Can I carry or take perfume in hand luggage on an airplane? Is it allowed to bring deodorant on board? Is it possible to carry perfume in hand luggage or what you need to know so that the perfume is not confiscated during the inspection Is it possible to carry perfume on the plane in luggage.

Perfume, eau de toilette, and cologne are flammable liquids and are classified as dangerous when transported by air. dangerous goods.

According to the rules of ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization, from the English ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organization) passengers permitted transport toiletries on the plane, including aerosols, which include perfumes. However, it is necessary to comply requirements and restrictions established by both ICAO and a particular airline.

Some countries limit the amount of perfumes that can be imported or exported duty-free. Check in advance the customs regulations of the countries of your trip, including those related to purchases from Duty Free.

On the websites of a number of airlines, you can find unequivocal information that you can carry perfume in your hand luggage on an airplane. These companies include, for example:

  • Victory,
  • airBaltic,
  • Air Moldova
  • Austrian Airlines,
  • Azura Air,
  • fly one,
  • Pegasus Airlines,
  • Turkish Airlines;
  • Wizz Air.

In addition to perfumes, the passenger has the right to carry eau de toilette in the hand luggage of the aircraft.

Carriage of cologne on the plane is carried out according to the same rules as the above perfumes.

With some airlines, things are not so simple. The rules of pre- and post-flight inspections of the Russian Federation allow non-hazardous liquids and aerosols to be taken into the cabin. On the websites of a number of air carriers, for example, such as

  • Aeroflot,
  • nordwind Airlines,
  • Russia,

this information is duplicated, but without further explanation.

But on the websites of airlines

  • iFly,
  • uralairlines,
  • UTair

Some toiletries, including perfumes and colognes, are on the list of dangerous substances that are not allowed in the cabin.

You should familiarize yourself with the rules for transporting perfumes by a particular airline in advance on its official website. If you have any questions, it is better to ask them to the passenger support service.

It is forbidden to use perfume on board the aircraft, as the liquid can ruin the belongings of other passengers, and the smell can cause discomfort and allergic reactions.

Rules for carrying perfumes in hand luggage

The rules for pre- and post-flight inspections clearly regulate the amount of liquid that can be carried into the aircraft cabin.

It is necessary to transport perfumes in the cabin of the aircraft, adhering to the rules for carrying liquids and aerosols in hand luggage.

Many are interested in the question How many milliliters of perfume can I take on a plane in hand luggage? Correct answer - 100 ml - maximum volume of one container filled with liquid. The total volume of all containers must not exceed 1 litre. All containers must be placed in one clear, resealable plastic bag or cosmetics.

Thus, if, for example, a passenger wants to take 10 containers of perfume with a volume of 100 ml each into the cabin, then in accordance with the rules of carriage, he has the right to do so. However, it must be remembered customs restrictions.

Do not use containers larger than 100 ml, even if they are partially filled with liquid.

Since perfumes often have a small volume, you can easily take a 50 ml or 30 ml bottle with you. These containers do not take up much space and are easier to pack. This is worth paying attention to if the carrier also sets requirements for the dimensions of the bag for liquids.

However, airlines may impose their own additional restrictions on the transport of perfume in the cabin. For example, Turkish Airlines allows you to take perfume or deodorant up to 50 ml in hand luggage.

In order to avoid additional questions from airport security personnel, it is desirable that the volume of perfume is indicated on the perfume container.

The rules do not specify what material the liquid container should be made of, so you can take perfume with you not only in a plastic bottle, but also in a glass bottle.

Since perfumery products are liquids, the attention to it from the airport security service may be closer. If, during the inspection, the employees consider the bottle suspicious and the liquid dangerous, then the perfume may well be confiscated. That's why it is better not to take expensive perfumes in large quantities on the plane or, if possible, put it in luggage.

Perfume purchased in Duty Free

Passenger permitted carry perfume on the plane in hand luggage without strict restrictions presented for the carriage of liquids, if the product was purchased in Duty Free.

It must be remembered that perfumes purchased in duty free shops are also subject to customs regulations and restrictions of the country of arrival, as well as countries in which transfers are made.

Usually, airlines allow you to take such goods into the cabin for free, in addition to the allowance of hand luggage. However, there may be requirements for the weight and dimensions of the package with purchases. For example,

  • S7 Airlines– weight no more than 3 kg and dimensions no more than 75 cm (according to the sum of three measurements),
  • Utair– weight no more than 3 kg,
  • Russia- dimensions not more than 115 cm (according to the sum of three measurements).

In accordance with the rules, you can take perfume in hand luggage if you have a receipt confirming the purchase in the Duty Free store and packed in a special sealed bag. The integrity of such packaging must not be violated before arrival at the destination, including when transferring.

Perfume in checked baggage

Toiletries allowed, including perfumes(toilet water, cologne, perfume) in luggage subject to the following conditions:

  • the maximum volume (weight) of one product is 0.5 l (0.5 kg);
  • the total maximum volume (weight) of all products is 2 l (2 kg);
  • in the case of transportation of the product in the form of an aerosol, the vial must be securely closed with a protective cap.

If you decide to take perfume on board a plane in large quantities, then you can check your luggage as fragile cargo. You will have to pay extra for this, however, your luggage will be transported with care.

It is difficult to find people who are indifferent to aromas. A favorite perfume can create a good mood and a feeling of comfort during the long hours of a flight, which is why some travelers (and especially travelers) do not want to part with a bottle of their perfume even in the cabin. Others are concerned that after all the transportation manipulations with luggage in the cargo compartments, a bottle with expensive contents may be broken. In addition, cases of delay, damage and loss of luggage are not uncommon. Therefore, the question of how to carry perfume in hand luggage worries many.

What needs to be done so that your spirits are not seized during the inspection? Let's take a look at the main points of this question.

Perfume in the luggage compartment

Airlines have no restrictions on the transport of perfumes in checked baggage: this point is well known and does not raise doubts among most passengers. And few people know the answer to the question of whether it is possible to carry perfume in hand luggage.

In fact, perfumes are allowed, subject to a number of simple but strict rules.

Perfume in hand luggage: can I carry it?

Hand luggage is considered to be everything that you can take with you in the passenger cabin of the aircraft. Most carriers have the same carry-on baggage restrictions. Cargo that poses any threat to the safety of passengers will not be allowed on board the aircraft, and this is not only weapons and explosives. All cutting and piercing objects, acids, poisons, toxins, as well as flammable substances are prohibited for transportation in the cabin. A complete list of all restrictions can be found on the websites of the airlines.

As part of our question about whether perfumes can be carried in hand luggage, let's turn to international rules for screening. In accordance with them, non-hazardous liquids in containers with a volume not exceeding 100 ml are allowed for transportation in hand luggage. Containers must be packed in a transparent bag with a zipper with a total capacity of not more than 1 liter.

Since perfumes are classified as non-hazardous liquids, you can even take several bottles of perfume with you to the salon, strictly observing the above condition. Just remember to pack the vials in a transparent sealed bag and follow the requirements for vial containers.

If the bottle capacity is more than 100 ml, they will not be accepted on board even if the actual volume of liquid does not exceed 100 ml.

On the question of whether it is possible to carry perfume in hand luggage, one should also take into account the fact that perfumes are not always liquid. Are there any prohibitions and restrictions on carrying dry perfumes in hand luggage?

Dry and liquid perfumes

Perfume carry-on restrictions apply exclusively to liquid fragrances. Dry perfumes in the form of sticks and pencils do not belong to the category of liquids, gels and aerosols, as well as to the category of flammable substances, therefore, restrictions on their carriage in hand luggage do not apply.

Dry perfumes do not take up much space in your purse, they are compact and easy to travel. Therefore, if on the eve of a trip you are thinking about whether it is possible to carry perfume in hand luggage, there is a reason to make a pleasant and practical purchase. By the way, many adherents of dry perfumes consider their smells to be more persistent and deep in comparison with liquid ones.

Perfume in "Duty Free" stores

In the perfumery departments of Duty Free stores, it is difficult to resist the temptation to pick up a new fragrance. Here everything is conducive to making a purchase: a sufficient amount of time before boarding the aircraft, the absence of taxes in the final cost of the product, as well as the availability of some exclusive goods in the assortment of "Duty Free".

At the same time, buying perfume in the duty-free zone of the airport is the most legal way to carry perfume in hand luggage, and in this case, the bottles are not limited in volume and quantity.

All purchases purchased here will be securely packaged by the cashier. You should only monitor the safety of the seal and the tightness of the package. It must not be opened before the final destination of the flight (especially in the case of transit flights), it is also necessary to keep purchase receipts.

If spirits are nevertheless seized during inspection

If, nevertheless, your spirits were seized by the inspector due to non-compliance with the rules described above, in order for them not to end up in the wastebasket, you can do the following:

  • Giving the confiscated spirits to friends or relatives seeing off is the most convenient option. But what about those who are not accompanied by anyone?
  • Check out the spirits to wait for your return in the storage room of the airport terminal. Suitable for those who are not going to be on a trip for a long time. Tariffs for storing unchecked baggage at different airports around the world are different. At Hong Kong Airport, for example, this rate is $140 per day. On average, it does not exceed $4-10 per day.

Now that you have complete information on how to carry perfume in your hand luggage, you don’t have to worry when passing through the inspection area: the main thing is to strictly adhere to the above rules. Have a nice trip!

Perfumes are fragile products. Its transportation in an airplane always raises many questions. Can it be checked in as baggage? After all, with careless handling of the suitcase, everything will break. Can you take perfume on a plane? What are the rules for their transportation established by airlines?

Perfume in hand luggage

The state has established rules on how perfume can be transported on an airplane directly in the passenger cabin. The capacity of the vial should not exceed 0.1 l. In this case, the bottle itself must be hermetically sealed and packed in a plastic bag with other cosmetics. The package can be obtained at the check-in counter or directly during the inspection before boarding the aircraft.

All vials must be labeled: volume, date of manufacture, expiration date, manufacturer's name. If they were bought before the flight and not in the duty free zone, you need to keep the receipt. The security service may ask you to provide it.

Important! The total volume of perfumes carried in hand luggage must not exceed 1 liter per person.

It is forbidden to transport toilet water and cologne, in which the volume of the bottle exceeds 100 ml. Even if the amount of liquid in them is exactly at this mark. Such products will be immediately confiscated during inspection.

You can pay for a separate seat for hand luggage. Its weight should not exceed 15 kg. In some cases, this option of transporting luggage is more profitable than in the general cargo hold. Such nuances need to be clarified with the airline staff.

Can you carry deodorant on a plane?

This type of perfume falls under the general rules for the transport of liquids. The volume of the vial should not exceed 100 ml. If it exceeds this figure, it is better to check it in luggage.

Important. All bottles of perfumed liquids must be labeled. This will not raise additional questions from security personnel.

Deodorants are packaged with other perfumes in a transparent plastic bag. This packaging must not be opened during flight as these liquids are highly flammable.

Rules for the transportation of perfumes from Duty Free

Products from duty-free shops are not subject to strict rules for the transport of perfumed liquids. When buying cologne or other perfume, they will be packed in a special labeled bag. The buyer will only have to keep the receipt to provide it to the security service.

Important! Perfume in carry-on baggage on an airplane cannot be opened until you arrive at your destination.

Many air carriers impose a ban on the transport of aerosol deodorants. These rules are written on the company's website. It is better to put such products in your luggage immediately. The bottle of deodorant spray should not exceed 500 ml. Each passenger can carry up to 2 liters of deodorants and sprays.

Perfume in luggage: how to properly pack

You can carry an unlimited amount of perfumes in your luggage. The main thing is that its bottles do not exceed the volume of 100 ml. They must be packed in special plastic bags.

Important. It is worth considering that in some countries there are restrictions on the import of perfumes. You can clarify the allowed amount by calling the customs service hotline.

If the passenger is carrying a large amount of perfume, it can be packed in a separate suitcase. It should have a fragile cargo mark on it. This is a sticker issued by the baggage check-in department. Suitcases with such a mark are placed in a special compartment. To prevent damage to the surface of the bag, it can be wrapped with cling film.

In what cases can perfumes be confiscated?

Strict requirements are put forward for the safety of airports. Their violation entails administrative and sometimes criminal liability. Therefore, when transporting any perfume, you must follow the established rules not only of the airline and customs, but also of the airport security service.

If a passenger flies from Russia to the European Union, and is carrying perfume that was bought in a duty-free zone, they can be confiscated. Exceptions are the following countries:

  • Singapore;
  • Canada.

It is worth considering that some states are tightening the requirements for transporting perfumes in luggage and hand luggage. It has to do with terrorist threats. At the slightest suspicion, the security service will confiscate the purchased perfumes.

Flight preparation

Each traveler, when purchasing tickets for an aircraft, must find out all the rules for transporting luggage with perfumes. These products are considered explosive and may pose a threat to human health.

In order to avoid any problems in the baggage screening area, you need to find out the following:

  1. Rules for conducting screening at the airport of points of departure and arrival. This can be done on the airline's website or by calling the hotline.
  2. Clarify the possibility of changing the established rules in the near future. It is better to do this immediately before the day of departure. Transport regulations change frequently.
  3. If you can put perfume in your luggage, do not neglect this opportunity. The rules for its transportation in hand luggage are also subject to change. They can catch the passenger directly in flight.

In order to avoid conflict situations, it is necessary to remove all liquid containers from hand luggage and luggage and show them to security officers. After that, the vials must be packed in special transparent bags. It is better not to carry valuable perfumes in large volumes with you. It can be confiscated if it is suspected of being dangerous. It is impossible to return the confiscated goods. It is disposed of in accordance with established regulations. It is better to leave everything valuable in storage at the airport or with relatives.

The issue of transporting liquids of various kinds in an aircraft remains open. After all, not everyone always wants to understand the intricacies and nuances of aviation rules. As a result, in the process of inspection, disputable situations are often formed that are not to the liking of passengers. So, it’s worthwhile to deal with the question in advance: is it possible to carry perfume in your hand luggage so as not to waste time on inspection and not be left without your favorite bottle, which can be very expensive.

Previously, there were no questions about transporting the amount of liquids in luggage - passengers could take with them as many options for perfumes, deodorants, etc. as they wanted. However, due to the increased terrorist threat and the theory that attackers can make liquid explosives, the rules have been revised and tightened. As a result, there were rules for the transport of absolutely all liquids on board - some of them were completely banned, others were subject to some restrictions. Spirits fall under the second category. And in order not to get into trouble and not have conversations with security officers, you should take care in advance about the correct packaging of perfume with you on the flight.

Existing rules

Today, the rules for the transport of liquids, incl. and spirits are clearly regulated by the Ministry of Transport and the airlines themselves. It is quite possible to take spirits on a plane if they comply with simple rules:

  • Bottle no more than 100 ml
  • The total amount of various liquids is not higher than 1 l
  • The containers are securely packed and sealed in bags (they must be transparent) measuring 20 by 20 cm. Moreover, one bag relies on one person

It is important to understand that the bottle should be no more than 100 ml. If it is larger, and the spirits in it are less than 100 ml, they will still not be allowed into the cabin of the ship. In such a situation, it will be possible to carry them only in luggage. Therefore, the answer to the question: is it possible to carry perfume in hand luggage, yes, it is possible, but with strict and mandatory observance of a number of rules.

If the perfume is bought in duty free

It is worth remembering that perfumes and other liquids that were purchased in duty free can be transported under more relaxed rules. So, for example, they must be packed in a special package with the necessary markings. And this package should be kept intact until landing at the final destination. It is also advisable to keep all receipts for the purchase of these liquids - they indicate the place of purchase and the time it was made, which will confirm the legality and legality of the options used.

Eau de toilette and perfume regulations

You need to remember about the weight of hand luggage. In the economy, this is one place and 5-10 kg of weight; in business, the norm is higher. But you should not buy in cosmetics stores as if you need to make savings for life, there is a risk of gaining an advantage, for which you will have to overpay.

The question also arises on the topic of options for eau de parfum in the form of sprays and deodorants. They are also subject to the rules. So, you can carry them in packages of 100 ml, i.e. the maximum that you can bring into the cabin is 10 bottles.

But you should read the rules of the carrier chosen for the flight in advance. After all, many airlines, with their local rules, establish a ban on the transportation of options such as deodorants in the form of an aerosol, as well as varnishes and hair gels. It is better to pack such items in your luggage immediately. In this case, the vials should not exceed 500 ml in volume. The total amount of transported liquids cannot be more than 2 liters.

If you have to check in perfume in luggage

In case of non-compliance with the rules and regulations, as well as an excess of liquids in hand luggage, there is an option to send them in luggage. But even here there are certain rules. So, for example, it is allowed to carry up to 2 liters in the cargo compartment of the liner. But do not forget about reliable packaging. In order not to have to argue with loaders, it is worth hanging a label with a volume on each package. In addition, all liquids must be sent for inspection before they are sealed.

Experts recommend that when handing over toilet water and perfumes in luggage, pack them securely. After all, bags are thrown and thrown at the loader, so it’s worth laying bags of perfume between things so that they dangle all over the bag or suitcase. So there is a risk that the containers will be damaged and the perfume will spill.

Why can they confiscate

It also happens that due to non-compliance with the rules, one has to be subject to confiscation. And there are a number of situations where spirits can simply be taken away at the inspection without the possibility of putting them in luggage. The following items are on the list:

  1. Each airline has its own modified standards based on the rules of the Ministry of Transport, for example, they may be lower than prescribed. This fact must be taken into account in the presence of connections and transfers (for example, when buying in European duty-free, perfumes can be transported throughout the European Union without violating the integrity of the package, but when departing outside of it when docking aircraft in the EU zone, perfumes can be removed). In the US, for example, the carry-on baggage allowance for perfume is limited to 90 ml.
  2. An unexpected change in rules, usually temporary, due to countering external threats
  3. External suspiciousness of transported liquids: if during the inspection it seems to the employees of the air harbor that something is wrong, they can easily prevent spirits from boarding

One of the mandatory recommendations is to clarify the nuances of the airline. This can be done by calling the hotline or on the official website of the carrier. Then there will be no problems, and everything you need will be taken with you.

All air passengers should be aware of whether perfumes can be carried in hand luggage on the plane, because there are strict rules for liquids. Even those who travel frequently are not aware of all the safety requirements for international flights with transfers. The article tells how to smuggle perfumes without conflicts with airport services.

Rules for the transportation of perfumes from Duty Free

After check-in and screening, passengers on international flights go to duty-free shops. Here you can find original perfume brands:

  • unusual sets of perfumes;
  • perfumed and toilet water;
  • colognes.

Passengers are attracted by the opportunity to purchase quality goods at lower prices than the cost of such a level of products in stores "on the ground." There are many videos on YouTube with stories of girls about shopping before a flight.

When buying, the passenger must show the passport and boarding pass for the flight to the Duty Free cashier to confirm the export of purchases abroad.

It is necessary to keep receipts so that during the check it is clear where and when the goods were purchased.

To comply with safety requirements, Duty Free sellers pack drinks and liquids, along with checks, in branded bags with a red stripe. Duty-free goods are carried on board the aircraft without inspection. Alcohol, perfumes, other liquid products from Duty Free are not subject to the general requirements for transportation.

Purchases are allowed to be carried on board the airliner in transparent sealed bags that can only be opened after arrival.

Duty free shops can also be found on board the aircraft. Some countries (New Zealand, India, Australia, Hungary and others) place Duty Free upon arrival. This is convenient for passengers, but the cost of goods there is higher.

Conditions for carrying perfumes in hand luggage

To understand whether it is possible to take perfume on an airplane, you need to know what substances are classified as liquid according to the rules of transportation. Liquid is not only water, drinks, products (jam, honey), but also perfumes, liquid cosmetics and hygiene products. More than 10 years ago, Russia established requirements for the transport of non-hazardous liquids. Now they comply with international standards.

When checking passengers' belongings, the security service asks to see packages with liquids. They are skipped if the requirements are met:

  1. The maximum capacity of 1 liquid container is 100 milliliters.
  2. All containers are placed in 1 transparent bag with a volume of up to 1000 milliliters with a strong clasp. Liquids should fit freely and the bag should close and open effortlessly.
  3. Containers must be marked with their volume and the name of the means.

The perfumes found during the inspection in a bag or an ordinary cosmetic bag will be offered to be transferred to the rest of the liquids. If there is no place there, the perfumery will be taken away. Bags for the transport of liquid substances are issued or sold free of charge at airports. You can use transparent cosmetic bags with zippers, zippered envelopes, zip bags of a suitable size. Some airlines recommend using 20 x 20 centimeter bags.

There are flights with the right to carry only hand luggage free of charge. Then you need to take milk, tonic, cream, thermal water and other skin care products with you on board. Drinking water, drinks are always provided, toothpaste - not on all flights, and then they also take it with them.

Since liquid products, including perfumes, are limited, you need to be creative when packing your personal items. For the road, you can purchase special kits consisting of small packages of care products, or arrange cosmetics and hygiene products in small containers. It is also better to take samples and miniatures of perfumes with you, pour perfumes into travel bubbles.

How much perfume can you take in hand luggage

Perfume is easier to bring in luggage. But vials are often taken with them to protect them from damage. In addition, perfume in hand luggage will help out if the luggage is lost.

Allowed volume

Vials with a capacity of up to 100 milliliters are allowed.

It will be forbidden to take spirits of a slightly larger volume, even if they barely cover the bottom of the bubble. Baggage is checked in before the inspection of things, so it is no longer possible to put perfume there. If you don't have other liquids besides perfume, you can bring up to 10 bottles of 100 ml each.

Packing Requirements

For some women, beautiful branded boxes are almost as important as the perfume itself.

But it is not allowed to bring packaged perfumes into the cabin of the aircraft. Vials without boxes must be folded together with other liquids.

If you have to check in perfume in luggage

You can carry perfume in your luggage without restrictions. There are rules only for transporting aerosols. You can carry up to 2000 milliliters per person, tightly closing containers with a capacity of up to 500 milliliters each.

To prevent the perfume from breaking, they must be carefully packaged. Before putting the bottle in the box, the neck is wrapped with a film. For transportation, you can pour perfume into small protective bottles. Perfume packages are wrapped with towels, soft things, bubble polyethylene. Several boxes of perfume can be put inside a common container and protected with crumpled paper, cloth, foam rubber.

In what cases can perfumes be confiscated?

Perfume may be confiscated during the screening of hand luggage, even if you believe that you have fully complied with security rules. Perfume will be forbidden to take with you for several reasons:

  1. When checked, the liquid will arouse suspicion.
  2. Restrictions have been introduced in connection with world events, the holding of sports competitions. For example, from January to April 2014, Russian security services did not allow liquids to be carried on board the aircraft. The reason for the ban was the holding of the Sochi Olympics.
  3. The passenger did not comply with the rules for the transportation of liquids from Duty Free during transfers.

Rules for the transportation of liquids from Duty Free during transfers

  • Duty Free fragrances are not checked on connecting flights within the European Union.
  • Purchase receipts are valid for 24 hours.
  • Do not open duty-free packages from the first airport.

The same rules apply for departures from other countries if connections and final destinations are located in the European Union. For example, this applies to the flight Moscow - Rome with a connection in Prague. The rules are not valid for the return trip, as the country of arrival is not in the EU.

In other cases, duty-free perfumes purchased before the first flight are subject to the general rules for the transport of liquids. Therefore, when transplanting, perfumes must be put in luggage.

If there is an excess due to duty-free shopping, you will need to pay a significant amount.

When connecting, passengers are often not given baggage. Then you need to put perfume without a box in a bag for liquid products. If there is no place there or the volume of the bottle exceeds the norm, the perfume will be taken away.

To bring perfumes without trouble, it is recommended to buy them in Duty Free only at the last transfer.

Additional information about international flights

International aviation safety requirements are similar, but details may vary. This also applies to the transport of liquids.

When flying to the US and back, perfumes are placed in the same bag as for European flights. But the capacity of one package should be up to 90 milliliters. The same rules apply when flying from Canada.

Even if the volume of the bottle meets European requirements, it can be taken away during the check.

In addition to safety requirements, imports are regulated by the customs regulations of the receiving countries. Russia and many other countries do not collect duties on perfumes for personal use.

But there are countries that limit the duty-free import of perfumes:

  • According to the rules of Germany and the UK, you can bring 250 milliliters of eau de toilette free of charge.
  • Germany allows all passengers to bring 50 milliliters of perfume and cologne. The UK charges duties if passengers from countries outside the European Union bring in more than 60 milliliters of perfume.
  • Turkey allows duty-free import of 5 bottles of perfumes.
  • Israel allows the import of 250 milliliters of perfume per adult.

Although our article details whether you can take perfume in hand luggage, check with your carriers for safety requirements before flying. After all, over time, the rules can change. Find out which Duty Free rules will apply to your transfers. You will carry all purchases on board subject to current security requirements. For passengers who bought tickets without baggage delivery, this is the only opportunity to bring their favorite perfume.

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