Abrau Abrau lake in the southern part Krasnodar Territory, 14 km from the Black Sea port of Novorossiysk. Abrau, the village is part of the village of Abrau Durso. Abrau Durso is a village in the Krasnodar Territory, 14 km from Novorossiysk, known for its ... ... Wikipedia
The village of Abrau Durso Country Russia Russia ... Wikipedia
Abrau: Abrau is a lake in the southern part of the Krasnodar Territory, 14 km from the Black Sea port of Novorossiysk. Abrau, the village is part of the village of Abrau Durso. Abrau Durso is a village in the Krasnodar Territory, 14 km from Novorossiysk, known for its ... Wikipedia
Abrau- a lake in the Krasnodar Territory, located 26 kilometers to northwest from Novorossiysk. The same name is given to the river flowing into the lake and the village on its shore. The lake is located at an altitude of 84 meters above sea level, the area of its mirror is 190 ... ... Toponymic Dictionary of the Caucasus
This term has other meanings, see Novorossiysk (meanings). The city of Novorossiysk Flag Coat of arms ... Wikipedia
Coordinates: 44°42′ s. sh. 37°35′ E / 44.7° N sh. 37.591667° E etc. ... Wikipedia
- (Resorts of Kuban) Russian brand used to promote recreation on the Azov and Black Sea coasts Krasnodar Territory. Within its framework, at the Russian and international level, resort towns and recreational areas ... ... Wikipedia
I newest of administrative divisions Russia, occupies the western part of the Caucasus region and stretches in a long and relatively narrow strip along the eastern coast of the Black Sea, occupying the space between it and the main Caucasian ridge. Although Ch. ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Resorts of the Krasnodar Territory (Kuban Resorts) is a Russian brand used to promote recreation on the Azov and Black Sea coasts of the Krasnodar Territory. Within its framework, resort towns and ... ... Wikipedia are being promoted at the Russian and international level
Resorts of the Kuban Resorts of the Krasnodar Territory (Resorts of Kuban) is a Russian brand used to promote recreation on the Azov and Black Sea coasts of the Krasnodar Territory. Within its framework, they are moving forward at the Russian and international level ... ... Wikipedia
Books
- Informal guide to the Kuban. Between two seas, Korotchenko Oksana, Ganul Elena Alexandrovna. You can’t go to Egypt, you can’t go to Turkey, but in Krasnodar region Can! A new informal guide for those who are tired of the usual vacation and who are looking for new sensations! Anapa, Gelendzhik, Krasnodar,…
UDC: 574.5; 574.24
Zvianets Anastasia Olegovna
FGBOU VO MSUTU im. KG. Razumovsky (PKU), Moscow, RF
FGBOU VO MSUTU im. KG. Razumovsky (PKU), Moscow, RF
Email: [email protected]
ANALYSIS OF THE SANITARY AND HYGIENIC CONDITION OF LAKE ABRAU, KRASNODAR KRAI, WITH THE PURPOSE OF NEGATIVE IMPACT ON THE WATER ECOSYSTEM
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The sanitary and hygienic state of Lake Abrau in the Krasnodar Territory was studied. An analysis of the aquatic ecosystem was carried out and sources of pollution of the reservoir were identified. The results of the work were a description of the negative factors influencing Lake Abrau from biological and anthropogenic impacts, as well as ways to purify and protect the reservoir.
Keywords
Lake Abrau, Anthropogenic factors, Siltation, Wastewater, Pollution, Purification, Pesticides.
Lake Abrau is the largest freshwater lake in the Krasnodar Territory. It is located on the Abrau Peninsula, 14 km from Novorossiysk. The only river flows into the reservoir - Abrau, a number of springs and temporary streams that collect rainfall water from an area of about 20 square kilometers. The lake in question serves as the only source of industrial, agricultural and domestic, including drinking, water supply of the village.
For a long time, sewage from locality through the sewerage system, as well as sewage and rainwater from the fields. This contributes to the annual deterioration of the state of the reservoir. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the SGP of the lake, as well as methods for its purification.
IN last years Lake Abrau and its coastal zone are actively used as a recreation area, which also affects the ecological state of the reservoir. In this regard, we became interested in the state of the reservoir. Samples for analysis were taken in places where storm water was discharged from the adjacent territory of the Abrau-Dyurso sparkling wine factory and technological drainage was discharged from the tunnels of the sparkling wine factory, as well as in the area of coastal areas where private construction is underway. In the selected samples, an excess of the permissible content of the total number of pathogenic bacteria was found. Also, the content of phosphate ion exceeded the permissible norm by almost 5 times, iron and hydrogen sulfide - by 3.4 times, phenol - by 1.7 times. Pesticides, aldrin and hexachlorobenzene, were also found in the water, which are used to protect crops from pests. Aldrin is a highly toxic substance for animals and humans. MPC of these pesticides for water bodies is 0.001 mg/l. Discovered high level oil pollution, but their origin is unknown. After 2011, measures were taken to improve the state of the reservoir, but they did not bring the expected results. The main environmental hazard for the lake is mainly caused by: domestic wastewater, the beach (MSW) and sewage and rainwater from the fields, which carries various pesticides. These negative impacts affect the chemical composition of water and contribute to more active siltation and shallowing of the reservoir, which directly affects its diversity of flora and
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL "SYMBOL OF SCIENCE" №7/2016 ISSN 2410-700X_
fauna. An example is the extinction of the Abrau kilka (endemic to the lake, listed in the Red Book). The limitation of food resources due to silting of the bottom, as well as the poor chemical state of the water, contributed to the mass death of fish.
Domestic wastewater enters the reservoir only due to the poor condition of the sewerage system in the nearby village. The Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation in the Krasnodar Territory found that the treatment facilities in the village of Abrau-Dyurso in the city of Novorossiysk do not perform their functions, as the sewer system has become unusable, as a result of which household waste drained into the soil and enters the lake through storm drains. It is also worth noting that many owners of plots on the banks of the Abrau illegally drain from their homes directly into the reservoir, which accordingly affects the state of the water.
Over the past decade, the depth of the lake has decreased from thirty to eleven meters. The reason for this decrease is the silting of the reservoir itself. This process occurs most often in a natural way, but not without the influence of anthropogenic factors. Big influence siltation is caused by vineyards growing along its banks. To improve the condition of the reservoir, the following measures were taken: parking and washing of vehicles, camping, parking of boats (except for one service), garbage dump, campfires, logging (except sanitary felling) are prohibited. These bans only slightly reduced the anthropogenic impact on the lake. It was also forbidden to discharge contaminated and neutralized industrial effluents, pollute the soil near the lake and itself with pesticides. These requirements are not fully observed, in particular, due to the deterioration of the sewerage of the village, as well as due to the use of pesticides in agriculture.
In order to restore the natural balance of Lake Abrau, disturbed by the adverse effects of anthropogenic and technogenic nature, it is necessary to carry out biological treatment. This method of cleaning is carried out without any negative consequences for the flora and fauna of the reservoir. It is necessary to organize the biological filtration of the lake - the construction of a small bioplateau (pond) next to it. Fish should not get into the pond, so it must be equipped on a hill. The border between them can be decorated with stones. Water is supplied to the dam by means of a pump. After being purified, it flows down over the stones and again falls into the main tank. At the same time, a nearby pond should be inhabited by crustacean plankton and fish. Thus, it is possible to reduce the layer of silt at the bottom of the reservoir, provided that sewage does not enter it.
Lake Abrau is a natural monument that needs careful protection. Anthropogenic impacts are destroying the reservoir, and only man himself can stop it. Constant monitoring of water and coastal zone will significantly improve the ecosystem. Replacing the sewerage of the coastal village and installing a more powerful filter in the treatment plant will prevent sewage from entering the pond. Avoiding the use of pesticides to fertilize nearby crops will greatly improve the chemical state of the water. If the negative impact on the lake decreases, then the silt layer should gradually decrease. As a result, the lake will return to its former depth and its biodiversity will increase.
List of used literature:
1. Zhukov A.I., Mongait I.L., Rodziller I.D. Methods of industrial wastewater treatment. M.: Stroyizdat, 1999. 25s.
2. Pecherin A.I., Lozovoi S.P. Natural monuments of the Krasnodar Territory, Krasnodar, 1980. 141 p.
3. Kobiashvili G.A., Nikiforov-Nikishin D.L., Nikiforov-Nikishin A.L., Borodin A.L. Suppression of regeneration of the epithelial tissue of the caudal fin of the swordsman with an aqueous extract of chaga // Rybnoe khozyaystvo. 2008. No. 1. S. 96.
4. Borodin A.L., Nikishin A.L., Gorbunov A.V., Nikishin D.L. Statistical characteristics of the processes of cell proliferation of the fish lens epithelium. Mitotic activity of the epithelium // Fisheries. 2013. No. 4. S. 48-49.
5. Borodin A.L., Gorbunov A.V., Nikiforov-Nikishin A.L. Changes in the elemental composition of the fish lens under the influence of heavy metals // Rybnoe khozyaystvo. 2007. No. 2. S. 92-93.
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL "SYMBOL OF SCIENCE" №7/2016 ISSN 2410-700X_
6. Gamygin E.A., Bagrov A.M., Borodin A.L., Ridiger A.V. Expansion of the raw material base of feed production for fish // Rybnoe khozyaystvo. 2013. No. 4. S. 87-88.
7. Gorbunov A.V., Gorbunov O.V., Borodin A.L., Ridiger A.V. Characteristic features of freshwater ichthyocenosis of a regulated model reservoir // Rybnoe khozyaystvo. 2013. No. 4. S. 74-77.
8. Simakov Yu.G., Nikiforov-Nikishin A.L., Borodin A.L. Hydrobiont lens: morphology, biochemistry, cytogenetics; Ministry of Education and Science Ros. Federation, Moscow. state University of Technology and Management, Dept. bioecology and ichthyology. Rostov-on-Don, 2005, 160 p.
9. Borodin A.L., Gorbunov A.V., Nikiforov-Nikishin A.L. Changes in the microelement composition of the lens of fish during the development of cataracts // Fishing Issues. 2007. V. 8. No. 1-29. pp. 138-141. Yu.Nikiforov-Nikishin D.L., Nikiforov-Nikishin A.L., Borodin A.L. Efficiency of absorption of biogenic elements by calamus (Acorus Calamus) // Symbol of Science. 2016. No. 2-1. pp. 44-46.
11. Nikiforov-Nikishin A.L., Borodin A.L., Nikiforov-Nikishin D.L. Trace element composition of the lens of cyprinids // Symbol of science. 2016. No. 2-1. pp. 39-42.
© Zvyanets A.O., Gorbunov O.V., Konysheva E.N., 2016
UDC: 574.5; 574.24
Kulikova Alena Viktorovna
FGBOU VO MSUTU im. KG. Razumovsky (PKU), Moscow, RF
Email: [email protected] Gorbunov Oleg Vyacheslavovich
FGBOU VO MSUTU im. KG. Razumovsky (PKU), Moscow, RF
Email: [email protected] Konysheva Elena Nikolaevna
FGBOU VO MSUTU im. KG. Razumovsky (PKU), Moscow, RF
Email: [email protected]
ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HYDROCHEMICAL QUALITY OF THE WATER COLLECTION AREAS OF LAKE ONEGA AND RUNOFF MANAGEMENT
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Investigation of pollution of Lake Onega by sources located on the shores of its northwestern bays. The analysis of pollutants discharged with sewage into the surface waters of Lake Onega was carried out. Methods were used to assess the anthropogenic impact factors on Lake Onega. The results of the work were the identification of factors of the negative impact of wastewater (such as the discharge of oil products through the sewage system; effluents from enterprises in the cities of Kondopoga and Petrozavodsk; insufficiently treated sewage) on the hydrosphere of the lake.
Keywords
Hydrosphere, Lake Onega, Wastewater, Anthropogenic factors, Surface water.
The main problem of the ecological characteristics of the quality of the watershed areas of Lake Onega today is pollution of the lake by sources located on the shores of its northwestern
The largest freshwater lake in the Krasnodar Territory is Lake Abrau (from the Abkhazian "Abgarra" - failure), located on the Abrau Peninsula, 14 km. northwest of the city of Novorossiysk. Its length is about 2600 m, width - 600 m, the average area - 1.6 square meters. km., and the depth is about 10 m. Comfortably located among majestic mountains, overgrown with relic trees, Abrau looks unusually picturesque and will conquer anyone who sees it at least once with its fabulous landscape.
The mysterious lake keeps many secrets related to its origin and to this day the debate of scientists regarding its origin has not ceased. According to one hypothesis, the reservoir appeared due to the collapse of limestone voids formed as a result of their washing out by groundwater. Another hypothesis claims that Abrau is the remnant of a freshwater sea that once existed. The third is that the lake was formed during the Flood. However, each of the hypotheses has its own contradictions, so scientists until today cannot come to a consensus about the origin of Abrau.
According to one of ancient legends, which is passed down here from mouth to mouth, once a rich tribe of Adyghes lived on the site of the reservoir. The daughter of a rich man fell madly in love with a local shepherd, but her parents were against young people seeing each other. The girl's father in anger repeatedly repeated that it would be better if his aul fell into the ground than his only daughter would ever meet a poor shepherd boy. Once, during the festive games, instead of clay plates, the rich began to throw bread cakes into the river, which angered Allah, who sent them all underground along with the aul. The girl, on the eve, managed to escape to her lover, so she survived. Returning back, in the place of her native village, she saw a huge pit filled with water. Heartbroken because of the death of her parents and her native village, the girl sobbed long and uncontrollably, and a stream formed from her tears, which has survived to this day. Unable to bear the loss, she threw herself into the water, but she failed to drown. Instead, she walked across the water from one bank to another, where she was met by her beloved, with whom she quickly forgot her grief. And in the place where the girl walked across the lake, on a clear moonlit night, her traces are clearly visible - an inexplicable flicker, the origin of which scientists cannot explain in any way.
Now, on the site of the once existing settlements, there is a beautiful lake where people come from everywhere to relax, go fishing or just enjoy the magnificent scenery. Its aquatic vegetation is represented by thickets of sea and lake reeds and reeds, crustaceans live in its plankton, and crayfish, amphipods, and freshwater crab live in its benthic fauna. In the waters of Abrau there are a huge number of fish species, which, despite the rather muddy bottom of the reservoir, feel great. Today Abrau is inhabited by trout, crucian carp and goldfish, rudd, minnow, golden ophra, carp, white carp, largemouth bass, bream, tench, ram, sabrefish, silver carp and Abrau sprat, better known as "sausage". Since the year 79 of the last century, the reservoir has been recognized as a regional natural monument, and therefore today it is impossible to move along it in motor boats. It is allowed to move only on oars, and fishing only on a fishing rod or spinning. Fishing on the lake is allowed throughout the year, except for the spring spawning period from March 1 to May 31.
The mountain lake Abrau is truly amazing and is a wonderful place to relax, and the fishing here is so amazing that thousands of fishermen who dream of a big catch come here every year.
Enough has been written about him in local lore literature. It is worth noting that this is the largest freshwater lake in the Krasnodar Territory. In size, it exceeds the famous Ritsu.
Its length is over 2600 m, maximum width is 600 m, area is 1.6 km2. The lake is fraught with mysteries related to the origin. Some scientists suggest that the basin was formed as a result of a karst failure, others that the lake is a remnant of the ancient Cimmerian freshwater basin, and others attribute this to huge landslides.
The glory of the Abrau peninsula is given not only by the lake, but also by the famous museum of Taman wines. Dozens flock here sightseeing buses a day to get acquainted with the history of the winery, to taste the divine drink.
Description from the book "Guide to the Kuban" by A. Samoylenko.
The mysterious Lake Abrau is located 14 km west of Novorossiysk, on the mountainous peninsula of Abrau.
A regular bus on the route Novorossiysk - Abrau-Durso winds between the hills as if in a green labyrinth. Sometimes villages flash by. Suddenly, below, in a mountain hollow, a patch of emerald water surface appears from behind the trees next to the white stone buildings. A few more turns of the winding descent, and the bus stops at the central estate of the state farm-factory Abrau-Dyurso, almost next to the lake. If you compare Lake Abrau with the famous Lake Ritsa, you can see a lot in common: a mountainous landscape, approximately the same length (about 3 km) and the greatest width (up to 800 m). The area of Lake Abrau is 180, Ritsa - 132 hectares. In the greenish mirror of the water, the wooded mountains are majestically reflected here and there.
But the difference in relief, climate, vegetation, in everything is immediately felt. natural complex associated with the height of the mountains and the different position of the lakes above sea level (Ritsa - 950, Abrau - 84 m). The tops of the mountains around Lake Abrau are lower and more rounded, without sharp peaks, and the slopes are flat. Spots of eternal snow do not sparkle on them, pointed fir trees do not bristle, but a broad-leaved forest reigns supreme with curly crowns of oaks, maples and lindens. And the whole landscape looks calmer, softer. Both the climate and the water here are incomparably warmer, so there are many swimmers on the lake in the summer season.
From a hydrological point of view, the main difference between these two reservoirs is that the Ritsa is flowing, while Lake Abrau is drainless. A small river Abrau flows into it, a number of springs and temporary streams that collect precipitation water from an area of about 20 km2, and there is no surface runoff from the lake. The water entering it is spent mostly for evaporation. This also affects the quality of the water. The lake retains in itself all the substances brought by water, and the process of self-purification of the stagnant pool proceeds slowly. The transparency of the water does not exceed one meter, while in Rida it is 9 times greater.
Meanwhile, Lake Abrau is so far the only source of industrial, agricultural and domestic, including drinking, water supply for the village. It is clear that the protection of the reservoir from pollution is of paramount importance here.
In December 1974, the executive committee of the regional Council of People's Deputies declared Lake Abrau a natural monument. The security certificate was awarded to the Novorossiysk Society of Hunters and Fishermen. The “Guarantee of protection” says that logging in the lake basin is not allowed, except for sanitary felling. It is forbidden to set up tents and parking cars on the shores, and on the lake itself it is not allowed to keep motor boats, except for one service boat. Rangers are constantly on duty on the lake, who monitor the rules of fishing, cleanliness and order on the lake.
The main mystery of Ober Abrau is the origin of his basin. geographical name lake "Abrau" in translation from the Abkhazian means "failure".
Geologists have suggested that the basin was formed as a result of a karst failure. However, acquaintance with the shores of the lake shows that they are composed of Upper Cretaceous flysch. In the cliffs, layers of sandstones, marls, mudstones and clays, crumpled into folds, are exposed. This contradicts the hypothesis of the karst sinkhole origin of the lake. The morphological features of the basin do not agree with this hypothesis either. Karst lakes are usually found in groups. They are characterized by a rounded shape and a funnel-shaped bottom. Lake Abrau has none of these features.
According to another hypothesis, Lake Abrau is a remnant of the Cimmerian freshwater basin that existed on the site of the Black Sea at the end of the Neogene period, more than 1 million years ago. This hypothesis explains well the composition of the fauna of the lake. It is home to carp, carp, rudd, American (largemouth) perch and other modern species of fish. But along with them there are relics, such as herring. Among the bottom inhabitants there are a number of organisms characteristic of estuaries and the Caspian Sea. However, this hypothesis leaves open the question of the origin of the basin.
V. P. Zenkovnch, V. I. Budanov and V. L. Boldyrev, who studied the origin of the relief of the coastal Black Sea zone in the 1950s, came to the conclusion that the defining feature of the coast structure of the Abrau Peninsula is ancient landslides - landslides formed during significantly lower sea level (40-50 meters below modern). When the sea level began to rise at the end of the Neo-Euxinian time, the abrasion sharply increased and the balance of the slopes was disturbed. At the same time, the humid climate contributed to the loosening and sliding of rocks. Huge blocks of flysch with a volume of millions of cubic meters in the form of mountain collapses collapsed along the slopes. Similar phenomena occurred in the river valleys. Lake Abrau is dammed by one of these gigantic landslides that blocked the river valley.
This hypothesis explains well the morphology of the coastal zone of the sea. However, at the site of the alleged collapse that allegedly blocked the Abrau River, there is no high mountains from which such a wide and high blockage could fall.
According to other scientists, the movements of the earth's crust at the turn of the new era shook the Black Sea coast. Before the earthquake, the Abrau River flowed into the sea. As a result of the earthquake, the mountains moved, closed the mouth of the river and created a lake. The presence of several hypotheses for the origin of the lake indicates the complexity and unresolved nature of this issue. Most likely the last two complement each other.
Now about the depth of the lake. Some new guidebooks indicate that its maximum depth reaches 30 m. After conducting measurements, we did not find a depth of more than 10.5 m. deep place is located at the southern end of the lake, where both banks are high and steeply drop into the water. Data about 30 meters depth, apparently, migrated to modern guidebooks from the last century. And during this time there was a strong siltation and shallowing of the reservoir.
The silting process proceeds, on the one hand, in a natural way, without human intervention. Each brook that appears after the rain carries its own burden of detrital material into the lake. And in rainy years, when the level of the lake is high, steep banks are washed away and landslides break from them. On the other hand, human economic activity also contributes to the rapid silting of the reservoir. During the post-war period, the cultivated lands of the state farm doubled. At the same time, vineyards are processed by machines to a great depth and often along the slope. For these reasons, soil erosion from the slopes has increased. And during the construction of the road around the lake, loose soil was dumped, again down the slope, and a large part of it ended up in the water.
Silting is the most insidious "enemy" that threatens the existence of the lake. To stop this process, some precautionary measures are currently being taken. A sump has been created at the northern end of the lake, at the mouth of the Abrau River. A special dam was built to cut off shallow water from the rest of the lake. The shallow water will be deepened. Here, according to the designers, the turbidity should settle to the bottom, and clean water should flow into the lake through a span in the dam. The shores of the lake are leveled and strengthened with concrete, and the western steep slope, on which vineyards used to be, is terraced under plantations of the Crimean pine. Soil runoff from a terraced forested slope will decrease.
The management of the winery needs to pay attention to the strict implementation of measures for the anti-erosion organization of the territory. From the vineyards located on the slopes of the mountains, such a large number of silt that the sump will not be able to keep the lake from silting.
Abrau is the largest freshwater lake in the Krasnodar Territory, located in the southwest of the region on the low-mountainous Abrau Peninsula, 14 km from Novorossiysk. The village of Abrau is located on the shore. As part of Russia, active agricultural and recreational development of its shores began in 1872. Monument of nature since 1979.
The greatest depth is about 11 meters, with an average depth of 5.8 meters. The area is 0.6 km2, the catchment area is 20.3 km2.
History of the study of Lake Abrau
In 1870, on behalf of the emperor, to study the lake, a special commission was created from agronomists, engineers to inspect the surroundings of the lake, Abrau, which concluded the “royal decree on the establishment of a new special specific estate with the assignment of the name “Abrau-Durso” to it. In 1872, following the advice of French winemakers, vineyard cultivation began in the vicinity of the lake, which, however, had a negative impact on the hydrography of the lake itself, due to increased erosion of the coastal slopes of the mountains. The researcher of the Azov-Black Sea coast V.P. Zenkovich noted:
“Even more interesting is the large lake Abrau, framed by a ring of vineyards. It is located in a deep valley, where an unknown obstacle stopped the flow of water ... "
Aerial view of Abra Lake
Hydrography of Lake Abrau
This is the second largest mirror Mountain Lake Greater Caucasus(after the lake, Kazenoyam in Dagestan). The length of Abrau is more than 3,100 m, the maximum width is 630 m, the depth is 10.5 meters, the mirror area is 1.6-1.8 km². The catchment area is 20.3 km². The maximum depth is observed at the dam, but over the past century and a half, it has decreased from 30 to 10.5 meters as a result of erosion of the surrounding banks after the construction of roads and the laying of vineyards. The height above sea level is 84 m. The isthmus that separates Lake Abrau from the Black Sea is small and less than 2 km wide.
Only a small Abrau river, about 5.3 km long, constantly flows into it, as well as a number of temporary watercourses, including local stormwater, which are fed mainly by precipitation and runoff from local enterprises. In addition, the keys hit the bottom. Most of the catchment area of the lake (61%) is occupied by the river basin. Abrau; other watercourses flowing into the lake occupy 6.3 km² (31%), the remaining 1.6 km² (8%) is occupied by the water table itself, on which precipitation also falls directly. Not a single river flows out of it, therefore formally it is considered the final (mouth). The water entering the lake is used for evaporation, as well as for underground runoff, which is carried out in the form of water filtration through the body of the dam. Therefore, it remains fresh and marsh vegetation is not developed in it. Due to the limestone dissolved in the water, its waters have a white-blue or emerald color and their transparency is low (about 1 m).
A dry Mediterranean climate prevails in the lake region, which also affects its hydrography: the maximum water levels in it are observed from November to March and are associated with precipitation here in the form of rain and sleet. In summer, there is low water.
Temperature regime of Lake Abrau
Abrau does not freeze even in winter. The minimum average monthly temperature of the surface water layer in the lake near the coast reaches its annual minimum in January, but even then it is positive and averages +0.2º. The rapid rise in water temperature in the surface layer begins in April and continues until the end of July.
The maximum average monthly water temperature reaches an average of 24.8º, and from August the water begins to gradually cool. The absolute maximum temperature of the surface layer of water was registered in 1954 and reached 29.8º.
Origin of Lake Abrau
Hypotheses about the origin of the lake are still quite debatable. It is fraught with mysteries associated with the origin. Some scientists suggest that the basin was formed as a result of a karst failure, others - that it is a remnant of the ancient Cimmerian freshwater basin, others attribute this to huge landslides.
Although the karst relief of a Mediterranean nature is common on the Abrau Peninsula, the theory of a karst failure is unlikely for a number of reasons.
First, the Abrau Mountains are relatively young.
Secondly, karst lakes are sinkholes and therefore usually have a rounded shape, while at Abrau it repeats the outlines of the river valley. Abrau and rather resembles a typical dam reservoir with an extension near the dam.
The landslide theory is also unlikely, since there are no high mountain peaks, from which impressive blocks could break off. As a result, it is most realistic to associate the origin of the lake with an earthquake, which led to the displacement of the earth's crust in the area of the dam.
Fauna of Lake Abrau
Its fauna is unique. According to the studies of V. A. Vodyanitsky, the Caspian crustacean heterocope Caspian (Heterocope caspia) predominates in plankton, there is an endemic ectinosis crustacean (Ectinosoma abrau). Among the benthic fauna there are also a number of organisms characteristic of estuaries or the Caspian Sea. Such are amphipods strong (Roptogammarus robustus), corophy, Orchestia Botta, isopod - Jera Nordmann, mesomisis Kovalevsky. Most of the bottom is inhabited by red bloodworms (up to 250 ind./m2) and oligochaete tubifex (up to 400/m2).
Thus, the firth-marine character of this relict lake is clearly expressed in the benthic fauna. A small herring (Clupeonalla abrau) 8.5 cm long also lives in it. There are a lot of them in the lake, mysids serve as food for it.
