Wrote in July 26th, 2014

This is the world's largest twin-alone jet passenger aircraft. The Boeing 777 has an absolute range of range for passenger aircraft: 21,601 thousand km! Boeing 777 ("Triple Seven" or "Three Seven") - this aircraft was developed in the early 1990s, made the first flight in 1994, in operation since 1995. Boeing 777 became the first commercial airliner, 100% designed on computers. And this is the safest delnemigistral liner in aviation history!

I flew on three seven times only once - from Dubai in Mall Aviompotumn "Emirates" and then with surprise he learned that they were greatly saved on the layout of the economy-class salon, we will put one extra chair in a row reduce the width of the rest! In this report, I will talk about the history of the creation, design features and show the passenger salon of the largest operator of this type of aircraft in Russia.

History of creation:

In the mid-1970s. The three-minded 777, which was conceived as a competitor for McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and LOCKHEED L-1011. This aircraft was conceived as a finalized version 767 with a converted wing and the tail part. It was planned to create two main options: a near-power aircraft, which would be able to transport up to 175 passengers to a distance of 5,000 kilometers, and an intercontinental liner, which carries the same number of passengers to a distance of 8,000 kilometers.

Work on two-door aircraft was soon launched, but the project 777 frozen, as it was difficult to design the design of the tail of the aircraft, and the company also decided to focus on more commercially promising 757 and 767. As a result, when both cars began to go from the conveyor, it became It is clear that in the line of aircraft Boeing lacks the link. The need to have a plane, which would be in niche between such machines like Boeing 767-300ER and Boeing 747-400.

At first, Boeing planned to simply modify 767, as a result of which the concept of the so-called 767-x appeared. It was largely akin to 767, but had a longer fuselage, a larger wing and could transport about 340 passengers to a distance of 13.5 thousand kilometers.

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But the airlines were not impressed with the new aircraft. They wanted to have an airplane capable of flying and for shorter distances and the interior configuration, similar to Boeing 747, which, in addition, could be changed by adding or removing the required number of passenger in a cabin of a class or another. Another necessary condition was to reduce operation costs - they would have to be significantly lower than that of 767. As a result, the initial project was strongly reworked and a two-dimensional Boeing 777 appeared.

Boeing 777 became the first commercial airliner, 100% designed on computers. For all the development time, no paper drawing was released, everything was manufactured using a three-dimensional design system.

The development of the aircraft began in 1990 and immediately entered the first order from United Airlines. In 1995, the first 777 began to fulfill commercial flights. At the moment, 777-200LR is an airplane capable of performing the longest passenger flights in the world.

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Modifications:

777-200 was the first modification of the aircraft and was intended for segment A. The first 777-200 was transferred to the United Airlines Airline on May 15, 1995. With a range of 5235 maritime miles, the 777-200 modification was focused mainly on US domestic carriers. Only ten customers were transferred to 88 different modification aircraft 777-200. The competing model of Airbus is A330-300.

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An extended version of 777-300 was intended to replace aircraft Boeing 747-100 and Boeing 747-200. Compared to the old modifications of the 747th, the extended version has similar passenger and range, but it consumes a third less fuel and has 40% less operating costs. The 977-300 fuselage is elongated by 11 meters compared to the basic modification of 777-200, which allows you to accommodate up to 550 passengers in a single-class configuration. The maximum range of modification is 6015 maritime miles, which allows 777-300 to serve highly loaded directions previously serviced by the model 747.

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777-200ER

Modification 777-200ER ("ER" means Extended Range, increased range). 777-200ER increased fuel reserve and maximum height compared with 777-200 modifications. Designed for international carriers and transatlantic flights, "NF Modifications IMAINS Maximum range of 7700 marine miles (14260.4 km).

777-200LR

777-200LR ("LR" means "Longer Range" - a large range), a model for the C segment, in 2006 became the most "long-range" commercial airliner in the world. Boeing called this WORLLINER model, pointing to the possibility of connecting almost any two airports to the airliner. The modification has established a world record for the longest non-final flight among commercial airliners - the flight range is 9380 maritime miles (17 370 km). Modification 777-200LR is designed for super long flights, such as Los Angeles - Singapore or Dallas - Tokyo. 777-200LR has increased maximum take-off weight and three additional fuel tanks in the rear luggage compartment.

777-300ER

777-300ER ("ER" means Extended Range, increased range) is a modification of 777-300. Modification has beveled and elongated wing ending, new main chassis racks, reinforced front rack and additional fuel tanks. The standard GE90-115B turbople engines for this model are the most powerful jet engines in the world and have a maximum craving of 513 kN. The maximum range is 7930 maritime miles (14,690 km), which has become possible due to the increased maximum take-off weight and fuel supply. The range of 777-300ER with full loading is increased by approximately 34% compared with the 777-300 modification. After a flight test, the introduction of new engines, wings and increase the running weight fuel consumption decreased by 1.4%.

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And all modifications in the visual row:

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A good illustration for comparing scale - ahead of 737Y. Note, the diameter of the engine GE-115B installed on the model 777 is only 30 cm less than the width of the Boeing 737 salon!

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Design elements:

The design of the plane planter includes the use of composite materials that make up 9% of the weight of the structure. Of these materials, including the floor of the cabin and the steering wheel are made. The main part of the fuselage has a round cross section and rear moves into a bladed tail cone, in which auxiliary power plant is located.

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The airliner also has the largest chassis racks and the largest tires that have ever used in commercial jet airliners. Each bus from the main six-star chassis chassis 777-300er can withstand the load of 27 tons, which is more than the load on the Boeing 747-400 aircraft!

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The plane has three redundant hydraulic systems, of which only one is needed for planting.
In the covert the wing under the fuselage there is an emergency aviation turbine - a small propeller, which is put forward from the aircraft when emergency situations To provide minimal power.

Engines GENERAL ELECTRIC GE90, installed on Boeing 7777, are the largest and most powerful in the history of aviation by reactive engines.

And on all five Boeing 777-300 a / k "Transaero" Installed engines RR211 Trent 892 Rolls Royse:

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Cabin pilots:

Cabin pilots is very spacious. Boeing 777 in all modifications is a long-haul liner capable of servicing non-stop commercial flights to 6 hours. However, the rules of various aviation regulatory authorities, professional and trade union organizations limit the time of continuous operation of the crew and flight attendants.

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Interior:

Interior 777, also known as Boeing Signature Interior, is made in curved lines, with increased luggage shelves and indirect lighting. The configuration of the chairs ranges from 4 in the first class to 10 in economy class. The size of the portholes - 380 × 250 mm - was the largest of all commercial airliners until 787 appeared.

The passenger interior has its own arrangement. It depends on those or other customer requirements, and not from the type of sun!
Please note - in the economy class at Transaero in a row on one chair less than, for example, "Emirates" (!) And Aeroflot. And this means that the chairs themselves are wider and more comfortable!

Examples of layout of Boeing 777 -200 and -300 A / K Transaero:

Economy 2-5-2:

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Economy 3-3-3:

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Emirates "- Economy 3-4-3

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Aeroflot - Economy: 3-4-3

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Look at Boeing-777-300 Transaero airline. EI-UNM flew in Singapore Airlines, in 2012, transfered Transaero. The salon is fully updated, Lumexis entertainment system is installed everywhere. In the upholstery, the Alcantara stained material is used, and the manufacturer of the seating is the Italian company AvioInteriors.

Imperial class "Transaero":

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Business Class:

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Economy class:

Economic class salon in red colors is called "Economic Class", and Blue - "Tourist Class". They are characterized by step chairs. In the economic class - 36 inches, in a tourist - 32 inches.

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Wi-Fi is on board! It will be necessary to somehow test when I can fly.

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Visually color separation in the cabin is nice to the eye:

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Kitchen in the tail of the aircraft:

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And even the installation for scolding the bottle of champagne for the "Imperial" -Klassa:

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Total released about 1100 sides at the moment!
Somehow I photographed 10009 copy in Dubai:

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Security:

This liner is considered the safest aircraft among all far-haired liners. For 18 years of operation with Boeing 777, eight incidents occurred, including one accident and two capture attempts. On July 6, 2013, the first aircraft crash happened with human victims. The Boeing 777-200ER Airlines Asiana Airlines, which flew from Seoul to San Francisco, was crasheled when landed at San Francisco Airport, entangled the tail part of the runway. 2 people died.

Boeing 777 in Russia:

In Russia, the largest operator of the Boeing 777 aircraft is "Transaero". In the park of this company, 14 aircraft: 5 - Boeing 777-300, 9 - Boeing 777-200ER. In addition to Transaero, this aircraft is in Aeroflot, Nordwind and Orenair airline.

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Boeing 777 is operated by Transaero for 5 years, in one of the following reports I will talk about its maintenance on the company's own repair and technical facilities.

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Pleasant flights!

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I thank the press service of the airline "Transaero" and personally Sergey Seaikova for the ability to make this report!

Take away W. alexcheban. On the plane, which flies further!

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Modern passenger I. freight transportation Just impossible to imagine without aircraft. But for the comfort and mobility of these "iron birds" there are decades of development and thousands unsuccessful trying. The design of airplanes and their construction are engaged in the best affairs of the aircraft. The price of an error on this field may be too big. Today we will plunge into the world of aircraft and learn from which elements the construction of the aircraft.

general characteristics

In the classic version, the plane is a glider (fuselage, wings, tail plumage, motorging), equipped with a power installation, chassis and control systems. In addition, an integral part of modern aircraft is avionics (aviation electronics), designed to control all organs and aircraft systems and greatly simplify the fate of pilots.

There are other constructive schemes, but they are much less common and, as a rule, in military aircraft enterprise. So, for example, the B-2 bomber is designed according to the "Flying Wing" scheme. And the bright representative of the aircraft industry in Russia is the MiG-29 fighter - performed according to the "carrier scheme". In it, the concept of "fuselage" is replaced by "body".

Depending on the purpose, the aircraft are divided into two large groups: civil and military. Civil models are divided into passenger, cargo, training and special use machines.

Passengerversions are distinguished by the fact that most of their fuselage occupies a specially equipped interior. Externally, you can find them large quantity portholes. Passenger aircraft are divided into: local (flying less than 2 thousand km); medium (2-4 thousand km); (distant 4-9 thousand km); and intercontinental (more than 11 thousand km).

Freight Aircords are: light (up to 10 tons of cargo), medium (10-40 tons of cargo) and heavy (more than 40 tons of cargo).

Special aircraft May be: sanitary, agricultural, intelligence, fire and intended for aerial photography.

Trainingmodels, respectively, are needed to train beginner pilots. In their designs there may be no auxiliary elements such as passenger interior chairs and so on. The same applies to experienced versions, which are used in the tests of the new model aircraft.

Military aircraft, Unlike civilian, do not have a comfortable cabin and portholes. All the space of the fuselage in them is occupied by weapons, intelligence equipment, communication systems and other units. Combat aircraft are divided into: fighters, bombers, attack aircraft, intelligence officers, transport, as well as all sorts of special purposes.

Fuselage

The aircraft fuselage is the main part that carries the support function. It is on it that all elements of the design of the aircraft are attached. Outside it is: Wings with Motogonol, plumage and chassis, and from within a control cabin, technical premises and communications, as well as a cargo or passenger compartment, depending on the vessel belonging. The fuselage frame is assembled from longitudinal (spars and stringers) and transverse (spline) elements that are subsequently shed with metal sheets. In light airplanes, plywood or plastic is used instead of metal.

Passenger cars can be narrowly and widely extinguished. In the first case, the diameter of the cross section of the housing is an average of 2-3 meters, and in the second - from six meters. The wide-body aircraft have, as a rule, two decks: upper - for passengers, and lower - for baggage.

When designing the fuselage, special attention is paid to the strength characteristics and weight of the structure. In this regard, such measures take place:

1. The form of the aircraft is designed in such a way that the lifting force is maximum, and the windshield resistance to air masses is minimal. The volume and dimensions of the machine must be perfect to relate to each other.
2. To increase the useful volume of the housing, during the design, the maximum dense layout layout and carrier elements of the aircraft fuselage is envisaged.
3. Fastening the power plant, running elements and wing segments are trying to make as simple as possible and reliable.
4. The placement of passengers and fastening of goods or consumables is designed in such a way that in different operating conditions of the aircraft its balance remains within the acceptable deviation.
5. Places to accommodate the crew should provide comfortable aircraft management, access to the main navigation instruments and the most efficient management in case of unforeseen situations.
6. The layout of the aircraft is performed in such a way that when serving the masters had the opportunity to freely digitate the necessary components and aircraft units and with the need to carry out their repair.

The aircraft fuselage should be strong enough to resist the loads arising in different flight conditions, namely:

1. Loads arising at the points of attachment of the main elements of the case (wings, plumage, chassis) during take-off and landing.
2. Aerodynamic Loads arising during the flight, taking into account the work of the aggregates, inertial forces and the functioning of the auxiliary equipment.
3. Loads associated with pressure drops that occur during flight overloads in hermetically limited aircraft compartments.

Wing

An important constructive element of any aircraft is wings. They create the lifting force needed for flight, and allow maneuvering. In addition, the aircraft wing is used to accommodate the power unit, fuel tanks, hinged equipment and runway. The correct ratio of weight, rigidity, strength, aerodynamics and the quality of manufacturing this structural element causes the proper flight and operational characteristics of the aircraft.

The airplane wing consists of such parts:

1. The housing that consists of a frame (spars, stringers and ribs) and trim.
2. Prepayments and flaps that provide takeoff and landing of the aircraft.
3. Interceptuals and ailerons with which the pilot can change the direction of flight of the aircraft.
4. Brake shields that serve to a faster aircraft stop at the time of landing.
5. Pylons that are fastened by power plants.

The fuselage wing is attached through the center - the element connecting the right and left wing and partially passing through the fuselage. Low-planes the center is located at the bottom of the fuselage, and at high populations - in the top. In combat vehicles, it may be missing at all.

In the internal cavities of the wing (in large vessels), fuel tanks are usually installed. In light fighter aircraft, additional fuel tanks can be suspended on special console mounts.

Constructive power scheme wing

The structural-power scheme of the wing should ensure opposition to the forces of shear, twist and bending arising during the flight. Its reliability is caused by the use of a durable frame from longitudinal and transverse elements, as well as durable sheat.

Longitudinal elements The wing frame is represented by spars and stringers. Spars are performed in the form of a farm or monolithic beam. They are accommodated throughout the inner volume of the wing with a certain interval. The spars give the structures stiffness and level the effects of transverse and flexing forces arising at a particular stage of flight. Stringers play the role of a compensator of the axial effort of compression and stretching. They also level local aerodynamic loads and increase the stuffing stiffness.

Cross elements Wing frame are represented by ribs. In this design, they can be performed in the form of farms or thin beams. Rights cause a wing profile and give its surface the rigidity required when the load is distributed at the time of the formation of the flight airbag. They also serve for more reliable fastening of power units.

Sheavingnot only gives the wing the necessary form, but also provides maximum lifting force. Along with other elements of the frame, it increases the rigidity of the design and levels the effect of external loads.

Wings of aircraft may differ in constructive features and objectivity of the trim. Mix two main types:

1. Spar. There is a small bevel thickness, which forms a closed loop with ribs of spars.
2. Monoblock. The main amount of external load is distributed over the surface of the thick layer of the casing, fixed by the set of stringers. In this case, the trim can be both monolithic and consist of several layers.

Speaking about the design of the wing, it is worth noting that its docking and the subsequent fastening should be carried out in such a way that the transfer and distribution of the torque and bending moments can end up, which may occur in different operating modes of aircraft.

Plumage

The plumage of the aircraft allows you to change the trajectory of its movement. It can be tailing and nose (used less often). In most cases, the tail plumage is represented by vertical keel (or several keels, usually two) and a horizontal stabilizer, by design resembling the wing of a reduced size. Due to the keel, the adjustable stability of the aircraft is regulated, that is, resistance along the axis of the movement, and due to the stabilizer - the longitudinal (by pitch). Horizontal plumage can be installed on the fuselage or on top of the keel. Kiel, in turn, put on the fuselage. There are different variations of the layout of the tail plumage, but in most cases it looks like this.

Some military aircraft are additionally equipped with a nasal plumage. This is necessary to provide adequate sustainability on supersonic speeds.

Power plants

The engine is an essential element in the design of the aircraft, because without it the aircraft will not even take off. The first aircraft flew at all long and could hold just one pilot. The reason is simple - low-power motors that do not allow to develop sufficient traction. So that the planes have learned to transport hundreds of passengers and inappropriate loads, the designers of the whole world had to work a lot.

For the entire evolution of "Iron Birds", many types of engines were used:

1. Steam. The principle of operation of such engines is based on the transformation of the steam energy in motion, which is transmitted to the screw of the aircraft. Since the steam motors had a low efficiency, they were used by the aviation industry at all long.
2. Piston. These are standard internal combustion engines, according to the design of reminding engines of cars. The principle of their work is to transmit thermal energy into mechanical. Easy to manufacture and availability of materials determine the use of such power plants on some aircraft models to the present. Despite the small efficiency (about 55%), these motors are determined by popular due to their unpretentiousness and reliability.
3. Jet. Such motors convert the energy of intensive combustion of fuel in the thrust required for flight. To date, jet engines are used in the construction of aircraft most widely.
4. Gas turbine. The principle of operation of these engines is based on the border heating and compression of the gas combustion gas aimed at rotating the turbine. They are used primarily in military types of aircraft.
5. Turboprops. This is one of the subspecies of gas turbine engines. The difference is that the energy obtained during operation is converted to the drive and rotates the screw of the aircraft. A minor part of energy goes to the formation of a pushing jet jet. Such motors are used mainly in civil aviation.
6. Turboventylant. These engines implemented the discharge of additional air necessary for the complete combustion of fuel, so that it is possible to achieve maximum efficiency and environmental favorableness of the power plant. Motors of this type are widely used in the construction of large airliners.

I got acquainted with the main types of aircraft engines. The list of motors that the aircraft designers have ever tried to establish on the aircraft, which considered the list is not limited. At different times, a lot of attempts have been made to create all kinds of innovative power units. For example, in the last century there were serious work on the creation of atomic aviation engines that did not fit due to the high environmental danger, in the event of a crash of the aircraft.

Usually, the engine is installed on the wing or fuselage of the aircraft by means of a pilon through which drives, fuel tubes, etc. come to it. In this case, the motor is climbed into a protective motorcycle. There are also aircraft in which the power plant is directly inside the fuselage. On the aircraft Maybe from one (An-2) to eight (B-52) engines.

Control

The controls of the aircraft are called the complex of on-board equipment, as well as command and executive devices. The command feed comes from the pilot cab, and is performed by the elements of the wing and plumage. Different types of control systems can be used in different aircraft: manual, automated and semi-automatic.

Regardless of the type of system, the workers are divided into basic and additional.

Main governance. Includes actions that are responsible for adjusting flight modes and restoring the ship balance in predetermined parameters. The main management bodies include:

1. The levers that are directly controlled by the pilot (the heights, the horizon steering wheel, steering wheel, command panels).
2. Communications serving to connect control levers with actuating mechanisms.
3. Executive devices (stabilizers, aleons, spoiler systems, fenders and flaps).

Additional control. Used only during the take-off and landing mode.

Regardless of whether manual or automatic control is implemented in the design of the aircraft, only the pilot can collect and analyze information about the state of the aircraft systems, load indicators and compliance with the trajectory. And most importantly, only he is able to make a decision, as efficient as possible in the established atmosphere.

The control

To read objective information on the state of the aircraft and flight situation, the pilot uses devices divided into several basic groups:

1. Mail and navigation. Serve to determine the coordinates, vertical and horizontal position, speed and linear deviations of the aircraft. In addition, these devices control the angle of attacking the aircraft, the operation of gyroscopic systems and other important flight parameters. On modern aircraft, these devices are presented in the form of a single pilot navigation complex.
2. Controlling the operational installation. This group of instruments provides a pilot with data on the temperature and pressure of the oil, the flow rate of the fuel mixture, the rotational speed of the crankshafts, as well as the vibration indicators.
3. Devices for monitoring the operation of additional equipment and systems. This complex consists of devices whose sensors can be found in all elements of the aircraft design. These include: pressure gauges, pressure drop signs in hermetic cabins, lockers of the positions of flaps and so on.
4. Devices for environmental assessment. Serve to measure the outdoor temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and other things.

All devices that serve to control the state of the aircraft and the external environment? Adapt to work in all weather conditions.

Running

Take off and landing are quite complex and responsible stages of flight. They are inevitably conjugate with strong loads occurring on all design elements. Acceptable overclocking to raise a multi-window vessel into the sky and the soft touch of the landing strip during the landing it provides reliably constructed running system (chassis). This system is also necessary for the parking machine and its taxiing when driving at the airport.

The aircraft chassis consists of a damping rack, on which the wheel trolley is fixed (hydroplane has a float instead of it). The chassis configuration depends on the mass of the aircraft. Most often there are such options for the runway:

1. Two main racks and one front (A-320, Tu-154).
2. Three main racks and one front (IL-96).
3. Four main racks and one front (Boeing 747).
4. Two main racks and two front (B-52).

On early aircraft, a couple of main racks and a rear rotating wheel without a rack (Li-2) were installed. The unusual chassis scheme also had an IL-62 model, which was equipped with one front desk, a pair of main racks and a retractable bar with a pair of wheels in the tail itself. On the first aircraft, the rack was not used at all, and the wheels were attached to simple axes. The wheel trolley can have from one (A-320) to seven (An-225) wheeled steam.

When the aircraft is on Earth, its control is carried out by means of the drive, which is equipped with the front chassis rack. Courts with multiple engines for these purposes may use differentiation of the mode of operation of the power plant. During the flight, the aircraft chassis is removed into specially equipped compartments. This is necessary to reduce aerodynamic resistance.

In order to get acquainted to get acquainted with the device of the aircraft, we will not immediately cheep on board the supersonic liner, and consider the design simpler: for example, a device of a lightweight training aircraft. It has small sizes and simple design and, nevertheless, contains all the main parts of the modern aircraft.

On light aircraft, as a rule, air cooling piston engines are installed. In the 20-30s. Almost all light aircraft, as well as other models, there was an open pilot cabin. Currently, the cabins are closed by a fixed or removable dome made from transparent material - lantern. Airplanes with a highly located wing (such devices are called highlands) the pilot cabin contains one or two doors. At the models with the standard location of the wing - lowlasts, the lantern shifts to the side or leans.

Modern light airplanes are made of aluminum alloys, but some parts can be made of wood or special plastics. Their cabins are equipped with navigation devices, complex electrical system, receiving and transmitting radio stations.

Acquaintance with the main components of the aircraft we will start with the fuselage.

The fuselage is the aircraft housing. All other parts of the design are attached to it. However, the first aircraft did not have the fuselage at all, but a wooden frame appeared very soon, performing his role. Initially, the fuselage was partially tightened with a cloth, but already in the 30s. XX century Most of the aircraft were built with a metal frame and metal trim.

From the history of absolute world flight height records. After the end of World War II, English pilots took "for business". On March 23, 1948, J. Kanningham on an airplane, called "Vampire", rose by 18,119 m. Tellah, twice the pilot was distinguished himself by Pilot. On May 4, 1953, his aircraft reached 19406 m, and on August 29, 1955 - 20083 in two years (August 28, 1957), this result increased the Englishman M. Rollrap - 21,430 m.

The high-speed aircraft was made by all-metal, while the fuselage shelling panel was carefully customized to each other in order to get a well-streamlined surface.

To enhance the design in some models of aircraft, such as heavy truck, the fuselage frame is made by the increase in intermediate racks additional. In the drawing, such a frame looks like a solid weave of metal rods, along the pattern resembling a geodesic grid.

The fuselaces of jet aircraft appearing in the late 40s. XX century, should have been provided in the pilot on large flight altitudes Normal air pressure under reduced pressure overboard. Such fuselaces were supposed to withstand stretching and compression loads and at the same time maintain tightness. In practice, this was achieved by the use of multilayer sheathing and installation of additional transverse brusis from the metal.

From the history of absolute world flight height records. Starting from 1 958, the record record increased no longer on dozens and not even hundreds of meters. Each appearance in the sky of new models of aircraft raised the bar of the record a few kilometers. April 18, 1958. American G.K. Vatkins on the ArmMan F11F-1 aircraft ("Tiger") rose to a height of 23,449 m. May 2, 1958. French pilot E. Cappelier, driving "SO-9050" - "Tridan" ("F-ZWUM"), reached the mark of 24,127 m. Five days old Americans G.K. Johnson on the device "Lockheed" "F-104A" ("Starfighter") rose to 27,811 m. July 14, 1959. The first surname of the Soviet pilot appeared in the records of the records. V. Ilyushin raised the plane of the design of P. O. Dry "T-431" and reached a height of 28,852 m. And the American pilot L. Flint on December 6, 1959 on the McDonnell-Douglas aircraft (F-4, "Phantom II") overcame a mark of 30 km - 30,040 m.

Nowadays, not only special, but even ordinary passenger planes Make flights at altitudes exceeding 10,000 m. As is known, the air at such heights is strongly resolved, and it is lowered to minus 50 ° C or even lower. Therefore, in airplanes such a class of hermetic make not only the cockpit of pilots, but the entire passenger salon. The air conditioning system installed on passenger liners during the flight supports normal ground pressure, temperature and humidity in the cabin. An interesting design has glasses of a pilot cabin and a passenger compartment. A special transparent film is laid between two layers of glasses. The glasses do not lose transparency from this, and the electric current passed on the film warms them and does not allow to die at any height.

Most models of aircraft with a piston engine in front of the fuselage there is a climbing frame, it received such a name, because the engine of the aircraft is installed on it.

The engine of the aircraft rotates the air screw. Often it is called propeller. The aviation screw during rotation captures the air and discard it back similar to the way the ships screw turns water. The thrown over the mass of the air creates a thrust driving ahead.

At airplanes built according to the monoplane-low-brake scheme, the central part of the wing is located at the bottom of the fuselage. The centralland has special fixtures for fastening wings, called consoles, or planes. Depending on the design of the aircraft, they can be removable or rigidly fixed. Removable planes allow you to freely transport the plane by land or sea.

Perhaps, almost all aircraft need wings, except that balloons and airships can do without them. Even the blade of the helicopter is nothing more than rotating wings. After all, it is when streamling the wing with air, a lifting force is created - a necessary condition for flight.

Theoretically, the aircraft wing is a continuation of the development of the most ancient on the ground of the Flying Design - aerial snake, only arranged it is more difficult.

From the history of absolute world flight speed records. The first fixed record of the flight speed was installed by the French pilot of the Tissanle field on May 20, 1909. The speed developed by its aircraft was 54.77 km / h. Augustus of the same goal turned out to be especially "crop." On August 23, 1909, American Glen Curtis dispersed his biplane "Herring-Curtiss" to 69.75 km / h, and then the Frenchman Louis Blerio on the Monoplane of Bleriot double-increased this result: August 24, 1909 - 74.30 km / h and 28 August 1909.-76.99 km / h.

From the history of absolute world flight height records. December 14, 7959. American pilot J.B. Jordan on the location of the company "Lockheed" - "F-104C" ("Starfighter") rose to a height of 31,513 m. In the future, Soviet pilots increased this result a few kilometers. April 28, 1961 Mosolov on the plane of the design of A.I. Mikoyan "E-66A" reached the mark of 34 714 m. On 25 July 1973. After the high-rise flight of the pilot A. Fedotova, the record became equal to 36,240 m. At present, the absolute record of the flight height is 37,650 m. It belongs to the wonderful Soviet pilot A. Fedotov, Fro Record Flight was carried out on August 31, 1977 on the aircraft "E-266M" design A.I. Mikoyana.

The wing is collected from the side meters - the main longitudinal beams, ribs - transverse elements and trim. Spars and ribs give the wing the necessary shape and rigidity and in aircraft manufacture are called a power set of wing, or a frame.

The power set (frame) of the wing of modern aircraft has even more complex design. After all, in many cases, the wings ceased to perform only the role of an aviation plane creating lifting force. Nowadays, it is often possible to meet airplanes, the design of which provides installation on the wings of aircraft engines, weapons, chassis or even placement in the internal cavities of the fuel tank wing.

To give additional strength to the wing of such an aircraft, its power kit is made of durable metal and amplified by additional struts. The covering of such wings is made from well-fitted metal sheets or synthetic materials produced by a chemical path, for example, carbon fiber.

The first aircraft had wings made of wood and cloth covered. In order to give tissue strength and protect the construction of the aircraft from the effects of atmospheric precipitation, the fabric was impregnated with a special aviation varnish. To perform a rotation or turn during flight, the pilot begged such wings with a wire pull. From the 30s. XX century On many models of aircraft began to establish all-metal wings. Bend in flight such a wing pilot would not be under power. But in this case, the designers found a way out. It turned out that to ensure maneuverability there is no need to bend all the wing - it is enough to make a movable only one small part. On the back edge of the wing, the moving planes began to install - ailerons, changing the angle of which the pilot could stick the plane to the left and right, or vice versa, eliminate the involuntary roll.

From the history of absolute world flight speed records. July 10, 1910 French pilot Leon Maran for the first time "Eastened" through the hundredth mark. His monoplet of Bleriot dispersed to 106.50 km / h. 6 Further, French pilots firmly occupied the speed of speed records. October 29, 1910 Alfrel Leblan, driving a Bleriot monoplane, was able to reach a speed of 109.73 km / h. On May 11, 1911, Eduard Newport, driving a biplane of his own design, reached a speed of 119.74 km / h, but already on June 12, 1911 A. Leblan reappeared into the leaders - 124.99 km / h.

From the history of absolute world flight speed records. On June 16, 7977, the Frenchman Eduard Newport again watches the leaders. Biplane "NIEUPORT" The floor by its control accelerated LO 130.04 km / h. Five days later he secured his achievement - 7 33.11 km / h. Until the end of the year, Newport remained a record holder, but next year, only one last name - Frenchman Jules Welline could be found in the table of records. On January 13, 1912, the monople of the brand "Deperdussin" The floor of its management reached a speed of 145.13 km / h, February 22, 1912, 161.27 km / h, February 29, 1912 - 162.53 km / h, March 1 1912 - 166.79 km / h, July 13, 1912 - 170.75 km / h and September 9, 1912.- 174.06 km / h.

Somewhat later on the back edge of the wing next to Aileron, another moving plane appeared - the flap. This was done to increase the aerodynamic indicators of the wing and aircraft as a whole. When you take over, the deviation of the flaps gives the aircraft an additional lift force, and when landing enhances the resistance and shortens its landing path.

A further step towards an increase in the aerodynamic characteristics of the wing was the appearance on its front edge narrow, but a long moving plane - an overlooking. By changing the angle under which the forecast is located relative to the plane of the wing, the pilot can provide more smooth flow around the latter by the air masses.

The wing of the first aircraft was most often flat and this allowed him to create only minimal lifting force, but it reduced the resistance to the oncoming air streams. Only after the formation of aerodynamics as serious and independent science and the emergence of research institutes, which were at the disposal of aerodynamic pipes, the low efficiency of such a section (profile) was proved.

Bringing various items in the aerodynamic tube, scientists noticed that the ball turns out to create a counterflow of air a much smaller resistance than a cube. And even less resistance created the subject, in shape resembling spindle. In addition, experiments have shown that even if a flat plate is put at an angle to the carriage of the air, then part of the air masses, having met such a barrier, rushes down, pushing the record itself upwards, "lifting force arose. It turned out that if we bind the plate with convexity up, then the lifting force increases significantly, and the "ideal" section is a cross-section in the form of a strongly elongated drop. It creates minimal airflow resistance and maximum lifting force.

Since in the power set of the rib wing is the main transverse element, therefore, it gives all the wing profile.

But the cross section is not the most important indicator of the aerodynamic quality of the wing. It turns out that it is not enough to create such a wing that would have a large lifting force and low resistance. When building a plane, many other problems arise. The main one is the right choice of the mass ratio of the entire aircraft and the wing area. In addition, the aircraft must be stable - a sharp change in its position in the air is unacceptable. And finally, in general, the entire aircraft should be strong enough, but not heavy.

Before designing the aircraft, its purpose is determined, its speed, carrying capacity, height and length of the flight. After that, you can start choosing the size of the aircraft and the calculation of one of its most important characteristics - the wing area.

Airplane with a variable wing sweep in flight. but. Wings are expanded - the plane makes flights over long distances, and also takes off and landing on small areas. b. Wings pressed to the fuselage. In this position, the plane is able to develop the maximum speed.

As the flight speed increases, the wing must reduce the angle of attacks so that the lifting force remains equal to the power of gravity. Aerodynamic resistance will gradually decrease. Experiments have shown that it will be minimal at an angle of an attack, equal to 3-5 °. However, further increase in speed requires even smaller attack corners, and the resistance is still increasing.

Designers found a way out of the current situation - it turns out that in this case it is sufficient to reduce the area of \u200b\u200bthe wing. Each part of its area will correspond to most of the weight of the aircraft, and then in order to get the necessary lifting force, it will be necessary to increase the angle of attack again. As a result, the aerodynamic resistance will again decrease.

Thus, when constructing an aircraft, the value of the "Specific Wing" name is carefully calculated. It shows how much the weight of the aircraft "comes out" by 1 m2 of the surface of his wing.

From the history of absolute world flight speed records. During the First World War, records for flight speed are not registered, but since 1920, France's pilots reaffirm their leadership. On February 7, 1920, Sadi Lekunt dispersed the plane of the "NieUport-delage" brand to 275.22. KM / H, February 28, 1920 Pilot Jean Kazal-up to 283.43 km / h. On October 9, 1920, Baron de Roman accelerates the Biplane of the company SPAD to 292.63 km / h. October 10, 1920 Again, the leaders wakes Sadi Lekten - 296.94 km / h, and October 20, 1920 - 302.48 km / h. On November 4, 1920, Baron de Roman is again in the first place - 308.96 km / h, but not long. And December 72, 7,920. Again, Sadi Lekten - 313.00 km / h.

However, it was soon that a decrease in the wing area would not be able to solve all problems. For example, takeoff and landing speeds are desirable to have as little as possible. And for this, the specific load on the wing should also be minimal - therefore, it is necessary to increase the area of \u200b\u200bthe wing. As a result, designers constantly have to solve the question - what area should be the wing? You will make it small - you have to go on a certain risk, taking off and sitting at high speed. Yes, and not every airport has enough long runway. You will make the wing of a large area - there will be a need to install a more powerful engine on an aircraft. And this in turn will entail an increase in fuel reserves and, as a result, the total weight of the aircraft.

Nowadays, the way out of the situation has been found. In order to increase the lifting force of the wing at low speeds, some models of aircraft began to build with a wing of changing sweatshirt. When boarding or landing, the wing will be a large area and a large scope - in this form it looks like an ordinary subsonic aircraft. When switching to supersonic velocity, the wing "folds" by moving using a special device, and reduces the resistance being created.

Now pay attention to the back of the aircraft - the tail. Here are the keel, the steering wheel, the stabilizer and the height steering wheel. These four elements make up tail plumage and are designed to preserve sustainable flight and aircraft control. The steering wheel of the rotation is the movable part of the keel and with it using the pilot can change the direction of horizontal flight. And to change the height of the flight, the stabilizer of the tail plumage also has a movable part - the steering wheel. In addition, the raids of the tail plumage allow the pilot to perform maneuvers in the air and the figures supreme pilotage.

What only models of aircraft appeared in the sky in the first years of aircraft. Even those who have a horizontal plumage (stabilizer with a height wheel) was located in front. The wing at the same time shifted back. Such a scheme of the aircraft was called "Duck". However, the vertical plumage should always be located behind. This gives a flight stability aircraft. By the way, the air snakes are arranged in the same way - the role of a vertical plumage is played by a rope tail. So, without a tail, the snake will not fly.

According to the structure, the tail plumage is practically no different from the wing. It also consists of a power set (frame), which includes spars and ribs. Correctly calculated the size of the details of the tail plumage significantly affect the stability of the aircraft. And when the aircraft is stable and managed well, you can easily and safely make various maneuvers.

The simplest maneuver in the air is to turn or turn. After performing this pilot figure, the pilot tilts the aircraft towards the turn - and the components of the lift will turn the aircraft to the same side. But at the same time he does not lose height, it is necessary to increase the lifting force. The pilot simultaneously with the deviation of the control knob to the left pulls it on itself and thereby increases the angle of attack.

The figure of the highest pilot - a dead loop - is very difficult to fulfill. It is believed that the highest pilot arranged in 1913. It is from the fulfillment of this figure by the Russian pilot of P.N. Nesterov. In those years, when the speed developed by the aircraft was quite low, the highest pilot machine was used not only in training and sports holidays, but also during air battles with opponent fighters.

The most dangerous figure of the highest pilot is a corkscrew. The angle of attack when the aircraft is introduced into the corkscrew often reaches 70 °. The smooth flow around the wing with air masses is disturbed and the deviation of the control steering becomes ineffective. Therefore, it is often very difficult to get out of the corkscrew.

From the history of absolute world flight speed records. September 20, 1922, almost after a biennial break, the French pilot Sadi Lekunt "beats" his own record. This time the NieUport-Delage brand is accelerated to 330.23 km / h. October 13, 1922 American pilot C.E. Mitchell made an attempt to take the championship from the French. Its result - 358.77 km / h. But the lectured again wipes forward: February 15, 1923 - 374.95 km / h.

The American intelligence aircraft "SR-71" is able to develop a speed exceeding 3.5 thousand km / h. For flights at such speeds, the wings of the aircraft were constructively combined with a horizontal plumage.

Nowadays, the execution of top pilot figures is the proof of the exclusive skill of the pilot and is associated with a certain risk. And it is not surprising - the increase in flight speeds places the pilot and aircraft new requirements. Take, for example, the same turn. With an increase in flight speed, its radius increases significantly. At 500 km / h, the reversal radius is approximately 600 m, and at a speed of 1,800 km / h, it already reaches 8 km.

In conclusion, it should be stopped on one important detail of the aircraft design - chassis. This device appeared on the first aircraft and at all times it was intended to move the aircraft on the ground and mitigate the jokes arising when landing and takeoff.

In the first years of aircraft construction, the front chassis usually consisted of wheels with spokes, which were attached to the fuselage using wooden racks. The rear chassis was insane and presented an ordinary tail crutch made of wood. Shock absorbers In the modern sense of this word, the first chassis did not have. Their role was performed by rubber ribbons on wheels, which absorbed the ground strikes when landing, and a long curved poloz ahead of the chassis protected the aircraft from theft - turning into the nose.

Nowadays, when the construction of the aircraft increased significantly in weight, new chassis designs were required. Now they consist of stamped steel wheels, soft tires, metal struts made of particularly durable materials, spring or hydraulic shock absorbers.

From the history of the absolute world flight speed records: In 1923, the American firm "Curtiss" produces a series of new aircraft, the flight characteristics of which allow the pilots of the United States of America to establish several records: March 29, 1923 - Pilot R.L. Mogan (Curtiss K-6) - 380.67 km / h; November 2, 1923 - Pilot E. Brown (Curtiss HS D-12 aircraft) - 411.04 km / h; November 4, 1923 - Pilot Alfort J. Williams (Curtiss R-2C-1 aircraft) - 429.96 km / h.

The chassis of the first aircraft was uniform. During the flight, this created additional resistance and significantly reduced the aerodynamic parameters of the device. In the 30s. XX century For the first time, the designs of aircraft, whose chassis was retracted during the flight to special closing niches, usually located in the wings.

At modern jet heavy trucks, it is necessary to install multicrees of particularly fortified chassis. They are carts, for each rack which accounts for up to 10 wheels. In addition, they returned to the use of the nasal chassis. Almost from the very beginning of the aircraft, they refused it, but today the designers believe that it is whether it provides more smooth and safe landing.

Unfortunately, no one knows when a person first raised his head to the sky and drew attention to his frightening dimensions and at the same time fantastic beauty. Not known to us and the time when a person first noticed the birds soaring in the air and in his head he had a thought to follow them. Like any, even the longest way begins with ...

Perhaps the Russian Empire suffered in this period stronger than other states. First world War ended for her by the socialist revolution, which in turn turned into bloody civil War. For the country, there was time for hunger, ruin, chaos. It was not better about the case in the field of aeronautics and aviation. The first attempt to create a Soviet aircraft was undertaken in the years ...

If any of you had to shoot in a dash from a rifle, then you know what denotes the term "return". For the rest I will explain. You probably have ever seen a diver, jumping into the water from a boat, pushes it in the opposite direction. By the same, but a more complex principle a rocket flies, and the simplified version of this process is just ...

"Where are we sailing? - Thought the sailors, looking at the alarm in the distance. - Will we meet an unexpected obstacle in our way - reefs, melels, enemy? " But do you see a lot with the deck of a ships swinging on the waves? Now, if it were possible to rise higher ... Soon on the top of the highest mast, the supervisory post began to arrange. The review has become much ...

During World War II, the designers of fascist Germany have achieved good results in the field of helicopter construction. And this is not by chance, because German generals, considering that the victory in the war depends largely on the equipment, demanded from the aircraft designers to create a wide variety of machines - from jet aircraft to the missiles "U-2", from flying monsters to mysterious coils. Before the start of the war ...

I am ready to argue, few people guess that everyone who knows each air serpent is the oldest aircraft on earth and, therefore, the very first. And the first air serpent was built by very inventive people inhabiting the ancient China. They gave humanity paper, gunpowder, invented fireworks, known to us as salute, built great chinese wall And many more useful things, among whom ...

Talking about aircraft born by engineering idea N.N. Polycarpova, it is impossible not to stay on the aircraft of the initial learning "PO-2" ("U-2") - a legend aircraft. It was a plane on which almost all Pilots of the USSR in the 20-30s committed their first flight. XX century About its reliability, flight characteristics and reliability are legends, and stories about its use during the second years ...

At the beginning of the 20s. In the USSR, an attempt was made to create the first fighter of his own design - "I-1" ("IL-400"). The design of the new aircraft was instructed by the Aviation Aviation of N.N. Polycarpov. The first flight of the aircraft ended in failure - the device after takeoff fell on the tail. Specialists of the TsAGI after long-term research managed to find a "disease", which was sick of a new aircraft - the fighter has a sailness center ...

The construction of boat seaps in Russia began in 1913 under the direction of DP. Grigorovich, who, consistently improving a diagram of a single-gauge boat seaplane, has developed a completely efficient model. Based on this model, built according to the multicultural biplane scheme with a pushing air screw, in the spring of 1915, the designer created a very successful double flying boat "M-5". Flying boat "M-5" was significantly different from his ...

Shoulder to shoulder with leading helicopters of the Soviet Union B.N. Yuryev, N.K. Scrinsky and I.P. Bratukhin created their own, who became famous for the whole world of rolling machines A.S. Designers Yakovlev, M.L. Mil and N.I. Kamov. Experimental Design Bureau M.L. Mile was created in 1947. By this time, the OKB team completed the work on the project of the simultaneous aircraft, the first ...

I first saw the aircraft for the first time? Get ready for tricky questions! Why do you need wings, why is it so noise, and how does this huge thing flies? Armed with the children's encyclopedia "Airplanes and Aviation", we accounted for an "aviation crib" for small aviators and their parents.

The people to rise into the sky inspired the birds: watching them, scientists have suffered many secrets of flights. Even the word "aviation" (all mechanisms invented by man capable of flying) occurred from the Latin "Avis" - a bird.

Why does the bird flies and does not fall? Secret in the special form of wings with a convex top. Because of it, the air over the wing flows faster than below, losing pressure - as if "Idle". The pressure difference pulls the bird up - this amazing effect is called the lifting force. It was able to calculate it in 1904 an outstanding Russian scientist Nikolai Zhukovsky, having laid the foundations of the new "air" science - aerodynamics.

Of course, people have no wings, but there is a mind and observation. "Mankind will fly, relying not for the power of muscles, but for the power of the mind!" - said Zhukovsky. And not mistaken. People came up with airplanes, using the idea of \u200b\u200bbird wings creating lifting force. The tail for the aircraft also "seen" by birds - it gives sustainability in flight.

The lifting force is easy to feel, launching the air snake in the windless day - the easiest and most ancient aircraft. In order for snakes to fly, it is necessary to disperse well and pull it. By typing the speed, the snake takes off and floats in the air flow, as if in the river: it holds his lifting force over the ground. But it is worth stopping, and snake will fall to the ground: so that the lifting force acted, a certain speed is needed.

Illustrations from the book.

Children about aircraft: Cognitive fairy tale about the types of planes in pictures for children, video, tasks, games, presentation "What aircraft are and why they are needed" for children.

Children about aircraft

In this article you will find cognitive information about aircraft and games for children on this topic:

1. presentation and fairy tale "What aircraft are" For children with tasks and pictures,
2. why do you need aircraft,
3. logo "Aircraft",
4. fizkultminthki about the aircraftx,
5. finger gymnastics about aircraft
6. outdoor games about aircraft
7. didactic games for children about airplanes.

What aircraft are

Cognitive fairy tale of aircraft for children with developing tasks and pictures

What is it all starting, or why fly on the plane to the island of Palm?

There was a very kind man in one city. It was a very famous vet. Do you know who is such a veterinarian and what does he do? (Listen to the child's answer and specify it if necessary). This is a doctor for animals. And our veterinarian also treated birds, fish, animals. In the city, it was all called respectively - Peter Ivanovich Tabletkin. Or just by last name - Dr. Tabletkin. If a canary got sick or damaged the dog's paw, the inhabitants of the city immediately appealed to him for help. And he helped everyone.

One day, someone knocked on the spring day to the window to the vet. "Who is it?" - Peter Ivanovich was surprised and opened the window. - "BUT! Galkonok. Fly away What brought? Letter? From whom? Let's read - apparently, this is something urgent! ". Peter Ivanovich opened a letter and found out the hand writing of his old friend: "Hello, my friend! Now I work on the island of palm trees in the ocean. We started the epidemic, very many animals got sick, we need help. I really ask to urgently fly to our island and help. Please take with you a set of medicines and more. Your friend Dr. Aibolit.

"Urgently releasing!" - I decided Peter Ivanovich - just leave to duty here instead of myself the veterinarian of PowKrakov and collect my suitcase with medicines for animals. " Having done all these things, the famous vet went to the airport.

Airfield

Near the airport building was the field. Very unusual field. Peter Ivanovich Tabletkin saw different fields. He saw a field for football players - it is called "football". He visited and on the field for playing hockey, it was called ... You already guessed how? (hockey). And the field on which corn grows, he visited - it was called the "corn field". And the field on which rye grows is "rye" field. And field with wheat. Probably, you also know how it was called -? (wheat field).

But on such a field he has never been. It was only some planes. Have you already guessed what it was behind the field and how was it called?

Note: Let the child come with the name of the field, and then specify that This field was called "Light". Why? Yes, because airplanes take off from him! There was a lot of different aircraft and helicopters on the flying field. Peter Ivanovich never flew on airplanes and helicopters, and therefore was confused. What is the plane to me and on what I am to the island of Palm?

Who is such a mechanic (technician)?

Suddenly saw our veterinarian a small airplane with two wings. And the man came to him and opened the door to the cabin. "The pilot came," Peter Ivanovich thought and rushed to the plane. - "Hello. My name is Dr. Tabletkin. I am a veterinarian. I need to urgently fly to help my friend on the island of Palm. There are very many animals on the island. Can you fly there on this plane? You pilot and could help me? "

"I'm glad to meet," the stranger smiled in response. - My name is the mechanic of screws. I am not a pilot. I mechanic And watching the aircraft to be working. My profession is also called "technician". On this airplane to fly to the island of palm trees, of course, you can ". - He shook his head sad. - "But you will fly too long. It is better to sit on the jet aircraft that flies tomorrow to Madagascar, it will be faster. "

The famous veterinarian was very surprised: "I need to the island of palm trees and you need to fly right today. Why am I flying not today, and tomorrow, and even at Madagascar? And why such a strange road will be faster? "

The screws smiled again by Peter Ivanovich and explained: "The jet plane flies much faster than this small airplane. If you fly out today on this airplane, you will fly to the island of Palm five days! And you will have to land several times to complete the aircraft fuel. And the jet plane will bring you to Madagascar on the same day. There you will stop on a small plane and after a few hours you will be in the right place "

Screw and jet aircraft

The doctor became very interested in this message and puzzled mechanics: " And how to distinguish a quick aircraft from slow? So that I do not make a mistake next time. "- Look at these two aircraft. One aircraft has a screw. Therefore, it is called "screw", he flies slowly. Find the screw from the aircraft in the picture.

And another screw is no screw. He called "reactive"And flies very quickly!"

Task child: Find in the picture screw aircraft I. jet aircraft. What do they differ from each other?

Airplane wing forms: direct, triangular, sweatshop.

"Yeah, I understood!" - I exclaimed Peter Ivanovich. - "So if the plane has a screw, he flies slowly! And somehow you can also distinguish the aircraft speed from the aircraft slow? " The technician of the screws gladly began to explain further: "There is another important sign. it the shape of the wing at the aircraft. Look at this photo. What does the wing look like? "

- "On the arrow!" "Dr. Tabletikin immediately replied. "Yes," confirmed with the pleasure of screws. - " This aircraft the wing has the appearance of the boom, so such a wing we call "sweat". If the fetched wing, then the plane flies faster, because such a wing is better disseminated by air at high speed. And if the wing is direct - then the speed of the aircraft below. "

- And back what wings come from airplanes? - the doctor asked - the vet.

- It happens triangular wing, such aircraft are designed for very high speeds (such speeds are also called supersonic). Look at the photo of this aircraft - he has a triangular wing.

There is I. planes with a straight wing. They fly slower all other aircraft.

Task for children: find planes in the picture below: with a straight wing, with a triangular wing, with a sweep wing.

Answers to the task for children "What aircraft are": blue Square - airplane with a triangular wing, green circle - a plane with a straight wing, a yellow square and a red circle - aircraft with a sweep wing.

Why do you need different planes?

"And what is" supersonic velocities and supersonic aircraft? "Pyotr Ivanovich Tabletkin asked.

— « Supersonic call planes that fly so quickly that overtake the sound from their flight. The plane has already flown, and the sound has not yet reached us. Such aircraft fly twice as fast as ordinary jet aircraft, "the mechanic explained.

"I want to fly tomorrow to the island of palm trees on a supersonic aircraft!" Peter Ivanovich revived.

- "You can, then you can land, most likely will not work. The island is then small, and the supersonic aircraft will not have time to slow down on the flight field, "the screws clarified.

- "BUT Why do you need such small planes as the one whom we stand? He is with a screw, which means slowly flies. And they do not fly quickly on it. And in addition, he is also small. And this means that there are no cargo on it. Why then is it generally needed? " - asked Peter Ivanovich.

-"ABOUT! This is a very important and very necessary aircraft. He has one extremely important property. You see, this aircraft has two large wings. And they are located one over the other, so it can take off and sit on very small sites. And even can sit on the Piglet of the Earth on the island or in the forest.

Quest to children: Do you know what "Piglet of the Earth" is and where did this word come from?(Piglet is a five-terrible coin. Now, this word is also called a five-core coin. Pigatch is also called a very small piece of the earth. And there is a patch from the pig - it is also round and small).

The technician of the screws continued: "Where the jet plane can not sit, this airplane will be able to land. Therefore, such aircraft fly for short distances to the nearest villages and take passengers and cargoes in them. First, passengers and cargo deliver large reactive aircraft to the central big Airport. And already from it on small airplanes they are delivered from this big City and the main airport in small towns and villages. "

Military aircraft

Suddenly, Tabletucks saw on the edge of a flying field the aircraft without screws. And they came in the pilots. He happily exclaimed: "Here are the planes you need! They are without screws, which means they are jet. And they have triangular wings, it means they will fly to the island of palm trees very much - very quickly, even faster sound. Can I fly on them to Madagascar right today? And from Madagascar I'm on a small plane to the island you need "

"Of course, this aircraft flies faster than any passenger. But it is not so easy to fly on it! " - answered the mechanic. - "After all, this is a military aircraft and there is no place for passengers in it. You see, the cab is designed for one pilot, and a rocket hang from below. "

"See, and another plane has two cabins. The second cabin is probably designed for a passenger? " - asked the veterinarian.

"No, in the back of the cabin for the pilot should sit the navigator. He tells the pilot where to fly. This is a military aircraft. All military aircraft places for passengers are not provided. Therefore, there are no portholes on military aircraft, "the screws replied.

Tasks for children:

Exercise 1. The navigator always sits behind the pilot. Find on the photo of the aircraft of the pilot cockpit and the kabin of the navigator.

Task 2. And what do you think this is what plane is a passenger or military? Why do you think so? How to distinguish by appearance Military aircraft from passenger?

Cargo planes

"Please tell me how can you transport animals from the island to my clinic for treatment. Elephants and giraffes are very large and heavy, they will not fit into the passenger plane, "Tablechin asked.

"ABOUT! There are special aircraft for this. They are called freight. There are no portholes in the cargo plane.It has very large doors in order for heavy loads to it. Look, here on our flight field there is a loading of the plane. So that the cargo fit in the plane, this aircraft has a nose and tail open out - as if it is the door!

I began to go up the nose freight aircraft. And he opened as if it was not a nose, but a big door to the plane!

Here is ahead of the aircraft instead of its nose, a special ramp, according to which the equipment can be found in the cargo plane. And behind the cargo plane open the cargo flaps. Behind a cargo aircraft, too, there is a ramp for check-in on the aircraft.

The plane is ready for loading!

Look at what big cargo plane! Another smaller plane can fit into such a plane, and large cars, and even train cars, and a big boat and even a few helicopters, and tanks, and construction equipment, and a lot of cars and a bus! "

Task for children: Look at the pictures and tell me that these cargo aircraft will be transported by air.

Peter Ivanovich was in admiration from the cargo aircraft and their capabilities: "Now I will be calm for large animals! And I will know that if necessary, they can be transported to any animal hospital on the mainland. And what other planes are except military, passenger and freight? "

What other planes are?

The mechanic of screws was silent in response and showed the tabletkin an unusual photo. Look at him. What do you think here is going on here and what are the threads pull from the first aircraft to others? (Listen to any assumptions of children, and then tell about these aircraft). He explained:

« These are planes - tankers. What do you think they are so called - "tankers"? (Listen to the answers of children and their reflections and guesses). The cargo plane put a large tank for fuel and hoses hoses to which filled airplanes are docked for refueling. It is done so that they can gain fuel right in flight, not sitting on the ground. "

Here is another plane - the tanker.

There are on our flight field and tutorials. What do you think they are so called? Yes, these aircraft learn to fly. They are very small. They are only two places: for the pilot - an instructor and pilot who learns to control the aircraft.

There are I. sports aerobatic aircraft. They have only one place - for the pilot - an athlete. He shows on this plane shape of the highest pilot.

Suddenly there was a loud noise. And on the runway - the landing band landed a large passenger aircraft. "He will fly to Madagascar tomorrow morning," said the screws. - "And now after landing and disembarking passengers, I will go to prepare him for tomorrow. Come tomorrow, and you fly away to it. "

Peter Ivanovich Tabletkin thanked Wit for help. And the next morning, he was already flying on the plane to Madagascar.

What is a seaplane and aircraft-amphibia?

In the evening, the plane landed on Madagascar Island. And the vet went to the airport building to learn how to fly to the island of palm trees.

"Sorry, but flights to the island of Palm are canceled. Two days ago, a storm took place on the island and destroyed the take-off strip. Her recovery will take several days, "the dispatcher told him.

"How can I be?" - asked upset Peter Ivanovich. "I am so important to get to the island as quickly as possible to help people and animals that fell into trouble."

"Let's send you to the island of palm trees with a hydraulic agent!" - offered him a dispatcher. - or airplane - amphibian.

"And what is it?" - Surprised veterinarian.

"The word" hydro "means liquid. Seaplane - This is a plane that does not need a runway. He can sit right on the water. And even better to use in such cases airplane - amphibian.Amphibians are creatures that can live in water and in air. And this plane can take off from the ground, and from the water, so it was called it. The airplane - amphibians bottom like a boat, but there are wheels like an ordinary aircraft. "

"I am ready to fly on an amphibious plane," Tabletkin was delighted.

"Go to the exit number 15. Aircraft - Amphibian flies after one hour."

A few hours later, the plane - Amphibian sat on the sea next to the island of Palm. All passengers were invited to transfer to the boat, and the boat delivered them to the port. "Hurrah! As well, that you came to us so quickly, "- happily met a friend Dr. Aibolit. - "I sailed here on the boat for a month. How did you manage that?". I helped the mechanic screws to choose the aircraft and the route here. I will tell you later in more detail. " And friends went to treat animals who have long been waiting for their help.

Children about aircraft: Why do you need aircraft

Airplanes are invented by people to ensure fast transportation of people and cargo. No land and water transport can now move with such a speed as a plane.

After familiarizing with a fairy tale, your child already knows many functions that perform aircraft by helping people. Finally this information.

Why do you need aircraft for their functions:

• Military aircraft We need to protect their homeland from enemies. These can be fighters, bombers, scouts, attack aircraft, landing, refueling.
• Cargo planes Cargo transport.
• Passenger planes People and their luggage are transported.
• Sports planes Participate in competitions.
• Tutorials Used to train flyers and navigator flights.
• Agricultural Airplanes handle the fields with harvest and protect them from pests.
• Meteorological planes - Explore clouds, typhoons, affect the weather (cause rain or stop them, accelerating the clouds).
• Sanitary and rescue aircraft - Transport patients and wounded, assist affected people.
• Fire airplanes Forest fires extinguished.
• Experimental aircraft and aircraft - flying laboratories - Serve for testing new designs and engines.

Luggage: aircraft

During the student imaginary travel at the airfield for dating a child with different types of aircraft, you will want to relax along with children. Make exercises logotricks for kids to relax!

Luggage "Airplane": first option

Hands to the side - in the flight
We send a plane.
(straight hands aside, run in a circle)

Right wing forward
(Right straightened hand put forward a little bit)
Flying our plane.

Left wing forward
(Left straightened hand put forward a little bit)
Turned our plane.

We flew high
(raise your hands higher)
We flew low.
(I'm sinking a little)
We flew far away
Flew close.

Second version of the logo exercise "Airplane"

Well, pilots pilots,
Prepared to flight
(Children stand straight, hands down, posture proud, shoulders are stripped).

To the plane approached
And on the ladder up rose
(Machine or depict the input by trap).

Flight begins,
Rug our plane.
(The children are squatted on one knee, putting hands to the sides as an airplane wings and buzz: Uuuu)

Up rose, flew.
(Children stand on their feet, straightened hands on the sides)
The pilot to the right looked,
(Turn your head to the right)
The pilot looked left
(Turn the head left).

Quickly flew forward
Funny airplane.
(Hands on the sides, quick run on socks in a circle)

Third version of the loggery "Airplane"

Flies plane
I am going to fly with him.
(Show hand in the sky)

Right Wing Distracy
(Pull the right hand to the side, look at the fingers)
Left wing
(Pull the left hand to the side, look at the fingers)

I'm moving the motor
(Children make rotational movements with hands in front of them)
And carefully follow.

Raisit in Vashko - I-U-U-y
(You need to climb on socks, dilute your hands on the sides and run in a circle)

I'm flying to landing
I want to land.
(Children land on one knee, hands lowered)

Didactic game "Airplanes"

Didactic game "Airplanes". Option 1. For children of senior preschool age. Arrange four flight fields: for passenger aircraft, for cargo aircraft, for military aircraft and for sports and training aircraft.

Ask children to guess why you need a plane shown in the picture.

The child needs to decompose pictures of aircraft by groups according to the appointment of the aircraft by sending each aircraft to the aircraft suitable for him and explaining why he believes that this is a cargo plane or what is a passenger aircraft.

Pictures for this game you will find in the article

Didactic game "Airplanes". Option 2. Game for kids. Goal game - Razvitia auditory attention. Offer the child to guess, the plane is high or low. If you are trembling a high voice, the plane flies high, if low is low.

Didactic game "Airplanes". Option 3. Game for children of junior preschool age.

Stay in front of a child 4 - 8 rectangles of different sizes (for the smallest take four figures, for older children - six or eight figures) - these are flying fields (airfields). They must be laid out before the baby as a serial row - that is, from the smallest to the largest.

Explore the silhouettes of different sizes in the silhouettes. The number of aircraft must correspond to the number of rectangles.

The task of the child is to lay out the airplanes in the serial row in magnitude (from the smallest to the largest) and pick up each aircraft suitable for him "flight field". Those. Arrange the aircraft on "airfields" in accordance with their magnitude.

Didactic game "Airplanes". Option 4. For the smallest.

With 2-3 years old, you can give pictures of aircraft cut into parts. Use for this picture from the first version of the game "Airplanes". For the smallest we divide the picture on 2 equal parts, then on 3-4 parts. For older children, you can divide the picture with broken lines to a larger number of parts.

Didactic game "The plane flies". For children of senior preschool age

The game is developing The ability to navigate the sheet of paper tracing the function of the gaze, develops the ability to note and breed the visual axes of the child's eye.

First option.

You will need taketon - landing stripes. Draw "take-off - landing strip" for an airplane - a vertical rectangle. Divide it with a vertical feature into two parts. On the right side of the take-off band, draw the up arrow up, on the left - the down arrow.

The course of the game. Offer the child to repeat the movement of the aircraft with a look, focusing on the arrows on the take-off - landing band. Our plane moves along the runway forward (slip view on the right side of the rectangle up to the end of the strip). The plane turns left, makes a turn and turns back. And it follows on the left side of the strip along the arrow (from top to bottom). Again the reversal and moving forward. Now we will try to make these movements with a look faster.

Second option

You will need square 4 x 4 cells. Draw such a square on a sheet of paper. Cells should be very large. In the future, you can increase the number of cells in the square to give more complex to the child.

Make two identical squares - one you give a child, and the other will be in your hands.

Put the point in one of the cells. It has a plane.

The course of the game. You dictate the route of the aircraft, moving at the same time the chip on the cells of your field, and the child traces his look. Need to leave the route. First, the route is 3-4 strokes. For example: "One cage up. Two cells to the right. One cage down. Three cells left. Report, where is the plane? ". Compare a place on your "Map" of the flight and what happened to the child.

If the child is difficult to follow the look or it is still not very easy oriented in space, then at first you can make movements with a chicken. And only then make them in a mental plan and track look.

Fizkultminutki "Airplane"

Fizkultminutka can be performed at any time when you see that the child needs rest. Choose from this compilation about the aircraft of that physical attachment, which will also like you and your babies!

Fizkultminutka about the plane "We fly over the clouds"

We fly over the clouds.
(Hands to the side)
Masha Pope, Masha Mama.
(In turn Masha with both hands)

See how the river flows
(Show your hands waveguide movement)
We see a fisherman boat.
(Show your hands like a fisherman throws a fishing rod)

Careful: Mount!
(Tilt to the left - right)
Time to land!

(Sit on one knee, hands on the sides)

Fizkultminutka "Airplanes Top"

Children on the first line make rotational movements with their hands in front of the breast. On the second line, children straighten their hands to the sides as the wings of the aircraft and "fly" (running in a circle). On the third line - squat. On the fourth again fly.

Airplanes tugged,
Airplanes flee
In the glade quietly sat down
Yes, and again flew.

Fizkultminutka "flew our plane"

Flew, flew,
We are handpacked by hand.
(Children rotate hands in front of the breast)

Hands to the side - in the flight
Send an aircraft
(Children dilute straight hands to the sides)

Right wing forward
(Turning the body to the right with the right hand of the right hand)
Left wing forward.
(Turning the body to the left with the head of the left hand forward).
Once, two, three, four - our plane flew.

(Running in a circle with diluted with straight hands)

Fizkultminutka "A plane appeared"

Hands we put a traffic police:
A plane appeared.
(Hands to the side.)

Mach wing there and here
(Slopes left-right.)
Do "times", do the "two".
(Turns left-right.)
Once and two, time and two!
Once and two, time and two!

Hands to keep the sides,
Look at each other.
(Hands on the sides, turns left-right.)
Once and two, time and two!
Once and two, time and two!

We will lower your hands down
At the seats, sit down! (Children lower hands down and sit in their place)

See, in the sky the plane,
And in the plane Tom pilot.
Road deftly controls
And between the clouds flies.

Under the aircraft - then the mountain
Then the forest is dense, then Nora,
Then the people are divided into the sky
Then the hares will drive away rounds (author - Alexander Estafaev)

What movements are made under this song you will see in the video below. First, the song is spoiled at a slow pace, then faster and faster.

Fizkultminutka for the smallest "plane wings plane"

Zhu-zhu, zhu-zhu-zhu,
I start the motor.
(Rotating movements with hands in front of the breast).
Stepped the wings of the plane,
We go to the flight
U-U-U-Uuuuu
We fly to Moskuouuuu! (Hands on the sides, running on the socks) flew.

Fizkultminutka "We are aircraft today"

We are airplanes today
(Children sit and make rolling movements - "Motor")
We are not children, we are pilots.
(Cotton in your hands).
Hands - Nose, And Hands - Wings
(Touch your finger to the nose, and then straighten your hands aside as wings)
Flew squadron. (Running, hands to the sides).

Children about aircraft: Movable game "Airplanes"

Game 1. The game "Airplanes" to fix the correct pronunciation of sound r.

Children make rotational movements with hands in front of the breast - "Motors are driving" and they say RRRRR. Then run in a circle, holding straightened hands to the sides as an airplane wings. In the words "Aircraft, landing!" Children must quickly "fly" on the airfield and sit on one knee, holding hands to the side like wings.

Game 2. Movable game "Aircraft". In this game, children will get acquainted with the teams that the pilot dispatcher gives.

In the game on airplanes, children will also learn to act according to the Singhal, as well as run around the site in different directions, without pushing each other.

Show children all game actions.

An adult executes the role of the dispatcher gives a signal: "Run the engine!", And the children make the rotational movements with their hands in front of the breast. Next, an adult as a dispatcher says: "Check off, take off. Fly! ", And children are bred straight hands to the sides and fly around the site.

At the end of the game there is a signal: "For landing! Check on the parking lot, "and children resort to the" airfield "(the place where the airfield is located, he speaks to the start of the game).

There may be other dispatcher commands: "Fog! Deploy. Fly on a spare airfield "," Choose a thunderstorm "," You are dangerous to come closer. Save the road to the aircraft .... (name) "

Note: In this mobile game, the child learns what could be in flight and how to respond to these events to the pilot. Children will be able to use this information in their plot and directories with airplanes.

Fingering gymnastics "Airplane"

Fingering gymnastics "I will build a plane"

For finger gymnastics We will use the poem V. Shishov "I will build an airplane."

I will build a plane
Helmet Nadnu, and flying.
Through wavy fogs
I will fly to other countries
Above the seas and forests,
Above the mountains and fields
Flying the whole ball earthly,
And then I will return home.
V. Shishkov

Movement with hands in finger gymnastics "Airplane": option 1.

• first line. Children knock their cams about each other.
• second line. Children are depicting how they put the helmet on the head.
• third and fourth lines. Wave-shaped movements with both hands.
• fifth line. The right hand in the eyebrows seems to be looking away.
• sixth line. Left palm near eyebrows - we look at the distance.
• seventh Stitch - Draw in the air Right hand
• the eighth line - we do the shape of the figure - the "roof" - both hands.

Another version of the finger gymnastics "Airplane"

• first line. Straight hands weighing as a plane wings.
• second line. Two hands show a helmet above the head.
• third and fourth lines. The child puts the palm on the table with the back side and moves with all her fingers on both hands, slightly raising them from the table surface.
• the fifth and sixth line - we make the "splashing" movements with all the fingers of both hands at the same time.
• seventh lines - clasp by both hands imaginary ball
• the eighth line - we crossed your hands (the left hand looks right, and the right - to the left and move the fingers of both hands as the wings of the birds)

Fingering gymnastics "Plane will build yourself"

You will need an ordinary pencil. Put the pencil on the middle of the middle finger of the right hand (the brush is palm down). Skip another pencil under index and nameless fingers (it makes an adult). It turns out a plane of two pencils. The child depicts his plane under poems A. Barto:

The plane will build themselves
Let's go over the forests.
Let's go over the forests,
And then we will return to mom.

Then repeat this movement with the other hand.

Fingering gymnastics "Flies high-high"

The right hand of the child depicts the plane: you need to dilute and straighten a thumb and a ring finger. This is the wings of the aircraft. And the other three fingers (index, medium and unnamed) hold next to each other, without breaking them apart (this is the case of the aircraft).

Flies the aircraft highly high
It's not easy for him to land!
(Children move the hand - the plane in different directions, following the wings of the aircraft "watched" to the side, and that the aircraft body is united and not separated into separate parts).

The pilot behind the circle makes a circle.
He is the plane of comrade and friend!
(Children make moves in a circle with hand - plane).

Plane sat on the runway,
Farward ran - and finished flight.
(The children give the hand - the plane on the table, move it on the table and stop the hand).

The doors opened, under the lace land,
And passengers meet friends.
(Dilute palm)

Presentation for children about airplanes

You can also download the same presentation on a cognitive fairy tale about aircraft in our group VKontakte "Development of a child from birth to school" (see section "Documents" group on the right under the community video recording).

Video for children about aircraft

In this video, children will learn about unusual aircraft pool, amphibious aircraft airplanes. The video will be interested in school children and adults. This video of my favorite TV channel "My joy".

And one more video of the same TV channel for children - video about aircraft - giants and what is aircraft.

More about aircraft for children:

34 Riddles for children of preschool and younger school age. Types of riddles. How to compose a riddle about the plane along with the child.

We prepared this article specifically for the boys of the site "Native path" as a gift for the holiday on February 23 together with my husband.

The informative fairy tale for children about aircraft and their views and a presentation created for children My husband Andrei is an aircraft designer by profession. And I am the author of this site - has developed games and tasks for children on the topic "Children about aircraft." We included only those information about the aircraft that the child can use in their travel games, in designing, drawing, modeling, appliques, depicting different types of aircraft in them.

We tried to take into account the main requirement for a cognitive fairy tale for a child - so that he himself actively participated in it, asked questions, compared, analyzed, discussed, made conclusions, argued, and not just remembered. And I really hope that we succeeded! We will be grateful for your comments on this article.

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