Otherwise - the speed of a set of height. Depends on the model and a given dispatcher, depending on the treads, glides (trajectories). On average, the jet liner is gaining height in a kilometer in about a minute (about 15 m / s), and in the rules of use airspace The Russian Federation stated that this value should be "... 10 m / s and more." If you are interested, at what height the passenger liner can rise - we suggest reading this article.

Features of military aircraft

Fighters, attack aircraft, interceptors do not always rise with runways. The conditions for their takeoff are often extreme. For example, it can occur from the deck of the ship, where there is no possibility to accelerate to the necessary indicators.

Therefore, the military often use additional devices, namely:

• A catapult device that starts the aircraft and gives it acceleration. When landing in a limited space, hooks are used, which the devices cling to the steel brake cable stretched across the deck.
• Additional devices that create vertical cravings. For example, it can be a fan type device that form a powerful directional counter movement of air over the deck. The consequence of which is the lifting force.
  

  Note: The same air flow is used for landing.

The video demonstrates the process of takeoff and planting the eyes of pilots.

Mahina flight weighing several dozen or hundredth tons - a complex process. It depends on many factors, determined by the speed of the aircraft. The greater the mass and harder condition, the greater the speed is necessary for the separation and movement. With particularly difficult conditions, auxiliary mechanisms are used. Speed \u200b\u200bmaintenance is one of the factors of safe flight.

The question of which speed is developing a plane during take-off, interests many passengers. The opinions of non-professionals always diverge - someone mistakenly assumes that the speed is always the same for all types of this aircraft, others correctly believe that it is different, but cannot explain why. We will try to figure it out in this topic.

Takeoff

It takes up the process that occupies a timeline from the start of the aircraft movement to its complete separation from the runway. It is possible only when one condition is observed: the lifting force must acquire a value greater than the weight of the weighting object.

Types of takeoff

Various "interfering" factors that have to be overcome to raise an aircraft in the air (weather conditions, wind direction, limited running strip, limited engine power, etc.), prompted aircraft designers to create a variety of ways to bypass them. Not only the design of flying devices was improved, but the process of their takeoff itself. Thus, several types of takeoff were developed:

• From brakes. The acceleration of the aircraft begins only after the motors have achieved the installed thrust mode, and until then the device is held in place with brakes;
• Simple classic takeoff, assuming a gradual set of engine thrust during the movement of the aircraft along the take-off strip;
• Takes off using auxiliary means. Characteristic for aircraft carrying combat service on aircraft carriers. The limited distance of the takeoff band is compensated by the use of springboards, catapults or even installed on an aircraft additional rocket engines;
• Vertical takeoff. It is possible if the aircraft has an engine with a vertical traction (an example - domestic yak-38). Such devices, similar to helicopters, first type height from vertical vertical or when overclocking from a very low distance, and then smoothly go to horizontal flight.

Consider as an example of the bull phase reactive aircraft Boeing 737.

Take off Boeing 737-800

Takeoff passenger Boeing 737

Almost every civilian jet aircraft rises into the air according to the classic scheme, i.e. The engine is gaining the desired traction directly in the process of takeoff. It looks like this:

• The aircraft movement begins after reaching the engine about 800 revolutions / min. The pilot gradually releases the brakes, while holding the control knob is neutral. Range begins on three wheels;
• To begin withdrawal from Earth, Boeing should acquire a speed of about 180 km / h. When this value is reached, the pilot smoothly pulls the handle, which leads to the deviation of the flaps, and, as a result, raising the nose of the device. Further, the aircraft accelerates already on two wheels;
• With a raised nose on two wheels, the plane continues overclocking until the speed reaches 220 km / h. When this value is reached, the aircraft breaks away from the Earth.

The speed of takeoff of other typical aircraft

• Airbus A380 - 269 km / h;
• Boeing 747 - 270 km / h;
• Il 96 - 250 km / h;
• That 154m - 210 km / h;
• Yak 40 - 180 km / h.

The specified speed is not always enough for the separation. In situations where a strong wind blows in the direction of the apparatus takeoff, a large ground speed is required. Or, on the contrary, with the oncoming wind there is quite lower speed.

According to TECHCULT

The question of what speed is developing a plane during takeoff, interests many passengers. The opinions of non-professionals always diverge - someone mistakenly assumes that the speed is always the same for all types of this aircraft, others correctly believe that it is different, but cannot explain why. We will try to figure it out in this topic.

Takeoff

The takeoff is a process that occupies a timeline from the start of the aircraft movement to its complete separation from the runway. The takeoff is possible only under the observance of one condition: the lifting force must acquire a value greater than the weight of the weighting object.

Types of take-off

Various "interfering" factors that have to be overcome to raise the aircraft in the air (weather conditions, wind direction, limited running strip, limited engine power, etc.), prompted aircraft designers to create a variety of ways to bypass them. Not only the design of flying devices was improved, but the process of their takeoff itself. Thus, several types of take-off were developed:

• From brakes. The acceleration of the aircraft begins only after the engines have achieved the installed thrust mode, and until then the device is held in place using brakes;
• Simple classic takeoff, involving a gradual set of engine thrust during the aircraft movement take-off stripe;
• Take off using auxiliary means. Characteristic for aircraft carrying combat service on aircraft carriers. The limited distance distance is compensated by the use of springboards, catapult devices, or even installed on an aircraft with additional rocket engines;
• Vertical takeoff. It is possible if the aircraft has an engine with a vertical burden (an example - domestic yak-38). Such devices, similar to helicopters, first type height from vertical vertical or during acceleration from a very low distance, and then smoothly go to the horizontal flight.

Consider as an example of a phase take-off of the Boeing 737 turbo aircraft.

Passenger takeoff Boeing 737

Almost every civil plane rises into the air according to the classic scheme, i.e. The engine is gaining the desired traction directly in the process of take-off. It looks like this:

• The movement of the aircraft begins after reaching the engine about 800 revolutions / min. The pilot gradually releases the brakes, while holding the control knob is neutral. Range begins on three wheels;
• To begin withdrawal from Earth, Boeing should acquire a speed of about 180 km / h. Upon reaching this value, the pilot smoothly pulls the handle, which leads to the deviation of the flaps-flaps and, as a result, raising the nose of the unit. Further, the aircraft accelerates on two wheels;
• With a raised nose on two wheels, the plane continues overclocking until the speed reaches 220 km / h. When this value is reached, the plane is broken from the ground.

IN technical characteristicsoh aircraft It is all important. After all, literally from each little things depends the viability of the liners and the safety of people on board. However, there are parameters that can be called basic. Such, for example, is the speed of take-off and planting an aircraft.

To work the aircraft and their operation, it is extremely important to know which aircraft speed can be when takeoff, namely at the moment when he breaks away from the ground. Different liner models this parameter will be different: For more heavy machines, the indicators more, for machines, the rates are smaller.

The take-off speed is important for the reason that designers and engineers engaged in the manufacture and miscalculation of all the characteristics of the aircraft, this data is necessary to understand how big the lifting force is.

In different models, there are different parameters of running and take-off speed. So, for example, the A380 airbus, which today is considered one of the most modern aircraft, accelerates on the runway up to 268 km per hour. Boeing 747 will be required to run 270 km per hour. The Russian representative of the IL 96 aircraft industry has a take-off speed of 250 km per hour. TU 154 it is equal to 210 km per hour.

But these figures are represented in the average value. After all, the final speed of overclocking liner is influenced by a number of factors, including:

• Wind speed
• Direction of the wind
• WFP Length
• Atmosphere pressure
• Air Mass Humidity
• WRP status

All this has its impact and, can, how to slow down the liner, so give it a little acceleration.

How exactly take off

According to experts, the aerodynamics of any airliner is characterized by the configuration of the aircraft wings. As a rule, it is standard and the same for different types of aircraft - the lower part of the wing will always be flat, upper - convex. The difference consists only in small details, and does not depend on the type of aircraft.

Air passing under the wing does not change its properties. But that air that turns out from above begins to narrow. And it means that the top of the air passes from above. This ratio causes the difference in pressures around the wings of the liner. And it is it that forms the very lifting force, pushing the wing up, and with it and a raising aircraft.

The separation of the aircraft from the Earth occurs at the moment when the lifting force begins to exceed the weight of the liner itself. And this can occur solely with an increase in the speed of the aircraft itself - the higher it is, the more the pressure difference around the wings rises.

The pilot has the opportunity to work with lifting force - for this, flaps are provided in the wing configuration. So, if he descends them, they change the vector of lifting force on a sharp set of height.

The smooth flight of the liner is provided in the case when the balance between the weight of the liner and the lifting force is observed.

What types of take-off

For overclocking passenger aircraft The pilots are required to select the special mode of operation of the engines, called the take-off. It lasts only a few minutes. But there are exceptions when there is some kind of airfield locality, the aircraft in this case can go to take off in normal mode, which reduces the noise load, because for take-off mode Engines of the aircraft are very loudly roar.

Experts allocate two types of take-off of passenger liners:

1. take off from the brakes: This is meant that at first the aircraft is held on the brakes, the engines are moving to the maximum thrust mode, after which the liner is removed from the brakes and runs away
2. Take off with a small stop at the runway: In such a situation, the liner starts running along the runway immediately without any pre-rearrangement of engines to the required mode. After speed, it grows and reaches the required hundreds of kilometers per hour

Nuances landing

Under the planting of the pilot, the final stage of the flight, which is a descent from the sky to the ground, slowing the liner and its full stop on the airport strip. The decrease in the aircraft begins with 25 meters. And on the fact the landing in the air takes only a few seconds.

When landing in front of the pilots, there is a whole range of tasks, because It happens in fact in 4 different stages:

1. Alignment - In this case, the vertical liner reduction rate goes to zero. This stage begins 8-10 meters above the ground and ends at 1 meter level.
2. Holding: In this case, the speed of the liner continues to decrease, and the decrease remains smooth and continuing
3. Parachute: At this stage there is a decrease in the lifting force of the wings and an increase in the vertical velocity of the aircraft
4. Landing: Under it understand the direct touch of the solid surface of the chassis

It is at the stage of landing the pilot and fix the landing speed of the aircraft. Again, depending on the model varies and speed. For example, at Boeing 737 it will be 250-270 km per hour. The A380 airbus sits at the same parameters. If the plane is smaller and easier, he is enough and 200 km per hour.

It is important to understand that exactly the same factors that affect the rise in the landing rate are directly affected.

Temporary gaps are very small here, and the speeds are huge, which becomes the cause of the most frequent catastrophe in these stages. After all, pilots have extremely little time to accept strategically important decisions, and each error can become fatal. Therefore, a lot of time is paid to working out a landing and take-off in the process of training pilots.

IN passenger aviation The height of the flight is determined by the technical capabilities of the aircraft and the established rules. The height can be maximum and perfect. The selection of height does not depend on the solution of the commander, it is limited in its actions by ground services.

Why 10 thousand?

The perfect ten kilometers liner is gaining in 20 minutes. If the flight does not exceed half an hour, this necessity does not occur. The decision, maintain a corridor or climb another one - two thousand depends on the situation. The higher the aircraft rises, the more rapid the atmosphere becomes. It creates a smaller windshield, which reduces the amount of fuel, incinerated to overcoming it. In the atmosphere at an altitude of 10 thousand, the amount of oxygen required to ensure the process of burning kerosene is preserved. At this altitude, birds do not fly, the collision with which the accident will be.

The decision on the height of the flight is accepted by land dispatcher services.

They give the team to the pilots, based on objective factors:

• weather;
• wind speed at the surface of the earth;
• the weight of the vessel and technical characteristics;
• time and flight distance;
• direction: West or East.

The selected height is determined in flight rules as a echelon. Air right defines united flight echelons for the airspace of all countries. If the vessel flies east, the dispatcher has the right to choose odd echelons at 35, 37, 39 thousand pounds ( from 10 to 12 kilometers). For aircraft following in the opposite direction, even echelons are offered. It is 30, 36, 40 thousand pounds above sea level ( from 9 to 11 kilometers). This tactic is aimed at avoiding collisions. Echelon is calculated even before the vehicle departure.

Affects the height and range of flight, on small routes, the height set is inappropriate. The commander of the vessel determines the height with the help of the barometer installed on board.

In this video material, the planes fly:

Maximum height

The maximum height is directly dependent on the maximum speed. At a speed of 950-1000 kilometers per hour, height reaches 10 kilometers. For small private aircraft, the ratio will be 300 km per hour and 2000 thousand meters.

Not only the model of the aircraft determines its maximum possible height, but also the physical characteristics of the atmosphere. The technical characteristics of the aircraft are different for passenger and military air vehicles.

The maximum height is determined by:

• technical characteristics, this engine power and lifting power of the wing;
• brand and type of vessel;
• weighing the aircraft.

Russian Tu-204 can dial a height of no more than 7,200 meters. IL-62 will rise by 11 kilometers, as much as the A310 airbus. The newest Irkut MS-21, first rising in the sky on 28 May 2017, due to a small mass will be able to score 11.5 kilometers. The leader among the innovations of the industry, dry superjet SSJ 100SV, is already rising by 12 200 meters.

Before entering the market for the development of a dry limit of 12 thousand, it was possible to exceed only the Boeing.

There are height limits associated with the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. They depend on the type of engine. The aircraft with a turbojet engine can score 32 thousand meters, the limit will be higher for a direct-flow air-reactive aircraft, it will be 45 thousand meters.

The maximum height of the turbojet military vessel may exceed 35 thousand meters, it was managed to gain Russian MiG-25.

Watch the video about how MiG 25 rises to the stratosphere

Perfect height

The definition belongs to the same height in the range of 10-12 thousand meters, where the ideal density of air flow is observed. They are fairly discharged in order to reduce the friction of airborne air and fuel consumption. Their density remains sufficient to support the wings of the aircraft. When moving to the stratosphere, the support level drops and the aircraft begins to "fall".

Taking into account these parameters, the pilots developed the definition of the "ideal" corridor. The output of it down increases the consumption of fuel, the economic efficiency of the flight decreases along with its height, so in any situation the pilot will rather increase the height than it reduces it.

As part of the allocated echelon, the pilot himself decides on height, given the current ratio of friction and support, taking into account the technical characteristics of the vessel. Often a change in the height is associated with turbulence, but it is agreed with ground services. Clouds are more often overcome when lifting above their level, also the cause of the change in the height can be the closure of space over the region due to hostilities or mountain peaks.

Remember. The change of echelon is possible only when the route occurs at a distance of 20 kilometers and when coordinating ground services.

Boeing height 747 and 737?

The model of the American corporation fly on Russian flights. Among the wide-body passenger aircraft, it is most often in service with airlines due to the profitability of mass traffic. Five Boeing 747 belong to the airline "Russia". The maximum speed of the vessel is 988 km per hour for a modification of 747-8, maximum heightwhich he can rise, 13,700 meters.

Boeing 737. The ceiling is gaining a smaller height, the ceiling is 12,500 meters for the model 737-800 and 11300 meters for Boeing 737-500. The ability to set such height provides fuel efficiency of flights. Designers suggest the release of Boeing 737 MAX 8, which should still improve these characteristics.

In aviation, the optimal heights of air corridors are calculated for all types of aircraft. Pilots must adhere to the instructions of the dispatching services, leaving the freedom of maneuver and the right to take an independent decision in a critical situation. The safety of airspace depends on the agreed team actions and ground dispatchers when choosing a maximum height.