour map of the area, place all the geographical objects indicated in the text, underline the names of those that are associated with the names of the researchers of the region.

“Natural uniqueness of the Far East” - Arctic. The spurs of the Sikhote-Alin ridge, which have preserved their pristine nature, are beautiful and unique. A mighty, branchy vine entwines the trees like a boa constrictor. Autumn on the Kamchatka Peninsula is considered the best time. Dust and heaps of ash fly up, The god of fire rages in the earth. Russian commander Vitus Bering (originally from Denmark) is buried on one of the islands.

“Relief of Sakhalin” - Equipment: Objectives: Conversation with students: Lesson purpose: I Org moment – 1 min. “Relief of the municipality of the Okhinsky urban district.” II Updating basic knowledge – 5 min. III Studying new material. Method: problematic. Ridges of the Schmidt Peninsula. During the classes. Type: “lesson on learning new material.”

“Kamchatka Peninsula” - There are about 30 active and more than 130 extinct volcanoes on the peninsula. Winter on the Kamchatka Peninsula. The driest and warmest place is the Central Kamchatka depression. From time to time, Kamchatka is shaken by volcanic eruptions. Kamchatka Peninsula. Mountains of Kamchatka. Autumn on the Kamchatka Peninsula. Information about Kamchatka.

“Economy of the Far East” - In 1888, the Suchanskoye deposit was discovered. Economic development of the south of the Far East. Timber processing – 5 sawmills, tar, match and plywood factories at the station. Desyatin belongs to the imperial family. Horse-drawn transport. 23.9 million Manufacturing industry. Development of coal deposits.

“Lesson Far East” - Geographical location of Russia. Assignment: Name the positive aspects of the district's EGP. Washed by two oceans Bordered by foreign countries Rich in mineral resources. Fill the table. Practical task: Place the peoples living in the Far East on a contour map. Library of electronic visual aids Geography 9th grade.

"Kuril Islands" - Kuril Islands. Performed by Maria Cherkashina. Bean goose is a rare species, found on Sakhalin Island, the Kuril Islands and Japan during seasonal migrations. Reefs. O. Paramushir - Humpback whale. Volcano Ebeko o. Paramushir. Aleutian Canada geese. Rocky shores of the Kuril Islands. Kuril landscapes.

There are a total of 34 presentations in the topic

Students will take a fascinating lesson-trip through the Russian Far East within 45 minutes. A bright presentation about the nature of the region, a mini-play, and a fascinating story from student guides will help children get acquainted with the natural complexes and unique things of this region of Russia.

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lesson by geography teacher MBOU "Secondary School No. 15 of Zelenodolsk RT" Jamili Nailievna Garipova on the topic "Natural complexes and unique features of the Far East."

Tasks:

educational– consider the features and main features of the nature of the Far East, expand and deepen students’ knowledge about the unique nature of the region;

developing – develop skills in working with additional literature and Internet resources; to intensify the cognitive activity of students, interdisciplinary connections;

educational – patriotic education, environmental education.

Methods: explanatory-illustrative, partially search, comparative, problematic.

Equipment: presentations, physical map of Russia, atlases, student reports.

Lesson format: lesson-travel.

Lesson type: combined.

During the classes:

Organizing time.
Frontal survey.

We continue to get acquainted with the Far East. What do we know about him?

Questions:

How many kilometers does the Far East stretch from north to south?
What oceans does it wash?
Which of them has the greatest impact on the nature of the region?
The region's topography is dominated by _____
Why?
What folded areas are represented in the east of the country.
What processes are characteristic of areas of Cenozoic folding?
What natural phenomenon is associated with them?
In what climatic zones is the region located?
Most of it?
Name the rivers and lakes of the Far East.
Why do most rivers in this region experience high water in the warm part of the year?

3. Studying new material.

The topic of the lesson is “Natural complexes, unique things of the Far East.”

State its purpose.

The purpose of the lesson: get acquainted with the peculiarities of the nature of large PCs of the Far East, with its unique ones.

The nature of the Far East is extraordinary. This region has many things that are not found anywhere else in Russia. Where else can you see a spruce entwined with grapes, a blue magpie or a black squirrel? Where else do birches grow: white, black, yellow, stone? Where else do tigers roam in the snow? Where can you see bears hibernating in tree hollows? Only here you can see bear fishing. Admire the fire-breathing volcano and look deep into the Earth.

Today we will go on a trip to the Far East. Your classmates will be your guides. The task of the class is to listen carefully, find objects on the map, take short notes, and be prepared for questions from our guides.

Where would you like to visit?

Let's start our journey with Chukotka.

Local residents joke: “It’s winter here for 12 months, and the rest of the year is summer.”

Slide show.

Two students act out the story “Chukotka” by Vasily Sadkovsky.

“A long time ago, when I was just getting used to life in Anadyr, the old-timers reassured me: “We have nothing yet, it’s like in Sochi in the summer - it’s warm, and the mosquitoes don’t really bite. Here at Cape Schmidt - yes, it’s terrible what’s going on there... I also took me to Cape Schmidt, I saw enough of boys flying off the roofs of two-story buildings on sleds - there were such snowdrifts. But the northerners were cheerful: “Okay, this is normal for us. Not like in Pevek. Can you imagine, stones are flying there!” And indeed, in Pevek there are such powerful winds - “yuzhaki” - that small pebbles whistle through the streets like bullets. “Oh, well, what a miracle! “And we all wear motorcycle glasses,” the Pevek residents showed me a set of rocker glasses for the whole family. - No way to knock out an eye! Here on the island of Aion!...

I visited the island of Aion, and we sat with our legs dangling over the cliff towards the Arctic Ocean with one of its few inhabitants. “It’s like we’re living on a weather vane,” he said joyfully. “If it blows from there, we’ll take cover here; if it blows from the other side, we’ll hide here.” The main thing is that the winds move horizontally. Nothing life! And here…".

Question for students:

How can you explain snowdrifts the size of a two-story house on Cape Schmidt? (Passage of cyclones along the Arctic front).

Kamchatka.

Reading historical information in the textbook by I.I. Barinova, p. 232.

Story about Kamchatka, slide show.

Features of Kamchatka FGP, relief.

Pages 33-34 – Behind the pages of a geography textbook.

Guys, I can’t get past this birch tree. Here it is called stone. This birch is the most ancient in origin of all the birches in the world. It appeared in pre-Quaternary times. Maybe that’s why, or maybe because of the constant furious winds from the Pacific Ocean, most of its trunks are twisted, as if hunched over from old age. And you can’t cut wood with an axe, it’s really stone. Stone birch lives, like oak, up to 500 or even more years, while ordinary birch does not survive 200 years.

Questions for students:

Who discovered Kamchatka?

What volcanoes did you meet?

Name the tallest one.

Name the geysers of Kamchatka.

Kurile Islands.

“Volcanoes Tyatya, Ivan the Terrible, Kucheryavyi, Nemo, Trident, Bell, islands with names and unnamed - the Kuril underwater mountains with peaks on the surface stretch for more than a thousand kilometers. The depths in these places are such that if the ocean were drained, climbers would have to climb higher peaks than Chomolungma.

You can’t travel around the Kuril Islands by sea even with short stops in six months. Fogs. Typhoons. Rough currents in the straits between the islands. Treacherous pitfalls, marked on maps with the word “traps.” All this forces captains to be cautious.”

Vasily Peskov “Journey with the New Moon.”

Waterfall Ilya Muromets.

Questions for students:

What is the origin of the Kuril Islands?

Name the largest islands of this ridge.

What is the height of the highest waterfall in Russia - Ilya Muromets?

Sakhalin island.

Guys, what do you know about Sakhalin Island? (the largest island off the coast of Russia, mainland in origin).

Page 232 textbooks, reading brief information about the island.

Sakhalin is unique not only for its impressive size, but its nature is no less unique.

“Sakhalin, as it were, set a goal, compressing three zones, to combine the subarctic, temperate taiga zone and subtropics, bypassing the steppe due to its excessive dampness. On Sakhalin, it’s easy to find larch and dwarf cedar, generated by the harshest living conditions; nearby there are bamboo and wild grape vines”, a blooming mognolia.

“For anyone who has not been to Sakhalin, it is probably difficult to imagine that under a burdock shelomaynka tree, almost 1.5 meters in diameter, two people can hide from the rain under an umbrella. It is impossible to place grass, for example Sakhalin buckwheat or butterbur 3 meters high, in a regular herbarium. Rarely did anyone pick blueberries at chest height. The umbrella plant bear root generally grows more than four meters long with a trunk like a subarctic larch.” (p. 145)

The history of the island is interesting. (p. 146)

The stories “Fish Island” and “A Little History” from the book “Living Geography” by Yu.P. Pimurzin.

Questions for students:

Name the highest point of the island (Mount Lopatina). Determine its absolute height and geographic coordinates.

What natural zones are represented on Sakhalin? (tundra, taiga, subtropics).

Ussuri taiga.

The Strait of Tartary separates the island from Primorye, which is the name of the territory of the Far East in its southern part.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky made his first trip to the Ussuri region.

“When I saw this for the first time, I vividly imagined a picture of a tropical forest... tall trees, the striking appearance of a spruce entwined with grapes, a cork tree and a walnut, next to cedar and fir.”

A story about the Ussuri taiga, slide show.

A story about a lotus.(magazine “Geography at School” No. 3 2003)

In the Khingan Nature Reserve, located in the Amur region, the Komarov lotus lives. This is a perennial aquatic plant with a powerful rhizome (up to 2 meters), floating shield-shaped leaves up to 50 cm in diameter. Lotus flowers are large above water (up to 25 cm in diameter). The plant is listed in the Red Book.

Lotus is a tropical plant that is a relict of the Tertiary era. The great vitality of this relic is amazing! In 1933, lotus plants grown from seeds that were 400 years old bloomed in the famous Kew Botanical Gardens, near London. In 1961, in Japan, at a depth of 6 meters, a human site was found, where three lotus nuts were found. In the Tokyo Botanical Garden, they sprouted and the plants bloomed, although the seeds lay in the ground for 5,000 years.

Questions for students:

From the stories of our guides, you saw how unique and beautiful the nature of the Far East is. How can you explain its uniqueness?

Answers:

Huge extent from north to south;
Weak manifestation of glacial activity in Quaternary times;
Permanent territorial unity with the rest of Asia and the past connection of Asia with America in the Bering Strait region.

Ecological situation in the region.

Nature itself makes its own adjustments to changing the appearance of the region. We saw this in the example of the Valley of Geysers in Kamchatka. But even greater, sometimes irreparable, interference in nature is caused by human activity.

What is it?

Mining;
Deforestation (and this is someone's home);
Fishing (sometimes predatory);
Hunting for land and sea animals;
Industrial production;
Radioactive contamination of the Sea of Japan.

What are the consequences of this intervention?

Subsoil depletion;
Reduction of forest areas and animal habitats;
Depletion of fisheries resources;
Disappearance of animals, disruption of biological systems;
Pollution of water, air, soil, etc.

What ways can you suggest to solve the problems that have arisen?

Creation of nature reserves, national parks;

Use of modern treatment facilities;

High fines for environmental pollution and poaching;

4. Summing up the work in the lesson.

Grading.

5.Homework:

1. prepare a report on any reserve in the region;

2. On the map of the Far East you can find unusual names of geographical objects, for example,

Bay and Terpeniya Peninsula on the island. Sakhalin;

Strait of Hope on the Kuril Islands;

Some objects are named, e.g.

Peter the Great Bay in Primorye, Nevelskoy Strait between Sakhalin Island and the mainland, etc.

Continue the list. Perhaps someone will prepare a report on the brave pioneers whose names are on the geographical features of the map of the Far East.

1. Tell us about the natural uniqueness of the Far East?

Valley of Geysers. Eastern Kamchatka is the only region in Russia with periodically gushing geysers. The most active volcanoes are on the Eastern volcanic plateau, elevated to 600-1000 m. Numerous geysers are associated with these volcanoes. The Valley of Geysers is the biggest attraction of Kamchatka. Among them are Firstborn, Giant, Triple, Fountain, Pearl, Double, etc. - a total of 20 geysers, 10 large pulsating springs and more than 300 small ones, boiling and freely flowing. The largest geyser, the Giant, operates in a very original way. Its eruption does not last long - two minutes, but thick steam continues to rise for another 10-15 minutes, covering the adjacent parts of the valley.

The grove of grandiose fir (Kamchatka) on the eastern coast of Kamchatka is part of the Kronotsky Nature Reserve. These are unusually slender and beautiful trees, their height reaches 13 m, trunk diameter is 20-25 cm, the needles contain essential oils and smell pleasant. Botanists classify the grandiose fir as an ancient (pre-glacial) vegetation.

Lake Khanka is the largest in the Far East. Located at an altitude of 69 m above sea level. Its length is up to 95 km, width up to 65 km, area more than 4 thousand km2, average depth about 4 m. 13 rivers flow into it. The lake is rich in fish. The lake is home to a relict lotus plant, a giant water lily, the leaves of which reach 2 m in diameter, and water chestnut.

Lazovsky (Sudzukhinsky) Nature Reserve (area 116.5 thousand hectares) on the coast of the Sea of Japan, in the cedar-broad-leaved forests of which tigers, lynxes, sables, bears, wild boars, sika deer and wapiti, pheasants and hazel grouse live. Part of the reserve is the small (about 30 hectares) Petrov Island, located 1 km from the shore of Xiaohe Bay. Petrov Island is an archaeological and natural landmark of Primorye. It was inhabited several centuries ago. In the relict yew grove, some trees reach 200-300 years old.

2. What natural unique sites of the Far East are included in the list of World Cultural and Natural Heritage? In the List of Seven Wonders of Russia? Why?

Volcanoes of Kamchatka, Central Sikhote-Alin, Wrangel Island, Lena Pillars. The Valley of Geysers is included in the List of Seven Wonders of Russia.

3. Which areas of the Far East are most attractive to tourists?

The first thing that attracts tourists to the Far East is its unique, almost virgin nature. For example, the Southern Kuril Islands are a chance to simultaneously see many volcanoes, thermal springs, and beautiful waterfalls. In the Primorsky Territory, bathing and beach tourism can develop in combination with such popular destinations as environmental, educational, and educational tourism. There is hardly another region that could boast such an abundance of animals and plants listed in the Red Book. There are several famous nature reserves in the region. For example, “Cedar Pad” is a real jungle that greets people with an abundance of rare birds, animals, and dense thickets of plants. The Khanka Nature Reserve is located on the shores of one of the largest freshwater lakes in Asia - Khanka. In the Lazovsky Nature Reserve you can see the Ussuri tiger, Himalayan bear and other rare animals in natural conditions. The Far Eastern Marine Reserve - the only one in Russia - is an entire underwater world, distinguished by its own life, its own laws.