The statue of Venus Miloso was found in 1820 on the island of Milos (Melos), one of the Cycladic Islands of Greece in the Aegean Sea.
This is an ancient Greek sculpture depicting the goddess of love Aphrodite. Venus - Latin analogue of the name of the Goddess of Love (see the Olympic Gods Article).
Presumably Alexander Antioch "Venus Miloskaya" (about 130-100 G. BC). Marble. Height 2.02 m. Louvre (Paris)
Description of sculpture
Proportions of Venus figures for a long time were considered an ideal: height 164 cm, hips 93 cm, waist 69 cm, chest volume 89 cm.
It admired everything: fine features of the face, simple, but neat hairstyle, graceful posture, perfectly made by the sculptor of the folds of clothing.
It is assumed that in the left hand of Venus was a shield (or an apple), and she, asheed by his right hand, adhered to declarations.
Venus (Aphrodite) is a type Aphrodites Booksky (Lat. Venus Pudica) - Venus shame), because She sticks with hand fallen robes. For the first time, the sculpture of this type of praxitel is about 350 BC. e.
Praxitel - Ancient Greek sculptor IV century. BC e. Most of the work of Praxitel is known in Roman copies or on the descriptions of ancient authors. He is considered the author of the famous compositions "Hermes with the infant Dionis" and "Apollo who kills a lizard". Prakkitel sculptures painted the Athenian artist.
None of the sculptor managed to achieve greater perfection in the transfer of body graduation and the fine harmony of the Spirit than Prakkitel. His Book Aphrodite was considered in antiquity not only the best creation of the author, but also the best statue of all time
Praxitel "Aphrodite Knadskaya" (350-330 BC). Louvre (Paris)
Praxitel became the first sculptor who created a monumental image of a nude goddess.
Praxitor completed two options: the goddess is nude and the goddess is dressed.
Customers have chosen a traditional option, with a drape figure. Its copies and descriptions have not been preserved, and it disappeared.
And the Bookskaya bought in the workshop remaining in the workshop bought residents of the lowland city of books. Plated pilgrims attracted by the famous sculpture. Aphrodite stood in the temple under open sky, foreseeable from all sides.
For some time, the statue of Venus Miloso also was also attributed to Praporkuer. But later, on the pedestal, the inscription was found: "The Assandr (or Alexander, the inscription was illegible), the son of a menida, a citizen of Antioch in Meandra, made this statue." Thus, it became clear that the statue belongs to the Hellenistic period. Subsequently, the pedestal disappeared and until now not found.
History of Nakhodka
The story of the foundation of the statue of Venus Miloso is transmitted in various interpretations. One of them is as follows: a certain French sailor Olivier Vsk, with a local peasant Yorgos Kentrotas, dug a statue on the ruins of an ancient amphitheater. But the captain of the ship did not give permission to export sculptures.
Another sea officer, Jules Dimon Durville, received such a permit in Istanbul, but when he returned from there, discovered a statue in a Russian ship prepared for transportation to Istanbul. Dumont Durville achieved a repurchase of the statue.
At the time of the conflict between the French and the Turks (the owners of the island), striving to prevent the export of the statue beyond the limits of the empire, and the hands of Venus Milosoic were lost.
Currently, the statue of Venus Milosian is kept in a gallery specially prepared for her on the first floor of the Louvre.
G. Uspensky "straightened"
Hero story - Rural teacher of Trephushkin. One day he had a chance to visit Paris as a home teacher of children of one landowner. Walking in Paris, Trephushkin got into the Louvre: "... unexpectedly stuck to the Louvre; Without the slightest moral need, I entered the Song of the Museum; Entering the museum, I automatically walked there and here, mechanically looked at the ancient sculpture, in which, of course, in my opinion, Treiphoshinsky, I didn't understand anything, but I felt only fatigue, noise in the ears and colotier in temples; "And suddenly, in complete bewilderment, I myself don't know why, struck by something extraordinary, incomprehensible, stopped in front of the Venus of Milos in the big room that everyone knows all in the Louvre and, probably, remembers in every detail.
I stood in front of her, looked at her and incessantly asked myself: "What happened to me?" I asked himself about it from the first moment, as soon as I saw a statue, because from the same moment I felt that with me there was a big joy ... I still looked like (I suddenly felt) here it was on this crumpled in his hand Glove. Does she look like a man's hand? No, it's just some kind of leather lump. But I blew into her, and she became similar to human hand. Something that I could not understand was blowing in the depths of my crumpled, crippled, exhausted creature and straightened me, goosebumps of the bodies ran there, where it seemed that there was no sensitivity, forced all the "chirling" exactly when a person grows , I also made cheerfully waking up, not even feeling the signs of recent sleep, and filled the expanded chest, the whole grew up the body with freshness and light.
I looked at this stone riddle in both eyes, preparing, why did it happen so much? What it is? Where and what is the mystery of this solid, late, the joyful state of all of my creature, is unknown as a terrible in me? And resolutely could not answer for himself; I felt that there was no such word in the human language that could determine the life-giving the secret of this stone being. But I did not doubt a minute in the fact that the watchman, an interpreter of Louvra miracles, says the essence of the truth, claiming that this is a narrow sofa, an insult of red velvet, came to sit Heine ... and yet I could not determine in What is the mystery of this artistic work and what exactly what features, what lines will be learned, "straighten up" and expand the crumpled human soul. I constantly thought about it and still nothing could pass and express a certain one. I don't know if I walked for a long time if one completely accidental circumstance did not bring me me, as it seems to me, on the real way and I finally did not give me the opportunity to answer myself to an insoluble question for me: what is the case secret?"
He often walked into the Louvre to "straighten" his soul.
"Remembed" - means that a man who bent, who lost all the foundation, support in life, it was straightened by a wonderful work of art. Gave him the power to live. This is a spiritual healer - a person enters spiritual contact with the great work of art. Venus Milosian is a beauty image, an exalted image, spiritually filled. The true work of art can transform a human life.
France is an amazing country, which has a huge number of attractions. One of the most mysterious and attracting attention is the antique statue of Venus Milos. Let's learn more about the history of its origin and try to solve her secrets.
External appearance Statues: Description
The ancient Greek sculpture of Venus was created many centuries ago, about 150-90 years before our era. The architectural sculpture has the second name - Aphrodite from the island of Melos. The statue is made of white marble and is a copy of an antique goddess of love in 210 cm high. Its location - Louvre, Paris. The deity in the female prettier adhering to the hands of a fallen robe. The growth of the goddess is 165 cm, and the proportions 90-70-95. As the Auguste Rodne put it: "She has perfect, wide, like the sea, belly!"
Venus is interesting to the uniqueness of execution and its foggy origin. She forced many people to talk about her and worship. Its status is indisputable and once provided it with exceptional popularity that it uses until today's moment.
Opinion expert
Knyazeva Victoria
Guide for Paris and France
Ask a question expertUnfortunately, such attention to the past and the beauty of the sculpture does not give shed light on some of its properties.
The sculpture is made typical of antiquity in the way - it is collected from two parts. Her legs to the hips are tight and very neatly connected to the torso and head. The narrow gap on the left shoulder of the sculpture indicates the fact that this limb is made of a separate piece of marble. On the other hand, the right hand has a smooth surface of the chip, which indicates the unity of origin with the upper sculpture block and its restoration in antiquity.
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This sculpture - One of the most famous works of art, and one of the most beautiful. Writer Shatubin, seeing her for the first time, exclaimed: "Greece has not gave us a better testimony of her greatness!"
First Researcher - Secretary of the French Academy of Arts Cartmer de Kinsi - called the Statue Venus MilosoianAlthough it would be better to give her a Greek name - Aphrodite. After all, the statue was created (and found) in Greece, and not in Rome. The sculpture of the goddess of love is known to everyone. But if you ask who and when I created Venus Miloso, as she looked initially - the answer would only be assumptions.
Aphrodite is the goddess of love and beauty, personification of eternal youth, the patronage of the navigation. Initially, she was considered the goddess of the sea, sky and fertility. Her name in Greek means "born of foam". The cult of the goddess of love was distributed throughout Greece. The Temples of Aphrodites, in which bloodless sacrifices were brought, attracted entire hordes of young people seeking mutual and happy love.
Sculptural images of Aphrodite - not uncommon in antique art. She was depicted nude and shyly glowing in clothes. Many cities ordered her statues for their temples. Before our time, however, most sculptures have not been preserved: wars and earthquakes, which was a lot in Greece, destroyed whole cities.
Greek statues of Aphrodite.From left to right: Aphrodite Menophantos (Menophantos) Greek sculpture of the 1st century BC. er, Italy, National Museum Rome. Sculpture of Aphrodite, Eros and Pan. 100 years BC, Delphi, Greece. Aphrodite Sinuees 4 century BC. e. Greek sculpture. Italy, Naples, National Archaeological Museum.
Therefore, the original of the Greek art in all the museums of the world is very few, and the idea of \u200b\u200bthis period of European culture is developing on the basis of the study of marble copies performed by the Romans, which imitated famous masters. However, sometimes the Earth gives treasure hidden in her depths. Thanks to the lucky chance, the statues of Athens, Artemis, Nicky ... The Olympic gods after centuries-old imprisonment return to Earth.
Milos (Melos) - a small rocky island in the Aegean Sea. His patronage has long been considered Afrodit, which the Romans were called Venus. The attribute of the goddess was believed to be an apple (symbol of the island), and her month was April.
Therefore, the thing that the wonderful statue of this Goddess was discovered on Milos and what happened just in early April was deeply symbolic. In 1820, the peasant IRGOS together with his son handled his field. Nearby were the ruins of the ancient theater. But IRGOS rarely paid attention to them: household worries occupied all his time.
Swinging the plot, the peasant stumbled upon the remnants of the wall and the slabs squeezed out of stone. The processed stone was valued on the island (it was used as a building material), so IRGOS decided to dig up his find and began to expand the pit. After some time, he managed to dig a wide stone niche, in which the eyes of a shocked peasant appeared the statue of Aphrodite, and next to her had two figurines-Germe and several fragments of marble.
IRGOS knew that foreigners were interested in ancient finds and that a major remuneration could be obtained for the statue. Therefore, he went to the French consul Brest and offered him to inspect the sculpture. He was not strong in art historian, but knew perfectly well that the French government was interested in replenishing the collection of the Louvre. Therefore, Brest turned to commanders in the harbor of French ships with a request to send an officer who disassembled in art.
Opinions of the Lord officers were divided. Some believed that there was nothing special in the statue, others argued that she was unique. Brest requested a purchase permission from the superior instance, and in the meantime the French hydrographic vessel "La Pehevret" arrived in the harbor. Michman Damon Durville (future admiral, researcher Antarctica immediately understood how valuable is the find.
Thanks to his report, the French government ordered to allocate money to buy a statue. But by the time Venus learned Ohukomos Vergi - approximate Murzuki, at that time actually managed by all Greek islands.
Elegations demanded from the residents of Milos to sell the statue of Turkey. When the ship "L'ESTAFETT" arrived in Milos, the statue was already shipped to Turkish fuelue. The French rushed into pursuit. They managed to repel the top half of the statue from the Turks, and later to buy down the lower part.
The statue (more precisely, its fragments, which were later restored) was delivered to France and was presented as a gift to King Louis XIII. Taking part in the acquisition of the masterpiece of antiquity of Wastie and Dumont-Durville were not only awarded, but also became real heroes in the eyes of French artistic bohemians.
The king was trying to hide the existence of the statue for some time (after all, Turkey considered her seizure by direct piracy), but rumors about the beautiful ancient creation were separated around the world, and Venus was placed in the Louvre. The first acquaintance with the masterpiece took place on May 7, 1821. Ambassadors from England, Holland, Turkey arrived at Venus Milosian.
Present at the ceremony and the Greek ambassador. But at that time, the law on the protection of values \u200b\u200bin Greece still did not exist (he appeared in 1834), so the Greek treasures were exported without any permission, and the country in which the masterpieces of world art was created could not even declare a protest.
Venus Miloso, attributed to the Prapkitel's cutter, the most famous sculptor of antiquity (this very much wanted Louis XIII), although over time it was found that the sculpture was created later - about 120 BC. The question of who is the author of Venus, climbed repeatedly.
The assumption was put forward that the statue was existed by another famous master - scas. A little later, thanks to the zeal of a student Gro, who sketched the sculpture and brought fragments of marble, was discovered inscription made on the pedestal, not yet noticed by anyone.
Halfish greek letters were in words: "Alexander (or Assander), the son of a menida from Antioch, performed it." After studying the inscription, the debate broke out. Some rejoiced that "found" the real author of the sculpture (by the way, today his name is placed in almost all directories on art historian).
Others, more cautious, believed that Alexander created only a pedestal for a statue. And the others were inclined to the idea that the master who left the signature was ... The first restorer Venus Milos.
To the question, which restored this master, supporters of the version answered briefly: hands. More precisely, the position of the hands. To prove or refute this assumption is extremely difficult, because the Venus has no hands.
Where did the hands of the statue disappeared? Describing the sculpture, Dürville mentioned that the goddess "... In the left hand raised her hand held an apple, and the right to hold a beautifully draped belt, carelessly dropped from the hips to the legs." The son of the Brest Consul, however, mentions only one hand - left. In any case, Jean Earcar in the book, published in 1873, leads many eyewitness testimony of the "adventures" of sculpture.
The arguments of Ekar seemed calibrated and plausible ... before serious research. It turned out that ECAR brought only that excerpt from the report of Durville, which was laid in his version. And "forgotable" to prescription, the text of which does not leave doubts that the statue lost its hands much earlier than the memorable skirmish between the Turks and the French was broken: "Both hands had, unfortunately, broken." The final verdict was carried out by experts: judging by the patina (layer of oxides) on the wreckage of hands, as well as the quality of marble, hands were repulsed long before the statue discovery.
There are still no disputes that kept the Goddess of Love in the hands of the goddess. According to some sculptors - an apple. The statue is trying to identify with the myth on how Gera, Athena and Aphrodite (in the Roman version - Juno, Minerva and Venus) were to shepherd Paris with a request to decide which of them more beautiful. Each of them promised the young man in the case of victory. Paris presented an apple Aphrodite, preferred to her before the rest, and she promised him Elena Troyan.
Others believe that Venus looked in the mirror, admiring her beauty. Professor Hasse expressed the opinion that the sculptor depicted Venus after swimming, at that moment she was going to diminish her body with juice. In one hand she kept fruit, and in the other - the vessel for the juice. There were other interpretations. Venus squeezed in the hands of the spine ... held the shield of Mars ... defended himself from an obsessive fan or, on the contrary, seduced him ...
Perhaps Venus Milosian looked like this
One of the most reasoned is the version of which the whole Pleiad of scientists adheres to: the statue of the goddess of love is part of the sculptural group. This indicates unfinished drapets on the left side and the processing of marble on the back of Venus.
Art historians diverge only in the one who just entered the group. There are several reconstructions representing all sorts of sculptural compositions: Venus and Hercules, Venus and Mars, Venus and Paris ... The statue's posture is interpreted completely differently, but today it is considered the best for the image of the female body.
Aphrodite statue keeps silence. All we know about her is beautiful. The rest is a chain of speculation. After all, if you wish, you can build as many assumptions. For example, for what signs the researchers decided that before them the statue of the goddess? Why not assume that this is someone from the great mortals or heroes of antiquity? For example, Elena Troyanskaya? However, when you only look at the statue of all questions and doubts seem small and unimportant.
Away from native land, two thousand years after the sculptor took a cutter in his hands, she remains a living symbol of the beautiful. Unlike the ancient Greeks, we do not worship the goddess. But but we worship the beauty embodied in her sculpture. It is not by chance that Venus Milosian is the only work of art that has been devoted to a huge number of poems almost in all languages \u200b\u200bof the world.
Venus Milosskaya, also known as Aphrodite Milos, - an ancient Greek statue, which is considered one of the most famous creatures of ancient Greek culture. Created between 130 and 100 Gg. BC e. Pictures Aphrodite (Venus in ancient Romans) - the Greek goddess of love and beauty. A statue of white marble is performed. In height, it reaches 203 cm and has the ideal proportions of the human body corresponding to the rule of the golden section.
The statue is incomplete. Lack of hands and original plinth or main platform. They were lost after the detection of this sculpture. It is believed that the name of the creator was indicated on the platform. This is the famous master of the Hellenistic era of Alexandros Antioch. Currently given ancient masterpiece Located in Paris in Louvre. His name received from the Greek Island Milos in the Aegean Sea, where it was discovered.
The history of detection of Venus Milos
Exactly unknown who specifically discovered a unique statue. According to one version, it was found on April 8, 1820 by the peasant Jorgos Kentrotas in the ancient urban ruins of Milos near the village of Tripity. According to another version, the discoverers were Jorgos Bottonis and his son Antonio. These people accidentally went into a small underground caveLocated not far from the ruins of the ancient theater, and found an excellent marble statue and other marble fragments. It happened in February 1820.
However, there is a third version. On it, Venus Milosa found the French marine officer Olivier Vskout. He explored the island, trying to find ancient artifacts. He helped him in this young peasant Wurter. This couple dug off a unique statue in the ancient ruins. At the same time, the upper part of the body and the lower with the plinth lay separately together with the columns (Hermas), crowned with heads. In the left hand of Venus held an apple.
View of Venus Milosian front and rear
But most likely, the statue found local peasants and, looking for the buyer, reported Nakhodka the Frenchman Olivier Vsk. That ancient masterpiece bought, but he had no permission to export. It was possible to get it only from the Turkish officials who were with Istanbul. Such permission was able to organize through the French ambassador to Turkey another sea officer Jules Dimon Durville.
While in Istanbul, bureaucratic nuances were mounted, a unique find was on storage at the peasant Dimitri Moraitis. But here you should make a little retreat and say that the search for ancient artifacts in the XIX century was considered an extremely profitable and popular business. They were engaged in thousands of people, and they bought unique finds as a state and owners of private collections. At the same time, it was considered very prestigious to put in state Museum Unique in his beauty an ancient masterpiece. As a result, whole brigades of the seekers were digged in the Nile Valley and on Islands Mediterranean Sea, hoping to quickly enriched.
Venus Milosian today (left) and its initial option (right)
Therefore, the peasant who keeps the statue of a woman with an apple in his left hand and with his right hand, supporting the clothes on the hips, was seduced by a financial sentence received from Greek pirates. Venus Milosskaya was sold by sea robber, and the French did not remain anything, how to pick it back by force. In one of the battles, French sailors captured a statue, but while they dragged her on board, lost both hands and plinth. However, in the hot battle, they did not return for them.
After that, Brigratin placed sail and at all possible speed rushed to his native French shores, as information about the historical value of the statue reached the Turkish Sultan. He commanded to take her from the French at any price and bring to Istanbul. But courageous french sailors, risking freedom and life, managed to avoid a collision with Turkish ships. The unique ancient masterpiece was safely delivered to Paris.
Venus Milos in Louvre
In Paris, the brought statue immediately placed in the Louvre. There, the upper and lower parts were connected to a single whole. There was still a small fragment of the left hand, but he did not adopt to the body. All Venus Milosian was initially made of 7 blocks of Paros marble. One block for naked torso, the other for the feet wrapped in clothes, one block for each hand, a small block for the right leg, a block for a plinth and a separate block depicting a small column, standing near the statue.
Full view of the statue - so Venus Milosian looked in antiquity
In 1821, the renovated sculpture was shown by Louis XVIII. He loved on an ancient masterpiece, and that after that, became accessible to universal ferris. In the autumn of 1939, the statue was packed and taken out of the Louvre in connection with the beginning of World War II. All the war years she was in the castle of Valance in the central part of France, and other historical masterpieces were also kept.
After the war, Venus Milosian returned to the Louvre. There she is to this day in one of the hallmarks of the museum on the first floor. It is considered one of the best classic sculptures. Ancient Mira, personifying the female beauty and perfection of human bodies.
(Aphrodite from Milos Island) - Ancient Greek sculpture, created approximately between 130 and 100 years before our era.History of creation
History of Nakhodka
The vessel tried to persuade the captain to immediately swim into Istanbul to get permission to export, but the captain refused and the Village waved his hand to his find. But another marine officer, Jules Dimon Durville, went to Istanbul and received permission. Upon his return, he discovered a statue in a Russian ship, the captain of which one Turkish official paid for him to transfer the Statue to Istanbul. After heavy negotiations with the islanders of Dumont-Durville, still achieved the repurchase of the statue. Later, the Turkish authorities treated with the fact that such a valuable find left them, ordered to expose the most influential inhabitants of the island of Milos of public spanking.
Her hands were lost already after the find, at the time of the conflict between the French who wanted to take it into their country, and the Turks (the owners of the island), who sought to prevent the statue of the statue outside the empire.
Classification and location
Initially, the statue attributed to the classic period (510-323 BC); For some time, the authorship was attributed to Prakkitel. But it turned out that the statue was brought with a pedestal, which it was written that the Assandr (or Alexander, the inscription was illegible), the son of Menida, an antioch citizen in Meandra, made this statue. Thus, the statue relates to an Hellenistic period. Subsequently, the pedestal disappeared and until now not found.
The statue was acquired in 1821 and is currently stored in a gallery specially prepared for her on the first floor of the Louvre. Code: LL 299 (MA 399).
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- In the database of the Louvre (FR.)
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Excerpt characterizing Venus Milos
- Nothing, your well-being? - he said, referring to Tushina. - That fell away from the company, your wellness; I myself do not know where. Bed!Together with the soldier approached the fire of the infantry officer with tied cheek and, turning to the carcass, asked to order to move the tiny to the gun to carry the wagon. Two soldiers came to the fire commander. They swear desperately and fought, pulling each other some kind of boot.
- How, you raised! Yours, deft, - shouted one hoarse voice.
Then he approached the thin, pale soldiers with the neck, lined with a bloody exposure, and an angry voice demanded water from artillery players.
- Well, dying, or how is the dog? - he said.
Tushin ordered to give him water. Then he ran up a cheerful soldier, asking for a light of the infantry.
- hot spot in the infantry! Happy stay, fellow, thank you for the light, we will give back with the percentage, "he said, having belonged somewhere in the dark blossom.
For this soldier, four soldiers, carrying something heavy on the sheel, passed past the fire. One of them stumbled.
"IS, devils, put on the road of firewood," he grunted.
- Ends, what to wear it? Said one of them.
- Well, you!
And they disappeared in the darkness with their own burden.
- What? hurts? - asked Tushin Shopot at Rostov.
- Hurt.
- Your wellness, to General. Here in the hut stand, - said FairverCer, applying to Tushina.
- Now, darling.
Tushin got up and, fastening the chinel and recovering, moved away from the fire ...
Not far from the fire of artillery players, in the hut cooked for him, the prince of Bagration was sitting at lunch, talking to some chiefs of parts gathered from him. There was an old man with half-closed eyes, greedily driving a bone bone, and a twenty-one-year-old impeccable general, laughed from a glass of vodka and lunch, and headquarters officer with a personal perverse, and the barbell, restlessly looking for everyone, and Prince Andrei, pale, with pursed lips and feverishly brilliantly Eyes.
In the hives stood leaning in the corner taken by the French banner, and the auditor with a naive face felt the fabric of the banner and, a bewiered, walked his head, maybe because he really was interested in the appearance of the banner, and maybe because he was hard Hungry to look at lunch, for which he did not get the device. In the neighboring hives, a French colonel was captured by the dragoons. Near him crowded, examining it, our officers. Prince Bagrationa thanked individual chiefs and asked about the details of the case and losses. The regimental commander, who presented to Brownau, reported the prince that, as soon as the case began, he retreated from the forest, gathered the firouts and, having missed them with himself, hit the bayonets with two battlements and overturned the French.
- As I saw, your shyness that the first battalion is upset, I became on the road and I think: "I will miss these and meeting with battle fire"; So did.
The regimental commander so wanted to do it, so he regretted that he did not have time to do that it seemed to him that all this was exactly. Even, maybe it really was? Is it possible to disassemble in this confusion, what was and what was not?
"And I have to notice your fortification," he continued, remembering Tolokhov's conversation with Kutuzov and about his last date with his demolished, "that ordinary, degraded share, in my eyes captured the French officer and especially distinguished himself.
"Here I saw your fortification, the attack of Pavlogradtsev," Looking around restlessly, the horses intervened, who did not see the hussar on this day at all on this day, but only heard of them from the infantry officer. - crumpled two squares, your clay.
In the words of Zherkov, some smiled, as always waiting for his jokes; But, noticing that what he said was, too, to the glory of our weapons and this day, took a serious expression, although many knew very well that what the barbell was said was a lie, not founded on anything. Prince Bagration appealed to the ancient Colonel.
- I thank everyone, gentlemen, all parts acted as heroic: infantry, cavalry and artillery. How are two guns left in the center? He asked, looking for someone else's eyes. (Prince Bagrationov did not ask about the left flank gun; he already knew that all guns were thrown there at the very beginning of the case.) - I seem to you, asked, he turned to the headquarters officer.
