In case of a sudden accident, the crew and flight attendants have little or no time to prepare passengers and the passenger cabin for an emergency (emergency) landing. Therefore, as soon as it became clear that the situation on the aircraft was emergency and a forced (emergency) landing would occur in a few seconds (minutes), the PIC should command the passengers to take an emergency landing position using the GCS. For example, "Bend down and grab your knees with your hands! Use soft things to protect your head and torso from blows! Group up! "
This is the minimum that can be done to prepare passengers for impact at the time of landing in almost any situation.
IN civil aviation there are generally accepted security measures, according to which, during takeoff, landing, when the aircraft passes through the turbulence zone, passengers must be in their seats fastened with seat belts, while the seatbacks must be brought to a vertical position, the table is closed (fixed), and flight attendants must check the passengers' performance these security measures, which is their responsibility. Therefore, if a sudden accident occurs during takeoff, landing or while passing through turbulence, the command to take an emergency landing position will be an additional safety measure to those already taken previously and routine for each flight. After an emergency landing, the crew must act in accordance with the emergency schedule.
ACTIONS OF THE CREW AND FLIGHT ATTENDANTS IN THE GROUND ACCIDENT
The actions of the crew in case of an accident on the ground are regulated by the RLE of a particular aircraft (section "Actions in emergency situations"), but general provisions are the same for all aircraft.
In the event of an emergency on board the aircraft that threatens the safety of passengers and crew members, while parking, taxiing, takeoff run, run after landing, when there is no time to perform preparatory operations, crew members (including flight attendants) are required to take all measures to immediate evacuation of passengers, without waiting for the arrival of the ground rescue team, and take them to a distance of at least 100 m from the nearest part of the aircraft.
As soon as it is established that the situation on the aircraft is emergency (crew members must report to the PIC about the appearance of smoke, fire or other deviations from normal conditions), the PIC must immediately instruct the crew, including flight attendants, to act according to the emergency schedule in case of a forced landing on land.
At the same time, the PIC must give a command to the flight attendants to start evacuating passengers from the aircraft (after the aircraft has stopped, if it was in motion at the time of the emergency).
In the event of an emergency in the parking lot (for example, a fire) while the PIC is absent, immediately start evacuating passengers from the aircraft. As soon as the situation allows, the PIC is obliged to directly supervise the evacuation of passengers in accordance with the emergency schedule after an emergency landing on land. The duties of flight crew members and flight attendants are the same as for emergency landing on land.
36. How to leave the plane after an emergency landing through the exit with the airstairs extended and inflated:
a) without stopping, jump onto the ladder and slide down;
b) without stopping, sit on the edge of the ladder and slide down;
c) stop in front of the ladder, sit on it and slide down. |
37. In the event of an emergency landing of an aircraft:
a) put your hands on your stomach, bend and tuck your legs;
b) put on life vest, rest your hands on the back of the front seat, and squeeze your head between your knees;
c) bend, tilt your head as low as possible and cover it with your hands, rest your feet against the back of the front seat.
38. You are on an airplane. The flight attendant reported a fire on board and an upcoming forced landing. Your actions after an emergency landing, provided that the aircraft cabin is smoky, fire is visible in some places, the passage to the emergency exit is not blocked:
a) immediately put on an oxygen mask, protect your body from burns and wait for rescuers;
b) protect yourself from burns by covering open areas of the body, bend down and crawl to the exit on all fours, covering your mouth and nose with a handkerchief or clothing items soaked in liquid; once overboard, quickly move away from the aircraft;
c) ask the flight attendant to bring a bottle of mineral water, on the backs of the seats you will make your way to the exit, dousing yourself with water on the go, once overboard, stand near the aircraft in case your help is needed.
39. The plane made an emergency landing on the water. You need:
a) put on a life jacket and inflate it, take with you or put on warm clothes, go to the exit to board the life raft;
b) take a life jacket and warm clothes with you, go to the exit, go down into the life raft, put on warm clothes and a life jacket;
c) put on and inflate a life jacket, take a supply of food, go to the next salon and wait for the help of the flight attendant.
40. In case of leakage in the aircraft cabin, it is necessary:
a) fasten your seat belt and, covering your head with your hands, lean forward;
b) immediately put on an oxygen mask, fasten the seat belt and prepare for a rapid descent;
c) fasten your seat belt, help neighbors to fasten their seat belts, put on an oxygen mask.
Actions of passengers in case of an accident on water transport
Most major accidents and catastrophes on ships occur under the influence of hurricanes, storms, fogs, ice, and also through the fault of people - captains, pilots and crew members.
Abandonment of the ship in case of an accident or shipwreck is carried out only on the instructions of the captain. He gives such an order in the following cases:
There are clear signs of the impending death of the vessel (dangerous list, entry into the water of the deck, stern, bow);
The vessel remains afloat, but the spread of water over the vessel leads to its flooding, and the crew does not have sufficient means to deal with water;
There is cargo shifting or icing of the ship, which will eventually lead to its capsizing, and the crew does not have the means to deal with cargo shifting or icing;
A fire is spreading throughout the ship, and the crew does not have the means to localize and eliminate it;
Under the influence of wind, waves or currents, the ship drifts on reefs, where it can be broken or capsized; at the same time, the ship does not move or is deprived of the ability to be controlled and cannot counteract the force of nature, etc.
On large sea and river vessels, all actions related to self-rescue are reduced to the fastest possible exit to the boat deck and the precise execution of the commands of the crew organizing rescue operations. When a boat alarm is announced, all collective rescue equipment is brought into working position, and the crew prepares to leave the ship (Scheme 62).
All participants in the swim must wear spare clothing at their disposal - cotton and wool underwear, sweaters, waterproof, better waterproof outerwear, if available, a wetsuit and, of course, a life jacket. It is better to wear layered clothing. Two thin sweaters are preferable to one. It is advisable to wrap the neck with a scarf, in extreme cases, with a towel or a sleeve of a torn sweater, a torn leg, since it is more susceptible to hypothermia in water than other parts of the body. One or two tight-fitting woolen caps should be put on the head, a hood should be put on and tightened, mittens or gloves should be put on the hands. You should strive to protect places that are particularly prone to heat loss - the chest below the armpits, the groin area, neck, head. It is better to wear shoes that are spacious, with two or three woolen socks, but in such a way as not to restrict the movement of the toes.
Each participant in the navigation must be able to handle an individual means of rescue. It is best to learn this in advance. It must be remembered that an incorrectly worn life jacket can not only not help, but even accelerate the death of a person on the water.
The first, according to the old maritime rule, to the collective means of salvation are children, women, wounded, weakened people. They need to organize insurance, for which one adult man can go down to the life-saving device.
The captain is the last to leave the ship, after personally making sure that all members of the crew, passengers, and emergency equipment are in the survival craft.
Before boarding inflatable rescue equipment (rafts, boats), it is necessary to tightly wrap the metal parts of the shoes with cloth - horseshoes, buckles, protruding nails that can damage the rubber lining. When boarding inflatable rafts and boats, it is advisable to avoid jumping. If it is impossible to do without a jump, you should try to fall on inflatable elements - onboard balloons, inflatable beams, cans and racks. In this case, it is desirable to contact the skin with the largest possible area of the body in order to reduce the impact load on the inflatable structure. If a person lands on their feet, they can break through the bottom of a lifeboat or raft.
The people who were the first in the life-saving equipment should insure it from damage - push off with oars or hands from the vessel, drive away dangerous objects floating on the surface of the water, and also help their comrades.
Leaving a sinking ship can be carried out on lifeboats and inflatable rafts, by going on board an approaching rescue ship, evacuating aboard a rescue helicopter and jumping into the water.
Features of leaving the ship by jumping into the water(Scheme 63). Before leaving the vessel, crew members must remind passengers of the rules for jumping into the water and further behavior on the water. For a jump into the water, such places are chosen to be carried away from the vessel by the current. If possible, it is better to go down to the water along the ladder. The life jacket must be protected from damage.
When jumping into the water, tuck your chin to your chest, but do not tilt your head forward so as not to hit your face on the water, tighten the back of your head. Press the clothes with one hand, close the nostrils and mouth with the other. Jump with your feet down, press your feet against each other, bend your legs slightly and strain. Take a deep breath before jumping. Once in the water, dive with open eyes, avoiding getting hit by a ship, boat or raft. After recovering your breath, turn to face the oncoming wave, then look around for danger from nearby ships.
In the absence of rescue equipment, while in the water, give signals by whistling or raising your hand. Move as little as possible to keep warm. The loss of heat in water occurs several times faster than in air, so movements, even in warm water, must be reduced to just keeping afloat. In a lifejacket to keep warm, group up, wrap your arms around your chest from the sides and lift your hips higher so that the water washes less of the groin area (Fig. 26). This method will increase the estimated survival time in cold water by almost 50% (Table 5). If you are not wearing a life jacket, look for a floating object with your eyes and grab onto it to make it easier to stay afloat until the rescuers arrive. Rest lying on your back.
Table 5
Terms of human survival in water depending on its temperature
| Temperature | Time to come (without overalls and equipment) | Way of finding | Predictable survival time, h, at temperature |
|
| losses consciousness | probable of death |
|||
| 10 | 15-30 min | 15 min - 1.5 h | Swimming without life jacket | Up to 1.5 |
| 11-12 | 30-60 min | 1-2 h | Swimming in life jacket | 2 |
| Staying still in a life jacket | Around 3 |
|||
| Being in a life jacket (in a grouped position) | ||||
| 19-21 | 3-7 h | 8-10 h | Being in the water groups in life jackets, closely clinging to each other | |
| Safely life |
||||
While on a lifeboat take your seasickness pills. To save heat, stay close to other victims, do physical exercises. Let's drink only to the sick and wounded. If there is no reasonable hope of reaching the shore or entering the shipping lanes, try to stay close to other boats near the place of the ship's sinking.
Keep your feet as dry as possible. Lift and move them regularly to relieve puffiness. Never drink sea water. Keep fluid in the body by reducing useless movements. Moisten clothing during the day to reduce perspiration, and moisten the outer shell of the raft with water to reduce the temperature inside the raft. Drink no more than 500-600 ml of water per day, dividing them into numerous small doses with the largest in the evening. Eat only emergency food. Save the smoke bombs until there is a real possibility that your signal will be noticed. Do not use checkers all together in the hope of discovering yourself, entrust this to one person.
Check your knowledge by comparing your answers to the tests with the answers given at the end of the textbook.
41. On large sea and river vessels, all actions related to self-rescue come down to a quick exit to the boat deck and precise execution of the ship's crew commands. Specify the correct actions of passengers when declaring a boat alarm:
a) put on as many clothes as possible, take documents and a life jacket, quickly go to the boat deck, prepare for landing in life-saving appliances;
b) put on a life jacket, go to the boat deck, get into the lifeboat and wait for it to be launched;
c) go down to your cabin, put on a life jacket and wait for the ship's emergency team to arrive.
a) so as not to injure yourself;
b) so as not to injure another passenger;
c) so as not to damage the rubber lining of the survival craft.
43. From the given answers, choose the one that, in your opinion, reflects the correct actions of the passenger when leaving the sinking ship by jumping into the water:
a) cover your face with both hands, jump into the water with your feet pressed against each other, quickly sail away from the ship;
b) inhale and hold your breath, cover your mouth with your hand, jump into the water with your legs slightly bent, splash down, sail away from the ship;
c) inspect the splashdown site, inhale and hold your breath, hold your mouth and nose with your hand, pull the life jacket down with the other hand, jump into the water with your feet down, slightly bending them, splash down, quickly sail away from the vessel.
44. Which places of the human body are especially prone to heat loss when in water:
a) chest below the armpits, groin area, neck and head;
b) arms and legs;
c) fingers and toes, feet, scalp.
45. While in a life-saving craft, drink water per day no more than:
a) 200-300 ml;
b) 500-600 ml;
c) 800-1000 ml.
4.7. Hydrodynamic accidents and their consequences. Protection and actions of the population
Hydrodynamic accidents - accidents at hydrodynamically hazardous facilities, which may result in catastrophic flooding.
Hydrodynamically dangerous objects called structures or natural formations that create a difference in water levels before (upstream) and after (downstream) them (Fig. 27). These include hydraulic structures of the pressure front: dams, dams, dams, water intakes and water intake structures, pressure basins and surge tanks, hydroelectric facilities, small hydroelectric power plants and structures.
In case of accidents at hydrodynamically hazardous facilities in the downstream pool, as a result of the rapid fall of water from the upstream pool (see Fig. 27), a breakthrough wave is formed. Its striking effect is manifested in the form of a direct collapse on people and structures of a mass of water moving at high speed, and the fragments of buildings and structures and other objects moved by it.
In case of catastrophic flooding, the threat to life and health of people, in addition to the impact of a breakthrough wave, is being in cold water, neuropsychic overstrain, as well as flooding (destruction) of systems that ensure the vital activity of the population.
The consequences of accidents at hydrodynamically hazardous facilities can be difficult to predict. Usually located within the major settlements or upstream and being objects of increased risk, if destroyed, they can lead to catastrophic flooding of vast territories, a significant number of cities and villages, economic facilities, mass deaths of people, a long-term cessation of navigation, agricultural and fishing industries.
In areas of catastrophic flooding, destruction (washout) of water supply systems, sewerage, drain communications, garbage collection sites and other waste is possible. As a result of pollution of the flood zone, the risk of the emergence and spread of infectious diseases increases. This is also facilitated by the accumulation of the population in a limited area with a significant deterioration in the material and living conditions of life.
In order to protect the population in case of catastrophic flooding, to prevent or minimize the extent of its damage, a complex of organizational, engineering, technical and special measures is being carried out.
Air accident - an event related to the operation of an aircraft that occurred while passengers or crew members were on board, which resulted in damage or destruction of the aircraft and caused injury to people or did not cause bodily injury.
Depending on the location of the accident, aviation accidents are divided into:
1. flight accident- an event related to the performance of a flight task by the crew and entailing consequences of varying severity for the people on board the aircraft (injury or death) or the aircraft itself (damage or destruction).
2. ground incident - aviation accident that took place before or after the flight.
Depending on the consequences of the incident for passengers, crew and aircraft, flight and ground accidents are divided into the following:
1. Breaking- an aviation accident, which was not followed by the death of crew members and passengers, resulting in damage to the aircraft, the repair of which is possible and economically feasible.
2. Accident- an aviation accident that did not result in the death of crew members and passengers, but led to the complete destruction or severe damage to the aircraft, as a result of which its restoration is technically and economically impossible and impractical.
3. Catastrophe- an aviation accident that resulted in the death of crew members or passengers in the event of destruction or damage to the aircraft, as well as the death of people from injuries that occurred within 30 days from the moment of the accident.
World statistics show that almost 50% of air crashes occur on the airfield. In other cases, accidents occur in the air at various altitudes, and an aircraft in distress causes the death of not only passengers and crew, but also people on the ground.
Civil aviation accidents, which seem to be very frequent and dramatic compared to other transport accidents, are characterized by low average loss rates. At the same time, in aviation accidents, the size of losses can reach 80-90% of the total number of people on the aircraft.
Aviation accidents and catastrophes are possible for many reasons and lead to serious consequences. During takeoff and landing accidents, there is hope of saving people, since accidents usually occur when the aircraft is still on the ground or not high above it, and its speed is relatively low. Moreover, they tend to happen in the area around the airport, where there are rescue teams and the necessary equipment.
All causes of air transport accidents are divided into groups:
1. Human factor - errors of the crew or air traffic control, poor health or fatigue of pilots. Recently, the reason has become relevant - the blinding of pilots from the ground with light pointers, lanterns.
2. Technical factor - failure, malfunction or breakdown of on-board equipment, poor fuel quality.
3. Bad weather conditions - fog, rain, cold snap, high humidity.
4. Terrorist act - seizure of a ship, explosion, sabotage.
emergency equipment
This is a set of means in an aircraft designed to prevent injury to passengers and crew and ensure their emergency evacuation and rescue in the event of an emergency landing of the aircraft on land or water.
Emergency and rescue equipment consists of means of fixing people, emergency exits for passengers and crew, marking means, external and internal emergency lighting systems, communication and warning systems for passengers, auxiliary means for evacuating people to the ground.
Basic and emergency exits
1. Main doors for the entry and exit of passengers, they are performed on the left side of the aircraft, and with more than 250 passengers, the exits can be located on both sides. The door height depends on the fuselage diameter and is equal to 1400-1830 mm. The width of the door must be at least 860 mm wide-body aircraft to reduce the time of entry and exit, doors are often made so wide that 2 people can enter them at the same time. The threshold at the door is not allowed, the doorway from below is limited by the floor plane. During an emergency evacuation of the aircraft, the main doors count towards the number of emergency exits.
2. For emergency evacuation of the aircraft, emergency exits are made on both sides of the aircraft, 510x1100 mm in size, located on the left and right sides. The number of emergency exits depends on the number of passengers. The number and size of emergency exits must be such that when leaving the aircraft, with 50% of all exits open, including the main ones, evacuation is carried out in 90 seconds. It has been established that if there are two main exits on the left side and two emergency exits on the right side, 120-160 passengers leave the aircraft in 30 seconds. Aircraft have at least two emergency hatches for access to the wing. To ensure an exit when landing an aircraft on the water, at least two upper emergency hatches must be made to exit to the top of the fuselage at the rate of 1 hatch for 35 passengers.
All main, service and emergency exits are used for emergency exit of the aircraft by passengers and crew. Exits for passengers, approaches to them and means of opening are prominently marked to facilitate their detection. All inscriptions are illuminated from the inside, regardless of the main lighting system. The devices of emergency hatches and their locks are simple, noticeable and do not require much effort to open. Instructions for opening them are printed on the doors (hatches).
Individual and group life-saving equipment on board the aircraft.
When flying over water, emergency equipment is supplemented by individual and group rescue craft.
Personal lifeboats include:
- life jackets;
- pillows with constant buoyancy;
Group rescue boats
- Inflatable rafts.
- Combined ladder-rafts: a combined aid used both to facilitate the descent of passengers during evacuation from emergency exits after an emergency landing on the ground, and to keep a group of passengers afloat after an emergency exit from an aircraft that has made a forced landing on the water.
The weight of one raft for 6 people complete with equipment and food for 3 days is 15 kg. Group rafts can accommodate from 6 to 25 people.
- Inflatable emergency ladder. Such a ladder must be on board if the main and emergency exits are located high above the ground. Its mass together with the balloon is 40-45 kg. A place for it is given near the front door or emergency hatch.
The actions of passengers on board the aircraft during the accident and in emergency situation
In the event of an emergency situation, pilots try to the last to avoid a disaster, so it is strictly forbidden to panic, scream, get up from your chair and run around the cabin. By doing this, you will only distract the crew, which will worsen the already dangerous situation on board.
Passenger actions if the aircraft enters the turbulence zone.
Often during the flight, the aircraft can get into air pocket, resulting in shaking and strong vibration on board. This situation is called turbulence. Fasten your seat belt and follow the instructions of the crew members exactly. Do not stand still - this can lead to injury.
Passenger actions in the event of an accident during takeoff and landing
1. Bring the back of the chair to an upright position.
2. Remove glasses, high-heeled shoes, loosen a tie, unbutton a collar, remove sharp objects from pockets.
3. Put soft things on your knees, adjust the seat belt and fasten it.
4. Lean forward, lower your head down, rest your hands on the back of the seat in front of you (in its absence, grab your knees with your hands and put your head on them).
5. Leaving the plane through the exit with the ladder released and inflated, you need to jump on it without stopping, and not sit on the edge and then slide down. Only by jumping is an increase in the speed of evacuation achieved. Take off your goggles and high heels before jumping.
6. During decompression, i.e. rarefied air in the cabin of the aircraft as a result of depressurization, the aircraft is filled with dust and fog. Visibility is sharply reduced, air quickly leaves the lungs of a person, and it cannot be delayed. At the same time, ringing in the ears and pain in the intestines may occur.
Rapid decompression usually begins with a deafening roar (air escapes). In this case, without waiting for the command, immediately put on an oxygen mask. Do not try to help anyone before you put on the mask yourself, even if it is your child: if you do not have time to help yourself and pass out, then both will be without oxygen. Fasten your seat belts immediately after donning your mask and prepare for a steep descent.
Actions of air passengers in case of fire
1. Listen and follow the commands of the crew members.
2. Protect exposed areas of the body from direct exposure to fire, using existing clothing, blankets, etc..
3. Crouch down and crawl to the exit on all fours.
4. If the passage is blocked, move over the lowered backs of the aircraft seats.
5. Once outside the aircraft, move as far away from it as possible.
When evacuating, get rid of hand luggage and avoid exit through hatches near which there is open fire or heavy smoke.
Actions during a forced (emergency) landing of an aircraft on water
Forced landing of an aircraft on the water is rare. Before sinking, the aircraft can be afloat from 10 to 40 minutes. However, if the fuselage is damaged, this time is much shorter. Aircraft with wing-mounted engines will float in a horizontal position, while those with two or more tail-mounted engines will float tail down. In one case, the plane can touch the water surface very smoothly, in the other, it can fall apart and quickly sink.
After a forced landing on the water, life rafts descend. The time to bring the raft into working condition is approximately 1 minute in summer and 3 minutes in winter.
When splashing down, it is necessary to clearly act on the command of the crew commander or flight attendant.
1. Be careful, before flying over the water surface, the flight attendant always instructs on the correct use of an inflatable life jacket.
2. Follow all crew instructions during an accident.
3. Put on warm clothes or take it with you.
4. Remove and put on the life jacket with the pockets facing forward.
5. It is forbidden to inflate the vest in the cabin. This will make evacuation more difficult.
6. Take a seat on the life raft.
7. Once in the water, pull the pin to automatically inflate the vest.
8. Using oars and available items, move away from the dive site of the aircraft. After that, it is necessary to straighten and throw overboard a floating anchor, which will reduce the speed of the raft drift in the wind and will keep those fleeing in the area of the accident.
9. It is advisable for all survivors to stay together, so you will be detected faster and you can keep warm longer.
They don't happen very often. The chances of survival in this case are highly dependent on the cause that caused it. If the actions of the crew are coordinated and clearly follow what they were taught, then the chances increase dramatically. A lot also depends on you. It will be too late to panic and cry. You need to follow the instructions of the crew and try to remain calm.
In 1974, Pan American was unable to land at Pago Pago Airport in Samoa due to bad weather. The plane crashed in the jungle and a fire started on board. Only 5 people were able to survive. They followed the instructions of the flight attendants, and therefore survived. This highlights the importance of knowing what to do in an emergency landing.
The simplest thing is to listen carefully before the flight information which is being told. Passengers usually get sidetracked as they show you how to use oxygen masks and life jackets. It is not right. In the event of an emergency landing on the water or on the ground, this information can save your life.
Be sure to read the instructions that are included in each pocket of the passenger seat. This will not take much time, but it will help you understand how to behave in the event of a disaster.
Statistics prove that the chances of survival are greater for those passengers who choose big planes , not small. Agree that it is better to fly on than on an old cornfield.
Information given by flight attendants before a flight can save your life!
The choice of a place inside the cabin also affects your chances of survival. If the plane crashes, then, in most cases, the front compartment is destroyed first, and then the rear. This can happen to both the tail and the wing. The most important thing is that your chair is 5 rows from emergency exit. Then you can quickly get out of the cabin if the plane made an emergency landing.
80% of all accidents occur in the first three minutes after takeoff and the last 8 minutes before landing. During these periods, fasten your seat belt and do not sleep. If you like to take off your shoes while flying, be sure to put them back on.
Now let's look at what needs to be done in case of depressurization of the cabin / fire on board / landing on water or on land.
When decompressing
The first thing you hear when the cabin is depressurized is it's a deafening roar. Loose things will begin to fly around the cabin. Everything around will be like a fog. You will feel pain and tinnitus. It may hurt your stomach.
Put on your oxygen mask immediately, which will automatically drop down on top. Even if it seems selfish to you, but first you need to dress it, and then help your loved ones, even children, to dress them. Lack of oxygen is very dangerous. You can lose consciousness very quickly. Therefore, it is better to take care of yourself, and then help others.
Depressurization is very dangerous, as it causes a lack of oxygen.
Your second action should be fastening the seat belt. The crew will direct the aircraft in distress to . If the catastrophe is very serious, then it will simply fall. In order not to fall out of the chair, you need to fasten the belt.
In the event of a fire in the cabin
Practically every fifth plane crash is accompanied by a fire on board. If this happens, then remove synthetic clothing(tights, etc.). It melts easily. Things made of materials that do not burn well, it is better to put on the opposite.
Throw a blanket or blanket over the top if they are on hand. It is recommended to protect the respiratory tract with a cloth soaked in some liquid. It is better to move around the cabin on all fours.
Crawl over objects scattered on the floor or over chairs. If fire or smoke is visible behind the escape hatch, do not open them. Don't lose hope! AND try to get out of the plane. Help other people.
Landing on water or land
If you watch a video of emergency landings of passenger aircraft, you can see what exactly panic and confused actions ruin passengers.
Listen carefully to the instructions of the crew and follow them. Fasten your seat belts and lower your head to the level of your knees. Close it with your palms or hands clasped on top. Place a blanket or bag under your belly. Rest your knees on the back of the seat in front.
Remove all metal objects from yourself. Otherwise, the doctors will then have to pick them out of your body. Scarves or shawls should also be removed.. If they get caught on something, they can choke you.
During an emergency landing of an aircraft, you must remain in your seat until it stops.
All people will rush to the exits through which they entered. Don't rush to follow them. In a crush, you can get seriously injured.
In the event of an emergency landing of an aircraft, try not to panic, but act according to the instructions of the crew.
The aircraft is provided with inflatable ladders, along which passengers move down. There are also ropes with knots.
An inflatable ladder is two cylinders with a bottom stretched between them.. One end is attached inside the cabin, and the other rests on the ground. Do not hold on to the side cords as you descend. It is better for women to take off their high-heeled shoes so as not to spoil the ladder. After descending, leave immediately so as not to disturb other passengers.
When landing on water put on a life jacket. It is located under the chair, put on over the head. It is securely fastened with special straps.
There are special rafts in the cabin. They need to be lowered into the water and sit in them. To attract the attention of rescuers, you need to use a whistle or a flashlight.
Aircraft emergencies are rare, but they do happen. The right to make a decision on an unscheduled emergency landing is granted to the crew commander of the liner or his deputy.
In the event of an emergency situation, the crew may decide to make an emergency landing in the following cases:
1. Fire on the plane
Careless handling of fire and smoking on board can cause a fire. Approximately 20% of aircraft accidents occur due to fires on board. If a fire starts in the liner, you should try not to swallow the smoke and breathe through a rag.
After landing the plane, you should immediately head to the nearest exit. In doing so, you need:Protect your skin with clothing or a blanket;
Crouch down and go to the exit on all fours - there should be less smoke at the bottom;
Do not stand in the crowd at the exit if the queue does not move, remember that if other exits;
Do not take with you hand luggage, it could cost you your life.
2. Failure of one of the engines
The failure of one of the aircraft's engines can lead to the crash of the aircraft. After a malfunction is detected, the aircraft commander decides to return to the point of departure or asks to land at the nearest airfield.
Accidents at an altitude of more than seven thousand meters are often accompanied by decompression (rarefied air in an airplane). The crew decides on an emergency landing in the event of a sharp drop in air pressure and depressurization of the aircraft cabin. During emergency decompression in civil aviation liners, oxygen masks are automatically ejected for passengers and crew. Passengers and crew members must immediately put on these masks, after which the crew must reduce the flight altitude to such that pressurization of the cabin is not required, and then make an emergency landing.
4. Debauchery on board
Fights on board the aircraft have become quite common. Once in a confined space and being intoxicated, brawlers are looking for reasons for conflict.
In an effort to get the maximum adrenaline, unbalanced passengers rush to others. If the stewards cannot cope with the pacification of the brawlers, the crew decides on an emergency landing of the aircraft.5. Bad health of the passenger
The plane may make an emergency landing due to poor health or the death of one of the passengers.
6. Poor health or death of the pilot
An aircraft can make a forced emergency landing in case of poor health or death of the pilot, when the incomplete crew cannot continue the flight for any reason.
7. Aircraft hijacking
A forced landing can occur if the airliner is hijacked by criminals. To prevent hijacking, most commercial airlines install armored doors in the cockpits. In addition, on some flights there are armed civilian air security officers who can neutralize the invaders.
What should I do in the event of a forced landing of an aircraft?
During a forced landing, the plane can crash into trees, a rock, split in half, catch fire and explode. In the event of an emergency landing, passengers must:
Immediately clear the aisles and take seats in their chairs;
Bring the backs to a vertical position;
Remove glasses, dentures, remove sharp objects from inside pockets (pens, knives, lighters);
Take off high-heeled shoes;
Loosen the tie and unbutton the collar;
Put soft things on your knees to protect your head and torso;
Fasten and tighten the seat belts.
At the command of the flight attendant "Attention landing!" follows:
Lean forward, cover your head with soft things and put it on your hands, with which to clasp your knees;
You need to stay in this position until the plane comes to a complete stop.
After the aircraft stops, you should unfasten your seat belts and prepare for evacuation. All main and emergency doors, as well as emergency exits, located, as a rule, on the left and right sides of the fuselage are used for emergency exit by passengers and crew.
