Hemoglobin (HB, HGB) is often talked about without even knowing, but only suspecting its importance in the human body. , popularly called anemia, or, as a rule, are associated with variations in the values ​​of the red blood pigment. Meanwhile, the range of tasks of hemoglobin is very wide and its fluctuations in one direction or another can cause serious health problems.

Most often, a drop in hemoglobin levels is associated with the development of iron deficiency anemia, it often occurs in adolescents, young girls, during pregnancy, so the main focus in this article will be on what is most interesting and understandable to the patient, because the patient will not independently engage in any any severe form of hemolytic anemia.

Four hemes + globin

The hemoglobin molecule is a complex protein (chromoprotein) consisting of four hemes and a globin protein. Heme, in the center of which is divalent (Fe 2+), is responsible for the binding of oxygen in the lungs. By combining with oxygen and turning into oxyhemoglobin(HHbO 2), it immediately delivers the component necessary for respiration to the tissues, and from there it takes carbon dioxide, forming carbohemoglobin(HHbCO 2) to transport it to the lungs. Oxyhemoglobin and carbohemoglobin are physiological compounds of hemoglobin.

The functional responsibilities of the red blood pigment in the human body include participation in the regulation of acid-base balance, because it is one of the four buffer systems that maintain a constant pH of the internal environment at a level of 7.36 - 7.4.

In addition, localized inside red blood cells, hemoglobin regulates blood viscosity, prevents water from escaping from tissues and thereby reduces oncotic pressure, and also prevents unauthorized consumption of hemoglobin when blood passes through the kidneys.

Hemoglobin is synthesized in, or rather, in the bone marrow, when they are still in the nuclear stage (erythroblasts and).

"Harmful" abilities of hemoglobin

Even better than with oxygen, hemoglobin binds to carbon monoxide (CO), transforming into carboxyhemoglobin(HHbCO), which is a very strong compound that significantly reduces the physiological ability of the red blood pigment. Everyone knows how dangerous it is for a person to stay in a room filled with carbon monoxide. It is enough to inhale only 0.1% CO2 with air for 80% Hb to combine with it and create a strong bond, leading to the death of the organism. It should be noted that smokers in this regard are constantly at risk, in their blood the content of carboxyhemoglobin is 3 times higher than the norm (N - up to 1%), and after a deep puff it is 10 times higher.

the formation of oxygenated oxyhemoglobin and “harmful” carboxyhemoglobin that carries carbon monoxide

A very dangerous state for the hemoglobin molecule is the replacement of ferrous iron in heme (Fe 2+) with trivalent (Fe 3+) with the formation of a form hazardous to health - methemoglobin. Methemoglobin sharply inhibits the transfer of oxygen to the organs, creating unacceptable conditions for normal life. Methemoglobinemia occurs as a result of poisoning with certain chemicals or is present as a hereditary pathology. It may be associated with the transmission of a defective dominant gene or due to recessive inheritance of a special form of enzymopathy (low activity of an enzyme capable of restoring metHb to normal hemoglobin).

Such a necessary and remarkable complex protein in all respects, as hemoglobin, localized in erythrocytes, can become a very dangerous substance if, for any reason, it enters the plasma. Then it becomes very toxic, causing oxygen starvation of tissues (hypoxia) and poisoning the body with its decay products (iron). In addition, large Hb molecules that have not been destroyed and continue to circulate in the blood enter the renal tubules, close them and thereby contribute to the development of acute renal failure (acute renal failure).

Such phenomena, as a rule, accompany severe pathological conditions associated with disorders in the blood system:

• Congenital and acquired; (sickle cell, thalassemia, autoimmune, toxic, Moshkovich's disease, etc.);
• Transfusion of blood incompatible for group erythrocyte antigens (,).

Violations in the structural structure of hemoglobin in medicine are called hemoglobinopathies. This is a circle of hereditary blood diseases, which includes such well-known pathological conditions as, for example, sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.

Limits of normal values

Something, but the norm of hemoglobin, perhaps, can not be painted. This is one of the indicators, the normal values ​​\u200b\u200bof which, without hesitation, most people will name. However, we allow ourselves to recall that the norm for women is slightly different from that for men, which is understandable from the point of view of physiology, because the female sex loses some amount of blood every month, and at the same time iron and protein.

In addition, the level of hemoglobin cannot remain unchanged during pregnancy, and although fetal (HbF) hemoglobin provides oxygen to the fetal tissues, its level also decreases slightly (!) in the mother. This is because the volume of plasma during pregnancy increases, the blood thins (in proportion to the decrease in red blood cells). Meanwhile, such a phenomenon is considered a physiological state, so there can be no talk of any significant drop in the level of Hb, as a norm. Thus, for normal hemoglobin, depending on gender and age, the following values ​​\u200b\u200bare taken:

1. In women, from 115 to 145 g / l (during pregnancy from 110 g / l);
2. In men, from 130 to 160 g / l;
3. In children, the content of hemoglobin is normal, as in adults: before birth, HbA already begins to be synthesized, which by the year of life practically replaces the fetal hemoglobin that served the child during fetal development.

Considering hemoglobin, one cannot ignore other indicators that indicate whether hemoglobin fills the erythrocytes sufficiently, or whether they circulate lightly, without Hb.

Indicating the degree of saturation, it can have the following meanings:

• 0.8 - 1.0 (erythrocytes are normochromic - no problem);
• Less than 0.8 (hypochromic - anemia);
• Greater than 1.0 (Er hyperchromic, cause?).

In addition, the saturation of red blood cells with pigment may be indicated by such a criterion as SGE ( average contentHbin 1 erythrocyte, which, when examined in an automatic analyzer, is denoted SIT), its norm is from 27 to 31 pg.

However, the hematological analyzer considers other parameters that reflect the state of red blood (, the average hemoglobin content in erythrocytes, the average volume of erythrocytes, their heterogeneity index, etc.).

Why does hemoglobin level change?

The level of hemoglobin to some extent depends on:

1. The seasons (decreases in autumn, probably because people harvest and prefer plant foods),
2. The nature of nutrition: vegetarians have lower Hb;
3. Climate and terrain (where there is little sun, anemia is more common, and in high mountainous areas, hemoglobin rises);
4. Lifestyle (active sports and intense physical work for a long time increase hemoglobin);
5. Oddly enough, both clean fresh air and smoking have almost the same effect on Hb levels (they increase it). Most likely, in smokers, this indicator includes hemoglobin altered by tobacco smoke, so those who like to relax with a cigarette seem to have no reason to be satisfied with the tests, but there is an opportunity to think: what does hemoglobin carry in the smoker's erythrocytes?

Hemoglobin is low

“I have low globin,” said a woman who stayed too long in the maternity hospital and explained the essence of the problem to curious neighbors. Low hemoglobin, unlike high, is quite common, everyone is actively fighting it, using not only medications containing iron and B vitamins, but also a wide range of folk remedies and products that increase hemoglobin.

Decreased or low hemoglobin along with a decrease in the number of red blood cells is called anemia(anemia), for men, anemia is considered to be a drop in the level of Hb below 130 g / l, women are afraid of anemia if the hemoglobin content in erythrocytes becomes less than 120 g / l.

In the diagnosis of anemia, hemoglobin plays a decisive role, since red blood cells do not always have time to decrease (in mild forms). It is appropriate to name the main forms of anemia, because this concept is not limited to iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Thus, 6 main groups are most often considered:

• Acute post-hemorrhagic anemia, that occurs after massive blood loss. It is clear that the causes of low hemoglobin here will be injuries, wounds, internal bleeding.
• Iron-deficiency anemia- the most common, since a person does not know how to synthesize iron, but takes it from the outside with products rich in this element. You can not know about IDA for a long time if you do not take a blood test for Hb, Er, CPU, etc.
• sideroahrestic anemia, associated with a violation of the utilization and synthesis of porphyrin and the accumulation of excess iron as a result. The cause of low hemoglobin in this case may be a hereditary factor (lack of an enzyme that includes iron in heme) or an acquired pathology resulting from lead intoxication, alcoholism, cutaneous porphyria, or as a result of treatment with anti-tuberculosis drugs (tubazid).
• Megaloblastic, B12 and/or folic acid deficiency(Addison-Birmer disease). This form was once called malignant anemia.
• hemolytic anemia, united by a common feature - the accelerated decay of red blood cells, which instead of 3 months live only a month and a half.
• Anemia associated with inhibition of erythroid proliferation, for example, its displacement in tumors, aplastic anemia during treatment with cytostatics, or exposure to high doses of radiation.

There are quite a lot of conditions that have a symptom of low hemoglobin, each of them has its own development mechanism and prerequisites for occurrence, but we will consider the most common causes and symptoms of this pathology.

Why does the color of blood turn pale?

The causes of low hemoglobin, in addition to the climate or the state of pregnancy, can stem from many circumstances:

Obviously, if you list the causes of low hemoglobin in each form of anemia, and then summarize, then there will be much more of them.

How does anemia manifest itself?

Symptoms indicating low hemoglobin, as well as causes: there are general ones, but there are purely specific ones. For example, the deposition of iron in places unusual for it with sideroachrestic anemia leads to the appearance of various pathologies: (Fe accumulates in the pancreas), cirrhosis of the liver (in the heart), eunuchoidism (in the sex glands), but this does not mean that the same troubles will come out with other forms.

Meanwhile, low hemoglobin can be assumed by some signs:

• Pale (sometimes with a yellowish tinge) dry skin, scratches that do not heal well.
• Seizures in the corners of the mouth, cracks in the lips, sore tongue.
• Brittle nails, split ends dull hair.
• Muscle weakness, fatigue, drowsiness, lethargy, depression.
• Decreased concentration, flashing "flies" before the eyes, intolerance to stuffy rooms.
• Salivation at night, frequent urge to urinate.
• Reduced immunity, poor resistance to seasonal infections.
• Headaches, dizziness, possible fainting.
• Shortness of breath, heart palpitations.
• Enlargement of the liver and / or spleen (a sign that is not characteristic of all forms).

Clinical manifestations of anemia increase as the process develops and progresses.

Above normal

A high level of hemoglobin can be a sign of blood clotting and risk, a symptom of hematological diseases (polycythemia) and other pathologies:

1. Malignant neoplasms, the cells of which are in great need of oxygen;
2. Bronchial asthma and cardiopulmonary insufficiency;
3. A consequence of a burn disease (poisoning with toxins released from dead cells);
4. Violations of the synthesis of proteins in the liver, which could prevent the release of water from the plasma (liver disease);
5. Fluid loss in diseases of the intestinal tract (obstruction, poisoning, infection).

In addition to determining hemoglobin, which is an important indicator, in cases of diabetes, glycated hemoglobin is determined, which is a biochemical study.

It is considered a very important diagnostic criterion based on the property of Hb to create a strong bond with glucose, so its increase may be evidence of an increase in blood sugar for a long time (approximately 3 months - this is the lifetime of red blood cells). The rate of glycated hemoglobin is in the range of 4 - 5.9%. Elevated hemoglobin containing glucose indicates the development of complications of diabetes (retinopathy, nephropathy).

With an increased level of hemoglobin (even with sugar, even without it), it is not recommended to fight on your own. In the first case, it is necessary to treat diabetes mellitus, and in the second, one should look for the cause and try to eliminate it with the help of adequate therapeutic measures, otherwise the situation can only be aggravated.

little secrets

In order to increase hemoglobin in the blood, just in case, you need to know the reason for its fall. You can use foods that increase hemoglobin as much as you like (iron, B vitamins), but if they are not properly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, then success may not be expected. Most likely, to begin with, you will have to undergo a set of examinations, including a very terrible and unloved FGDS (fibrogastroduodenoscopy) to exclude the pathology of the stomach and duodenum 12.

As for products that increase hemoglobin, there are also some nuances here. Many plant sources are rich in iron (pomegranate, apples, mushrooms, sea kale, nuts, legumes, gourds), but a person is a natural predator and Fe is well absorbed with proteins, such as:

• Veal;
• Beef;
• Hot lamb;
• Low-fat pork (by the way, lard, don’t season it with iron, it won’t add it);
• Chicken doesn't work very well, but goose and turkey can pass for hemoglobin-boosting foods;
• There is not enough iron in chicken eggs, but there is a lot of vitamin B 12 and folic acid;
• There is a lot of iron in the liver, but it is there in the form of hemosiderin, which is practically not absorbed (!), besides, one should not forget that the liver is a detoxification organ, so, probably, you should not get too carried away.

What can help the absorption of the necessary substances? This is where you need to look carefully. So that the efforts and money spent on the diet are not in vain, and home treatment is good, It is necessary to remember some features of dietary nutrition for anemia:

1. Ascorbic acid greatly contributes to the absorption of iron from other foods, so citrus fruits (oranges, lemons) will complement the diet well and help raise hemoglobin at home.
2. Of the side dishes, buckwheat is best able to increase Hb, millet porridge and oatmeal are good, but you can not add butter and margarine, they still contain almost no iron.
3. It is not very useful to wash down lunch with strong tea, it inhibits the absorption of iron, but rose hips, cocoa (without milk) or dark chocolate will complement an iron-fortified meal well.
4. You can not use simultaneously with products that increase hemoglobin, cheeses, cottage cheese, milk, they contain calcium, which prevents the absorption of Fe.
5. Small (!) doses of dry red wine help to raise hemoglobin at home (in hospitals, this is prohibited), but the main thing here is not to overdo it, because there will be the opposite effect, and even better - go to the pharmacy and buy hematogen, which is sold there in in the form of toffees: both tasty and healthy.

Meat, buckwheat and rosehip broth are, of course, wonderful, but only in case of mild anemia (up to 90 g / l) and as an aid for moderate severity (up to 70 g / l), but if there is a pronounced form, then without the help of iron-containing preparations you can’t do it for sure. Patients do not prescribe them to themselves, because, due to the development of complications and undesirable side effects (deposition of iron in organs and tissues - secondary hemachromatosis), treatment requires constant laboratory monitoring and medical supervision.

With regard to other forms of anemia, it should be noted that it is probably impossible to increase hemoglobin at home with the help of products and folk remedies, you need to treat the underlying disease, and in this case it is better to trust the doctor.

Video: low hemoglobin - Dr. Komarovsky

Hemoglobin is the main component of red blood cells and is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. The concentration of this element is considered one of the most important biochemical indicators of blood. Depending on how high or low the level of hemoglobin in a woman is, one can judge the causes of internal trouble in her body.

What is the normal level of hemoglobin in women?

According to a separate scale, doctors evaluate the level of hemoglobin in the blood of pregnant women. The lower limit of the norm in the I and III trimester of pregnancy is 110 g / l, in the II - 105 g / l. The upper value throughout the entire period of expectation of the child should not exceed 120 g / l.

The significant difference in normal parameters in pregnant and non-pregnant women is explained by the physiological changes that occur in the body of the expectant mother. During gestation, the volume of circulating blood increases by 50%, so it becomes increasingly difficult for the bone marrow to supply hemoglobin in sufficient quantities. In addition, additional iron consumption is required for the formation of the placenta and the growing embryo.

The reasons for the increase in hemoglobin in women can be both physiological and pathological. The former include intense physical activity and prolonged exposure to hypoxia (for example, living in a high mountainous area). At the same time, the body begins to experience an acute lack of oxygen, which it compensates for by the “overproduction” of red blood cells. Such deviations from the norm, as a rule, are always insignificant - within 10-20 g / l. They do not alarm doctors and do not require medical intervention.

The situation is much more serious if hemoglobin rises for no apparent reason. This can be a sign of dangerous pathologies, in particular, intestinal obstruction or cardiopulmonary insufficiency.

The most dangerous is when the hemoglobin concentration reaches 180-190 g/l. At the same time, an increase in blood viscosity is observed, microcirculation processes are disrupted, and delivery of oxygen to organs becomes more difficult. Such patients are diagnosed with blue fingertips and toes, fatigue, loss of appetite, absent-mindedness and irritability.

Prolonged circulatory disorders lead to the development of thromboembolism (blockage of blood vessels). Therefore, excessive high level hemoglobin is a condition requiring immediate treatment.

How to lower hemoglobin in women?

To reduce hemoglobin, the following measures can be used:

Diet therapy. The patient is asked not to abuse foods high in iron: red meat, animal by-products (liver, kidneys, etc.). The consumption of foods that increase cholesterol levels and blood viscosity (butter, pork, caviar, confectionery) is limited. The diet is recommended to be filled with protein foods: legumes, white meat, fish. Fast food, carbonated drinks, canned food and semi-finished products are completely excluded. Also, during the period of treatment, it is forbidden to take vitamin-mineral complexes containing Vit. B12, folic acid and iron.

taking antiplatelet agents. These drugs thin the blood and reduce the risk of blood clots. However, you should not use them yourself without the appointment of a specialist - you can harm your health. The reasonableness of the use of antiplatelet agents should be consulted with your doctor.

Search for the underlying disease. An increase in hemoglobin indicates a malfunction in the body. To identify the cause of the problem, the doctor must prescribe a comprehensive medical examination.

A condition in which hemoglobin drops below normal is called iron deficiency anemia (or anemia). An experienced doctor is able to detect pathology even before passing laboratory tests, barely looking at the patient who turned to him. Pale face, dry skin, "seizures" in the corners of the mouth, dull hair and sluggish movements are the main symptoms of low hemoglobin. And if, in addition to this, a woman complains of increased fatigue, “flies” in her eyes and frequent dizziness, then the diagnosis does not raise any doubts at all.

In pregnant women, anemia is often accompanied by eating and smell disorders. The desire to eat chalk, coal, sand, sniff whitewash or gasoline is by no means a “cute whim” of a future mother, but a reason to see a doctor.

The danger of anemia lies in the insufficient supply of oxygen to the tissues. At the initial stages of the disease, the body tries to cope with the lack of a vital element, depriving it of the least significant organs from its point of view (hair, nails, teeth). However, over time, oxygen deficiency increases and everyone has to “starve”, including the brain and heart. In order to prevent serious complications, it is important to identify and eliminate the cause of the disease at an early stage of its development.

Causes of low hemoglobin in women

Anemia can be caused by:

Wrong nutrition. In order for hemoglobin to be synthesized in the right amount, a sufficient amount of iron must be supplied to the woman's body with food. Its main source is animal products: meat, liver, kidneys. Plants also contain iron, but in a form that is absorbed much worse. This is why vegetarianism and low-meat diets are becoming one of the most common causes anemia. Excess consumption of foods that inhibit iron absorption can also lead to a decrease in hemoglobin: coffee, tea, chocolate, cereals.

Folic acid deficiency, vit. C or vit. B12 in the body. All these elements play an important role in the formation of hemoglobin. Deficiency of vit. B12 is most often caused by helminthic invasion, and a lack of vit. C and folic acid - an unbalanced nutritional diet.

Loss of blood. They can be both obvious (with systematic donation, heavy prolonged menstruation, uterine bleeding), and hidden (blood loss associated with hemorrhoids, ulcerative lesions of the digestive tract, polyps in the large intestine, etc.).

Hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone - thyroxine - regulates the absorption of iron in the intestine. Its deficiency entails a lack of hemoglobin.

Diseases of the digestive system. , or intestines lead to thinning of the mucous membrane of the digestive tract, as a result of which iron practically ceases to be absorbed.

Premature death of red blood cells. This condition can be caused by long-term infectious diseases (, etc.) or immune disorders (for example, rheumatoid).

Sedentary lifestyle. Physical activity is one of the factors affecting the synthesis of red blood cells. If the blood is not accelerated intensively enough throughout the body, the brain receives signals that there are “enough” erythrocytes and their additional synthesis is not required.

Stress. They can cause a decrease in appetite and, as a result, insufficient intake of iron from food.

What to do if the hemoglobin is 60-80 in a woman?

A hemoglobin level below 80 g/l is considered severe anemia. Correction of the state is carried out taking into account the factor that caused it. To find out the cause of the pathology, a woman is asked to take a series of tests and go through specialists: a gynecologist, a gastroenterologist, an endocrinologist, a nutritionist. After identifying the underlying disease, the patient is selected a set of therapeutic measures aimed at combating it.

These include:

beef, lamb, white rabbit meat,

liver, tongue, kidneys,

egg yolk,

dried apricots, raisins, prunes, figs,

apple and pomegranate juice,

buckwheat soups and cereals,

• sprouted grains of wheat,

  plums, green apples,

The body itself is able to regulate the amount of iron absorbed from food - with a shortage, it increases and vice versa.

It is very useful for low hemoglobin to drink plenty of water. Doctors advise taking plain water and juices 1/4 cup every 30 minutes.

Sample menu for patients with anemia:

1st breakfast	Millet porridge with dried apricots, prunes and nuts, 1 tbsp. apple juice, wheat bread.
2nd breakfast	White bread sandwich with cheese, 1 tbsp. rosehip decoction.
	Fresh vegetable salad with pieces of meat, vegetable soup on beef broth, dried fruit compote.
	Fruit or fruit and berry salad, croutons, fresh
	Education: In 2013, he graduated from the Kursk State Medical University and received a diploma in General Medicine. After 2 years, the residency in the specialty "Oncology" was completed. In 2016, she completed postgraduate studies at the Pirogov National Medical and Surgical Center. Comments Irina 2015-12-11 Evgenia Vladimirova 2015-12-12 Elena 2015-12-14 Evgenia Vladimirova 2015-12-14 Elena 2016-01-02 Evgenia Vladimirova 2016-01-02 Zulya 2016-01-04 Evgenia Vladimirova 2016-01-04 Nodira 2016-01-11 Evgenia Vladimirova 2016-01-11 Elena 2016-01-23 Evgenia Vladimirova 2016-01-23 Sofia 2016-02-01 Evgenia Vladimirova 2016-02-01 Natalia 2016-02-02 Evgenia Vladimirova 2016-02-02 Victoria 2016-02-06 Evgenia Vladimirova 2016-02-06 Maria 2016-02-11 Evgenia Vladimirova 2016-02-11 Serge 2016-02-11 Evgenia Vladimirova 2016-02-11 Irina 2016-02-11 Evgenia Vladimirova 2016-02-11 Olga 2016-02-18

Hemoglobin is a complex chemical compound of protein with the element iron, which is present in red blood cells. The function of hemoglobin in the human body is one of the most important - it is involved in the delivery of oxygen molecules to all tissues and organs of the body.

Oxygen is an element indispensable for the life of a living being; it takes part in the receipt and exchange of energy and in carrying out recovery reactions. The action of hemoglobin is based on the capture of oxygen in the lungs, carrying out further oxidation and transferring it to all body structures.

When hemoglobin is lowered, this means the onset of oxygen depletion of all body cells and weakening of the immune system. In order to prevent a decrease in hemoglobin in the blood below normal, you need to know what to do with a lack of iron in the body. Let's see in what cases the level of hemoglobin in the blood decreases, what are its norms in different people and in what ways to increase the lack of this substance at home.

Hemoglobin norm

The level of hemoglobin in the blood depends on the well-being and health of a person. If the hemoglobin levels are below normal, then we are talking about anemia, which is considered a rather formidable and dangerous disease.

The norm of hemoglobin in the blood depends on the gender of the person:

• In children, the content of hemoglobin is normal, as in adults: before birth, HbA already begins to be synthesized, which by the year of life practically replaces the fetal hemoglobin that served the child during fetal development.
• In women, from 115 to 145 g / l (during pregnancy from 110 g / l);
• In men, from 130 to 160 g / l.

According to the volume of hemoglobin decrease, iron deficiency anemia can be of several degrees:

• mild (hemoglobin content from 110 g/l to 90 g/l);
• medium (hemoglobin content from 90 g/l to 70 g/l);
• severe (hemoglobin content less than 70 g/l).

There is also latent anemia (hidden). It is characterized by the normal presence of hemoglobin in erythrocytes against the background of a decrease in serum iron. At the same time, the symptoms of its decrease are manifested quite clearly. A similar condition is often inherent in women during pregnancy.

Symptoms of low hemoglobin

In addition to a blood test, which immediately reveals a lack of this important protein in the body, there are a number of symptoms: they can independently assume a low level of hemoglobin in the blood.

For men and women, these are:

• general weakness of the body, drowsiness;
• pale skin, sometimes it even seems “transparent”;
• bluish lips;
• the skin becomes dry and begins to peel off;
• in especially advanced cases, nails begin to break and hair fall out;
• for children, the main sign of a lack of hemoglobin is frequent illness.

While recognizing the symptoms of low hemoglobin in adults, you can successfully bring it back to normal without resorting to the help of doctors. But first, you need to know the reasons that reduce the content of this important element in the blood.

Causes of low hemoglobin

Why is hemoglobin lowered in adults, what does this mean? The body can lose hemoglobin for various reasons. This happens most quickly with blood loss - both explicit and hidden. Explicit bleeding occurs with heavy and prolonged menstruation in women (more than five days), various injuries, injuries or operations.

Poor nutrition with insufficient amounts of animal proteins, vitamins and trace elements leads to. Often low hemoglobin occurs in people who promote vegetarianism or are on a diet for a long time. In childhood, anemia develops with an unbalanced or insufficient diet.

Hidden bleeding is possible with some gastrointestinal diseases, pathologies of the female reproductive system (, etc.). Autoimmune diseases, infections or hereditary diseases can lead to a decrease in hemoglobin and a short life of red blood cells.

Consequences

In adults, a decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin leads to the fact that the body does not receive the required amount of oxygen. The general condition of patients is disturbed and the above-described complaints appear.

1. The consequence of this may be a decrease in immunity and, as a result, an increase in the frequency of infectious diseases.
2. In most cases, there is a person's rapid fatigue and constant weakness.
3. can cause deformation in human epithelial tissues - the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract and the upper protective layers of the skin.
4. Often, anemia causes disorders of the nervous system: irritability, unreasonable mood swings appear, concentration of attention decreases.

In addition, with anemia, there may be such manifestations as cracked lips, severe muscle weakness, hair loss, brittle nails, and an addiction to special odors that other people find unpleasant.

Low hemoglobin during pregnancy

Reduced hemoglobin during pregnancy is a common occurrence for expectant mothers. A significant deviation from the norm can adversely affect the health of both mother and baby. This is fraught with the following complications:

• hypotension of the uterus (decrease in the contractility of its muscles);
• hypoxia (oxygen starvation of the fetus);
• delay, and even cessation of growth and development of the fetus;
• low birth weight;
• disturbances in the work of the respiratory and nervous systems.

In addition, many doctors are sure that a woman’s low hemoglobin during childbirth can negatively affect the health of the child in the future. Such children study poorly at school, often get sick, suffer from various pathologies of internal organs. Therefore, if during pregnancy it is below normal, treatment under the supervision of a doctor is essential.

How to increase hemoglobin?

What to do? In order to increase hemoglobin in the blood, just in case, you need to know the reason for its fall. You can use foods that increase hemoglobin as much as you like (iron, B vitamins), but if they are not properly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, then success may not be expected.

The main pathogenetic method of therapy is the intake of iron-containing drugs (Heferol, Ferroplex, Ferlatum and others). As a rule, oral forms are prescribed, but in severe cases, drugs are recommended to be administered parenterally. Treatment of patients prone to intestinal dysfunctions involves the parallel administration of enzyme and enveloping preparations.

With good tolerance of the prescribed drugs, they are used in maximum doses, followed by maintenance therapy with a decrease in dosage for several months. At the same time, the level of iron in erythrocytes and blood serum is necessarily monitored. If necessary, vitamin B12, B9 and ascorbic acid are also prescribed. In severe cases resort to transfusion of whole blood or red blood cells.

Iron supplements for low hemoglobin in adults

Drugs to increase hemoglobin are prescribed only by a doctor and, of course, under his strict control. This is due to the presence of side effects after taking medications, among which are: nausea, a feeling of irritability of the stomach, diarrhea, constipation and vomiting.

The following drugs that increase hemoglobin in the blood are very common and popular:

1. Ferro foil;
2. Sorbifer Durules;
3. Ferretab;
4. Ferrum lek;
5. Hemofer drops;
6. totem;
7. Maltofer.

The course of treatment lasts from two weeks to three months. In this case, the visible result occurs after about 2-3 weeks of taking the medication. If there is no ascorbic acid in the composition, then it is necessary to additionally take vitamin C up to 0.3 g per day.

If low hemoglobin is detected and treatment with tablets is prohibited, it is forbidden to drink funds containing calcium at the same time, since they are antagonists. Therefore, it is impossible to drink iron with milk, which is greener than coffee.

Diet

Products that contribute to nutritional therapy for low hemoglobin include:

1. Varieties of red meat - rabbit, beef.
2. White meat chicken.
3. Beef tongue, beef liver.
4. Egg yolks.
5. Seafood, fish.
6. Legumes.
7. Buckwheat and other cereals.
8. Carrots, beets, dark green vegetables.
9. Walnuts.
10. Pomegranate, apples and berries are high in vitamin C.

In no case should you take such a diet with low hemoglobin too literally and switch to proteins alone - it is difficult for the body to absorb all this. Be sure to garnish the meat with vegetables and herbs, and eat wholemeal cereals for breakfast. As an addition to nutrition to increase hemoglobin, it can be advised to drink juices - grape, pomegranate, carrot, beetroot, apple.

At the same time, to improve the absorption of iron, the consumption of dairy products, fatty foods, flour products, green tea and coffee should be minimized.

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3.01.2017 at 21:20 · pavlofox · 2 950

The highest water slides in the world

Water parks are a great family entertainment that you can arrange for yourself and your loved ones at any time of the year. In some of them, thrill-seekers can also pamper themselves. We have prepared a selection in which we have collected the highest water slides in the world - descending from them guarantees a fair dose of adrenaline.

10 Summit Tower | Height 27 m

Opens the list of the highest water slides, located in Calypso Park, Ontario, Canada. It looks like a tower, consisting of 10 slides. Four of them are for family vacation with children and start at a height of 9 meters, the other two slides are intertwined with each other and the descent from them is located at a height of 16 meters. The remaining four slides are designed for extreme descent from a height of 27 meters.

9. Stukas | Height 30 m

The ninth place in the list of the highest water slides in the world is occupied by an attraction located in the Caneva water park (Italy, province of Verona, Movieland studios amusement park). A 30-meter water slide allows you to reach speeds of up to 100 km / h. In height, it is equal to a ten-story building. Stukas are considered the most terrifying water attraction in Italy - some visitors categorically refuse to go down it, being on the top platform of an extreme attraction.

8. King Khajuna | Height 31 m

In 8th place among the highest water slides in the world is the stunning attraction of the Spanish water park Port Aventura's Aquatic Park. Those who wish to slide down from it daredevils are waiting for an almost free fall from a height of 31 meters along a chute located at an angle of 55 degrees. The speed of descent along this slide is 6 meters per second. The extreme attraction is named after one of the famous characters of the ancient Hawaiian epic.

7. VertiGO | Height 33 m

Attraction, outdoor in summer 2013 in spanish park Aqualandia in Benidorm, ranks 7th in the list of tallest water slides. The extreme attraction consists of two slopes: the first one is 33 meters high, and the second, lower one is 28 meters. Those wishing to make a descent are delivered upstairs in a transparent sealed capsule. Under the feet of a daredevil, by pressing a button, a hatch opens and the descent begins, during which a person develops a speed of up to 100 km / h.

VertiGO is known as the tallest water capsule slide in Europe.

6. Jumeirah Sceirah | Height 33 m

Jumeirah Sceirah V wild wadi Waterpark is ranked 6th in the list of the highest water slides in the world. This is one of the best and extreme rides in Dubai. The park is located at the foot of the symbol modern city- the famous hotel in the form of a sail Burj Al Arab. The pride of the amusement park is Jumeirah Sceirah, one of the highest and fastest water slides in the world. Their height is 33 meters. Extreme descent begins with falling into the gutter through the hatch. By the middle of the way, when it seems to the tourist that all the worst is left behind, he is waiting for another rapid descent down at a speed of up to 80 km / h.

5. Summit Plummet | Height 36 m

At the 5th place among the highest water slides in the world is a 36.6-meter trampoline attraction located in Florida, in the Walt Disney amusement park World Resort. The slide, called "Swift Fall", is located at the very top of the green artificial hill Gushmore. The slope of the first section is almost 90 degrees, and the speed of descent is 97 km/h. For a long time, the Summit Plummet attraction was included in the Guinness Book of Records as the highest water slide in the world. The park, in addition to its amazing water activities, is famous for the fact that artificial snow lies everywhere on its territory.

4. Captain Spacemaker | Height 40 m

Venice attracts tourists not only with its famous canals and the eventful history of the city, but also with the Aqualandia water park, which houses one of the highest water slides in the world -. Its height is 40.2 meters. Most of the track is at an angle of 60 degrees, which allows lovers of extreme descent to reach speeds of up to 100 km/h.

3. Insano | Height 41 m

The third place in the list of the highest water slides in the world belongs to the 41-meter. It is located in the Brazilian water park Beach Park. Only a madman dares to descend from the height of a 14-story building, so the slide in Portuguese is called “Mad”. The descent from an almost vertical slide takes about 5 seconds. The speed of a person moving down it reaches 105 km / h.

2. Kilimanjaro | Height 49 m

In 2nd place among the highest water slides in the world is an attraction located in the Brazilian water park Aquas Quentes country club. The hill "Kilimanjaro", whose height is equal to a 17-story building, was once included in the Guinness Book of Records. The giant, 49.9 meters high, was only able to get around the Verruckt slide, built a few years ago in the USA.

The angle of inclination of "Kilimanjaro" is 60 degrees, and this allows those descending to reach tremendous speeds of up to 100 km / h.

1. Verruckt | Height 51 m

The first place in the list of the highest water slides in the world is occupied by an extreme attraction located in the Schlitterbahn Water Park, Kansas City, USA, which opened a few years ago.

To make the extreme descent from the top of the Verruckt slide, thrill-seekers will have to overcome a spiral climb of almost 300 steps. The height of the slide is 51 meters 40 centimeters, which roughly corresponds to the height of a 17-story building. To better understand the grandeur of the structure, it can be compared with the Statue of Liberty - the height of the statue itself without a pedestal is 46 meters.

The average downhill speed is 105 km/h. The extreme attraction is made in the form of a wave - once at the bottom, the raft with visitors to the water park, due to acceleration, begins to quickly rise to the height of a five-story building.

Unfortunately, an accident is connected with the highest water slide - a 10-year-old boy died while descending from the main attraction of the water park, the Verruckt slide. From the beginning of the opening of the attraction, children were only allowed on it from the age of 14 and at least 137 cm tall. Probably, the rules were later relaxed. Police have not released details of the tragedy.

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29.09.16 11:11

If you've watched the horror movie Final Destination 3, you may have developed an anti-roller coaster bias. Do you think that water slides are a great alternative? After all, there are no heavy moving mechanical parts, sharp turns and - most importantly - no electric current. Alas, we have to disappoint you! In water parks, this attraction causes the most harm. You can unsuccessfully "splash down". You can get stuck and wait in the dark to be pulled out. You can damage body parts and ... even be decapitated. Don't believe? Here are the most dangerous water slides in the world.

Unreliable rafts

Slide "Shoot The Rapids" is located in the amusement park "Cedar Point" (Ohio, next to Lake Erie). Visitors descend on a raft that can accommodate up to ten people at a time. One of the worst incidents in the history of water slides happened in the park. The empty raft was pulled back to the top of the hill, but it broke free and rushed down the slope and capsized another raft. Ten visitors (including children) fell into the water, and the woman received a serious head injury. If help had not arrived in time, they would have drowned.

Rapist ambush

Arriba Water Park in the German city of Norderstedt recently took action to keep its guests safe following a horrific incident on a waterslide. On March 4, 2015, two girls (14 and 18 years old) were caught by Afghan rapists, 14 and 34 years old, who were waiting for their victims "at the finish line", in the pool. The security team detained the perpetrators, but the girls had time to be abused. Now the perpetrators are behind bars, and the park has separate rides for men and women. Guards watch visitors under the guise of ordinary swimmers.

Fall into a black hole

One of the most dangerous water slides is the infamous "The Black Hole" at Wet N'Wild Water Park in Orlando. The park was repeatedly sued in connection with the state of emergency on this hill. In 2000, a man sued the park for $ 1.73 million after receiving serious injuries - when he was descending, he was rammed by some unknown object, the poor fellow was thrown out of the bottom of the "Hole" and could not move his legs. The spine was damaged, the victim needed metal plates implanted in the neck. There were other unpleasant incidents: people hit the bottom, each other, got injured. The descent takes 23 seconds, but employees send the next visitor every 20 seconds, which sometimes leads to "accidents".

Brazilian hippo

Beach Park in Brazil is famous for its Slide Insano Water, one of the tallest rides of its kind (41 meters - like a 14-story building). Descending from this slide developed a speed of up to 105 km per hour, while the descent is so steep that the body barely touches the surface. In this situation, it is very important to take the correct posture so as not to cripple: you need to cross your arms over your chest and ankles. The whole "trip" takes 4-5 seconds, imagine how much adrenaline is released into the blood - not everyone can stand it. Employees often laugh at people coming out of the bottom of this "behemoth": some visitors cannot hold back tears from fear and shock.

Decoration for a horror movie

In the Spanish city of Benidorm, there is an attraction that could well have become the backdrop for a horror movie - once its water was stained with scarlet blood due to a terrible emergency. We are talking about the 33 meter high VertiGo waterslide. Imagine: you are standing in a capsule at the top, and then a hatch opens below you, and you are pulled down. What happened? The British tourist entered the capsule, but the hatch did not open completely, the man fell through a small gap, severely injuring his face and cutting his legs. The pool at the bottom filled with his blood, but within ten minutes the slide was working again.

The only indoor attraction

The Sahara Sidewinders Ride is another of the most dangerous water slides in the world. It is located in the Kalahari resort in American city Wisconsin Dells. The slide is billed as the only indoor ride of its type, the first of its kind in America. However, it seems that something was not thought out in the new technology, because problems sometimes arise here. In 2011, the resort was sued after a teenager was injured on a slide. The process was won: the victim's lawyers proved that the resort administration knew about the danger, but did not take the necessary measures (there were also complaints before, but it did not reach the court).

When the number of injuries goes through the roof

"Cannonball Falls" is part of the infamous "Action Park" water park in New Jersey, "famous" the largest number injury in the country. In just one season, six visitors were crippled, and five of them received shoulder injuries. The company that owns the park was very reluctant to pay for the treatment of all the victims. The decision was made to close the attraction in September 2015.

deadly madness

One of the latest horrifying tragedies occurred on the Verruckt water slide at the Kansas City Water Park. This is the most high slide in the world (more than 51 meters). In August 2016, 10-year-old Caleb was thrown from a raft and beheaded. The horrific incident is still under investigation. Witnesses claim that they heard an explosion, a scream, and blood began to come out from the bottom of the hill. Caleb was very thin, and many say that he should not have been allowed to descend. The name of the slide is translated from German as "crazy". The crazy attraction was closed after the incident - most likely forever.

Another very dangerous waterslide, Speed ​​Slide, is located in the famous Knoebels Water Park in Pennsylvania. At one time, the attraction was often featured in the local news due to a large number injuries – girls were especially affected. Two of them (visitors aged 11 and 12) had genital injuries. The speed of descent is so great that the force and pressure of the water simply tore apart their inner part.

Closed after a month

One of the most ridiculous and unsafe water slides was the property of the New Jersey Action Park we have already mentioned. This monster was called "Cannonball Loop". It seems that it was designed with no regard for the potential risks of visitors. And to venture on a "trip" on this hill could either absolutely "reckless", or decided to commit suicide. The attraction had the shortest operating life: it was closed a month after opening. And thank God - at least no one had time to die on this monster.