The position of the country in relation to neighboring countries. Economic and geographical location of countries

The features of the economy-geographical position of Great Britain include the placement of the state on the islands, as well as the presence of a land border with only one power - Ireland. In addition, the United Kingdom includes 4 major areas: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

Physics and geographical position of Great Britain

The United Kingdom or the United Kingdom is an island state located in the North-West of Europe. It is the island of the United Kingdom, the northern part of Ireland Island, as well as many smaller islands and archipelagoes belonging to the British Islands. In addition, the state belongs to several island archipelagos located in Oceania, Indian and Atlantic Oceans.

Fig. 1. Island of United Kingdom.

In ancient times, the British Islands were part of the Eurasian continent, however, the melting of glaciers and flooding lands led to the formation of the North Sea and the strait of La Mans, which were separated by the UK from Europe.

The United Kingdom is located in the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Atlantic Ocean, which is represented by several small seas: northern, Irish, Celtic and Hebrid.

The United Kingdom Square is 243.8 thousand square meters. km, of which the inner waters occupy 3.23 thousand square meters. km. The length of the state from north to south is 966 km, and the distance in its widest part is about 480 km. The most extreme point in the south is Cornins Peninsula, and in the north - archipelago Shetland Islands.

All the coast is raised by numerous delta, bays, bays and peninsulas, as a result of which the maximum remoteness of any dot country from the sea does not exceed 120 km.

Border of Great Britain

The United Kingdom has a land border with only one state - the Republic of Ireland, which occupies the southern part of Ireland Island, while its northern part belongs to the UK.

All other borders of the country - sea:

in the south, the UK separates the Strait of La Mans from France;
in the south-east, the island state is separated from Belgium and Norway shallow northern sea.

A large role in the UK reports with mainland European states is played by the Strait of La Mans, which is often called the English Channel. At the end of the twentieth century, a tunnel was laid for high-speed railway. In addition, the relationship between countries is carried out by air and waterways.

Characteristic EGP United Kingdom

1) United Kingdom (United Kingdom) is an island state, most of the territory of which is located on two large islands, separated by the waters of the Irish Sea.

It consists of four countries: England, Scotland and Wales, located on the island of Britain, and Northern Ireland. The common land border of the United Kingdom has only Ireland.

From the south, the United Kingdom borders with France - the nearest and most developed neighbor having common water borders with it.

Also closest neighbors of the UK are Belgium and the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, Norway are significantly further located.

Thus, EGP of Great Britain is both neighboring and seaside, which is extremely beneficial for the economic development of the country, although, undoubtedly, has certain cons in strategic and militarily.

2) South-West from Britain Islands are located Silly Islands, and to the north of Wales Island of Angles. On the western and northern coasts of Scotland there are numerous small islands that are part of the UK. The most important of them are the Orkney Shetland Islands. From the west, the United Kingdom is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, and from the east - the waters of the North Sea.

The smallest distance to the northern coast of France is the Strait of the DUVR, but the main message between states is carried out through the strait of La Mans, called the British "English Channel", along the bottom of which at the end of the twentieth century was laid a tunnel for high-speed rail. Prior to this, the message between the two countries was carried out by aqueous or air.

3) The main sources of energy are coal and oil, to a lesser extent - natural gas. The coal mining industry is one of the oldest industries of the United Kingdom. Main areas of coal mining - Cardiff, South Wales and Central England (Sheffield).

For the UK, a moderate and enough wet climate is characteristic. Therefore, most of the rural facilities used are occupied by pastures (about 80%). The smaller part of the territory is occupied by agricultural crops, which are mainly grown in East England. One of the main crops is sugar beet grown in East England and Lincolnshire, where major sugar processing plants are located. An important sowing crops are also wheat, barley, oats, grown in England, Northern Ireland and on the east coast of Scotland.

Dairy animal husbandry plays an important role in the UK agriculture. The breeding of dairy livestock is mainly in the south-west of England.

Since the UK sincerely is a naval power, fisheries is considered to be traditional fisheries. The basis of the fishery is a cod, flounder, herring, sig, trout, oysters and crabs.

4) the UK administrative card has repeatedly changed, because The accession of the countries constituting the United Kingdom lasted by centuries. Each independent state has its capital or an administrative center. The official capital of Great Britain is London, since the union of the lands occurred around England.

In the eighteenth-nineteenth century, the United Kingdom, being in the first place in the world in terms of the development of the economy, created a colossal colonial power that occupied almost a quarter of the territory of the planet. India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and a significant part of Africa belonged to the British colonies. In the twentieth century, the British colonies became independent states, but many of them are included in the British Commonwealth, headed by the British monarch. In 1921, the southern part of Ireland separated from the UK and became an independent state.

The country is located on the British Islands in the North-West Europe. Consider the EGP of Great Britain - first its geographical aspect. Great Britain consists of four large provinces: England, Wales, and Scotland. EGP Great Britain is much determined by its island position. British Islands - the largest archipelago in Europe. It consists of two major islands (Ireland and the United Kingdom) and more than five thousand small. The southern part of the island of Great Britain is located on the fiftieth, and the northern part of the archipelago (Scottish Islands) is on the sixtieth degree of northern latitude. The distance from the northernmost point of the UK island to its southern point equals 966 kilometers, and its greatest width is 508 kilometers. The geographical location of Great Britain is that it is washed by the waters of the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, and the southern part of its coast is located just thirty-five kilometers from the north shore of France. They are separated by the strait of La Mans. equal to 243,810 square kilometers.

England areas that are on the plains are of great importance for agriculture. A few later plans began to master the mountainous terrain. An important stimulus for this was at the beginning of pastures, and then mineral resources. Historically, it was so that during the geological evolution in the depths of the British islands, various minerals began to form. There are almost all known minerals in the country, there are only diamonds.

In the central part and in the north of England, Penin Mountains are located, which consist of coal breeds. In the northern parts of them are common karst deposits. The foot of these mountains is rich in coal deposits. Based on these deposits, large mining and industrial centers of Yorkshire, Lankshire and other coal basins, the calculated reserves of which make up more than four billion tons.

For most of the territory of England, flat plains and hilly kousty ridges alternate. Cools are most often complicated from limestone or writing chalk, and the plains are represented by more loose rocks: sand, clay, Mergel. All these sedimentary rocks accumulated in the ancient marine pools.

Small hills on the plains of Midland are associated with deposits of iron ore and stone coal. Here is one of the largest deposits of iron ore - 60% of all its reserves are concentrated in East Midland.

Consider now the economic side of EGP UK .

Country agriculture is characterized by very high intensity. It is perfectly equipped and produces 60% of the products of the UK, using only 2% of human resources. The leaders are chemical and petrochemical, and oil, oil refining, mechanical engineering, black metallurgy.

Per capita is $ 3,6600 per year. The 13th place in the world in terms of the level of life of the population is occupied by the United Kingdom. The country's economy is one of the most developed in the world. There is a developed mechanical engineering in the country, which is focused mainly on the release of non-standard equipment, as well as different types and types of machines.

Electronic and electrical production, large automotive, airraft construction, shipbuilding, and machine-tool construction are well developed in the country. The chemical and petrochemical industries, the production of lifting and transport equipment and industrial equipment, as well as the oil refining and pharmaceutical industry, black and non-ferrous metallurgy are widely represented. The United Kingdom is located at one of the first places in the world for the export and the production of dyes, and plastics, detergents, chemical and mineral fertilizers.

Thus, we presented in the article with information reflecting the UK EGP.

eGP Japan

1. It is profitable, because there are no neighbors

2. Favorable, because is the leader among port states and through it there are many trade routes

3. Not profitable, poor minerals, has polymetal ores and copper ores, agricultural areas are not developed

4. Favorable EGP

5. Activated trade relations with other countries of the world. From the end of the XII century to 1867, the feudal state, existing on the Islands of Japan, was ruled by Sigun. The feudal rulers have introduced a ban on almost all contacts with foreigners, fearing their expansion and the spread of Christianity. Japan's closure prevented the country's colonization. However, the long period of its insulation led to the fact that until the XX century it was, as it were hidden from the eye of Europeans. Cruel insulation greatly affected the economic development of the country. At a time, when all of Europe, all seven steps moved towards scientific and technical progress, Japan was still at the agrarian stage of development. In the 20th century, Japan was a party to three large wars (the Russian-Japanese, 1st and 2nd world) in World War II spoken by an ally of fascist Germany and Italy. In 1945, in accordance with the secret Yaltian agreements of the winning countries, the Soviet Union, all smokers were switched as a military trophy. Since the Second World War, Japan has no peace treaty with Russia and presents the claims of Russia to the islands of Kuril Rud: Kunashir, Shikotan, Habomai. Almost after 50 years of belonging to the USSR and Russia, the socio-economic situation on the islands remains extremely heavy, the island remained not equipped. Based on the principles of justice, it is necessary to recognize that Japan has a moral and legal right to claim at least southern chickens. It is necessary to mainly maintain the emerging trend towards rapprochement, to solve the territorial issue and conclude peace with Japan, putting a point in World War II.

6. The extensive influence increased the production area

eGP Great Britain

1. Favorable

2. Favorable, there is an output to the Antlantic and Pacific Ocean

3. Equal, average number of minerals

4. Faunorable

6.Egg positively affects the production sphere

In the country, the leading role belongs to sea transport (86% of cargo turnover), it provides international and domestic communications. Car transport accounted for 75% of domestic transport (main highway London-Manchester-Glasgow), and on the rail-capacity-200%.

With the opening of the railway tunnel, the role of this transport in international transportation increased. High-speed trains overcome the distance between London and Paris for 3 hours.

River paths are used for recreational purposes, and the role of pipeline transport increases.

Since the country island, the role of air transport is great. In the country, 150 passenger airports that provide communication with 120 countries of the world. Transportation is carried out by the transnational company British Airview. The largest airports are located in London (Heathrow and Heathrow).

Since the United Kingdom is an island state, all its external transportation and trade are related to sea and air transport.

About 90% of the total cargo turnover falls on sea transport, including 25% for coastal.

The sea fleet of Great Britain is 9.6 million reg. Br.t. All regions of the country, except for Western Midland, are in one way or another are directly related to the marine ports that serve as the main transport hubs. The largest of them are London, Southampton, Liverpool, Gul and Harge. London and Liverpool ports skip about half of all goods (in charge).

In the past, more passengers arrived in the UK than the air.

However, since the early 60s of the 20th century, the number of air passengers began to grow rapidly and now it is several times higher than the number of people who come to the country.

eGP Britain. The position of Great Britain in relation to neighboring countries.

In total there are about 150 airports in the country through which it is connected by permanent airlines by more than 100 countries of the world.

Almost all transportation is carried out by British Erueiz. The five largest airports of the country are located in the area of \u200b\u200bLondon Heathrow and Gatwick, as well as Manchester, Luton and Glasgow - provide 75% of all the transport of passengers and airlors.

The continent of the United Kingdom is connected by two railway ferries (Duzr - Dunkirk and Harjan - Ostende), a canal under La Mansha and numerous marine car and passenger ferries - with Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Holland and France.

To attract passengers on the ferries duty-free trade.

In domestic freight traffic, road transport plays the greatest role. It is more than 3 times the railway and coaster is inferior. In connection with the development of vehicles, more than 12 thousand km of railway tracks were shot. Now the length of the railway tracks is about 17 thousand km. At the same time, the network of roads (371 thousand km) is expanding and their reconstruction occurs.

At the same time, the focus is paid to the shortest ways to link the main conurb of the country.

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Characteristic of the United Kingdom

(England) 1 position in relation to neighboring countries 2 providing against the main land and sea transport routes 3 rules relative to the main fuel of raw materials, industrial and agricultural areas 4 positions in relation to the main areas of sales of products 5 Change EGP in temporary 6 total Conclusion The effect of EGP on the development and deployment of the country's economy

(England) 1 position in relation to neighboring countries 2 position in relation
to the main land and sea transport paths 3 position
attitude to the main fuel raw materials bases, industrial and
agricultural districts 4 position in relation to the main
Product Sales Areas 5 Change EGP in time 6 General conclusion
EGP influence on the development and placement of the country's farm

1) The United Kingdom borders only with Ireland.
2) Island State is an important point of cargo transportation from Europe to America and Africa.
Ground transport has significantly in domestic transport.
3) Near Great Britain is one of the major fuel bases of Europe - the North Sea. The United Kingdom through a narrow strait of La Mans is adjacent to the largest harmonic countries of Europe - France and the Netherlands with Belgium.
4) Europe, America, Asia and Africa serve as markets for the United Kingdom
5) EGP has not changed significantly since the 80s of the 20th century (EU formation).
6) Thanks to the successful geogro position (access to the Atlantic, next to Europe, direct communication with the United States) The United Kingdom is actively developing its economy and international trade.

The largest economic centers of the United Kingdom are located on the coast, in large ports.

The easiest way to move in the center of London is the subway. You can purchase tickets for one or two trips, but if you often use the subway, then travel cards will be very convenient.

It can be a card for one day, for a week, or for a month, and they make it possible to use the metro, bus and train in the areas you chose an unlimited number of times.

Travel cards for one day can be purchased at the metro ticket office. They are valid for travel in the subway and buses at any time. They are not valid for travel in airport buses or for special excursions.

Direct cards for the week are valid for travel in the subway and buses at any time, but are not valid for travel in airport buses or for special excursions.

The cost varies from the number of selected zones.

How to get to the city center from Heathrow Airport

TAXI. Taxi Parking is located next to the access from the airport.

BUS. Airport buses (A1 to Victoria station and A2 to the station "Uston") travel the fare - about 6 pounds to the Central London. Tickets can be purchased in the airport building or bus.

Buses depart every 20 minutes.
UNDERGROUND. The Picadilly line comes from Heathrow to the center of London and connects the branched underground metro network.

But if you have a lot of baggage, the trip can be difficult. Trains are sent every 5 minutes, the trip takes 55 minutes.
HIGH-SPEED TRAIN.In the center of London, on the railway station Paddington, every 20 min. Speed \u200b\u200btrains walk, travel time 20 min.
TAXI "Black Cabs" is a characteristic feature of London streets, they are safe and their movement is streamlined.

Taxis can be stopped on the street when yellow light burns, meaning that a taxi is free. In many places, including the main train stations, there are taxi parking. Swiss and receptionist in hotels will order a taxi for you. Be careful not to accept offers drivers of cars that do not have special taxis signs.

Many of them do not have a legitimate work permit, a trip to such machines is unsafe, since they are not insured, and drivers often do not have the necessary experience.

Urban transport

London is one of the cities in the world where the transport has become a legend.

The first subway and famous two-storey buses make up the business card of the English capital. Of course, the faithful traditions of Londoners try to maintain their appearance with the smallest changes. True, London city transport has long been no longer exhausted by the subway and the red double-decker Double Decker buses.

Despite all English conservatism, new types of transport regularly appear in the British capital. The steam metro has long become electrified, the division of cars into classes, and the buses in London are not only two-story buses. Now the main transport load is still subway and buses. However, the history of London transport (the steam metro launched from the Omnibus and the steam metro in 1863) is so great and interesting is that the Urban Transport Museum has been created in the British capital.

Underground, Tube has twelve lines. All of them were created at different times and different owners and therefore still quite different from each other. Some trains go mostly under the ground, others on the surface.

Over time, many areas of railways passed from the subway to long-distance trains and vice versa. At first glance, the metro scheme, intertwined with the network of ordinary trains, leads to despair, especially after a slim system of the Moscow metro. However, it is quite easy to understand it. The lines are often branched to individual branches in one or another area of \u200b\u200bthe city, so you should always pay attention to the train destination.

In addition, trains of different kicks can walk along the same paths. On the main lines of the train go quite often, with an interval of no more than five minutes, it is half an hour on the outlook lines.

The position of the country in relation to neighboring countries. Economic and geographical location of countries

The Tariff System of the London Metro seems difficult, but in reality it is not a big problem.
All large London is divided into six zones, which are concentric circles diverge from the center.

Any ticket must be valid in all zones by which the trip is going. Therefore, choosing the route of the trip, you need to ensure that the lackerel does not fall into the zone in which your ticket does not affect. In general, the London Metro usually allows you to get to the goal with several ways. Among them, you can choose the one that affects a smaller number of zones. Let's say if you need to drive from the second zone to the third to the opposite end of the city, you can easily drive around the first central zone and, thus, to shorten the cost of the trip.

The very expensive is the first zone, which includes the city center and the largest number of tourist attractions.
Unified Smart_ Carta (Oyster Card) - another way to pay for travel in the London metro, buses and trams. It is also valid on some rail routes and on the DLR lines (the railway of the facilitated type of Docks).

Oyster Card is a more economical payment system that allows multiple travel to the magnetic card, or use the "Pay As You Go" mode.

You can replenish the balance of the magnetic card at the London metro stations, at some railway stations, in specialized items selling these cards, by phone or on the website www.tfl.gov.uk.
Most recently, the tram is restored in London. About two-storey buses are known to everyone, but few people know that two-story trams went on London fifty years ago.

Now the London tram has three routes in the southern part of the city. Double cars in length of thirty meters serve the Kroydon area (CroydoN). Tram tickets are sold separately in automata at stops. If you need after traveling to the tram, transfer the bus or vice versa, you can buy a "tram-bus" ticket at the same price. Bus tickets in Tram do not work.
Another new (a little more than ten years) view of London transport - Docklands Light Railway (DLR).

He is obliged to collapse of London docks, deprived of orders after the modernization of sea freight traffic. Large container ships began to unload in deep-water coast ports, leaving a huge London area in the launch.

The program of returning to the life of the Dock region envisaged the emergence of high-speed transport, which was launched in the late eighties. The DLR train is a few trailers without a driver who can accommodate about 250 people. Currently, four lines are functioning.

They provide the connection of the former dock area with metro stations and railways, as well as the city center. The DLR tariff system is the same as in the subway, the metro tickets are valid for DLR and vice versa.
Tickets for transport can be bought in automata located at the metro stations and at the bus stops. In addition, bus tickets can be bought from the driver.

All children's tickets stop their operation at 22:00.
In general, London transport operates from four to five am to an hour. It is better not to ride during the "peak hours": 07: 30-09: 30 and 16: 30-18: 30. Night buses have an N index in front of their number, for example, N-23.

All of them pass through Trafalgar Square. On Sunday, transport starts to walk after seven in the morning and stops for midnight. Motion intervals on Sunday are approximately twice as much. For Christmas, many lines do not function at all.
Another part of the London transport system is river vessels, running between a plurality of marins on Thames.

They belong to several companies, and contain a total of twenty routes. The rate of tariffs on the Thames has its own.

The position of the country in relation to neighboring countries is often referred to as a rather complex and multifaceted category. About her and will be discussed in this article. What are the characteristics of the economic and geographical position of the leading states of Eurasia - Japan, Great Britain, France? And how profitable it is?

Country position in relation to neighboring countries

The countries of our planet differ significantly from each other. And not only in size, population or cultural features. There are other factors that largely determine the welfare of the state. So, some countries have an extensive access to the ocean, others are closed inside the mainland. Some states are at the intersection of important transcontinental transport routes, which gives them huge benefits in the form of profit from the transit of goods by other subjects of the world economy. All of these factors can be attributed to the concept considered in this article.

So, the position of the country in relation to neighboring countries is called the economic and geographical position of the state (abbreviated - EGP). However, this is a very narrow interpretation of the concept. EGP is a very complex and multifaceted geographic category. In a broad sense, EGP is the position of the country (as well as the city or region) regarding those geographic objects that can influence (positive or negative) on its economic development.

EGP can be central, peripheral, deep or outdoor. It can be assessed at the global or regional level.

When the EGP characteristic of a particular state should take into account many factors. It:

the presence of access to the sea (world ocean);
number of neighbors;
the possibility of selling their products;
the presence of large fuel and raw materials;
position relative to important transport routes, etc.

Interestingly, some countries successfully enjoy the benefits of their geographical location. Other states have not yet learned this art. The Soviet scientist-geographer Nikolai Baransky was the first to be seriously engaged in theoretical aspects of the concept of EGP.

The position in relation to neighboring countries is often also called, but in this case it is a matter of political factors, the nature of the relationship of a particular state with its neighbors and the like.

Characteristic EGP France

France is one of the largest countries in Europe. It belongs to Corsica, as well as a number of small islands in the Mediterranean Sea. In addition, France owns overseas departments and territories almost around the world.

The position of France in relation to neighboring countries can be described as profitable. It borders with eight states. With each of them, France supports good neighborly and close relationships.

The country is located in Western Europe and has access to the Mediterranean Sea in the south and to the Atlantic in the West and the North-West. The coastline within the state is raised by numerous bays, convenient for the approach of major international courts.

Characteristic EGP Japan

Japan is an archipelago country in East Asia, which consists of six thousand islands of various sizes. From the east, the territory of the state is washed by the Pacific Ocean, from the West - the waters of the three seas, which separated it from the "Big Earth".

The position of Japan in relation to neighboring countries as a whole can be considered profitable. Due to the location at the junction of the largest mainland and the largest ocean of the planet, the country received many opportunities to establish international contacts and sales of their products.

Japan was not frankly lucky with natural resources and relief. About 80% of its territory is not suitable for the development of the farm and the construction of residential buildings (due to mountain landscapes). In addition, there are practically no minerals in the country.

Evaluation of EGP United Kingdom

Great Britain is largely reminded by this country is also not located on the Eastern, but on the western outskirts of Eurasia.

The United Kingdom is washed by the waters of the Atlantic and the two seas - Northern and Irish. From the mainland, it is separated by a 35-kilometer strait of La Mans. The common land border has only one country - Ireland.

Thanks to its geographical location, England has received the unlawful status of the "Sea Queen of Europe" a few more centuries ago. Relief and natural climatic conditions also contribute to the development of the country's farm.

Conclusion

Under the term EGP understand the position of the country in relation to neighboring countries. It can be central, deep or painted, profitable or unprofitable. In addition, not all states effectively use their geographical position.