Preventive life-saving appliances. Life-saving appliances of sea vessels

Rescue equipment

Life-saving appliances for collective and individual use are used on ships. The means of collective use include boats, life rafts, floating devices, and the means of individual use - lifebuoys, vests, bibs, overalls.

The main life-saving device on sea-going vessels is a boat device, which includes boats and boats, which are rescue, crew, work, special, etc .; davits for launching and lifting lifeboats, devices for storing boats, boats, rafts in a stowed way. The descent of crew boats and boats is carried out using arrows and cranes or davits and crane girders of the simplest type.

On passenger, fishing, fishing vessels of an unlimited navigation area, the number of places in lifeboats on each side is taken to be equal to half of the total number of people on the vessel; on cargo ships of unlimited navigation area - the total number of places on the ship.

On ships of all purposes, in addition to ordinary lifeboats, and sometimes instead of parts of them, one motor (rescue) lifeboat is installed.

The buoyancy of the boat must be ensured even if it is completely flooded. The necessary buoyancy margin must be obtained through the use of structures and materials with positive buoyancy or special air boxes. The main materials for the manufacture of lifeboats are light alloys and plastics.

Open boats are equipped with orange closures to protect people from the external environment. Lifeboats for oil tankers are made of a closed type, with an irrigation system that supplies water to the outer surface of the boat. The hull of tanker boats is made of materials that ensure safe navigation for 10 minutes in the zone of burning oil products at temperatures up to 1200 0 C. Lifeboats are placed along each side in places protected from waves. The boats must safely and quickly descend into the water when the vessel rolls 20 0 (previously - 15 0) on any side and differential up to 10 0, in a time not more than 30 minutes.

Work boats (1 - 2 per vessel) or boats are used to provide communication with the shore or other vessels in the roadstead, as well as to perform general ship operations.

Lifeboats are lowered into the water using davits. Οʜᴎ There are three types: rotary, collapsing, and gravity.

Slewing davits are one of the first types of davits that have been used for a long time in shipbuilding. Now they are used only on small craft or to service work boats. The dumping of the boat is done manually. When using overwhelming davits, the dumping of the boats is carried out by rotating the boom relative to the horizontal axis of the lower heel using a manual drive and a screw drive. Gravity davits do not require the use of force or other form of energy when dumping the boat. The dumping, and then the lowering of the lifeboat, occurs under the action of gravity after the release of the stoppers securing the davits in the stowed position. There are gravitational davits rolling, articulated, articulated-rolling, etc. At rolling davits, the arrows on the rollers move along curved guides, throwing the boat overboard, the articulated arms rotate relative to the hinge.

Each pair of davits is serviced by a lifeboat winch. Winches are available with manual drive, non-motorized and motorized.

The boats are reinforced either directly on davits, or on decks and on the so-called rostras - half-beams, resting on one end on the wheelhouse, and on the other - on a rack at the side.

Life rafts are inflatable and rigid (metal and plastic). Rigid plots are less convenient to operate. Inflatable rafts are stored in containers. On small and medium-sized vessels, the rafts dropped into the water will automatically inflate and be released from the container. Landing of people is done mainly from the water. On large ships, various slopes or sleeves were used to prevent people from entering the water. At the same time, the rescue operations turned out to be quite difficult. For this reason, launching liferafts have been created. Οʜᴎ inflated on deck, carried overboard by an arrow, filled with people and launched into the water. The recoil of the pendant occurs automatically after the raft touches the water. Floating instruments include life benches and light rafts.

Life-saving appliances - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Life-saving appliances" 2017, 2018.

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Introduction

1. Marine life-saving appliances of sea-going ships and general requirements for them

2. Completing life-saving appliances on board

2.1 Personal life-saving appliances

4. Actions when leaving the ship

5. Actions on the life-saving craft after leaving the damaged ship

6. Ensuring safety when launching rafts

7. Activities to ensure survival on the life-saving craft

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

Navigation has been and remains one of the spheres of human activity associated with the possibility of accidents and the risk to human life. Therefore, it is believed that the probable risk to human life in sea transport is significantly higher than in aviation or rail, but lower than in road transport. This is due to the fact that even in our age of durable ships with powerful power plants, equipped with many modern devices, it is impossible to avoid sea disasters and the death of people.

Emergency situations at sea have been, are and probably will always be. Statistics show that annually the world fleet loses on average 200-250 ships, more than 7000 ships suffer accidents, and about 200 thousand people die. 25% of people die directly in the water after a shipwreck, and 30% are already on life-saving equipment. Many accidents entail human casualties, which can be divided into two groups:

1. people who died directly in the accident.

2. killed as a result of insufficient efficiency of life-saving equipment and poor organization of rescue operations.

The number of casualties can be reduced by increasing the effectiveness of life-saving appliances and their skillful use.

“Only a fool is not afraid of the sea,” say the British. However, it would be fundamentally wrong to attribute all accidents to the sea. According to experts, only about 10% of accidents can be attributed to the so-called force majeure - an irresistible act of nature. Another 15% of accidents are the result of a lack of structures; ships or sudden failure of equipment. In the remaining 75% of accidents, their direct cause was subjective factors associated with deficiencies in the organization of the ship's service and in human behavior.

Every year, the design and technical equipment of sea-going vessels, equipment of sea routes with navigation barriers, professional training of the sailing staff are being improved.

The ability of a person to withstand dangerous factors, and therefore, to behave correctly and with dignity in an extreme environment, is one of his most important personal qualities. However, these abilities need to be developed and strengthened by constant training and exercises in such a way that professional skills and psychological readiness to act in any emergency situation are fully in demand at the right time. Mariners must be able to personally fight for the survivability of the vessel, take measures to eliminate the accident, or at least to localize it, and also correctly use the life-saving equipment of the vessel for survival in the event of its imminent death. All these actions must be practiced on special simulators for fighting fire, water and personal survival.

For rescue, it is not enough to have the most advanced rescue equipment on board - you need to be able to handle it.

The problem of human life at sea was first discussed internationally at the Washington Convention of Governments in 1899 - then the resolution "On the Protection of Life and Property at Sea" was adopted.

In the 1920s, maritime disasters forced governments to convene a conference at which the 1929 SOLAS Convention was developed. It contained international technical safety rules not only for passenger ships, but also for cargo ships. Each subsequent International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (1948, 1960, 1974) introduced new provisions and increased requirements in terms of the construction of life-saving supply vessels.

At the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, by the collective efforts of the States Parties, a form of the SOLAS Convention was created, which allows in the future to improve the replenishment and expansion of its technical content, without changing the forms and volume of legal relations of these states in the field of maritime security life of sailors.

The norms for the supply of life-saving appliances of the 1960 Convention are fully preserved in the 1974 convention and the rules for the conventional equipment of sea-going vessels of the USSR Register of 1977 and the Register of the Russian Federation. Comparison of the norms shows that the significant progress achieved in the development of life-saving appliances is only partially reflected in the standardizing materials. New types of life-saving appliances were not used to increase the efficiency of rescue operations on ships, where, due to objective conditions, this task had not been solved earlier.

Chapter 6 of the International Convention STCW-78/95 imposes very strict requirements for the training of ratings and command personnel of ships' crews in relation to functions related to emergency situations. It obliges all seafarers to obtain approved initial training in IMO standard courses prior to being assigned to a ship. This provides them with a minimum of knowledge and skills for dealing with extreme situations, which allows seafarers to demonstrate that they have achieved the standard of competence required by the convention by demonstrating skills and passing an exam. Such training is possible only in specialized training centers that have an appropriate material and technical base and a teaching and instructor staff prepared for classes and trainings.

In the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, a modern training center for training sailors to act in extreme conditions was created and licensed - this is Kamchatflotservice LLC. It fully complies with the requirements of the international conventions STCW-78/95 and SOLAS 74/83 and is intended to teach seafarers the correct actions on simulators to fight fire and water, as well as personal survival in the event of abandonment of an emergency ship.

1. Marine life-saving appliances of sea-going ships and general requirements for them

Life-saving appliances are devices capable of ensuring the preservation of the lives of people in distress from the moment they leave the vessel. All life-saving appliances are divided into two main types: collective use and individual. In addition, there is another type of life-saving appliances that does not belong to the above classification: line throwers. The requirements for life-saving appliances and the standards for supplying them to ships are regulated by the SOLAS-74/88 Convention and the Rules of the Maritime Register of Shipping in the Russian Federation.

General requirements for life-saving appliances:

§ be made in a proper way and from the right materials;

§ be in working order when stored at air temperatures from -30 to + 65 ° С;

§ be in working order at a temperature of sea water from - 1 to + 30 ° С, if it is assumed that during use they can be immersed in sea water;

§ where applicable, be resistant to decay, corrosion and should not be excessively exposed to seawater, oil or fungi;

§ not to lose their qualities if they are exposed to sunlight;

§ be of a highly visible color wherever this will facilitate their detection;

§ be provided with reflective material in places where it will facilitate their detection, as well as in accordance with the recommendations of the organization;

§ if they are intended for use in waves, work satisfactorily in such conditions;

§ be clearly marked with approval information, including the name of the Administration that approved the product, as well as an indication of any operational restrictions;

§ be provided, where necessary, with protection against damage and injury from short-circuiting the electric current.

The Administration should establish the lifespan of life-saving appliances susceptible to degradation over time. Such life-saving appliances should be marked with the expiration date or the date when they should be replaced.

Before the ship leaves the port, as well as during the entire voyage, all life-saving appliances must be in working order and ready for immediate use.

2. Completing life-saving appliances on board

2.1 Indus and visual life-saving appliances

Lifebuoys should

§ have an outer diameter of no more than 800 mm and an inner diameter of at least 400 mm;

§ be made of floating material;

§ The buoyancy of the lifebuoy should not be provided by reeds, cork shavings or chips, any other loose crumbling material or inflatable air chambers;

§ maintain in fresh water a load of iron weighing at least 14.5 kg for 24 hours;

§ have a mass of at least 2.5 kg;

§ do not sustain combustion or continue to melt after it has been completely engulfed in flames for 2 seconds;

§ be so designed as to withstand being dropped into the water from a height above the waterline at the ship's lightest operating draft or from a height of 30 m, whichever is greater, without impairing the performance of the lifebuoy or equipment attached to it;

§ if it is intended to activate a device for quickly disengaging from the ship an automatically operating smoke bomb and a self-igniting signal light, have a mass sufficient to activate these devices;

§ have a lifeline with a diameter of at least 9.5 mm and a length of at least four outer diameters of a circle. The lifeline must be fixed around the perimeter of the circle in four equally spaced places, forming four identical loops.

The number of lifebuoys depends on the length of the boat. In this case, on each side of the vessel there must be at least one circle with a line 30 m long, at least half of the circles must be with self-igniting lights, and at least two of them must be equipped with smoke bombs and located on the bridge from each side. The circles should be easily accessible and not secured in place by anything. At least one circle must be located aft of the vessel.

Self-igniting signal lights of lifebuoys (Fig. 2.1.) Should:

§ be such that they cannot be extinguished with water;

§ be white and must burn continuously with a luminous intensity of at least 2 cd in all directions of the upper hemisphere or give flashes with a frequency of at least 50 and not more than 70 flashes per minute, at least with the same effective luminous intensity;

§ have a source of energy that provides work for at least 2 hours;

Figure 2.1. Lifebuoy with a luminous buoy.

The lifebuoy automatic smoke bombs required by SOLAS-74 III / 7.1.3 must:

§ emit smoke of a highly visible color evenly for at least 15 minutes while afloat in calm water:

§ do not burn with flashes and do not throw out flames during the entire duration of the action of the smoke bomb;

§ do not flood with water in waves;

§ continue generating smoke while fully immersed in water for at least 10 seconds;

§ Pass the drop test.

Buoyant rescue lines should:

§ be non-twisting;

§ have a diameter of at least 8 mm;

§ have a breaking force of at least 5 kN.

Life jackets (Fig. 2.2.) Should:

§ do not sustain combustion or melt after it has been completely engulfed in flames for 2 seconds;

§ persons completely unfamiliar with the design of the vest could use it correctly for no more than one minute without any assistance;

§ in it it was possible to jump into the water from a height of at least 4.5 m without injury and without displacement or damage to the life jacket;

§ must have sufficient buoyancy and stability.

§ so that you can swim a short distance in it and get into a lifeboat or liferaft.

Lifejacket warning lights should:

§ have a luminous intensity of at least 0.75 kD in all directions of the upper hemisphere;

§ have an energy source capable of providing a luminous intensity of 0.75 kD for at least 8 hours;

§ be visible when attached to the lifejacket in as much of the upper hemisphere segment as practicable;

§ be white.

Rice. 2.2 Life vest

Wetsuits must:

§ it could be unpacked and put on without assistance within no more than 2 minutes, together with any appropriate clothing and life jacket if the wetsuit requires its use;

§ do not sustain combustion or continue to melt after being completely engulfed in flames for 2 s;

§ cover the whole body, with the exception of the face. Hands should also be covered unless gloves are permanently attached to the wetsuit;

§ he had a device in the area of his legs for bleeding off excess air;

§ after jumping into the water from a height of at least 4.5 m, an excessive amount of water did not get into it.

A person in a diving suit with a life jacket, if the diving suit requires its use, should be able to:

§ carry out the usual duties associated with the abandonment of the ship;

§ jump into the water from a height of at least 4.5 m without damaging or displacing the immersion suit and without bodily harm;

§ Swim a short distance and climb into a collective life-saving device.

A floatable immersion suit intended for use without a lifejacket must be fitted with an adequate signal light and a whistle.

If a wetsuit requires the use of a lifejacket, the lifejacket must be worn over the wetsuit. The person wearing a wetsuit must be able to don the lifejacket without assistance.

Protective suits must:

§ be made of waterproof materials;

§ have their own buoyancy of at least 70 N;

§ the material used reduced the risk of overheating the body during rescue operations and evacuation;

§ the entire body is covered with the exception of the face, hands and, if permitted by the Administration, legs. Gloves and head hood must be made taking into account the conditions of use of the protective suit;

§ could be unpacked and put on without assistance within 2 minutes;

§ no burning was sustained or the suit continued to melt after being completely engulfed in flames for 2 s;

§ there was a pocket for a portable VHF radiotelephone;

§ Provided peripheral vision in the sector of at least 120 °.

The protective suit must allow the person wearing it to:

§ go up and down a vertical ladder with a length of at least 5 m;

§ jump into the water with feet forward from a height of not less than 4.5 m and at the same time without damaging or displacing the suit and without receiving bodily harm;

§ swim at least 25 m in the water and get into a lifeboat or raft;

§ put on a life jacket without assistance;

§ fulfill all watchkeeping duties of abandoning the ship, assisting others and using the rescue boat.

The protective suit must have a signal light and a whistle.

The protective suit must:

§ be marked;

§ continue to provide sufficient thermal protection to a person after jumping into the water with full immersion in such a way that the body temperature of a person does not drop by more than 1.5 0 С after the first half-hour stay in circulating water with a temperature of 5 ° С in the absence of excitement;

§ a person in a protective suit that meets the requirements of this rule must be able to roll over in fresh water from a face down position to a face up position in no more than 5 seconds and maintain this position. The suit should not facilitate the person's face-down turnover in an environment of excitement;

Heat protection means

Thermal protective agent - a bag or suit made of waterproof material with low thermal conductivity, designed to restore the body temperature of a person who has been in cold water.

The heat protective agent is made of a waterproof material with a heat transfer coefficient not higher than 7800 W / (m 2 -K), and has a design that reduces heat loss by humans both by conventional means and through evaporation.

The heat protection agent has the following properties:

covers the entire body of a person of any height in a life jacket, with the exception of the face. Hands are also covered, unless gloves are permanently attached to the heat protective device;

it can be unpacked and easily donned without assistance in a lifeboat, raft or rescue boat;

it can be removed in the water in no more than 2 minutes if it interferes with swimming;

it performs its functions at an air temperature of -30 to + 20 ° C.

Usage. Thermal protective equipment is intended for use on lifeboats, liferafts and rescue boats for people who have been in cold water.

The heat protector should be unpacked and put on over the lifejacket, as it does not float on its own. Then it should be closed from the inside.

In case of danger, such as the overturning of a liferaft, the thermal protection should be removed.

Pyrotechnics

Ship pyrotechnics

§ Red parachute rocket - 12 pcs .;

§ PRB-40, shelf life 10 years,

§ red hand flares - 12 pcs., Shelf life 10 years;

§ 12 sonic distress rocket;

Boat pyrotechnics (for each boat):

§ 4 red parachute disaster rocket;

§ red flares - 6 pcs .;

§ floating smoke bombs-2 pcs.

2.2 Collective life-saving appliances

Lifeboats

a). Lifeboat design.

All lifeboats must be of adequate construction and of such a shape and ratio of main dimensions so that they have sufficient sea stability and an adequate freeboard when loaded with their full complement of people and equipment. All lifeboats shall have a rigid hull and maintain positive stability in an upright position in calm water when loaded with their full complement of persons and equipment and have a hole in any one place below the waterline, assuming no loss of buoyant material or others. damage.

Each lifeboat shall carry information confirmed by the Administration at least containing:

· Manufacturer's name and address;

· Boat model and serial number;

· Month and year of manufacture;

· The number of people approved for the boat.

The boat surveyor must issue a certificate of approval, which, in addition to the above information, specifies:

· The number of Administration confirmation of the boat's approval;

· The material of which the hull of the boat is made, with details of material compatibility problems in the event of a repair;

· The total mass of a fully equipped and manned boat.

All lifeboats must be of sufficient strength to:

· They could be safely launched when loaded with their full complement of people and supplies;

· They could be launched and towed on the forward course of the vessel at a speed of 5 knots in calm water;

· Enclosures and rigid closures must be non-combustible or non-flammable.

Seating for people should be equipped with transverse and longitudinal banks or fixed seats and be so designed to withstand:

· The total static load, equivalent to the mass of the approved number of people, weighing 100 kg each person, in places in the boat;

· For a lifeboat intended for launching on hoists - a load of 100 kg at any seat when dropped into the water from a height of at least 3 m;

· For a lifeboat intended for launching by free fall - a load of 100 kg at any seat when dropped from a height of at least 1.3 times higher than that approved in the certificate.

Every lifeboat, other than those intended for free-fall launching, must be of sufficient strength to withstand the following load without permanent deformation after removal:

· For boats with a metal hull - a load of 1.25 times the total mass of such a boat when it is loaded with its full complement of people and supplies;

· For other boats - the load is 2 times the total mass of such a boat when it is loaded with its full complement of people and supplies.

Each lifeboat, other than those intended for free-fall launching, when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment and equipped, where applicable, with skids or outer fenders, shall be of sufficient strength to withstand a perpendicular impact against the side of the lifeboat vessel. on board the vessel at a speed of at least 3.5 m / s, as well as dropping into the water from a height of at least 3 m.

The vertical distance between the floor planking and the inner surface of the closure or tarpaulin extending over 50% of the floor area shall be:

· Not less than 1.3 m - for lifeboats with a capacity of 9 people or less;

· Not less than 1.7 m - for lifeboats with a capacity of 24 people or more;

· Not less than the distance calculated by linear interpolation between 1.3 and 1.7 m - for lifeboats with a capacity of 9 to 24 people.

b). Lifeboat capacity.

Lifeboats with a capacity of more than 150 people are not permitted.

The number of persons permitted to be accommodated on a hoist launched lifeboat shall be the lower of the following:

· The number of people with an average mass of 75 kg who can sit in a normal position in lifejackets, without interfering with the operation of the lifeboat propulsion means and the operation of any of its equipment;

The number of seats that can be fitted on cans and seats according to the seating area may overlap, provided that there is sufficient legroom and footrests provided and the vertical distance between the upper and lower seats is at least 350 mm ...

v). Lifeboat buoyancy.

All lifeboats must be of their own buoyancy or be equipped with a sufficient amount of floating material resistant to sea water, oil or petroleum products to keep the lifeboat with all its supplies afloat when flooded and open to the sea. In addition, additional buoyant material should be provided in an amount that provides a buoyancy force of 280 N for each person from the number of persons allowed to be placed on the lifeboat. Buoyant material should not be located outside the lifeboat hull, except for material provided in excess of the amount required above.

G). Freeboard and lifeboat stability.

All lifeboats shall be stable and have positive metacentric heights (GM) when loaded with 50% of the number of people normally seated on the lifeboat on one side of its centerline.

5. Requirements for the dinghy subration.

According to the SOLAS-74 standard, one person of boat capacity requires "NZ" with a calorific value of 10 mJ (10,000 kJ). The food ration is available as a package. Thus, one bag is required for one person. The total number of food ration packages for each boat is established according to its capacity (the number of people allowed to be accommodated in the boat) or according to the number of people for which the life-saving appliances of the vessel are designed. The bags are made in accordance with GOST and must have a hygienic certificate. The date of manufacture and expiration date are indicated on the package. Shelf life is 5 years. The manufacturer must be recognized by the Russian MRS. On packages of foreign production, the year, month of manufacture, expiration date and quantity of mJ are indicated. Packages must have a Manufacturer's Certificate, checked by the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision for suitability and compliance with GOST, approval of the Register.

Canned drinking water is produced according to TU in tetra packets with a capacity of 250 grams with the inscription "Canned drinking water" and indicating the dates of manufacture and expiration date. It must have a hygiene certificate that reflects the same expiration dates as printed on the can. A photocopy of the hygiene certificate, which indicates the date and number of cans received, must be certified by a genuine seal, signed by an official and have an indication of where the original certificate is located.

6. Fully enclosed lifeboats.

Fig..2.3. Hermetically sealed lifeboat.

Every fully enclosed lifeboat must have a rigid watertight closure. The closure must meet the following requirements:

· Protect people in the boat from heat and cold;

· Access to the boat must be provided through hatches, which can be hermetically closed;

· With the exception of free-falling lifeboats, access hatches should be located so that it is possible to carry out operations related to the launching and recovery of the lifeboat without resorting to getting out of it;

· Provide trouble-free and easy opening and closing of the access hatch covers from the outside and from the inside. Manhole covers must be held securely in the open position;

· With the exception of free-fall lifeboats, provide rowing capability;

· With closed hatches and without significant water leaks, keep afloat the full mass of the boat with a full complement of people, supplies and mechanisms, when the boat is in the overturned position;

· Have portholes or windows that let in daylight when the hatches are closed;

· The outer surface of the closure must be of a highly visible color, and the inner color, which does not cause irritation to people in the boat;

· Have handrails, which can be held by people moving outside the boat, and which can be used during their embarkation and disembarkation;

· People should be able to pass from the entrance to their places without climbing over, cross banks or other obstacles;

· The air pressure inside the lifeboat when the engine is running with the entrances closed should not be more than or below atmospheric pressure by more than 20 hPa.

Tipping the lifeboat and returning it to a straight position.

With the exception of free-fall lifeboats, safety belts must be provided for each designated seating position. Seat-belts shall be so designed as to securely hold a 100 kg person in place when the lifeboat is in an overturned position.

Each set of seat belts for a seating position shall be in a color that contrasts with the harness belts of adjacent seating positions.

The stability of the lifeboat shall be such that it automatically or automatically returns to a straight position when it is fully or partially manned and equipped, all entrances and openings are watertight and people are wearing seat belts.

After being damaged, the lifeboat must keep the full number of people and equipment afloat, and its stability must be such that, in the event of capsizing, it automatically takes a position that allows people in the lifeboat to leave it through an exit located above the water level. When the lifeboat is stably submerged, the water level inside the lifeboat, measured along the back of the seat, shall not be more than 500 mm above any seating position.

All engine exhaust pipes, air ducts and other openings shall be so designed that water cannot enter the engine when the lifeboat is capsized and returned to the upright position.

The engine and its transmission must be controlled from the boat control point.

The engine and related devices should be capable of operating in any position during the capsizing of the lifeboat and continue to operate after returning to the straight position, or automatically stop when capsized and then easily restarted after returning the lifeboat to the straight position. The design of the fuel system and the lubrication system must prevent the possibility of fuel leakage from the engine and the leakage of more than 250 ml of lubricating oil when capsizing the lifeboat.

Air-cooled engines shall have an air duct system to take in and out the cooling air outside the lifeboat. Manual dampers shall be provided to allow the cooling air to be drawn in from the inside of the lifeboat and also to be discharged into the interior of the lifeboat.

A fully enclosed lifeboat shall be of such a design and external fenders that the lifeboat will provide protection against dangerous accelerations arising from a collision of a fully manned lifeboat and its equipment with the side of the vessel at a speed of not less than 3.5 m / s.

Launching devices and landing storm ladders.

Each descender should be designed like this:

1. to ensure the safe launching from the vessel of the launching appliance-operated lifeboats and rafts or the rescue boat with their full equipment at a differential of up to 10 and a list of up to 20 on any side;

2. have a non-slip surface, the effectiveness of which is ensured by either longitudinal grooves or an approved non-slip surface;

3. be at least 480 mm long, at least 115 mm wide and at least 25 mm thick, excluding the non-slip surface or coating;

4. be located at an equal distance from each other, which should be not less than 300 mm and not more than 380 mm, and fixed so as to maintain a horizontal position.

Storm ladder bowstrings must be made of two uncoated manila cables with a circumference of at least 65 mm. Each cable should be solid, without any connections below the top baluster. Other materials may be used, provided that their dimensions, breaking force, environmental resistance, elasticity and hand grip are at least equal to those of the Manila cable. All ends of the cables must be sealed to prevent unwinding.

Life rafts

All shipboard PSN (inflatable life raft) differ in capacity: 10 people (PSN-10) and 6 people (PSN-6) (Fig. 2.4.). The main material for the manufacture of the raft is a multi-layer rubberized fabric, which is painted in a bright orange color. The hull of the raft consists of buoyancy chambers, bottom, inflatable arches and an awning.

Rice. 2.4. Inflatable liferaft PSN-6M (PSN-10M): a - general view; 6 - device and equipment (raft awning removed).

The buoyancy chamber (Fig. 2.4.) Consists of two compartments, each of which is capable of supporting a raft with a full number of survivors afloat. An inflatable bank is located across the raft, increasing its rigidity.

The double bottom provides good insulation against low water temperatures. An annular bank is attached to the bottom along the inner perimeter of the buoyancy chambers, on which people inside the raft can be accommodated.

Inflatable arches connected to buoyancy chambers are designed to support an awning made of water-resistant fabric, which forms a tent that shelters people from bad weather.

Gas cylinders with carbon dioxide, with the help of which the buoyancy chambers and awning arches are inflated, are attached to the bottom of the raft. The air supply to the double bottom is carried out after the placement of the survivors on the raft with the help of hand bellows, thus increasing the buoyancy reserve.

The lifeline is attached to the outside of the raft, it is designed to support those fleeing on the water. There is a ladder at the entrance to the raft, which is necessary for lifting those fleeing from the water.

In the bottom there are handles for turning the raft into a normal position. On other types of rafts, a straightening line attached to the bottom of the raft serves this purpose. Along the long sides of the awning, there are weirs that converge in the middle of the awning. Rainwater runs down the sloping grooves of the water collectors and flows through an opening into the raft, where it is collected to replenish the drinking water supply.

An identification light is attached to the top of the awning. The light bulb lights up from the battery, which is fixed under the bottom, and starts working after the seawater enters it.

A floating anchor is connected to the hull of the raft by means of a drift.

The towing device consists of straps and rings to which a tow rope can be attached. Ballast pockets are used to stabilize the raft and prevent it from overturning on a large and steep wave, as well as to reduce wind drift. Four of these pockets, located under the bottom, are filled with water.

The starting line with its root end is attached to the starting device in the head of the gas cylinder. The other end of the line is tied on board the vessel.

The valves are designed to fill the chambers of the raft with gas and air, as well as to regulate the pressure inside the chambers and release gas and air. The inlet valves are non-returnable, therefore, in case of excess pressure, gas or air can escape through the diaphragm-type safety valves. The filling time of all chambers is up to 60 s. The materials ensuring the buoyancy of the raft must be resistant to the effects of oil products, and the overall strength of the raft must ensure that it is suitable for operation for at least 30 days in any sea conditions.

The fastening of the container in which the raft is stored provides for an uncoupling device that is triggered when it is immersed to a depth of no more than 3.5 m (Fig. 2.5).

Figure 2.5. Disconnecting device PSN

3. Preparing to abandon the ship

1. By broadcast or other means of communication, information is given about the state of the vessel and the planned actions of the crew.

2. In accordance with the established procedure, a report is given about the situation, actions and the decision to leave the ship.

3. An emergency radio beacon is activated to indicate the location of those in distress and to facilitate search and rescue operations, which is designed for at least 48 hours of continuous operation (Figure 3.1).

4. Collective life-saving appliances are made ready for immediate launching and their sequence is announced. Depending on the situation, a decision is made on the preliminary descent of life-saving appliances to increase their readiness to receive people on the water or to leave the ship by passengers and part of the crew. Such early action can be caused, for example, by the threat of fire to the places where boats and rafts are installed, as well as an increase in the list of the vessel up to 20 °. when the launching of the boats becomes impossible.

Figure 3.1. Rescue system operation diagram

5. Passengers and crew members who are not engaged in the fight for the ship's damage to the vessel are dressed warmly (preferably in woolen underwear and low-water clothing) and with life jackets, as well as immersion suits, if provided on the vessel, are sent to the place of assembly (Figure 3.2)

Figure 3.2. To the collection point

6. Additional supplies of water, food (chocolate, sugar, canned meat and fish, alcohol), signaling and communication equipment, warm linen, blankets, etc. are being prepared and loaded onto life-saving appliances.

7. The sequence and order of abandonment of the vessel are announced.

8. Preparing for a long stay in cold water is that part of the crew that will leave the ship last and which will have to jump into the water (take off their shoes, put on a diving suit, grease the exposed parts of the skin, perform other actions depending on the situation).

9. If possible, additional instruction is provided on the procedure for using life-saving appliances that can be dropped from aircraft in the disaster area (Figure 3.3).

10. The boarding is carried out on life-saving appliances in the following order: seriously ill or injured during the accident, children, women, old people, other passengers, and then the crew members not used and fighting for the damage of the vessel.

Figure 3.3. Aircraft dumping

liferaft ship survivability

4. Actions when leaving the ship

The decision to abandon the vessel is made only by the captain.

The abandonment of the damaged vessel is carried out by a signal - seven or more short sounds and one long one, given by the ship's whistle, siren and additionally an electric bell or howler (repeated 3-4 times), as well as by radio broadcasting with the voice "Leave the ship" (Fig. 4.1, Fig. .4.2), announcing preparations for launching specific life-saving appliances.

Figure 4.1. Signaling with a loud beat bell

Figure 4.2. Signaling with the ship's whistle

Upon receipt of the signal "Leave the ship", all crew members and passengers fulfill the requirements of the reminder to the crew members and passengers on leaving the damaged ship, and the commanders of the rescue equipment and the persons assigned to the launching and dropping devices and the landing sites of people fulfill their duties according to the ship's schedule

The wetsuit is put on in the "ready" position so that the chest and front part can be fastened at the last moment, after the necessary preparatory work in accordance with the ship's schedule. Some types of wetsuits require a lifejacket to be worn on top (you need to be aware of this in advance).

The lifejacket is put on and securely fastened with straps. It provides the body with sufficient buoyancy and correct position in the water, even if the person has lost consciousness, and also allows, while waiting for help, to remain immobile in order to reduce the heat transfer of the body. The appropriate commanders check the correct donning of personal life-saving appliances (Fig. 4.3, 4.4).

Fig 4.3. Putting on the life jacket

Figure 4.4. Putting on a wetsuit

When boarding people in collective life-saving appliances, the crew members, in accordance with the schedule, must:

§ maintain order in the corridors and ladders leading to life-saving appliances and landing areas;

§ organize and supervise the boarding of people in life-saving appliances, paying attention to the observance of the sequence;

§ check the absence of people in residential and office premises (loss of consciousness, injury, jamming of the exit, damage to the broadcast);

§ to identify persons who have lost control over their actions, to withdraw from them stabbing, cutting and heavy objects, to provide assistance to the weak and helpless;

§ to prevent panic and excess of the number of people on ladders, in crossings and on boarding gutters in excess of the norm.

a). Abandonment of the damaged vessel on the lifeboat

1. Give back the lashings, each attached to its own davit or with a single stopper (Fig. 4.5), for which you should give the verb-hook (instead of the verb-hook there may be some other device).

Fig.4.5. Preparing the boat for launching

2. Release the davits stoppers by turning the flywheels (there are boat devices in which the release of the lashing and the release of the davits from the stoppers are interlocked, in such cases, when the davits stoppers are released, the lashings are released).

3. To smash and secure the falini (on some ships they are in this state all the time).

4. Give up the guard rail.

5. If possible, load additional supplies (fresh water, pyrotechnics, food, etc.).

6. Raising the handle of the centrifugal brake set in motion and dump the gravity davits overboard (Fig. 4.6). If the handle is released, the movement will stop. If you continue to raise the brake lever, then the Lapps of the sloop-hoists begin to poison themselves and the boat will go down. After the lifeboat is afloat, the handle should be kept on "lowering" in order to allow those in the boat to lay out the sloop-hoists (fig.4.7). In case of excitement, you should try to lower the boat to the bottom of the wave and lay out the sloop-hoists at the moment the boat rises on the wave.

Figure 4.6. Launching the boat into the water

Fig. 4.7. Recoil of sloops

7. Some types of concealed boats and their launching device are equipped with a mechanism to control the launching from the boat. For descent, you need to pull the handle down. If you release the handle, braking occurs (fig.4.8).

Figure 4.8. Boat launch control

8. There are boats which are equipped with an uncoupling mechanism, which allows laying out the bow and stern hoists simultaneously under load, i. E. when the boat has not yet touched the surface of the water (Fig. 4.9).

Figure 4.9. Launching a lifeboat with a release mechanism

9. People are boarding the boat from the boat deck (Figure 4.10) or by storm ladder, life pendants (Figure 4.11), nets and inflatable chutes.

Fig. 4.10. Boarding from the boat deck

Figure 4.11. Landing on a storm ladder and pendants

10. The launching team takes first places in the boat, and then the rest of its crew. Boarding in covered boats is done through all hatches at the same time.

11. The captains of the boats shall ensure that each crew member takes his place, does not pacing the beams and does not interfere with the taking of their places by others (in the absence of places on the banks, the rest are placed on the floor of the boat).

12. Radio equipment (emergency beacon), additional supplies, food, water, blankets, medicines, etc. are loaded into the boat.

13. Engines and radio equipment are activated and checked.

14. The commander checks that the crew members are wearing lifejackets correctly.

15. Depending on the emergency situation and the presence of its crew members in the boat, the commander decides to launch it (discharge). When launching, the crew members of the boat must be strapped in their proper places and strained to prepare for its impact on the water or the side of the vessel.

16. Launched boats are held by the side of the vessel with the help of a halyard and hold-down ends until the crew members and the launching crew are fully seated in it. In case of emergency, you can use axes, which are located in the bow and stern of the boat, to return the faline.

17. Jumping into the boat is strictly prohibited.

18. When leaving the lifeboat on oars, it is necessary to stretch along the side towards the bow of the vessel and, having gained sufficient speed, turn away from the side with the help of the rudder, the catching hook and transfer to the stern and delay the stern painter. Movement on the oars begins with an increase in the water space between the boat and the vessel.

19. When a lifeboat has an engine with a right-hand rotation propeller, the boat is reversing if the boat is at the port side, and forward or rearward if it is at the starboard side.

20. In the presence of a strong opposite wind and forward movement, it is necessary to push the bow of the boat away from the vessel and move away from it, keeping at an angle of no more than 30 ° relative to the center plane of the vessel.

21. In the presence of a strong tailwind, it is more expedient to retreat the boat in reverse, with the recoil, first of all, of the stern hawk.

22. When leaving the boat, the captain of the boat must lead and organize reliable observation of other life-saving appliances, people floating and objects hanging from the damaged vessel, in order to avoid collisions with them and accidents.

23. Departing from the side, the commander of the lifeboat should immediately organize the search and recovery of people from the water and the towing of the liferafts from the vessel.

b). Abandonment of the emergency vessel on the descent rescue helots

1. The raft in the container is released from the fastening and the floor is transferred to the crane girder.

2. The raft is removed from the container and filled with gas from the cylinder supplied with the life-saving craft or located launching device.

3. The hook of the pendant is laid by the eye on the top of the raft tent (Figure 4.12).

Figure 4.12. Preparing the raft for launching

4. If necessary, handrails are removed in the area of the descent.

5. The raft is taken overboard and pulled up to board people (fig. 4.13). At the same time, the next raft is being prepared for launching on the deck.

6. In the established sequence, the crew is landed in such a way that the area of the landing section is occupied evenly and the loss of people from the raft during descent is excluded.

7. The commander of the KSS checks the presence of all people registered on the boat and takes measures to search for the missing.

Figure 4.13. Boarding people in a descent raft

6. A check is made for the presence and removal of all piercing and cutting objects from the crew of the KSS, as well as shoes that can cause damage.

7. The raft is lowered into the water due to its own weight when the winch drum is released. The winch is controlled from the console on the deck or from the raft using the control line.

8. After the raft touches the water, when the load is removed from the hook of the pendant, the hook will automatically be laid out and the released pendant will return for the next raft.

9. The turning and unsealing of the crane beam in a given position is carried out using a mechanism. On legacy systems, this is done with guy wires.

v). Abandonment of the damaged vessel on dropped rafts

1. Persons assigned to drop the life rafts arrive at the places of their storage and deployment (Figure 4.14), and the rest of the crew and passengers - at the announced landing sites.

2. The reliability of the fastening of the launch line on the vessel is checked.

3. The place of the expected fall of the raft is inspected in order to avoid falling of the raft on people floating at the side, as well as on other life-saving equipment or floating objects at the time of its dropping.

Figure 4.14. Place of storage of the dropped raft: 1 - container, 2 - stand, 3 - lashings, 4 - hydrostat, 5 - bandage with explosive bolts, b - launch line, 7 - weak link

4. If necessary, hand over handrails or other fences if they interfere with the dumping of flesh.

5. At the landing site, landing equipment is prepared: outboard ladders, storm ladders, folding bulwarks, nets, inflatable ramps and chutes.

6. The sequence and order of boarding people in the rafts is established.

7. The faces marked for dropping release the raft from the fastenings and dump it overboard. When the ship is heeling more than 15 °, the rafts should be dropped from one side to the side of the bank, because the opposite side, overgrown with shells in the underwater part, is dangerous for people to descend.

8. To activate the starting device, it is necessary to select the slack of the starting line and pull it sharply (Figure 4.15).

9. The raft begins to fill with gas, the breaking bolts of the tires will open, the container will open and fall off. In 25-35 seconds the raft will be filled with gas and will be ready to receive people (Fig. 4.16).

Figure 4.15. Launching the drop raft

Figure 4.16. Disclosure of a discarded raft

9.Using the launch line, the raft is brought to the landing site at the side of the vessel, where the line is fixed to any deck device. In this case, the landing site should be illuminated from an emergency source in case the ship is abandoned at night.

10. When overturning a dropped raft, the designated by the commander from among the trained crew members descends (jumps) into the water and turns it over to its normal position. To do this, grabbing the cover of the gas cylinder, you need to turn the raft into the wind, and then, holding on to the bottom handles (special cable), climb onto the cylinder and jerk the raft over onto yourself (Figure 4.17). A tipping raft will not cause injury, but it drifts quickly in strong winds. Therefore, in such conditions, it is recommended, in order to avoid losing the raft, to pre-tie yourself to the belt with a starting line, the end of which is fixed from the side of the vessel.

11. Preparing people for boarding and boarding them into the raft. At the same time, it is checked whether they have individual life-saving equipment, warm clothing and the absence of nails and protruding horseshoes on their shoes. Boarding the raft is carried out using the landing craft. The sick, the wounded, children, women and sailors are the first to be evacuated to the rafts.

12. If the height of the freeboard at the landing site is no more than two meters, in an emergency it is allowed to jump onto the camera of the raft, and if the height is up to 4.5 meters - onto the inflatable arches.

13. Placement of people is organized so that they do not interfere with the entrance of those who follow them.

14. To move the raft away from the vessel to a safe distance, it is necessary to cut the launching line, for which a special knife is used, stored in a pocket at the entrance near the point where the line is attached (Figure 4.18).

Figure 4.17. Flipping the raft

Figure 4.18 Trimming the trigger line

16. Departure of the liferaft from the vessel can be facilitated by tightening the bottom ballast pockets, the pins from which are attached to the arcs of the frame.

17. Departure of the raft from the vessel is carried out under the direction of the commander or his deputy, who observe the situation through the front door (entrance). The two most powerful members of the crew are appointed oarsmen, who are positioned with oars at the rear door (entrance) of the raft.

18. The movement of the raft can be carried out by casting forward and then choosing the floating anchor (fig.4.19). At the same time, it is not recommended to move along the side of the vessel in order to avoid getting the floating anchor into the gear and rigging, launched from the vessel.

Figure 4.19. Movement with a floating anchor

19. In the presence of a downwind or opposite wind, it is necessary to stretch along the side into the wind into clear water and go downwind, helping with the oars.

20. When a lifeboat approaches for the purpose of towing a raft, it is necessary to take the throwing line from it and transfer the towing line of the raft with its help to the lifeboat.

21. In case of a sudden sinking of the damaged vessel, for the devices of which the launching line of the raft is attached, it is necessary to cut off the latter, and in the absence of a knife, hold firmly to each other and to the raft, sitting on its bottom, waiting for the spontaneous rupture of the weak link of the launching line.

G). Abandonment of a damaged vessel by evacuating people into the water

1. Before jumping into the water, it is necessary to inspect the splashdown site so as not to get on people and floating objects.

2. If it is necessary to jump (in case of an accidental fall), each fleeing person takes a deep breath and jumps with his feet forward, slightly bending them and keeping his head straight (Fig.4.20).

Figure 4.20. Jumping into the water from the side of the ship

3. When jumping, a life jacket is pressed against the chest to prevent injury from a jerk from hitting the water.

4. It is not recommended to jump from the side opposite to the banked side and also upwind side.

5. It is necessary to swim with open eyes to avoid getting under the ship's hull or floating objects.

6. After surfacing, it is recommended to sail away from the damaged vessel to a safe distance (15-20m) in order to avoid being caught by the board, superstructure, masts during its immersion.

7. Once in the water, first of all, you need to navigate the immediate danger in order to avoid it.

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Introduction

1. Marine life-saving appliances of sea-going ships and general requirements for them

2. Completing life-saving appliances on board

2.1 Personal life-saving appliances

2.2 Collective life-saving appliances

3. Preparing to abandon the ship

4. Actions when leaving the ship

5. Actions on the life-saving craft after leaving the damaged ship

6. Ensuring safety when launching rafts

7. Activities to ensure survival on the life-saving craft

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

1.people who died directly in the accident.

2.fatalities due to insufficient efficiency of rescue equipment and poor organization of rescue operations.

The number of casualties can be reduced by increasing the effectiveness of life-saving appliances and their skillful use.

Every year, the design and technical equipment of sea-going vessels, equipment of sea routes with navigation barriers, professional training of the sailing staff are being improved.

For rescue, it is not enough to have the most advanced rescue equipment on board - you need to be able to handle it.

1. Marine life-saving appliances of sea-going ships and general requirements for them

General requirements for life-saving appliances:

§ be made in the right way and from the right materials;

§ be in working order when stored at an air temperature of -30 to + 65 ° C;

§ be in working order at a temperature of sea water from - 1 to + 30 ° С, if it is assumed that during use they can be immersed in sea water;

§ where applicable, be resistant to decay, corrosion and must not be unduly exposed to seawater, oil or fungi;

§ do not lose their qualities if they are open to sunlight;

§ be of a highly visible color wherever this will facilitate their detection;

§ be provided with reflective material in places where it will facilitate their detection, as well as in accordance with the recommendations of the organization;

§ if they are intended for use in waves, work satisfactorily in such conditions;

§ be clearly marked with approval information, including the name of the Administration that approved the product, and any operational restrictions;

§ be provided, where necessary, with protection against damage and injury from short-circuiting the electrical current.

Before the ship leaves the port, as well as during the entire voyage, all life-saving appliances must be in working order and ready for immediate use.

2. Completing life-saving appliances on board

2.1 Personal life-saving appliances

Lifebuoys should

§ have an outer diameter of no more than 800 mm and an inner diameter of at least 400 mm;

§ be made of floating material;

§ the buoyancy of the lifebuoy should not be provided by reeds, cork shavings or chips, any other loose crumbling material or inflatable air chambers;

§ maintain in fresh water a load of iron weighing at least 14.5 kg for 24 hours;

§ have a mass of at least 2.5 kg;

§ do not sustain combustion or continue to melt after it has been completely engulfed in flames for 2 seconds;

§ be so designed as to withstand being dropped into the water from a height above the waterline at the vessel's lightest operating draft or from a height of 30 m, whichever is greater, without impairing the performance of the lifebuoy or equipment attached to it;

§ if it is intended to activate a device for quickly disengaging from the ship an automatically operating smoke bomb and a self-igniting signal light, have a mass sufficient to activate these devices;

§ have a lifeline with a diameter of at least 9.5 mm and a length of at least four outer diameters of a circle. The lifeline must be fixed around the perimeter of the circle in four equally spaced places, forming four identical loops.

Self-igniting signal lights of lifebuoys (Fig. 2.1.) Should:

§ be such that they cannot be extinguished with water;

§ be white and must burn continuously with a luminous intensity of at least 2 cd in all directions of the upper hemisphere or give flashes with a frequency of at least 50 and not more than 70 flashes per minute, with at least the same effective luminous intensity;

§ have an energy source capable of operating for at least 2 hours;

Figure 2.1. Lifebuoy with a luminous buoy.

The lifebuoy automatic smoke bombs required by SOLAS-74 III / 7.1.3 must:

§ emit smoke of a highly visible color evenly for at least 15 minutes while afloat in calm water:

§ do not burn with flashes and do not throw out flames during the entire duration of the action of the smoke bomb;

§ do not flood with water in waves;

§ Continue smoke production while fully immersed in water for at least 10 seconds;

§ withstand drop test.

Buoyant rescue lines should:

§ be non-curling;

§ have a diameter of at least 8 mm;

§ have a breaking force of at least 5 kN.

Life jackets (Fig. 2.2.) Should:

§ do not sustain combustion or melt after it has been completely engulfed in flames for 2 seconds;

§ persons completely unfamiliar with the design of the vest could use it correctly for no more than one minute without any help;

§ in it it was possible to jump into the water from a height of at least 4.5 m without injury and without displacement or damage to the life jacket;

§ must have sufficient buoyancy and stability.

§ so that you can swim a short distance in it and climb into a lifeboat or liferaft.

Lifejacket warning lights should:

§ have a luminous intensity of at least 0.75 kD in all directions of the upper hemisphere;

§ have an energy source capable of providing a luminous intensity of 0.75 kD for at least 8 hours;

§ be visible when attached to the lifejacket in as much of the upper hemisphere segment as practicable;

§ be white.

Rice. 2.2 Life vest

Wetsuits must:

§ it could be unpacked and put on without assistance for no more than 2 minutes, together with any appropriate clothing and life jacket if the wetsuit requires its use;

§ do not sustain combustion or continue to melt after being completely engulfed in flames for 2 s;

§ cover the whole body, with the exception of the face. Hands should also be covered unless gloves are permanently attached to the wetsuit;

§ he had a device in the area of his legs for bleeding off excess air;

§ after jumping into the water from a height of at least 4.5 m, an excessive amount of water did not get into it.

A person in a diving suit with a life jacket, if the diving suit requires its use, should be able to:

§ carry out the usual duties associated with the abandonment of the ship;

§ jump into the water from a height of at least 4.5 m without damaging or displacing the wetsuit and without bodily harm;

§ swim a short distance and climb into a collective rescue vehicle.

A floatable immersion suit intended for use without a lifejacket must be fitted with an adequate signal light and a whistle.

If a wetsuit requires the use of a lifejacket, the lifejacket must be worn over the wetsuit. The person wearing a wetsuit must be able to don the lifejacket without assistance.

Protective suits must:

§ be made of waterproof materials;

§ have their own buoyancy of at least 70 N;

§ the material used reduced the risk of overheating the body during rescue operations and evacuation;

§ the entire body was covered with the exception of the face, hands and, if permitted by the Administration, legs. Gloves and head hood must be made taking into account the conditions of use of the protective suit;

§ it was possible to unpack and put it on without assistance within 2 minutes;

§ burning was not maintained or the suit continued to melt after being completely engulfed in flames for 2 seconds;

§ there was a pocket for a portable VHF radiotelephone;

§ provided peripheral vision in the sector of at least 120 °.

The protective suit must allow the person wearing it to:

§ go up and down a vertical ladder with a length of at least 5 m;

§ jump into the water with feet forward from a height of not less than 4.5 m and at the same time without damaging or displacing the suit and without receiving bodily harm;

§ swim at least 25 m in the water and get into a lifeboat or raft;

§ put on a life jacket without assistance;

§ carry out all watchkeeping duties of abandoning the ship, assisting others and using the rescue boat.

The protective suit must have a signal light and a whistle.

The protective suit must:

§ be marked;

§ continue to provide sufficient thermal protection to a person after a full dive into the water so that the person's body temperature does not drop faster than 1.5 0 C after the first half-hour stay in circulating water with a temperature of 5 ° C in the absence of excitement;

§ a person in a protective suit that meets the requirements of this rule must be able to roll over in fresh water from a face-down to a face-up position in no more than 5 seconds and maintain this position. The suit should not facilitate the person's face-down turnover in an environment of excitement;

Heat protection means

Thermal protective agent - a bag or suit made of waterproof material with low thermal conductivity, designed to restore the body temperature of a person who has been in cold water.

The thermal protective agent is made of a waterproof material with a heat transfer coefficient not higher than 7800 W / (m 2-K), and has a design that reduces the loss of heat by humans both by conventional means and through evaporation.

The heat protection agent has the following properties:

covers the entire body of a person of any height in a life jacket, with the exception of the face. Hands are also covered, unless gloves are permanently attached to the heat protective device;
it can be unpacked and easily donned without assistance in a lifeboat, raft or rescue boat;
it can be removed in the water in no more than 2 minutes if it interferes with swimming;
it performs its functions at an air temperature of -30 to + 20 ° C.

Usage. Thermal protective equipment is intended for use on lifeboats, liferafts and rescue boats for people who have been in cold water.

The heat protector should be unpacked and put on over the lifejacket, as it does not float on its own. Then it should be closed from the inside.

In case of danger, such as the overturning of a liferaft, the thermal protection should be removed.

Pyrotechnics

Ship pyrotechnics

§ parachute disaster rocket red - 12 pcs .;

§ PRB-40, shelf life 10 years,

§ red hand flares - 12 pcs., shelf life 10 years;

§ sonic distress rocket - 12 pcs .;

Boat pyrotechnics (for each boat):

§ parachute disaster rocket red - 4 pcs .;

§ PRB-40;

§ red flares - 6 pcs .;

§ floating smoke bombs-2 pcs.

2 Collective life-saving appliances

Lifeboats

a). Lifeboat design.

Each lifeboat shall carry information confirmed by the Administration at least containing:

· manufacturer's name and address;

· boat model and serial number;

· month and year of manufacture;

· the number of people approved for the boat.

The boat surveyor must issue a certificate of approval, which, in addition to the above information, specifies:

· Administration confirmation number of boat approval;

· the material of which the hull of the boat is made, with details on material compatibility issues in the event of a refurbishment;

· the total mass of a fully equipped and manned boat.

All lifeboats must be of sufficient strength to:

· they could be safely launched when loaded with their full complement of people and supplies;

· they could be launched and towed on the forward course of the vessel at a speed of 5 knots in calm water;

· Enclosures and rigid closures must be non-combustible or non-flammable.

Seating for people should be equipped with transverse and longitudinal banks or fixed seats and be so designed to withstand:

· total static load, equivalent to the mass of the approved number of people, weighing 100 kg each, in places in the boat;

· for a lifeboat intended for launching on hoists, a load of 100 kg at any seat when dropped into the water from a height of at least 3 m;

· for a boat intended for launching by free fall, a load of 100 kg at any landing position when dropped from a height of at least 1.3 times higher than that approved in the certificate.

Every lifeboat, other than those intended for free-fall launching, must be of sufficient strength to withstand the following load without permanent deformation after removal:

· for boats with a metal hull - a load of 1.25 times the total mass of such a boat when it is loaded with its full complement of people and supplies;

· for other boats - a load 2 times the total mass of such a boat when it is loaded with its full complement of people and supplies.

· Each lifeboat, other than those intended for free-fall launching, when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment and equipped, where applicable, with skids or external fenders, shall be of sufficient strength to withstand impacts against the side of the lifeboat vessel in a direction perpendicular to the side. a vessel at a speed of at least 3.5 m / s, as well as dropping into the water from a height of at least 3 m.

The vertical distance between the floor planking and the inner surface of the closure or tarpaulin extending over 50% of the floor area shall be:

· not less than 1.3 m - for lifeboats with a capacity of 9 persons or less;

· not less than 1.7 m - for lifeboats with a capacity of 24 people or more;

· not less than the distance calculated by linear interpolation between 1.3 and 1.7 m - for lifeboats with a capacity of 9 to 24 people.

b). Lifeboat capacity.

Lifeboats with a capacity of more than 150 people are not permitted.

The number of persons permitted to be accommodated on a hoist launched lifeboat shall be the lower of the following:

· the number of people with an average mass of 75 kg who can sit in a normal position in lifejackets without interfering with the operation of the lifeboat propulsion means and the operation of any of its equipment;

· the number of seats that can be fitted on cans and seats according to the seating area may overlap, provided there is sufficient legroom and footrests and the vertical distance between the upper and lower seats is at least 350 mm.

v). Lifeboat buoyancy.

G). Freeboard and lifeboat stability.

All lifeboats shall be stable and have positive metacentric heights (GM) when loaded with 50% of the number of people normally seated on the lifeboat on one side of its centerline.

Requirements for the boat diet.

Fully enclosed lifeboats.

Fig..2.3. Hermetically sealed lifeboat.

Every fully enclosed lifeboat must have a rigid watertight closure. The closure must meet the following requirements:

· protect people in the boat from heat and cold;

· access to the boat must be provided through hatches that can be hermetically closed;

· with the exception of free-falling lifeboats, access hatches should be located so that it is possible to carry out operations associated with the launching and recovery of the lifeboat without resorting to getting out of it;

· ensure trouble-free and easy opening and closing of access hatch covers from the outside and from the inside. Manhole covers must be held securely in the open position;

· with the exception of free-fall lifeboats, provide rowing capability;

· with closed hatches and without significant water leaks, keep afloat the full mass of the boat with a full complement of people, supplies and mechanisms, when the boat is in the overturned position;

· have portholes or windows that let in daylight when the hatches are closed;

· the outer surface of the closure must be of a highly visible color, and the inner color, which does not cause irritation to people in the boat;

· have handrails that can be held by people moving outside the boat, and which can be used when embarking and disembarking;

· people should be able to pass from the entrance to their seats without climbing over, cross banks or other obstacles;

· the air pressure inside the lifeboat when the engine is running with the inlets closed should not be more than or below atmospheric pressure by more than 20 hPa.

Tipping the lifeboat and returning it to a straight position.

Each set of seat belts for a seating position shall be in a color that contrasts with the harness belts of adjacent seating positions.

All engine exhaust pipes, air ducts and other openings shall be so designed that water cannot enter the engine when the lifeboat is capsized and returned to the upright position.

The engine and its transmission must be controlled from the boat control point.

Launching devices and landing storm ladders.

Each descender should be designed like this:

1.to ensure the safe launching from the vessel of the launching appliance lifeboats and rafts or the rescue boat with their full equipment with a differential of up to 10 ° and roll up to 20 ° on any board;

2.have a non-slip surface that is effective either by longitudinal grooves or by an approved non-slip surface;

.be at least 480 mm long, at least 115 mm wide and at least 25 mm thick, excluding the non-slip surface or coating;

.be located at an equal distance from each other, which should be at least 300 mm and not more than 380 mm, and fixed so as to maintain a horizontal position.

Life rafts

Rice. 2.4. Inflatable liferaft PSN-6M (PSN-10M): a - general view; 6 - device and equipment (raft awning removed).

Inflatable arches connected to buoyancy chambers are designed to support an awning made of water-resistant fabric, which forms a tent that shelters people from bad weather.

An identification light is attached to the top of the awning. The light bulb lights up from the battery, which is fixed under the bottom, and starts working after the seawater enters it.

A floating anchor is connected to the hull of the raft by means of a drift.

The starting line with its root end is attached to the starting device in the head of the gas cylinder. The other end of the line is tied on board the vessel.

The fastening of the container in which the raft is stored provides for an uncoupling device that is triggered when it is immersed to a depth of no more than 3.5 m (Fig. 2.5).

Figure 2.5. Disconnecting device PSN

3. Preparing to abandon the ship

1.By broadcast or other means of communication, information is given about the state of the vessel and the planned actions of the crew.

2.In accordance with the established procedure, a report is given about the situation, actions and the decision to leave the ship.

.An emergency radio beacon is activated to indicate the location of those in distress and to facilitate search and rescue operations, which is designed for at least 48 hours of continuous operation (Figure 3.1).

4.Collective life-saving appliances are made ready for immediate launching and their sequence is announced. Depending on the situation, a decision is made on the preliminary descent of life-saving appliances to increase their readiness to receive people on the water or to leave the ship by passengers and part of the crew. Such early action can be caused, for example, by the threat of fire to the places where boats and rafts are installed, as well as an increase in the list of the vessel up to 20 °. when the launching of the boats becomes impossible.

Figure 3.1. Rescue system operation diagram

5.Passengers and crew members who are not engaged in the fight for the damage to the ship's survivability are warmly dressed (preferably in woolen underwear and low-waterproof clothing) and with life jackets, as well as immersion suits, if provided on the vessel, are sent to the place of assembly (Figure 3.2)

Figure 3.2. To the collection point

6.Additional supplies of water, food (chocolate, sugar, canned meat and fish, alcohol), signaling and communication equipment, warm linen, blankets, etc. are being prepared and loaded onto life-saving appliances.

7.The sequence and order of abandonment of the vessel are announced.

.Preparing for a long stay in cold water is that part of the crew that will be the last to leave the ship and which will have to jump into the water (take off their shoes, put on a wetsuit, grease the exposed parts of the skin, perform other actions depending on the situation).

Rescue equipment is a complex of devices, mechanisms and structures necessary for training and for the rescue of the crew and passengers in the event of the loss of the vessel.

The requirements defining shipboard life-saving devices are specified in the following documents:

International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (SOLAS-74), Chapter III "Life-saving appliances and devices";

International Life-Saving Appliance Code (LSA Code);

Rules for the equipment of sea-going vessels of the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping, Part II "Life-saving appliances".

The proposed classification divides life-saving appliances into individual, collective and auxiliary.

Figure 5. Classification of shipboard life-saving appliances

Personal life-saving appliances

Personal life-saving appliances are equipment designed to be used by one person. This group includes both personal (life jackets and wetsuits) and means that can be used by any person as needed (lifebuoys, protective suits and thermal protective equipment).

Lifebuoys

A lifebuoy is an elliptical floating circle in cross-section with a lifeline attached to it at four points.

Lifebuoys cannot be inflatable or made of cane, cork shavings or any crumbly material. Wheels are usually made of expanded polystyrene foam, foam or other synthetic foam that does not absorb water.

The lifebuoy should:

Have an outer diameter not exceeding 800 mm and an inner diameter not less than 400 mm;

Have a lifeline running along the outer perimeter of the circle and secured at four equidistant places from each other, forming four identical loops;

have sewn-on stripes made of reflective material;

Have a mass of at least 2.5 kg.

At least one circle on each side must have life lines at least 30 m long.

Figure 6. Lifebuoy with self-igniting fire

50% of lifebuoys, but not less than six, must be equipped with self-igniting lights with a source of electricity to ensure combustion for at least 2 hours.

The white light must be on continuously or be flashing with a frequency of not more than 70 flashes per minute.

At least two circles, from among those equipped with self-igniting lights, must be equipped with automatically operating smoke bombs with a duration of at least 15 minutes and be able to quickly be dropped from the navigation bridge. These buoys must not have life lines.

Smoke bombs produce orange-colored smoke that is highly visible during the day and distinguishable from other possible smoke sources. Usually, a self-igniting fire and a checker are combined in one case.

Such a complete set of lifebuoys is done in order to be able to provide assistance to a person in the water under various circumstances:

if a person fell overboard from a ship at anchor, then the most rational is to feed a circle with a life line, which will not allow the current to carry the person away from the ship during the rescue operation;

If a person fell overboard of a moving vessel, then giving him a circle with a line is meaningless - the circle will leave with the vessel. In this case, a circle should be given with signaling means: during the day - with a self-igniting smoke bomb, at night - with a self-igniting fire.

Figure 7. Circle with self-igniting fire and smoke bomb

Lifebuoys can also be installed on the ship without additional equipment if the above conditions for the assembly are met.

The circles are spaced so as to be easily accessible on both sides of the vessel and, if possible, on all open decks extending to the side. At least one lifebuoy should be placed near the stern of the vessel.

Wheels should be stored in such a way that they can be quickly dropped and should not be secured tightly in any way. Each lifebuoy must have the name of the vessel and the port of registration in block letters of the Latin alphabet.

Life jackets

A life jacket is a means of keeping a person on the surface of the water. A lifejacket must be provided for each person on board.

Life jackets can be constructively inflatable or with "rigid" elements that provide buoyancy.

The design of the lifejacket should ensure:

The emergence of an unconscious person and his face-up turn in no more than 5 seconds;

Maintaining a person in such a position that the body is tilted back at least 20 °, and the mouth is at a height of at least 12 cm above the water level.

When jumping into the water from a height of 4.5 meters, the vest should not cause damage.

Inflatable life jackets have at least two independent chambers with such buoyancy and a device that, in the event of damage to any of them, the vest meets the above requirements.

The inflation system allows the vest to be inflated both automatically and manually from a gas cylinder. In addition, it provides for the possibility of swapping the vest with the mouth.

The jump into the water in the vest is done with feet forward. In this case, the vest must be well fixed (not dangling).

A vest with rigid buoyancy elements has great resistance when entering the water, therefore, for additional fixation of the vertical displacement, grasp the buoyancy chest elements with your hands.

It is not recommended to jump into the water wearing a vest with rigid buoyancy elements from a height of more than 4.5 m. However, if you inevitably have to jump from a greater height, then you should wind the end of the straps for fastening around the arm, and take the vest in your hand. In this case, when entering the water, the vest will be torn out of the hand, but held by the straps.

Figure 8. Rigid life jacket

Each lifejacket must be provided with a white signal light and a whistle.

The signal light battery starts working after it is filled with seawater. It is impossible to stop the initiated electrochemical reaction after water enters the body, therefore, to prevent premature use of the resource, the water inlet hole is closed with a plug. The plug is pulled out only by hand, and this should only be done after dark.

Figure 9. Warning light and lifejacket battery

There should be a sufficient number of lifejackets on board for watchkeeping personnel and for use in remote locations where lifeboats and rafts are located. Lifejackets provided for watchkeepers should be stored on the bridge, in the engine control room and in any other watch station.

Figure 10. Storing lifejackets in remote locations

Wetsuits & Protective Suits

The immersion suit is a suit made of waterproof material to protect a person from hypothermia in cold water.

A immersion suit must be provided for each person on board.

Wetsuits must meet the following requirements:

Any member of the crew could put on a suit on their own for no more than 2 minutes along with clothes and a life jacket if the wetsuit requires the wearing of a vest;

The body temperature of a person should not drop by more than 2 ° C within 6 hours at a water temperature of 0 - 2 ° C;

Does not support combustion and does not melt if engulfed in an open flame;

Possessed the strength that provides a jump from a height of 4.5 meters;

Provided freedom of movement when lowering life-saving appliances, when climbing a vertical ladder to a height of up to 5 meters, and also a person could swim a short distance and climb into a boat or raft.

The guaranteed thermal protection time is indicated in the marking of the wetsuit.

Figure 11. Putting on the wetsuit

Thermal protective agent - made of waterproof material with low thermal conductivity in the form of suits or bags and is designed to restore the body temperature of a person who has been in cold water. The equipment of each lifeboat and raft should include thermal protective equipment in the amount of 10% of the capacity of people, but not less than two.

The thermal protective device must ensure that the body temperature of a person does not drop by more than 1.5 ° C after the first half-hour stay in water with a temperature of 5 ° C in the absence of excitement.

Of the many other personal life-saving appliances, the life-saving "ball" should be noted - an inflatable red balloon with a thin nylon cord, packed in a white plastic box attached to a life jacket. When the package is opened, the balloon is inflated with gas to a diameter of 0.5 m and rises into the air, being held by a line. The balloon, and with it the person, can be easily located during the day from a distance of 2 miles.

Questions for self-test:

1. What is the outer diameter of the lifebuoy?

2. Construction of the life jacket.

3. Wetsuits.

4. Thermal protective agent.

Section 122. Boat equipment and life-saving appliances of sea vessels

The boat device of a modern transport vessel consists of lifeboats (lifeboats and workers), devices for stowing lifeboats in their regular places, devices for launching boats into the water and lifting them aboard the vessel and deck mechanisms (boat winches).

When placing lifeboats, account should be taken of the availability and the possibility of quick boarding of passengers and crew, the ease, speed and safety of launching lifeboats into the water under unfavorable conditions of heel and trim, and safety of storage. The boats are positioned so that they do not interfere with the work of other boats. The decks on which the boats are placed must be lit.

Boats are stored on both sides on one of the highest decks in the middle of the ship. Lifeboats must not be bowed within 1/5 of the boat's length as they can be damaged or washed away by waves. When the boats are placed in the stern, they can get under the propellers when lowering.

Tankers with a carrying capacity of more than 3000 tons must have at least four lifeboats: two on the stern superstructure and two in the middle of the vessel. On large-tonnage vessels, it is allowed to arrange boats in two tiers, two tiers under one pair of davits.

In their proper places, the boats must be installed in such a way that, under any difficult conditions of the voyage, they remain motionless and not be damaged. They are placed on two or three rostr-blocks (keelblocks), which must have a simple structure and be precisely adjusted to the shape of the boat contours. The boats are fastened in a marching way with the help of lashings, which have a verb-hook for their quick return.

Davits of various designs are used to raise and lower boats into the water. The boat is suspended from the heads of two davits on hoists. The davits must ensure that the boat is quickly thrown overboard, launched with full equipment and a set for people for which it is designed; launching boats from both sides of the vessel with a roll of up to 15 °.

The davits are divided into three groups.

Rice. 173.

Swivel(ordinary) davits (fig. 173) consist of curved steel beams rotating around their longitudinal axis.

Overwhelming davits also paired, but their rotation is carried out on the hinge at the heel. 1, this type of davits include a sector davit (Fig. 174), in which a toothed sector rolls along a toothed rack fixed on the deck of the ship due to the rotation of the handle of the screw rod passing through the threaded cage. The third group includes gravitational (sliding) davits(with rolling cart). There are several types of such davits.

Rice. 174.

One of the types is shown in fig. 175. The lowering of the lifeboat is carried out under the action of its own weight when the braking device of the lifeboat winches is released. The advantage of this group of davits is that they cannot be damaged and washed away during their use, since they are stored above the highest deck of the vessel and far from the side.

Rice. 175.

The launching and lifting of the lifeboat is carried out manually or with the help of lifeboat winches. The boat is lowered to such a height that its keel is slightly above the level of the crest of the wave, and then smoothly but quickly lowered to the bottom of the wave. This eliminates the possibility of impact under the boat bottom of the approaching wave. It is important to lay out the lower blocks of the boat hoists in a timely manner, which is greatly simplified if there is a device for simultaneously laying out the boat hoists. When launching the boat into the water, a halyard is preliminarily brought to the bow of the vessel, which is passed through the bow eye of the boat and is attached with a boat assembly to the second bank.

After laying out the lifeboat hoists, the lifeboat is kept parallel to the side of the vessel at the required distance, while controlling the rudder. In order not to damage the lifeboat from impacts against the side of the vessel, it is lowered from the leeward side, reducing the speed of dc small. If the boat is lowered in high seas, it is recommended to release vegetable or mineral oil.

For this purpose, bags of oil are suspended along the side of the vessel, which, seeping through the walls of the bag, spreads in a thin layer over the surface of the water and weakens the force of the wave impact.

When lifting the boat onto the ship, there must be two people in it. Falin is brought on board. The lopar of the boat hoists is carried along the deck of the ship through the rosin-block blocks (when manually lifted). It is necessary to tear off the boats from the water at the moment it is on the crest of the largest wave. After separation from the water, the plugs are opened to remove water from the boat.

Life-saving appliances of a modern marine vessel include boats, rafts, benches, circles, bibs, etc.

Ship's boats- the main life-saving appliances for passengers and crew. Boats are also used for communication with the shore, for the delivery of verps, for performing various works (outboard work, delivery of ends when placing on a barrel, etc.). For the latter purposes, work boats are usually used.

The buoyancy of the boat and its ability to float on the water must be such that the boat does not sink under full load while being filled with water. The boat must be stable enough to carry the sail, not capsize in waves and allow the free movement of people in it without significant heel; be agile and have little drift when sailing; its contours should provide the least resistance to movement under sails and oars; the height of the side of the boat must be such that oars can be operated, but the wave must not overwhelm it. The hull of the lifeboat must withstand the harsh sea conditions at full load, as well as possible shocks during operation or launch. The outer casing should not allow water to pass through and dry out during long-term storage on the ship.

The dimensions of the boat with a given number of people accommodated should be minimal so that it takes up as little space as possible on board the vessel. People should be comfortably accommodated in the boat, be able to sit on the banks, without interfering with the controls (rowers and helmsman).

Currently, the generally recognized best type of lifeboat has been developed - the whaleboat. These best designs are reflected in the rules of the USSR Register and GOSTs.

Foreign vessels are supplied with life-saving appliances in accordance with the rules developed by the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea. Lifeboats are supplied with rigging and food in accordance with GOST standards.

For each lifeboat, a senior navigator or qualified rower shall be appointed by the shipboard restraint schedule. A person who knows how to control the engine is assigned to a motor boat, and a person who knows how to handle radio and searchlight installations is assigned to a boat equipped with a radiotelegraph installation and a searchlight.

Universal raft used in the closed position as a normal liferaft. In the open position, the raft is used for painting overboard or dock work from it.

Inflatable life rafts are manufactured for 6, .10 and 20 people for merchant ships of all types. It is a durable inflatable structure that protects against waves, rain and sun. The rafts are stored on deck in compact packages. The time required to bring the raft to readiness, from the moment of dropping to the end of filling with carbon dioxide, no more than 30 seconds.

Lifebuoys and a bib and made of lump cork or other equivalent material. The use of circles and bibs filled with reeds, cork sawdust, crushed cork, with air chambers that require preliminary filling with air is prohibited. The lifebuoy must maintain 14.5 kg of ballast in fresh water for 24 hours. Lifebuoys should have fixed handrails. One lifebuoy on each side must be equipped with a life line of at least 27.5 m in length.

For all ships, the supply standards establish a minimum number of lifebuoys. Half of them, but not less than two, should have luminous buoys, which automatically light up when the rug falls into the water.

Place lifebuoys in such a way that they are easily accessible.

The rescue bib should support 7.5 kg of iron in fresh water for 24 hours, and then for an additional at least 15 minutes of the same load weighing 8 kg.

The design of the bib should be such that it can be worn from either side. According to calculations, the bib should support the head of a person who is in an unconscious position above water.

Life vest made of materials resistant to the effects of oil and oil products. The filling of the lifejacket is polystyrene with a specific gravity of 0.1 g / cm³.

The supporting force is about 11 kg, the vest weighs 1.5-1.6 kg. It is equipped with a whistle, an electric lamp with a battery powered by water.

It is forbidden to release ships into sailing - in the absence or insufficient number of lifeboats, rafts, breastplates and other life-saving appliances and a malfunction of the starting device.

On board ships, there must be an emergency supply (NZ) of foodstuffs necessary to feed the personnel who left the ship for several days. For deep-sea vessels, NZ is calculated for five days, for coastal vessels - for three days. In this case, it is recommended to put food products in wooden boxes of appropriate sizes with rope handles on the sides, based on the calculation of the capacity of each boat and the area of navigation of the vessel. The presence of boxes prepared in this way ensures the convenience of storage of NZ on sea vessels.

Each person is supposed to have the following products for the day as part of an emergency reserve: a) canned meat - 300 g or canned fish - 400 g, canned meat and vegetable food - 500 g; b) oil - 50 g; c) crackers or biscuits - 500 g; d) sugar -5 0 g; e) tea - 1 g; f) salt - 5 g; g) vitamin preparations - 2 g. The composition of the emergency reserve also includes sweet condensed milk - 500 g for the entire three-day or five-day period.

In addition to food, the lifeboat must be provided with a supply of fresh water in anchors at the rate of 3 liters per person.

The emergency reserve is spent in the event of a shipwreck, the need to provide assistance to a ship in distress, and if, due to unforeseen circumstances, the voyage continues for more than the expected period.

Preventive life-saving appliances. Life-saving appliances of sea vessels

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

1. Marine life-saving appliances of sea-going ships and general requirements for them

2. Completing life-saving appliances on board

2.1 Indus and visual life-saving appliances

Lifebuoys should

§ have an outer diameter of no more than 800 mm and an inner diameter of at least 400 mm;

§ be made of floating material;

§ The buoyancy of the lifebuoy should not be provided by reeds, cork shavings or chips, any other loose crumbling material or inflatable air chambers;

§ maintain in fresh water a load of iron weighing at least 14.5 kg for 24 hours;

§ have a mass of at least 2.5 kg;

§ do not sustain combustion or continue to melt after it has been completely engulfed in flames for 2 seconds;

§ be so designed as to withstand being dropped into the water from a height above the waterline at the ship's lightest operating draft or from a height of 30 m, whichever is greater, without impairing the performance of the lifebuoy or equipment attached to it;

§ if it is intended to activate a device for quickly disengaging from the ship an automatically operating smoke bomb and a self-igniting signal light, have a mass sufficient to activate these devices;

§ have a lifeline with a diameter of at least 9.5 mm and a length of at least four outer diameters of a circle. The lifeline must be fixed around the perimeter of the circle in four equally spaced places, forming four identical loops.

Self-igniting signal lights of lifebuoys (Fig. 2.1.) Should:

§ be such that they cannot be extinguished with water;

§ be white and must burn continuously with a luminous intensity of at least 2 cd in all directions of the upper hemisphere or give flashes with a frequency of at least 50 and not more than 70 flashes per minute, at least with the same effective luminous intensity;

§ have a source of energy that provides work for at least 2 hours;

Figure 2.1. Lifebuoy with a luminous buoy.

The lifebuoy automatic smoke bombs required by SOLAS-74 III / 7.1.3 must:

§ emit smoke of a highly visible color evenly for at least 15 minutes while afloat in calm water:

§ do not burn with flashes and do not throw out flames during the entire duration of the action of the smoke bomb;

§ do not flood with water in waves;

§ continue generating smoke while fully immersed in water for at least 10 seconds;

§ Pass the drop test.

Buoyant rescue lines should:

§ be non-twisting;

§ have a diameter of at least 8 mm;

§ have a breaking force of at least 5 kN.

Life jackets (Fig. 2.2.) Should:

§ do not sustain combustion or melt after it has been completely engulfed in flames for 2 seconds;

§ persons completely unfamiliar with the design of the vest could use it correctly for no more than one minute without any assistance;

§ in it it was possible to jump into the water from a height of at least 4.5 m without injury and without displacement or damage to the life jacket;

§ must have sufficient buoyancy and stability.

§ so that you can swim a short distance in it and get into a lifeboat or liferaft.

Lifejacket warning lights should:

§ have a luminous intensity of at least 0.75 kD in all directions of the upper hemisphere;

§ have an energy source capable of providing a luminous intensity of 0.75 kD for at least 8 hours;

§ be visible when attached to the lifejacket in as much of the upper hemisphere segment as practicable;

§ be white.

Rice. 2.2 Life vest

Wetsuits must:

§ it could be unpacked and put on without assistance within no more than 2 minutes, together with any appropriate clothing and life jacket if the wetsuit requires its use;

§ do not sustain combustion or continue to melt after being completely engulfed in flames for 2 s;

§ cover the whole body, with the exception of the face. Hands should also be covered unless gloves are permanently attached to the wetsuit;

§ he had a device in the area of ​​his legs for bleeding off excess air;

§ after jumping into the water from a height of at least 4.5 m, an excessive amount of water did not get into it.

A person in a diving suit with a life jacket, if the diving suit requires its use, should be able to:

§ carry out the usual duties associated with the abandonment of the ship;

§ jump into the water from a height of at least 4.5 m without damaging or displacing the immersion suit and without bodily harm;

§ Swim a short distance and climb into a collective life-saving device.

A floatable immersion suit intended for use without a lifejacket must be fitted with an adequate signal light and a whistle.

4. Actions when leaving the ship

The decision to abandon the vessel is made only by the captain.

Figure 4.1. Signaling with a loud beat bell

Figure 4.2. Signaling with the ship's whistle

The wetsuit is put on in the "ready" position so that the chest and front part can be fastened at the last moment, after the necessary preparatory work in accordance with the ship's schedule. Some types of wetsuits require a lifejacket to be worn on top (you need to be aware of this in advance).

Fig 4.3. Putting on the life jacket

Figure 4.4. Putting on a wetsuit

When boarding people in collective life-saving appliances, the crew members, in accordance with the schedule, must:

§ maintain order in the corridors and ladders leading to life-saving appliances and landing areas;

§ organize and supervise the boarding of people in life-saving appliances, paying attention to the observance of the sequence;

§ check the absence of people in residential and office premises (loss of consciousness, injury, jamming of the exit, damage to the broadcast);

§ to identify persons who have lost control over their actions, to withdraw from them stabbing, cutting and heavy objects, to provide assistance to the weak and helpless;

§ to prevent panic and excess of the number of people on ladders, in crossings and on boarding gutters in excess of the norm.

a). Abandonment of the damaged vessel on the lifeboat

1. Give back the lashings, each attached to its own davit or with a single stopper (Fig. 4.5), for which you should give the verb-hook (instead of the verb-hook there may be some other device).

Fig.4.5. Preparing the boat for launching

2. Release the davits stoppers by turning the flywheels (there are boat devices in which the release of the lashing and the release of the davits from the stoppers are interlocked, in such cases, when the davits stoppers are released, the lashings are released).

3. To smash and secure the falini (on some ships they are in this state all the time).

4. Give up the guard rail.

5. If possible, load additional supplies (fresh water, pyrotechnics, food, etc.).

Figure 4.6. Launching the boat into the water

Fig. 4.7. Recoil of sloops

7. Some types of concealed boats and their launching device are equipped with a mechanism to control the launching from the boat. For descent, you need to pull the handle down. If you release the handle, braking occurs (fig.4.8).

Figure 4.8. Boat launch control

8. There are boats which are equipped with an uncoupling mechanism, which allows laying out the bow and stern hoists simultaneously under load, i. E. when the boat has not yet touched the surface of the water (Fig. 4.9).

Figure 4.9. Launching a lifeboat with a release mechanism

9. People are boarding the boat from the boat deck (Figure 4.10) or by storm ladder, life pendants (Figure 4.11), nets and inflatable chutes.

§ he had a device in the area of his legs for bleeding off excess air;

4. If necessary, handrails are removed in the area of the descent.

6. In the established sequence, the crew is landed in such a way that the area of the landing section is occupied evenly and the loss of people from the raft during descent is excluded.