Everyday life, bustle, reinforced concrete cities prevent us from observing the beauty with which we are surrounded, megacities buzz like a beehive. Hurry and running around negate attention to the world around you and your own thoughts. Mountaineering provides an opportunity to get away from it all and, willy-nilly, forces you to take your time, observe the weather and nature, and be measured in your thoughts and actions. Apparently, this is why I am so attracted to this sport (Ivan Kvashnin).

On July 14, 2017, employees of the AlpIndustry store in the Moscow Aviapark shopping center Ivan Kvashnin and Alexey Preobrazhensky climbed to the top of Kazbek, realizing their dream. From the ascent, the guys brought several films of amazing photographs and a sea of ​​impressions, two different views on the ascent. So, about mountains and thoughts.

Alexey Preobrazhensky

What does a person think about at an altitude of 3000 meters, walking up the mountain step by step with a heavy backpack on his back? For me, perhaps, this was the most important and decisive question on this journey.

In July 2017, my colleague Vanya and I climbed Kazbek from the Georgian side. I don’t want to talk about the technical aspects of our ascent, give exact numbers and describe how and what equipment we used. Something else was important to me - thoughts. And how they can affect the perception of the environment and human behavior in extreme conditions.

It was the power of thought that helped me rise higher and realize why it was necessary. There is plenty of time for reflection and self-reflection on such a journey. A monotonous climb with a precise step is something akin to meditation. The brain gives commands to the muscles: “Go”, “Go”, “Another step”, “Second”. And at the same time it sets the mood: “You must!”, “You can do it!”, “You can handle it!”.

Losing myself, I thought about life below, about some small joys and about the fact that we do not notice the beauty around us at all and take for granted what we have. I thought about the people close to me, about how I could make them happier by simply giving a little more of my attention... And as I gained altitude, it seemed to me that my thoughts were becoming more pure and correct.

When an exhausted, weakened body alarmingly signals to the brain “That’s it! Stop! This is beyond my strength. If you continue like this, you will break,” the power of thought comes into play: “This is not the limit! You can! You are no worse than others! You must get there! And you go through the same amount of time.

The hardest thing was in the parking lots, when the brain realized that the physical activity was over, and no longer kept the muscles in good shape. The body relaxed and did not obey when they wanted to occupy it with some household chores. There, in the parking lots, altitude sickness, caused by a lack of oxygen, made itself felt, and I constantly had a headache. At those moments, did I want to go down into comfort, into civilization? No. I understood that this was my conscious choice, that this was happening here and now and, perhaps, would never happen again. All these thoughts, securely recorded in the mind, helped to move forward and filled the climb to the top with meaning. Although for me the end point of our ascent was not so important as the process itself. Maybe that’s why the biggest impression on me was made by the Maili-Khokh peak, which we climbed on the eve of the assault on the summit. Four of us went there, we were the first to go up there in recent days. An interesting route and a stunning view from the top will remain in my memory for a long time and will remind me of our entire journey.

As for the most important and long-awaited event - the assault - as I already said, the summit was not an end in itself. The end point of my journey was somewhere deep inside me, hidden behind prejudices and limitations that I had to rise above and look at everything from a new height.

Ivan Kvashnin

Lyosha is a big romantic, and the mountains encourage him even more. It really does a good job of describing what happens inside almost every person when they are at altitude.

But I want to immerse you not in the spiritual world, but, probably, to bring you closer to reality and how I saw the “real” Lyokha, and not that romantic who flies in his thoughts and searches for the truth. Well, as Gagarin said, let's go!

Day #1

Having crossed the border at Upper Lars, we arrived in the town of Stepantsminda (Kazbegi). On the very first evening we plunged headlong into Georgian cuisine, with the thought that for the next ten days we would eat only sublimates and porridges.

We ate everything and a lot. As my friend’s grandmother said, if it itches, scratch it, there will be joy for the soul! After these words, Lyokha ordered himself a double portion of vegetables on the grill and lemonade.

On the way up to our hostel, Kazbek revealed himself in all his glory. The night was starry. From Stepantsminda the mountain looks very menacing and powerful. At the hostel I got a room with a view of the peak, and I couldn’t fall asleep until 3:00, looking at it through the window in anticipation. Then the alarm clock rang disgustingly and the next day arrived.

Day #2

We agreed with the locals about a transfer to the Gergeti Church. The transfer turned out to be a Mitsubishi Delica. Actually, Stepantsminda is the city of these machines. All along the road we admired the scenery, and cliffs a few centimeters from the sides of the car sometimes tickled our nerves and added spice to our adventures.

Having reached the place, we, without thinking twice, threw on our backpacks and went to the first place for the night called Zelenka or, as they also call it, Green Hotel. Having gained a little height, we entered the clouds. The humidity rose and it became cool. Step by step we moved away from Georgian cuisine and immersed ourselves in the realities of alpine-style climbing.

When we got to Zelenka, the wind picked up and it started to drizzle. We quickly set up the tent and began to cook. Fortunately, everything here has been furnished by tourists for “centuries”. There is a small spring, there are windbreaks for tents and “kitchens”. We threw a fleece over ourselves and began to cook. While they were cooking, they told funny stories. We ate buckwheat with dried vegetables, drank a couple of cups of hot tea, and settled down after a day of walking.

Day #3

This morning it was not the alarm clock that woke us up, but the sun. We saw magnificent clear weather with beautiful views and the snowy peak of Kazbek.

I asked Lyokha how he slept. The answer was not the most cheerful: “I hardly slept.” I chalked it all up to the fact that the first night in the wild is always like this, and what’s more, he didn’t get the most level place in the tent. Lyokha waved his hand with the words “It will happen again!” Optimism and love of life flow out of him like freshly squeezed juice...

We basked in the sun, had breakfast overlooking the mountain landscapes, and set off on our way to the weather station. On the way up from the parking lot, we had a view of the tongue of the Gergeti glacier and the Chkheri River, which originated from it and washed out the gorge. This view makes a lasting impression, giving you goosebumps.

Having forded a mountain river that flows like a waterfall into Chkheri, we ran into the first obstacle - the Gergeti glacier. It turned out to be completely open and did not conceal any treacherous dangers in the form of unreliable bridges and closed cracks. The sun was burning hot. Having crossed the glacier, avoiding the cracks, we ended up at the weather station. Here the altitude can already be felt, but not critically, 3600 m. Exhausted by the sun and walking in crampons on the glacier, we pitched a tent and went to register with the weather service. We had dinner and decided that we would not storm with 3600 - it would be long and tedious. Let's get to 3800, look at the condition and, if everything is good, we'll go further to 4200. We turned off the flashlights and started listening to rockfalls until we woke up from the stuffiness in the tent.

Day #4

The weather is whispering. We woke up at 6 in the morning, there was nothing to breathe in the tent, we opened the zipper - the sun burned our eyes. The air is fresh, you can sit back and think about the day.

With all sincerity, I nicknamed Lyokha the beekeeper, since the altitude was reflected on his face in the form of one continuous tumor.

The morning goes by like Groundhog Day: we pack up our gear, oatmeal, sir, tea and hit the road.

We reached 3800 quickly. The condition is good. The weather is good. Without hesitation we move to 4200. On the way we stopped for a snack. It’s clear from Lyokha that the altitude takes its toll, the body struggles, as does its inner ego. Due to the fact that they had been preparing for a long time, the sun came out on the slopes and stones flew down. We are on the edge of the glacier. In my head are the words of V. Vysotsky:

You're walking along the edge of a glacier,
Without taking your eyes off the top.
The mountains are sleeping, breathing in the clouds,
Exhaling snow avalanches.
But they don't take their eyes off you
As if you were promised peace,
Warning every time
Rockfall and grinning cracks.

We run through this dangerous section and set up camp at 4200. The sun is simply scorching. We are actually in the lens. We need to dig in and set up camp. I give Lyokha a shovel: we need to cheer him up a little. And physical activity is better for acclimation. In general, I always try to avoid doing something during acclimatization, so I decided to give him a shovel, thereby instilling the same habit :) And I sat down to melt the snow.

We set up camp, drank compote and had a snack. There was still a long time until the end of the sunny day, so they whiled away the time by playing cards and sunbathing.

While preparing dinner from sublimates, we recalled with sighs chakhokhbili, ajapsandali, ojakhuri on ketsi and other culinary delights of Georgia. The evening of the fourth day ended with these thoughts.

Day #5

We wake up. I leave the tent, understand that the sun will still have at least 2 hours to creep up the slope before us, I dress in everything warm and start preparing breakfast. While we were melting the snow and getting ready for the radial exit, the sun reached us and showed itself in all its glory.

We had an acclimatization hike to the top of Spartak. We did not cut the excess path without gaining height and decided to go straight, going around it on the right side, where we began the ascent. It was then that the same beautiful sun that we had been waiting for all morning began to burn us out like ants with a lens.

We reached the top of Spartak quite quickly, with one stop. After sitting at the top (about 4500) and admiring the beauty, we decided to go to Miley, since there was still a lot of time left. On the way back, Lyokha fell waist-deep into a crack. We were in sync and worked this moment out technically. Lyokha flew out of the crack like a champagne cork, but the oppressive feeling of danger intensified.

We arrived at the assault camp a couple of hours before dark. The scorching sun made me very tired. Lyokha is all emotional after he got stuck waist-deep in a crack. During dinner we looked at the forecast for the next few days - it made us think. Having weighed the strength, the bad forecast and the desire to climb, we decided to storm the summit tomorrow.

Day #6

Get up at 4 am. It’s cold, very cold... Somehow we start preparing breakfast. A couple of spoons of oatmeal and a glass of hot tea are a must. It’s good that the thermoses were filled yesterday. While the snow is melting, we're getting ready. The night is beautiful, starry, calm. For a long time I waited for this feeling, as if everything had frozen. There is no wind, no smells, no movement, as if the planet had stopped rotating...

By the time I began to actively get ready, Lyokha had already cooked porridge and heated the remains of yesterday’s tea in the pot. We had a snack, checked our equipment, and were on our way. We warmed up only when we started walking. The first steps were difficult: still sleepy, the porridge had not completely sunk, and Lyokha complained of a headache.

We are gradually gaining altitude. We met Poles going on an assault without acclimatization from 3600. I definitely didn’t envy their condition.

Lyokha and I walked at the same pace, stopping every 40 minutes. Around 4500 I was lucky enough to see the sunrise. The views are, of course, breathtaking. This makes me want to return to the mountains again and again.

While we were walking, there were two funny moments: first, the inscription on the snow “I’m still alive, your Tonya,” then someone went on air on our wavelength with the words “Dzhamshut! Quickly to the gate!

At 4900 there was a very beautiful bergschrund, we were able to walk inside it. After rest we moved on. We reached the jumper. The weather is just great, there are no clouds, you can see everything to the horizon! The pre-summit takeoff remains. We walk along the traverse and reach the stones that lie on the right side. Next is ice. Without thinking twice, we threw two ropes of the railing. The last steps - and we are at the top at 11:08. Joy filled us from head to toe. But we don’t rejoice for long: the window quickly closes and we run downstairs.

With enough determination, any idiot can climb this mountain,” Hall noted. “But the trick is to get back down alive.”

Jon Krakauer

Crushed ice hits your face, mixed with strong wind and poor visibility, and there is ice under your feet. I closed and removed the railings. Lyokha still had a headache. To myself, everything, I think, the main thing is to go down to the lintel, the main thing is to go down to the lintel, and then we’ll get there.

A dense, impenetrable cloud awaited us at the col, the wind died down, and the snow crumbs stopped burning. We stopped to catch our breath and have a snack. And then down, down and down again. Step by step, slowly and surely, through fatigue. Around 15:00 we were at the assault camp at 4200. We ate, drank, and warmed up. The realization that you were at the top has not yet come. So far only fatigue and thirst. We couldn’t fall asleep quickly, we talked about everything. Then, when it got dark, I fell asleep.

Day #7

We collect our things and run down before the sun comes out on the slopes. The descent was long and quite tiring, since we fell straight into Stepantsminda from 4200. At 16:00 we were at the hostel, dirty, burnt, but happy.

In conclusion, I want to say, go to the mountains, love the mountains. But keep it clean. The planet gives us life, it is our home. Take care of her!

Mountains occupy about 24% of all land. The most mountains are in Asia - 64%, the least in Africa - 3%. 10% of the world's population lives in the mountains. And it is in the mountains that most rivers on our planet originate.

Characteristics of mountains

According to their geographical location, mountains are united into various communities that should be distinguished.

. Mountain belts- the largest formations, often stretching across several continents. For example, the Alpine-Himalayan belt passes through Europe and Asia or the Andean-Cordilleran belt, stretching through North and South America.
. Mountain system- groups of mountains and ranges similar in structure and age. For example, the Ural Mountains.

. Mountain ranges- a group of mountains stretched in a line (Sangre de Cristo in the USA).

. Mountain groups- also a group of mountains, but not stretched out in a line, but simply located nearby. For example, the Bear Pau Mountains in Montana.

. Single mountains- unrelated to others, often of volcanic origin (Table Mountain in South Africa).

Natural mountain areas

Natural zones in the mountains are arranged in layers and change depending on the height. At the foothills there is most often a zone of meadows (in the highlands) and forests (in the middle and low mountains). The higher you go, the harsher the climate becomes.

The change of zones is influenced by climate, altitude, mountain topography and their geographical location. For example, the continental mountains do not have a belt of forests. From the base to the summit, the natural areas vary from deserts to grasslands.

Types of mountains

There are several classifications of mountains according to various criteria: structure, shape, origin, age, geographical location. Let's look at the most basic types:

1. By age old and young mountains are distinguished.

Old are called mountain systems whose age is estimated at hundreds of millions of years. Internal processes in them have calmed down, but external processes (wind, water) continue to destroy, gradually comparing them with the plains. The old mountains include the Ural, Scandinavian, and Khibiny mountains (on the Kola Peninsula).

2. Height There are low mountains, middle mountains and high mountains.

Low mountains (up to 800 m) - with rounded or flat tops and gentle slopes. There are many rivers in such mountains. Examples: Northern Urals, Khibiny Mountains, spurs of the Tien Shan.

Average mountains (800-3000 m). They are characterized by a change in landscape depending on the height. These are the Polar Urals, the Appalachians, the mountains of the Far East.

High mountains (over 3000 m). These are mostly young mountains with steep slopes and sharp peaks. Natural areas change from forests to icy deserts. Examples: Pamirs, Caucasus, Andes, Himalayas, Alps, Rocky Mountains.

3. By origin There are volcanic (Fujiyama), tectonic (Altai mountains) and denudation, or erosion (Vilyuisky, Ilimsky).

4. According to the shape of the top mountains can be peak-shaped (Communism Peak, Kazbek), plateau-shaped and table-shaped (Amba in Ethiopia or Monument Valley in the USA), domed (Ayu-Dag, Mashuk).

Climate in the mountains

The mountain climate has a number of characteristic features that appear with altitude.

Decrease in temperature - the higher it is, the colder it is. It is no coincidence that the peaks of the highest mountains are covered with glaciers.

Atmospheric pressure decreases. For example, at the top of Everest the pressure is two times lower than at sea level. This is why water boils faster in the mountains - at 86-90ºC.

The intensity of solar radiation increases. In the mountains, sunlight contains more ultraviolet radiation.

The amount of precipitation is increasing.

High mountain ranges trap precipitation and influence the movement of cyclones. Therefore, the climate on different slopes of the same mountain may differ. On the windward side there is a lot of moisture and sun, on the leeward side it is always dry and cool. A striking example is the Alps, where on one side of the slopes there are subtropics, and on the other, a temperate climate prevails.

The highest mountains in the world

(Click on the picture to enlarge the diagram in full size)

There are seven highest peaks in the world that all climbers dream of conquering. Those who succeed become honorary members of the Seven Peaks Club. These are mountains such as:

. Chomolungma, or Everest (8848 m). Located on the border of Nepal and Tibet. Belongs to the Himalaya mountain system. It has the shape of a triangular pyramid. The first conquest of the mountain took place in 1953.

. Aconcagua(6962 m). It is the highest mountain in the southern hemisphere, located in Argentina. Belongs to the Andes mountain system. The first ascent took place in 1897.

. McKinley- the highest peak in North America (6168 m). Located in Alaska. First conquered in 1913. It was considered the highest point in Russia until Alaska was sold to America.

. Kilimanjaro- the highest point in Africa (5891.8 m). Located in Tanzania. First conquered in 1889. This is the only mountain where all types of Earth's belts are represented.

. Elbrus- the highest peak in Europe and Russia (5642 m). Located in the Caucasus. The first ascent took place in 1829.

. Vinson Massif- the highest mountain in Antarctica (4897 m). Part of the Ellsworth Mountains system. First conquered in 1966.

. Mont Blanc- the highest point in Europe (many attribute Elbrus to Asia). Height - 4810 m. Located on the border of France and Italy, it belongs to the Alps mountain system. The first ascent in 1786, and a century later, in 1886, Theodore Roosevelt conquered the top of Mont Blanc.

. Pyramid of Carstens- the highest mountain in Australia and Oceania (4884 m). Located on the island of New Guinea. The first conquest was in 1962.

Mountains occupy about 40% of the Earth's surface* They are found on every continent and large island* Even along the bottom of the oceans there are mountain ranges, individual peaks of which rise above the water, forming islands or chains of islands* Australia has the fewest mountains, and most of the mountains of Antarctica are hidden under ice.

The youngest mountain system on our planet is the Himalayas, the longest is the Andes (about 7560 km long), and the oldest mountains are those belonging to the Nuvvuagittuq mountain formation, located in the vicinity of Hudson Bay (age approximately 4.28 billion years ).

The mountains are very diverse. According to the shape of the top There are peak-shaped, dome-shaped, plateau-shaped and other mountains. Mountains and by origin: tectonodenudation, volcanic, etc. In the Sayan Mountains, Transbaikalia and the Far East, a special type of mountain predominates - hills. The hills are distinguished by their conical shape and rocky or flattened top.

In rock formations there are often individual peaks, rising high above the surrounding, even high-mountain, landscape. Such peaks include Mount Chomolungma in the Himalayas, Elbrus in the Caucasus, and Belukha in Altai.

The relief of mountainous areas is characterized by the presence mountain ranges– elongated mountain formations with a clearly defined axis along which the highest mountains are located. This axis is often the watershed of a given area.

In the case when the height of the mountain range is small and the mountain tops are rounded, then such a chain of mountains is called mountain ridge. Mountain ranges, as a rule, are the remains of ancient destroyed mountains (in Russia - Timan Ridge, Yenisei Ridge, etc.)

The mountain range has two slope, often different from one another. While one slope is gentle, another may be steep (Ural Mountains).

The top part of mountain ranges is called mountain ridge. The crest of the ridge can be pointed (in young mountains) or rounded and plateau-shaped (in old mountains).

Wide depressions with gentle slopes are called mountain passes.

A mountain uplift approximately equal in both length and width, which is characterized by weak dissection, is called mountain range. (Putorana plateau in Eastern Siberia, Russia).

The intersection of two mountain ranges is called mountain node. Mountain nodes consist of high, inaccessible mountains (the Tabyk-Bogdo-Ola mountain node in Altai).

Mountain ranges that are identical in origin and arranged in the same order (linear or radial) are called mountain systems. The outskirts of mountain systems characterized by low altitudes are called foothills.

Africa is characterized by a special type of mountains called canteens. They are characterized by flat tops and stepped slopes. The formation of these mountains is associated with the action of water from rivers cutting through the stratified valley.

The presence of mountains is characteristic not only of land. The ocean floor is also replete with various kinds of rock formations. Single mountains of volcanic origin are scattered here and there along the ocean floor. Active volcanoes emit lava, ash and rock fragments and have pointed peaks. The peaks of extinct volcanoes are smoothed by waves and currents. The summits of many underwater volcanoes form islands. Iceland is an example of such an island.

There are also mountain ranges at the bottom of the oceans. The most important discovery of recent years in oceanology has been the discovery mid-ocean ridges. They run almost through the middle of every ocean, forming a huge single chain. You can read more about mid-ocean ridges

Happy are the people who have had the opportunity to see mountains in their lives. Nature created mountains - huge objects protruding to the surface. But mountains are not always visible to our eyes. Mountain ranges also stretch along the bottom of the oceans. Some peaks of mountain ranges protrude from the water, forming islands. Others, terrestrial, have huge ice caps on themselves and never take them off.

Mountains have always surprised people with their majesty, inaccessibility, and some special beauty. What could be better than the mountains? Only mountains. Mountains form where the earth is unquiet, as scientists say, in tectonically active areas. There are lonely mountains, there are mountain groups, mountain belts.

The best architect in the world is nature itself. She is the one who works to create beauty, including mountain beauty. Nature acts not only as an architect, builder, sculptor, but also as a decorator and illuminator. The light effects observed in the mountains leave no one indifferent. Due to the different geological composition, mountain peaks change their color under the rays of the rising and setting sun.

Where is the sun hiding? Maybe in the mountains? Maybe it is these giants that reliably guard the sun when it is resting?

The oldest mountains on earth are several hundred million years old. Once upon a time they were subjected to severe destruction, serious passions ran high. But centuries passed, internal movements in them stopped long ago. Examples of old mountains are the Ural mountains. They consist of short, elongated ridges, massifs and ridges. It seems that the mountains of the Urals were created by a sorcerer from an old fairy tale. Or rather, the sorceress is the Mistress of the Copper Mountain. In any case, she most likely also had a hand in creating the amazing mountains of the Urals.

Young mountains, as a rule, are no older than 50 million years. Young mountains are growing and maturing. This is accompanied by earthquakes and volcanic activity. The Alps, Himalayas, Caucasus Mountains are young, they still have to grow up.

The most attractive thing about the mountain is the peak. This is exactly what climbers strive for. Standing at the top, you feel absolutely happy. The whole world is at your feet, and you yourself are much closer to the sun and stars. What are the peaks of the mountains? Peak-shaped, rounded, arched, plateau-shaped.

“The mountain peaks sleep in the darkness of the night...”

Writers, poets, and artists spared no effort in describing the beauty of the mountains. The mountains gave them strength, inspiration, beauty. It is impossible to remain indifferent near the mountains. Mountains stir the soul and make you think about the universe.

Everything connected with mountains has beautiful names - mountain ridge, mountain range, mountain pass. The mountains themselves are beautiful. Solid rocky walls, solemn towers, hanging cornices, mountain ranges carved with cracks - this variety of configurations pleases the eye.

The Ural Mountains stretch for 2000 km from north to south, dividing our country into 2 parts: European and Asian. They start at the Arctic Ocean, cross Russia and end in Kazakhstan. This is clearly visible on the map. The highest mountain in the Urals is Narodnaya. It is located in the north, its height is 1894 meters. The width of the mountains throughout varies from 40 to 150 km.

The ancient Greeks knew about the existence of the Ural Mountains. They believed that just beyond the mountains was the legendary country of Hyperborea.

Geology of the Urals

The Ural Mountains were not always so low. Their formation began about 350 million years ago. During their youth, the mountains reached a height of approximately 6000 meters. There was a time when here volcanoes were active, strong earthquakes occurred, Magma poured out, new rocks formed, and future mineral deposits were laid. Hundreds of millions of years have passed since then. The volcanoes grew old, the mountains collapsed. But occasionally the Ural remembers its turbulent youth, and then. The last of them happened in the fall of 2015.

Nature

For 2000 km the mountains pass several natural areas, starting with the tundra in the north, continuing with the taiga in the middle and ending with the steppe in the south. Naturally, both nature and the animal world are different everywhere. While marmots and gophers can be found in the north, marmots and gophers are common in the south. When tulips are already blooming in the south, winter is still being bid farewell in the north.

Although the mountain slopes are not steep, they interfere with the winds, so the climate of the European part differs from the climate of the Asian part.

Minerals

It is located and mined in the depths of the Urals. Some of them are very rare and can only be found here. Some of the most famous include:

• silver;
• copper ore;
• ornamental stones;

Everyone knows crafts and jewelry made from the beautiful green Ural stone - malachite. Products made from it can be seen in the St. Petersburg Hermitage. Many folk tales about the extraction of mineral wealth were processed by the storyteller P. P. Bazhov.

Population

The majority of the population lives in large industrial cities. In terms of national composition, they are mainly Russian. Next come the Tatars, Bashkirs, Ukrainians, Kazakhs and other nationalities.

Industry

In the Ural region, the most common industries are metallurgy and mechanical engineering. Even 5 thousand years ago, copper ore was mined here. The modern period of development of metallurgy began under Peter I. The most famous industrial city is Chelyabinsk. If Yekaterinburg is called the capital of the Urals, then Chelyabinsk is the capital of the Southern Urals. All cities in the region have well-established rail, road and air connections. A highly developed industry also has its downsides: The cities in the region have a very dirty atmosphere.

Books have been written and feature films made about the origin and development of industry in the Urals. During the Great Patriotic War, the Urals received enterprises from the western part of the Soviet Union. Both young and old worked here, supplying the front with ammunition. Military hospitals were established in cities to treat wounded soldiers.

The Ural Mountains still hold many unsolved mysteries that future historians, naturalists, geologists, and zoologists can discover.

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