Fragment of the Chinese wall on theatrical square. Moscow. The Chinese wall is constructed in 1533-38 under the leadership of the Italian architecture of Petro (Peter) Small. Folded from bricks with an inner stone stonewood on a white-chain base, ... ... Moscow (Encyclopedia)
Kitai-Gorod wall - Single walls A (in Moscow) ... Russian spelling dictionary
Kremlin Wall - This term has other meanings, see Kremlin Wall (values) ... Wikipedia
Belgorod Wall - A. Vasnetsov. Lubyanny bargaining on the pipe (on the site of the model. Pipe Square) Belogorodskaya or Belgorod Wall of Laminated ... Wikipedia
China town - This is an article about the historic district of Moscow; You may need an article about the metro station of the same name. China city on map of Moscow V. M. Vasnetsov. Street to China city. XVII century. Canvas, oil, 1900 ... Wikipedia
China town - This term has other meanings, see China City (Values). Historic District in Moscow China City ... Wikipedia
KOROGOROUS PART - Chinese passage. Moscow. Kitchensky passage (until 1992 Chinese passage), between and. It may have existed as a road from Kiev and Smolensk to Rostov and Suzdal already in the XII century. In 1534-38, a wall was built along the modern passage, before ... ... Moscow (Encyclopedia)
Moskvoretskaya Embankment - Moskvoretskaya embankment. Moscow. Moskvoretskaya embankment on the left bank, between and. Moskvoretskaya embankment leads and. With the opposite coast of Moscow, the river is connected and bridges. Along Moskvoretsky embankment was a wall (behind her parallel ... ... Moscow (Encyclopedia)
Old Square (Moscow) - This term has other meanings, see the old area. Old Square Moscow ... Wikipedia
Iverly Chapel - (The Iverland of the Mother of Mother Chapel) in Moscow, in the Resurrection Gate of China. One of the main shrines of the Russian people. According to the tradition of Orthodox Russian people who came to Moscow, be sure to pray to the chapel before the icon ... ... Russian history
Books
- Kitai-Gorod wall. Restoration before demolition, Ovsyannikova Elena Category: Architecture. Sculpture Publisher: Moscow, which is not, Buy for 1996 rubles
- Kitai-Gorod wall. Restoration before demolition. Articles, diaries, drawings, photos from the archive N. D. Vinogradov, Ovsyannikova Elena, the book is devoted to one of the restoration works of the Moscow architect Nikolai Dmitrievich Vinogradov and illustrated by numerous photos and drawings. The book includes articles ... Category: Architecture, Construction, Geodesy Publisher:
Chinese wall - one of ancient facilities Moscow, located in the old district of China-city. To China and its residents, Moscow toponyms have a very indirect attitude. In the XVI century All foreign fabrics were customary to be called "Chinese", in addition, this word was denoted by major trading places.
Construction history
- The second Moscow Posad, first was. Traders and artisans, hoping in the event of an attack on the area to hide behind the Kremlin walls. Gradually, Posad grew, and it was decided to build another wall, turning the China city into an impregnable fortress.
The construction was entrusted to the Italian architecture of Petroku Small, who began work in 1534. Already in 1538, a powerful brick wall closed around China-city.
Petroca used to build an burned red brick, the walls of the wall was made of white stone. Total length The Chinese wall was 2.5 km, the area of \u200b\u200bthe indoor space is 63 hectares, which is twice as much as the territory inside the Kremlin.
The beginning of the wall was located at the Kremlin Arsenal Tower, then it stretched to the current theatrical square, turned in the southeastern direction, reached Lubyanka, old square, Moskvoretsk, Embankment and ended at the Beclemishev Tower.
The Chinese wall is half below the Kremlin (7 meters versus 14-16), but exceeds it in thickness (6-7 m against 3.5-5). The warriors could quickly move around the wall, suddenly turning out to be at any point of the outer ring of China-city.
The central part contained a platform for the placement of large cannons. The martial bridgehead was so great that it could be driving on a sled of two horses. The Chinese wall has become a real breakthrough in Russian fortification - never earlier in the country has not been created so reliable and powerful fortresses.
All over the perimeter, the walls were located coarse - in the lower, upper and middle parts of the shaft. Such a structure allowed to proceed to the reflection of the attack of the enemy from long-range approaches. Under the serf wall there was a complex system of dungeons in which food, weapons, shells were kept.
Underground passages - "Rumors" were used to detect enemy subcoops. The upper part of the wall was a fence from classic rectangular teeth with braces inside. Like the Kremlin, the Karso city wall had a system of towers, which were fourteen. The drawings of real masterpieces of fortification art are preserved - a round tower, angle tower, theological tower, a quadrangular tower, the Bezchenskaya Tower, a multifaceted tower, a deaf tower. Until our times, only one tower of the Kittle Wall was reached - bird.
For the passage of transport and aisles of residents of the city, the gates were used - Spasski, Neglinny, Sretensky, Barbarian, Trinity, Kozmodemyansky, Ilinskie, Resurrection and Nikolsky. Now there are only one gate -. They are located at the main entrance to the Red Square, next to Historical Museum. These gates are accurate recreating the original XVI building structure. - The historical monument was demolished in 1931
In 1572, the Chinese wall saved the dressing of ruin. This year, the Tatar prince Devlet-Girey once again attacked Moscow, but the fortress tree in front of the China city of his army never risked to storm. In troubled time, the wall served Muscovites. Dear service: Polish invaders used a protective structure for defense from militias and a fire.
In the XVIII century The wall ceased to use with military targets, part of the Moscow public called on Emperor Alexander I to demolish it. The king refused, on the contrary, he gave an orders to repair the walls, towers and a gate.
At the end of the XIX century. Under the leadership of the architect S. Rodionov, large-scale restoration work was carried out.
Modern condition
Unfortunately, only minor fragments and one original tower survived from the Keystroy Wall. The main blow to this monument of the Old Russian architecture was inflicted in the 30th of the 20th century. At this time, the so-called Stalinist reconstruction of the city began, during which the central streets were supposed to expand. Make it planned due to the set architectural monuments, among other things, at the expense of the Kilitary Wall.
In 1930, the construction equipment destroyed the Vladimir gate, and in 1934 the work on the demolition of the walls were almost completed. Only small areas of defensive construction in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Revolution Square, theatrical Square area, China-City metro station, and in the Kingway passage are survived.
The preserved parts give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe scale of the Kittle Wall. Loafers, storm drains, teeth, Parapedes: Each detail says that an effective defensive structure was created by Petrokom, allowing months to fight back from the strongest enemy. In fact, it was a wide tract for the movement of troops raised to a significant height. The wall made the fighters almost invulnerable, whereas they could freely use guns, they were singing other types of firearms.
Bird Tower
The only one of the original towers of the Knee Wall has reached to our time - Bird Tower.
Despite the uniqueness and status of the object cultural heritage The peoples of the Russian Federation, this construction of the ancient Russian fortification is not in the best condition, especially from the inside.
The name of the tower is not historical, the toponym was formed about at the beginning of the XX century. Such a name tower received for appearance - Unlike the rest of the walls of the wall, the edging of the tower is made in the form of a teeth of the "swallow tail", like on the walls of the Kremlin.
The tower was built by Petrokom Small in 1534. This is a classic semicircular fortifications of red brick. In 1870, the tower was successfully integrated into the Tretyakov Gate, becoming their right wing, it was this fact that the structure was preserved during the Stalinist reconstruction.
Looking at the Kremlin from the Red Square and the Rib, China-the city gave the name of the wall surrounding it around the perimeter for almost four centuries. Now only fragments remained from the wall ...
Vladimir Gate of China-Cities and Panteleimon Chapel. 1890-E.
Photo RIA Novosti.
How often have to hear from our capital's guests a naive question: "Why is the metro station called" China City "? Do you have that Chinese quarter here? " And such an assumption is made not only tourists, but often Muscovites themselves.
In addition to confusion with the title, many are mistaken in the localization of the very place under the name of China-city: Today, in Moscow everyday life, the area of \u200b\u200bthe Street Street, Solyanka, Malaseki, Lubyansky, Starosadsky Lane is designated. This is the trend of recent years, which arose due to the fact that the metro station of the same name is located outside the borders of the historic China-city. At the same time, the surroundings of Nikolskaya Street, Ilinki and Barbarbarks today are much less likely called the China City. Although it is here that he is!
Why did such a displacement happen? The point is not only in the unsuccessful renaming of the metro station, but also in the almost complete loss of the historic wall that served the border of China-Cities.
"Treated Grad Kamen Staviti China"
480 years ago, in 1535, with a small great prince Ivan IV. (He will become king after 12 years), the regent in which his mother was the construction of a new wall for the Moscow Posad. By that time, the capital of the Grand Durability has long been outside the Kremlin: a land-populated territory appeared from his eastern side, which first of all commercial importance and aburred by temples.
Before the eastern border of the Posad, which went about the modern Big Cherkasy Lane, was framed by the RV, but in the second quarter of the XVI century such a protective system was no longer suitable for the defense of Moscow in the event of an opponent's attack. It became clear even at the Board of Father Ivan IV - the Grand Duke Vasily IIIwhich historians suggest that the creation of more powerful fortress walls for pose after a raider of Crimean Khan Mehmed Girea In 1521. Therefore, the construction of new fortifications came across seriousness.
Elena Glinsky. Reconstruction S.A. Nikitin
First, the "draft" of the new wall appeared: in 1534 by decree Elena Glynskaya The means for the construction of earth and wooden walls were collected. The great princess sacrificed a considerable amount for work, and the Moscow Metropolitan and many boyars followed it. Strengthening was built in just a year and was a deep ditch with an earthen shaft, on the ridge of which was located in the rush, intertwined by rods and landed land. It is important that now the area of \u200b\u200bPosada has now increased: the wall passed after the line of the Greater Cherkasy Lane, indicating the future border of China-city.
According to the "Piskarevsky Chronicler",
In 1535, Maja on the 16th day of Prince Great Ivan Vasilyevich All Russia and his mother Elena commanded Grad Kamen Staviti China "
By the way, according to one of the versions, this name, which is misleading modern Muscovites and guests of the capital, appeared precisely then: The bunch of Zherdess or the rods used in the construction of tremendous fortifications, called "China" (with an emphasis on the last syllable), in connection with which And Posad, who received new frontiers, became referred to as China-city, that is, the city surrounded by China. However, there are other versions - about the possible Mongolian origin of the name (in Mongolian "China" - "Middle City") and even emerging parallels with European analogues ("City" in London, "Site" in Paris and the Italian word Cita, which So translates - "City").
Building China City. Miniature from royal book. XVI century
Valentin County / RIA Novosti
A hurry in the construction of fortifications, apparently, was caused by the relevance of a military threat, which for Moscow proceeded primarily from the Crimean Tatars. However, in the same 1535, when the work was completed, new construction turned out: an earthen shaft with a frequency, apparently, was conceived as temporary strengthening in case of a sudden attack of the enemy, so that later to give way to a more modern and perfect system. Anyway, the "Piskarevsky Chronicler" reports that in 1535 Maya at the 16th day of Prince Great Ivan Vasilyevich All Russia and his mother Elena commanded Grad Kamen Staviti China. " The future fortress was solemnly consecrated by Metropolitan Moskovsky Daniel, who with a congestion passed through the planned walls, after which the wizard of the construction business was installed the first stones. Three years left for the construction of a fortress wall, equipped with the latest European fortification science of that time.
Supervised the works of the invited Italian, marked in Russian sources as Petridge Small Fryazin. Previously, he has already established himself as a grand work in the village of Kolomna, where the church of the Ascension of the Lord in honor of the appearance of the Great Prince was built under his boss. Vasily III the long-awaited heir - the future king Ivan IV. (Today, the Ascension Church in Kolomensky is an object World Heritage UNESCO). In just three years, the construction of the wall was completed, and she herself was named by the S.B. However, Muscovites were often called it simply Chinese, without communicating with a large asian country. Even church forty - a unit of administrative and territorial division for Moscow temples - was called Chinese here.
Monument of serf architecture
What was the new wall? It was connected in two places with the Kremlin wall: on the shore of the Moscow River, resting in the Beklemishevskaya Tower, and on the banks of the rough, resting in the angular arsenal tower. Thus, inside the Kremlin wall and the eastern part of the Wall, the Kremlin region turned out to be a territory of 63 hectares (that is, it has more than twice the territory of the Kremlin). In the length of the new wall had a solid length - 2567 meters. If you read the wall line modern Map Moscow, then it will be along the squares of the revolution and theatrical, at theatrical passage, turning on the southeast on the Lubyanskaya Square, then along the new and old square, then in the Kingway pass, and after graduation, making one more turn, now in the direction To the Kremlin, - in Moskvoretsky Embankment.
Theatrical passage with Trinity Tower and Panteleimonsky chapel. First floor. 1920s
From the archive N.D. Vinogradov
As in the case of the Kremlin, the wall of the China-city found many features peculiar to Italian fortified architecture, which is not surprising, since her architect was Italian. According to some assumptions, Petrifs Small could be familiar with technical ideas. Leonardo da Vinci, as well as their colleagues from Genoa and other cities of Northern Italy.
"The most beautiful monument of serf architecture,
who would rightly be proud of any capital of Europe, if he survived there to the present day "- I wrote about the Kingwear wall in 1925 Igor Grabar
At the same time, the Chinese wall did not copy the Kremlin: it was lower (from 6 to 8 meters instead of a height of 10 to 19 meters in the Kremlin), but thicker (over 6 meters), and therefore it turned out to be more suitable for conducting intensive artillery fire and its reflections. Protected this and powerful white-mounted foundation with wooden pile, providing the wall due sustainability. For large cannons, a wide (4 meters, and in places and more) a combat site, according to which, if necessary, it was possible to even drive a pair of horses. Similarly, not seeing Russian fortification!
The plan of the urban part of the "Atlas of the Metropolitan City of Moscow". 1852-1853 years
The Chinese wall was equipped with the means of maintaining the top, middle and lower battle, at each level there were corresponding loopholes, and all tiers were connected by stairs. There were also existed underground moves Messages with cellars for the storage of ammunition, and "rumors" were located here - special devices for identifying subcoops made by the enemy. Walked by a wall with wide rectangular closets-Merlons, who came to the change of Kremlin "swallow tails". Thus, the fortress structures allowed to maintain the effective defense of the city and to withstand a long siege. Comparing the walls of the Kremlin and China-Cities, it was possible to see how far a fortification thought stepped forward for almost a half century. "The rarest of beauty a monument of serf architecture, which, by law, would be proud of any capital of Europe, if he survived there to the present day," the artist and restorer wrote about the Chinese wall in 1925 Igor Grabar.
Igor Emmanuilovich Grabar (1871-1960) - Russian Soviet painter, restorer, art historian
In accordance with the streets of China-Cities, there were gates in the wall: Nikolsky (more often called Vladimirsky in the neighboring church), Ilinskie and barbaric. Plus, the goat was existed in the charge for a Great Street (the heart of the Moscow River Port and Trade), but with the loss of its importance at the end of the XVII century they were laid. Finally, the double-ranking gate had on the banks of the rivers: Moscow-River - Water (they are SPASSKI), Neglinnaya - Voskresensky (they are Cure, Lion, Iversky). The wall has 14 towers - both travel and deaf. Some institutions and monasteries of China-Cities used the wall as their fence (especially it was convenient on Nikolskaya Street): So the Zaikonospassky and Nikolsky Greek Monasteries were attached, as well as a printed courtyard (in the future Synodal Typography).
Towers, Gate, Wall
By the end of the XVI century, Moscow literally covered with new fortifications - a stone wall of a white city and an earthen shaft with wooden towers and a palico, who established the borders of the earthly city. These strengthens lived to the end of the 18th century, after which they were disassembled by dilapidation, but the boundaries marked them did not disappear anywhere: the wall of the white city gave way to the boulevard ring, and the wall of the Earthly - Garden. In addition, Sukhareva Tower was preserved until 1934, built on the site of the original gate in the wall of the earthly city, and a few years ago it became known about the fragments of the White City wall, which today can be seen on Khokhlovskaya Square.
Ilinsky Gate of China-Cities and Sergiev Chapel. First Sex 1920s
From the archive N.D. Vinogradov
The wall of China-Cities was lucky more: although it was not in the end of the XVIII century, it was also not in perfect condition, then she was left for safe and preservation. Perhaps his role was played by the abundance of the chapels revered in the people with the towers. And there were a lot of them! After all, the icons were published over each gate for tradition, for which chapels began to appear over time.
One of the most famous was located at the barbaric gate, she was consecrated in the name of the Bogolyuba icon of the Mother of God. With this icon, the sad events of the plague rebellion of the 1770-1771 years are connected, which began here, after the declaration of the termination of the prayers before the icon, in order to prevent the distribution of infection. Later, the chapel was created directly inside the tower. Other - Rev. Sergius Radonezhsky - I was in Ilyinsky gates since 1863, she belonged to the Gathering Lavra to the Gafeximan Skit. Nikolsky gates from the XVI century there was a chapel of the Vladimir icon of the Mother of God, instead of which in 1691-1694 for the means of Queen Natalia Kirillovna (Mother Peter I) was built church of the same name. In 1881-1883, in front of it, a huge Panteleimon Chapel was erected. And on the banks of the Moscow River, not far from today's Vasilyevsky descent, stood the chapel of the All-Food Savior.
Already in the second half of the 1920s,
When the restoration of the Kitchen wall was restored, the first alarming bell sounded: the elimination of the chapels at the gate began, and their age did not matter
But none of the chapels could compete in popularity with the Iverskaya from the Resurrection Gate, where from 1669 there was a copy of the List of the Iberian Icon of the Mother of God from Athon. The traditionally high role of the Resurrection Gate of China-Cities, which had the status of the front entrance to the Red Square for Russian kings, as well as ingenic ambassadors played its role in this. Svetka was arranged over the travel arches of the gate, from which the king and the queen could secretly observe foreign processions arriving in the city. Over time, the Resurrection Gate has become also triumphal: through them after their first victories in the northern war solemnly drove into Moscow Peter I..
New area with breakdown gates. Nach 1920s
From the archive N.D. Vinogradov
Of course, as the wall began to lose its fortieth, her appearance changed. So, in the 1680s, the three largest towers - Nikolskaya, Ilinskaya and the barbaric - received decorative tents like those that were decorated with the Kremlin towers. Soon, however, by the Chinese wall for the last time I was able to prepare for the breakdown of combat duty: in 1708, during the Northern War, an attack on Moscow of the Swedish troops of Charles XII was expected, in connection with which, by the decree of Peter I, all Moscow fortress facilities were repaired and put in order In the case of a long siege, along the walls of the China-city there were earthy bastions with Rips, the bottom of which was littered with sharp wooden stakes. As you know, the Swedes did not go to Moscow.
Vladimir Gate of China and the Church of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God. Nach 1920s
From the archive N.D. Vinogradov
The appearance of an ancient wall changed in the future: Near the same three towers, new, so-called breakdown gates were punched - wider than the gate in the towers. Over the years, such a breakdown gate has become more and more. Earth bastions disappeared with Rips. At the beginning of the XIX century, the Chinese wall suffered the first major loss: two-span water gates were disassembled on the banks of the Moscow River. By the way, after the fire of Moscow, 1812 they sounded proposals to fully disassemble the wall and break the boulevard, but this idea was rejected by the emperor Alexander I, who wished to "preserve all the ancient buildings in Moscow in their primitive form." Interestingly, at that time the wall tried to give the kind of more "ancient", which was expressed in the distortion of the appearance of several towers, the construction of countends, which give the wall sustainability, and creating in some areas of "swallow tails", as in the Kremlin, although initially teeth such as We remember, there was no way in the Kitrygorod wall. Even later, in 1871, the Tretyakov passage was laid, connecting Nikolskaya Street with theatrical passage, while the architect Alexander Kaminsky I decided to build a new gate in pseudo-stained Russian style - also with the Kremlin teeth and a tent.
Nikolsky impasse with a clicker. 1920-E.
From the archive N.D. Vinogradov
At the beginning of the twentieth century, many towers of the Kitty Wall served as storage facilities of the Moscow provincial archive. In the round tower, who was also referred to as Zaikonospasskaya in the nearby monastery, was located a museum of poultry farming of the Russian Society of Agricultural Poultry. And the space from Nikolsky (Vladimir) gates chose Moscow buquins.
Stranger the walls built in the XVI century, did not know the repair and acquired an increasingly sloppy view. Traders used ancient fortress facilities to create labazov - repositories of their products that shred out the wall in many areas (in Moskvoretsky embankment there were so many that they almost did not see the wall itself). All this distorted historical look China-cities, for which the Moscow Archaeological Society has not been anxiously paid attention to the alarm, the Staraya Moscow Commission and other antiquity defenders in the first-hearth. But what is important, the historical basis of the wall remained - as if waiting for a high-quality scientific restoration.
"Nobody needs an archaeological trash"
After the revolution, the fate seemed to have walked over the Kitty Wall: the new authorities not only declared her as an architectural monument, but also launched large-scale restoration work, whose peak came to the middle and the second half of the 1920s. First of all, the wall was cleared of numerous foreign attacks: shopping shops, labazov for storage of goods and even "apartments" (some Muscovites managed to arrange their simple life in the arched niches of the wall). As a result of the removal of all late layers, the Kitchen Wall appeared almost in pristine form. At the same time, the restorers tried to solve the transport question, for which new passages for trams and cars were broken in the wall.
Meanwhile, already when restoration, the first alarming bell sounded: the elimination of the chapel began, and their age did not mean. In 1927, a relatively late Sergiev chapel at Ilyinsky gates was subjected to a layer, in 1929 - ancient, who became one of the symbols of the old Moscow, the Iverly Chapel at the Gate of the Resurrection. A little later came the turn and the world itself: in 1931, the Resurrection Gate was destroyed, and in 1934, a section of the walls from the Tretyakovsky passage to the barbaric gate is the most picturesque, with the most interesting towers in architecturally. The analysis of the wall was announced by the Saturday, on which the workers collected a brick for further secondary use in urban construction. "The Kitty Wall applied at least in anyone who does not need an archaeological trash, who does not even have the values \u200b\u200bof the historical monument" - such a deadly sentence was made by the magazine "Construction of Moscow" in the same 1934.
Bar gates at the end of the Small Cherkasy Lane. End of the 1920s
From the archive N.D. Vinogradov
Destruction continued in the 1950s. Only one section of the wall remained untouched, most of which is located behind the Metropol Hotel. It ends with a low round bird tower - the only genuinely survived from the entire Chinese wall. The last chord sounded in 1966, when the remnants of the wall were demolished on Moskvoretsky embankment.
But soon, oddly enough, they remembered the wall as historical monument: In 1968-1973, her site was partially recreated in the People's Republic of China, and even later in the transition from the metro station "Square Nognin" (it was later she will later receive the name "China City") a powerful white-name base of the Barbaric Tower was opened - it was You can see the exit to the city towards the barbarticle. True, security plate for last years Strongly erased, and recently disappeared at all (I want to believe that it is on the restoration). So numerous passersby do not even realize that in front of them is a genuine fragment of the fortress wall, erected during the time of Ivan the Terrible. The site for the hotel "Metropol" with the bird tower still stays in running.
Barbarian Tower of China-Cities. End of the 1920s
From the archive N.D. Vinogradov
The following splash of interest in the Kitchen wall fell in the 1990s when the Resurrection Gate was restored with the Iverly chapel. For the latter on Athos was made new list The Iversky Icon of the Mother of God, presented by Moscow in 1995. The work was carried out using archival materials, so lost monuments managed to recreate quite accurately. Finally, the exit from the metro station "Theatrical" to the only preserved authentic fragment of the wall was attached to the new site with a breakdown gate, leading to Nikolskaya Street, and a large tower in which the restaurant was located. However, it is impossible to name these work with restoration, as the tower is built in other forms: she had a tent, which was not here (his appearance was almost copied from the barbaric tower). Other suggestion suggestions were also sounded - at the end of the Kupil and Moskvoretsky embankment. It is possible that we will see a similar version after the completion of the park organization in the charge.
"Kitchenskaya Wall: Restoration before demolition"
The book album was prepared by the project "Moscow, which is not"
The basis of the book is the diaries records of the restorer Nikolai Dmitrievich Vinogradov (1885-1980), which made restoration work in the Kitgorodskaya wall in the 20s of the 20th century. An important accompanying material is photographs of its archive: more than 80 unique pictures that fix each of the walls, each tower, beautiful species photos of Ilinsky and barbaric gates, Lubyanskaya Square, theatrical passage, Resurrection Gate. When you consider these pictures, it is difficult to accept the fact that all these ancient buildings were lost, and not at all because of war or natural disasters. Therefore, the new book was attempted by the compiors at least "virtually" to restore the historical heritage of Moscow, a happy opportunity to show Muscovites, which could once be seen on well-known areas in the city center. Perhaps, after reading this book of questions about Chinese in China, it will become less ...
Clickable.
A - Iberian Gate (Resurrection, Cret, Lion, Saints, Neglymen).
B - Syconoscope Tower (Round).
In - Bird Tower.
M - Trinity Gate (Quad Cultural).
D - Unnamed Corner Tower.
E - Vladimir Gate (Sretensky, Nikolsky).
Well - theological tower.
And - Ilyinsky Gate.
K - faceted tower (multifaceted).
L - barbaric gate (all -)).
M - Kozmodemyansky Gate (Vasilyevsky).
N is a round corner tower (Zacchievskaya, inexpensive).
P - Nikolomocrinskaya Tower (deaf).
R - Moskvoretsky gates (SPASSKIY, WATER).
In brackets are given options for titles.
Secondly, it was time to talk, where the name "China" - the city did the name occurred. There is no unambiguous explanation for this. As well, there are no unambiguous interpretations of the origin of most Moscow toponyms (starting from the most "main": "Moscow", "Jauza", "Neglinka").
The most common version displays this name from the word "whales" - so in Russia it was called wicker frequencies from two walls with a stupid, of which the first walls of China-city were built. But it does not converge ... China walls were delivered for the year by 1535, as I wrote, and immediately began to rebuild in stone. At the same time, the name "China" is mentioned already in 1535 - remember: "Maya at the 16th day of the prince Great Ivan Vasilyevich All Russia and his mother Elena commanded Grad Kamen Staviti China." Straight for the year it became the name of his own. Not convincing.
Karamzin gave such an explanation: China-city is the middle city "in the meaning of his name in Tatar language." " Middle city"Or" Wall "(Turk.). Must.
And you can remember both English City, and French ILE de la Cité, and the like.
One of the frequently given explanations is and the presence of in the podolia (which comes from where Elena Glinskaya) Town of China-city ( locality With this name and now in Ukraine there is):
And even with butiCA. The castle, however, was not preserved, only cellars remained.
But the initial origin of the name does not explain it anyway.
Here is another quite believable version: "In the first third of the 16th century, the experience of rapid construction of extensive neighboring fortresses was brought to Moscow with Italian engineers. Therefore, it seems, the origin of the term" China city "should be output from Latin" Cita URBS ", which is translated as" fast City ". The word" cita "was uttered by the Italians of 15-16 centuries as" China ", which served as the basis for" China ". Although I myself did not hear how Italians said in 15-16th centuries :)
Choose a version of your taste!
For the monument to the first-satellite, Ivan Fedorov will look into cozy gate:
Photo 1931 Von, this watery is visible.
And we will fall into no less cozy trample - Nikolsky deadlock.
Photo 1910s.
Photo beginning. 1890s.
Photo 1894 The photoabeel "Bychkov and Zhdanov"
On the negative it is written: "Bukinists at the beck of the famous bukinist and collector A.A. Astapova at the breakdown gate in Nikolsky impasse." For Merlonami Walls you can see the shopping building of Hluudov heirs in theatrical passage.
Astapov Athanasius Afanasyevich (1840 Serpukhov, - 1917, Moscow), Russian Antiquarian Bukinist, Bibliophile, who helped all collectors to collect rare editions and engravings, phobs.
But also about the monument to Ivan Fedorov and about Nikolsky Bukinists, so if you want to consider the details, follow the link (there are several posts).
We approach you to Troitskaya (four-trigger) tower.
Photo 1920s. From billy_red.
.
By the 19th century it was a deaf tower, but in the old days there were a travel gate in it. Through the ditch was thrown wooden bridge on christmas.
The Troytsky Tower received its name from the nearby Trinity Church in the fields. About the temple and about these the most fields, as I promised, we will still talk at one time.
Photo Nach.20 century. Left Trinity Tower.
Photo 1928 on the left of the Trinity Tower.
Photo KON.1920-CH.
Photo Nach.1920-kh. Unnamed Corner Tower and Nikolskaya Tower to Restoration.
During research under late masonry, an ancient decor of the tower was discovered.
Photo KON.1920-CH. Unnamed corner tower after restoration.
The tower found inside late masonry. If you look close to the first shot, then you can see the roller on the right. The tower apparently collapsed at some time and it was a peculiar round counterfort. The top of the tower was injected by analogy with the preserved towers (from hitrovka.
).
It is necessary to say a few words here that in the mid-1920s a very decent restoration of the Chinese walls and towers was held, which ended in 1926. During the future, the walk will be well noticeable, as the appearance of the fortress changed in the process of restoration work.
But, alas, then everything in accordance with the saying "painted - and threw out" - renovated and demolished in a few years ...
Photo KON.1900-Hg. Vladimir Bar Gate and Unnamed Corner Tower.
Photo 1920s. Unnamed corner tower and Panteleimon chapel.
Lefte from the Unnamed Corner Tower are Vladimir (Nikolsky, Sretensky) Process Gate to Nikolskaya Street and Vladimir (Nikolskaya, Sretenskaya) Tower. Initially, no breakdown gates in the walls naturally was not. All breakdown gates appeared in XVIII - XIX centuriesWhen the fortress fully lost its defensive value. And when building the gate had in a number of towers. When breaking back the gate, the gates in the towers were laid.
View by Vladimir (Nikolskaya, Sretenskaya) Tower was, in any case, in my opinion, one of beautiful species Moscow.
Photo 1900s.
Photo of the con.19th century. View of the Lubyanskaya Square and Nikolskaya Tower of China-Cities.
(Blue color Panteleimon Chapel I can only explain unsuccessful attempt Coloring a snapshot).
Photo of the con.1910-yd. View of the Lubyanskaya Square and Nikolskaya Tower of China-Cities.
Photo of the con.19th century. Nikolsky gate.
Lubyan Square in winter. 1905. Paper, watercolor, Belil. 47.2x57. State Tretyakov Gallery. K.F. Jun.
Photo Nach.1890s.
Photo of the 1890s.
Photo 1890-1900-Gg. Vladimir Gate and Unnamed Corner Tower.
Photo of 1896 Coronation celebrations. Festive decoration of the Lubyan Square.
Photo 1900s. Postcard ed. M.Kampel.
Photo 1900s. Vladimir Tower, Process Gate and Unnamed Corner Tower.
Photo 1900s. The left of the Nikolskaya Tower is visible to the Lubyan tram electric substation.
Photo 1900-1910-Hg. Lubyansk electrical substation from the Nikolskaya Tower.
Photo KON.1900-Hg. Which flower garden was a pretty on the square. It seems like the Insurance Society "Russia" has tried - decorated the square in front of their buildings.
Photo KON.1900-Hg. And the peasant on the right is good!
Photo beginning. XX century
Top view from the house of a Moscow merchant society in B.Chorkassky Lane. In the depths of the right - a multi-storey building of the telephone station in Milyutinsky Lane (Marylevsky st.); Left - now existing income houses. On the left, between the wall of China-Cities and the facade of the house preserved to this day - a narrow new square and the church of Vladimir Mother of God from the Nikolskaya Tower.
And bigger: 
Photo 1911
Photo 1910s.
Photo 1920s.
Photo KON.1920-CH.
Photo 1919-1921 G.A. Bruntstein. The picture is made from the building of the Insurance Company "Russia". Thank you starr_ina. .
Photo 1928
In the foreground - the building of the Lubyan tram electrofusion.
Photo 1929 S.Tuleza
And views from the inside: 
Church of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God from the Nikolsky Gate of China-Cities. Artist K. Shultz. 1840s.
Nikolsky Gate of China-Cities and Church of the Icons of the Vladimir Mother of God. Artist I.Wesis. 1852
Photo of the 1890s. B. Avanzo.
Photo 1890s - 1900s.
Photo 1910s. Nikolskaya Tower of China-Cities, Church of the Vladimir Mother of God and Panteleimon Chapel. View from the side of the inner travel along the wall.
Photo KON.1910-X - NCh.1920-kh. Nikolskaya Tower of China-Cities, Church of the Vladimir Mother of God and Panteleimon Chapel. View from the side of the inner travel along the wall.
China town. Well, who did not hear about him? In many ways, I think it is the merit of the Moscow metro station of the same place! The first associations and guesses were some kind of trading Sloboda, the active area of \u200b\u200bthe capital at one time ... In part, these assumptions turned out to be correct: by 1535 the capital of the Grand Duch of the Kremlin was already out of the Kremlin, a positive area appeared from his Eastern Party, which had the first The queue of commercial importance, and for its protection back it began the construction of a new wall. Kitchen wall (in ancient Chinese) - Almost the preserved monument of medieval Russian fortification. A fortress wall made of red bricks around the Moscow China-C city of 2,567 meters long with 12 towers was built during the reign of Elena Glinskaya, in 1535-1538, under the leadership of the Italian engineer of the Petka Mall. The purpose of the construction was the defense of the Moscow Posad from similar to the invasion of Makhmet-Hires in 1521. The construction of the wall was preceded by a temporary frequency of 1534.
A week ago we went down to the abandoned. Then during the search for information, I came across the mention of the use of white stone mined from the shores of the gums of the gums, pahra, urine for the construction of the foundations of the Moscow temples and the Kitty Wall! And I could not help but hook the words about the literally one or two preserved fragments of the ancient defensive fortifications! Like many other monuments of ancient Russian architecture, the Kurtgorian Wall was destroyed in the 30s of the last century. In 1927, the Vladimir gate was demolished, the final demolition of the wall fell in 1934. From the ancient fortifications only the wall of the walls in the area of \u200b\u200bthe revolution and the fragment of the Barbaric Tower of the Barbaric Tower in underground transition Metro Station "China City".
On the video date below, I captured everything for you that has been preserved from 2.6 km of the wall. Namely - two plots. The first is the hotel "Metropol", the second - along the Kingdom pass between Moscow-River and Barvaque Street. In addition, on the Theater Square anewded a "serf" tower with a restaurant, trying to repeat the appearance of the previous construction. It is impossible to name the last restoration, as the tower is built in other forms: she had a tent, which was not here (his appearance was almost copied from the barbaric tower).
There are many explanations of the origin of the name "China City". One of the options is from Italian Chitta (Citta), i.e. "city". So could call the fortress in his native language, the Italian Petroca Small. More versions: from the word "whale" - woven from twigs and straw rope (or lattice), which was used in the construction of fortifications; From the Mongolian word "China" - the middle, and the region of China-city just entered the central (middle) part of the city. What did she imagine themselves? It was connected in two places with the Kremlin wall (on the shore of the Moscow River, resting in the Beklemishevskaya Tower, and on the shore of the rough, resting in the angular arsenal tower). Compared to the Kremlin wall of the Wall of China-Cities below, but thicker, with playgrounds designed for gunflakes. Such fortifications are better adapted to reflect the cannon. Of course, as the wall began to lose its serf value, her appearance changed. So, in the 1680s, the three largest towers - Nikolskaya, Ilinskaya and the barbaric - received decorative tents like those that were decorated with the Kremlin towers. Soon, however, by the Chinese wall for the last time I was able to prepare for the breakdown of combat duty: in 1708, during the Northern War, an attack on Moscow of the Swedish troops of Charles XII was expected, in connection with which, by the decree of Peter I, all Moscow fortress facilities were repaired and put in order In the case of a long siege, along the walls of the China-city there were earthy bastions with Rips, the bottom of which was littered with sharp wooden stakes. As you know, the Swedes did not go to Moscow. The appearance of an ancient wall changed in the future: Near the same three towers, new (so-called breakdown) gates were broken - wider than the gate in the towers. Over the years, such a breakdown gate has become more and more. Earth bastions disappeared with Rips. At the beginning of the XIX century, the Chinese wall suffered the first major loss: two-span water gates were disassembled on the banks of the Moscow River. By the way, after the fire of Moscow, 1812 heard offers to completely disassemble the wall and break the boulevard, but this idea was rejected by the emperor Alexander I, who wished to "preserve all the ancient buildings in Moscow in their primitive form." After the revolution, the fate seemed to have walked over the Kitty Wall: the new authorities not only declared her a monument of architecture, but also started large-scale restoration work, whose peak came to the middle and the second half of the 1920s. First of all, the wall was cleared of numerous foreign attacks - shopping shops, labazov for storage of goods and even "apartments" (some Muscovites managed to arrange their simple life in the arched wall niches). As a result of the removal of all late layers, the Kitchen Wall appeared almost in pristine form. At the same time, the restorers tried to solve the transport question, for which new passages for trams and cars were broken in the wall.
Meanwhile, already then, during the restoration, the first alarming bell sounded: the elimination of the chapel began, and their age did not matter. I have already mentioned further events. The last chord sounded in 1966, when the remnants of the wall were demolished on Moskvoretsky embankment.
Despite the captured video, I am sure to go back here! First, they write about a "small historical fragment along the Kingdom of Kingdom, on the corner with the barbage." This is exactly what has been closed now by construction forests on the video! It was to this fragment in the 1960s attached a new-fashioned part along the Kurgorodsky pass. Old and new masonry (at least before) were easily distinguishes. There is another mention. So, "n others about years ago it became known about the fragments of the wall of the White City, which today can be seen on the Khokhlovskaya Square". I invite everyone those who are not indifferent to join
Information sources:
