The most beautiful pedestrian bridges of the world. Russian Wooden Bridges Ancient Bridges World

Most construction as nothing else characterizes the level of development of society, the degree of technical and scientific progress, if you please, more widely - the level of civilization.

And we have something to be proud ...

Moscow.
The oldest of the preserved Moscow bridges is Palace Lefortovo. Architect - Semen Yakovlev. Built, according to various sources, in 1777 or in 1781-1799.

Lefortovo bridge. Moscow. Photo of the end of the XIX century.

Lefortovo bridge. Moscow.

In Moscow, there are still Rostokin aqueduct across the Yauza River (the so-called "Million Bridge"), which was built in 1780-1805 for water supply. Now he is pedestrian.

Rostokinsky Aqueduct. Moscow. Photo of the end 19 - early 20 in

In a separate category, apparently, it should be put out park bridgesXVIII Century in the Neskuchny Garden. One of them is three-time.

Boring Garden. Moscow.

Bridge in Tsaritsyn, figure, 1776-1778. Architect also V.I. Bazhenov.

The complex of facilities of the summer residence of CatherineII. included Big Most (1778-1774) through the ravine. It is the largest of the preserved bridges of the XVIII century. Architect V.I. Bazhenov.

Tambov.
Derzhavinsky Bridge over the river student, built in 1786-1788. He had three arches (two of them are laid, alone - loose).

Vologda.

Stone bridge over the river Zolotokha; Built in 1789-1791 on the project of architect P.T. Bratnikova. For a significant width, it is called "Street-Bridge".

Ryazan.
Stone Glebovsky Bridge, built on a wooden place (leads to the Ryazan Kremlin). According to one information, he was erected inXVIII century; Other - at the beginningXIX.-Ho.

Kaluga.

The stone bridge over the Berezuevsky ravine is the largest stone viaduct in Russia. It was built in 1785 by the project of architect P.R. Nikitin.

For comparison ...

Venice. Rialto Bridge, 1588-1591

The famous "Golden Bridge" in Florence, Ponte Vecchio. Built in 1345.

Prague, Charles Bridge, year construction 1357

The history of wooden bridge buildings in our country has not yet been a subject of special study. Only the most brief mentions and simple transfer of monuments in general works and popular essays devoted to the history of bridge buildings in general and Russian wooden architecture are devoted to this topic. In this article, an attempt was made to systematize Russian wooden bridges of historically established and now existing types.

Short story. The art of bridges is highly developed from ancient times. The main building material was pine thanks to the straight and flatness of the trunk, the good mechanical properties of wood and stability, as well as widespread. Ancient bridges, like other structures, cut bought and treated with the help of an ax: grilled grooves and nests when bonding bars; Even the manufacture of Tesa was made by splitting the wedges of the logs along into several parts. Therefore, the chronicles, speaking of the construction of wooden buildings or structures, used instead of the word "build" the word "cut down": demolished the horses, choirs, bridges, etc.

The first mention of bridges in Russian chronicles belongs to the end of the X century. Improving construction art caused the emergence of a special kind of specialists - bridge builders and a cross-called "Mosnitvy". The first bridges were represented by the trees on the shore, on large rivers Ferry rafts were arranged. Severally interconnected rafts, on top of which the log layered was laid, formed "alive", floating bridge. They were distributed on large rivers.

In 1115, under Vladimir Monomakh, a flood bridge was built in Kiev through the Dnieper. Since the floating bridges quickly guided and easily disassembled, they played a big role in hostilities. Two such bridges through the Volga, referred to in messages about the siege of Tver at Dmitry Donskoy, another bridge for crossing Don during the battle with Tatars in 1380 were "alive" were the first Moscow bridges: Moskvoretsky, Crimean and others. It should be noted that flood bridges were widely used in Russia until the end of the XIX century. The main reason was the significant width and depth of rivers, as well as a strong ice river; Under such conditions, floors without constant supports seemed to be the most relevant, simple and cheap facilities.

1. Moskvoretsky "Live" - \u200b\u200ba flood bridge. Picking engraving XVII century. (PhotoTack Gisca. Schuseva)

2. A single-strength bridge in the city of Yeniseisk to. XIX century.

3. Console-beam bridge with arched span on r. By the Arkhangelsk region. (Snapshot of 1920, photomete Gisca. Schuseva)

Flood bridges could be aligned; For the passage of vessels, one part of the bridge (raft) was assigned to the side. The floating divorce Moskvoretsky Bridge, which existed already in 1498, gives the presentation of the Picara XVII engraving. (Fig. 1) and a figurative description of Pavel Alepps: "On the Moscow River, several bridges, most of which are approved on wooden piles. Bridge near the Kremlin, against the collar of the second urban wall, excites great surprise: it is smooth, made of large wooden bars, fit alone to another and tied with thick ropes from the lime bark, the ends of which are attached to the towers and the opposite bank of the river. When the water arrives, the bridge rises, because it does not hold on the pillars, but consists of boards lying on the water, and when water decreases, the bridge is descended. When the ship comes with supplies for the palace from the regions of the Kazan and Astrakhan ... from Kolomna ... to bridges approved (on piles), then reduce its mast and conduct a ship under one of the spans; When they are suitable for the mentioned bridge, then one of the related parts is freed from the rope and remove it from the path of the vessel, and when it passes to the side of the Kremlin, then the part (bridge) will again lead to its place. There are always many vessels that bring all sorts of supplies to Moscow ... There are benches on this bridge, where there is a brisk trade; it is a big movement; We constantly go there for a walk ... According to him, the troops are continuously moving back and forth. All city maids, servants and commoners come to this bridge to wash the dress in the river, because the water here is high, in the level with the bridge. " Moskvoretsky "Live" Bridge was opposite the Water Gate of the Wall of China-Cities; In the second half of the XVIII century. It was replaced by a wooden bridge on the piles.

In the fortress facilities used lifting bridges. The first chronicle instructions on their device belong to 1229: "... and the recovery bridge and the mooring of the publishing house ...", - reports the Ipatiev chronicle. The span, adjacent to the urban wall, was lifted and was called the removal bridge. The mechanism leading the bridge of the bridge in motion consisted of a rocker rolling between the columns (dies) and chains. In the XVI century The Kremlin Bridges - Konstantino-Elegeninsky, Spassky, Nikolsky - were associated with a gateway system regulating the filling of the Rava water from the River Neglinnaya, and had a wooden lifting design adopted for fortresses. In the XVII century Trinity bridge had a lifting part.

Strengthening bridges. In the middle - extensive stuff. At the bottom - the corresponding direction of cargo with the help of wheel bars (1 and 2) and the amplification of the flooring (3 and 4).

The varieties described above are bridges on their device relate to mobile bridges. A fundamentally excellent type were constant bridges. Depending on the number of supports, the span struggle based on, they differed into single-span or multiplet. The ancient type of single-break bridges belongs to the "rowing" bridges, the first mention of them relates to 977: in handing "the bridge over the rowing". Rowing were arranged in wide floats of rivers and were the similarity of the ground road. In the middle part, a slot was left for the device of a single-span bridge, the stamps of which were the supports and frights and a stone. Probably rowing could also consist of solid log cabins with a slot in the middle part. At the end of the XIX century. L. F. Nikolai, analyzing the drawings of wooden bridges, measured on the Archangel tract in 1795, concluded: "This method of intersection of wide understanding of rivers is applied and still ...". The close structure had bridges of the late XIX - early XX century. In the city of Yeniseisk (Fig. 2) and on r. Sie in the Arkhangelsk region (Fig. 3). Consistently protruding logs of coastal obscures formed almost arched construction. In order for the bridge to not pop up during floods, cobblestones were laid at the edges of the floor.

In the case when several holes left for the entire height of the fence, a multiplet bridge was left in the Sirubi, a multi-flying bridge was obtained with cells in the form of cells or cities (subsequently such supports began to call with ripples or bulls). To ensure the necessary degree of immobility and diligence of log cabin, as a rule, stones were born. On top of the government in the longitudinal direction, the runs from the logs were laid, in turn, on them in the transverse direction, she was laid on the solid rut from the logs - flooring roadway. From carpenters, it was necessary to create a solid support for the roadway, which at the same time could withstand the stormy flow of water in a spring flood. These tasks became more complicated by the fact that the bridges achieved significant sizes.

The skill of "Standers" was famous for Novgorod. The famous great bridge over r. Volkhov had a support in the form of a city and was arranged across the river burned (width of Volkhov near Novgorod about 250 m). Under 1133, in the Novgorod first chronicle, it is reported: "In the same summer, the bridge of Cres Volkhovo, Rushivsha. Starting from this date, the chronicle systematically reports damage to the city bridge by flooding, storm, ice-frequency. There is a miniature of the Nikonov Facial Chronicles of the XVI century, which shows the Great Bridge, where the execution of Strigolnikov in 1375

Bridges, in addition to their main purpose - crossing through any obstacle, were used as street markets. In Moskvoretsky Bridge, which was mentioned above, stood benches. Resurrection Bridge on r. Neglinke was a brick multipro-sphere, covered with wooden pavement, and was built up on both sides by two rows of chopped wooden shopping shops. It was located at the Resurrection Gate of China-Cities and gave a way out of the city to Red Square near the current historical museum.

Stamps-wooden bridges were logical in the system of defensive structures of the Kremlin. To prevent enemies to move the bridge, it was enough to disassemble or even burn the wooden flooring of the bridge. Then he was easily restored.

Changes in the country's economy caused by Peter I transformations have a positive effect on the development of bridge buildings. Construction of the capital at the mouth of the Neva demanded the device large number Control in a relatively short time. The first bridge of the new city, built in 1705, was flooded. Instead of the rafts, Barki-Plashkuts were applied there. Such bridges were guided in St. Petersburg throughout the XVIII and XIX centuries., The most noteworthy of them was Isaacevsky. At the same time, permanent bridges on pile supports were built with the floors. It is interesting to note the fact that at this time wooden bridges were often built according to "samples", i.e. typical standard drawings. By 1748, there were about 40 wooden bridges in St. Petersburg, approximately half of which had adjustable lifting spans. On r. The Fontanka on the project V. V. Rastrelli was built aqueduct, which with the help of a special car supplied the water of the summer garden fountains.

An outstanding achievement of Russian technical thought of the XVIII century. There was a project I. P. Kulibin. It was proposed to overlap the Neva a huge wooden arch with a span of 294 m.

The most responsible and complex engineering and technical construction among the bridges are bridges-dams that are functionally connected with a whole system of hydraulic structures. From the end of the XVII century. The construction of waterways that had state importance, such as Vysotsky, Tikhvinskaya, Mariinskaya Systems began. All hydraulic structures of these systems were wooden. In the Vytegorsk Museum of Museum, the types of dams and bridges of the Mariinsky system are preserved. Dam Sv. Paul (at the same time she served as a bridge), located on the r. Vytegra y with. Nineteins, had a rude step drain, the difference in the heights of the beef marks (the besef - the river area between the two adjacent dams on the river) was 8.5 m. Significant interest was the Annin's rotary bridge on the river. Award, he existed from 1810 to 1896. The average support of the bridge had a swivel mechanism, which could unfold together with the spans of a 90 ° bridge, giving the opportunity to compete ships of the free pass from two sides. In the city of Vytegra on the connecting channel until 1961 there was a lifting bridge. He was arranged on pile supports. The middle part of the bridge had two different lifting parts of the span. With the introduction of the Volga-Baltic waterway, the reconstruction of the Mariinsky system was carried out with the replacement of wooden hydraulic structures on concrete.

Wide construction of highway, and then railways in the XIX century. led to the rise of bridge buildings. A wide variety of constructive system of span structures appeared: subtach, arched, farms, etc. Engineering construction issues in Russia of this period go beyond the framework of this article and deserve special consideration. With the introduction of new building materials (cast iron, concrete, steel, etc.) there is a gradual displacement of wooden bridges, and then in the central part of the USSR, their almost complete disappearance.

Modern wooden bridge construction. In the north of the USSR, wooden bridge buildings received the most vivid and multifaceted development. The stability of the Northern Life contributed to the transfer from the generation to the generation of construction skills of folk architects, so so far samples of wooden bridges of various types have been preserved here. What are the types of preserved and currently under construction bridges, what are their technical and design features?

Wooden bridges are experiencing large physical and atmospheric effects, so more often than other structures are being loosen or replaced by individual parts, but at the same time the initial forms and the structural base remain the same, which has developed from the river mode and operating conditions. Thanks to these features, bridges, unlike other structures, retain their initial forms that go back to distant times.

The easiest way to communicate between the shores are ferry crossings. They are used with a small intensity of motion. Retroot, or pontoon, steam moves manually on a rope, perched from the shore to the shore along the bottom of the river or above the water. For example, in the Arkhangelsk region on the Rivers Onega and Moshe, ancient ferry crossings are preserved, which are currently used. In cases where the bridge device on permanent supports is expensive and cannot be justified by cargo turnover, flood bridges apply. With a high water horizon, all the rafts of such a bridge are afloat, with a reduced horizon, part of the rafts near the shore rests on the bottom of the river. With the onset of winter, these rafting bridges have to be disassembled and removed into the sunts, protected from flood and ice drifts. In this case, the message between the shores on the winter occurs on the ice. In Kargopol through r. Onega has been transferred by a plash bridge. In more remote areas, the rafting floors are preserved - in p. Korovino on r. Ken and pos. Ust-Plesetsk district of the Arkhangelsk region.

4. Bridges in p. Purnah Arkhangelsk region a - a new bridge (1969), the solid construction of the bridge is not brought to the slope of the ravine; B - Ancient Bridge (1927) has a solid log design with styling logs "in dir"

5. Console Beroque Unported Bridge from Bruus in C. Gradino, Karelia

6. Most ancient design With supports from rectangular log cabins in the village of Verkhovskaya, Komi Republic (photo Schurgina I. N.)

7. Bridge with two triangular in terms of cutters in p. Stupino arch. oblast

Easy obstacles, such as ravines and rivers, overlap with solid bridges. They consist of through-cutting rows of log cabins (rude log houses) associated in the transverse direction by the same rows of logs, forming a monolithic design. Such a design, for example, has been preserved in the Arkhangelsk region on Kenozer in the village of Tarasovo. Ancient bridge in s. Purnah in the Arkhangelsk region (Fig. 4, b) is arranged through a deep ravine (8 m); Its flooring lies on a solid ripple sruba, filling the ditch to the bottom. Such a way of cutting "into dir" (it is necessary to distinguish the concept of a row church or a rude support from the cutting "in dir". Ryzh is the adopted name of the construction of the bridge support. "Dir" is a way of laying logs with skipping) protects the bridge from reloading and allows you to freely Skip the spring water. In the middle part, a hole for free passing of water is left. The bridge was already in disrepair, his edges were assselved, as the shore of the slope is sandy. In 1969, a new, close-in design, was built next to the old bridge, but the rude log house was not brought to the end of the Rib (Fig. 4, a). A new wooden bridge is also considerable interest.

The most common type of bridge for small rivers are single-break beam bridges, such as in Ust-Cilym Komi ASSR. To increase the span between supports, a console-beam design is used - consistently protruding logs of coastal obscures. Such a bridge in p. Gridino Karelian ASSR (Fig. 5) is built through a stormy, stony river, its foundations are littered with boulders.

Multiplet bridges are arranged on broader rivers, this is achieved by the introduction of intermediate supports: pile, ripples. When climbing or or etched soil, rude supports are arranged, having a different shape of cutters: three-, four-, five-marked and more complex.

Simple and more ancient supports are rectangular logs. In Komi ASSR in the village of Verkhovskaya (Ust-Tsilmsky district) through the stream of the house, the bridge is arranged (Fig. 6), the flooring of which, without having fencing, lies on four rectangular bulls. Log logs are treated with an ax, laid "in dir" and have large editions.

In the Arkhangelsk region, in the village of Stupino (Nyantomsky district), in 1967 the bridge was measured, the intermediate foundations of which have a triangular shape (Fig. 7), and the divorce of bulls is set to the angle to meet the river flow.

On rivers with ice-frequency, ruffers of the five-marched form are satisfied. A triangular appendage that performs the role of ice cut is riveted to the bull rectangular cut. Wooden bridges with such a shape of the log cabins are widely distributed and can achieve significant sizes. In p. Shieetskaya Karelian ASSR (Fig. 8) The bridge has eleven bulls, and its length is 150 m. In p. Ryago (Kargopol) with a length of the bridge more than 100 m, the height of the rod reaches 8 m (Fig. 9). (Nowadays, a new concrete bridge has been built nearby.)

As a rule, rude bridges have the initial base of log cabins, as the tree in water is saved by centuries. When replacing or bulking the top of the supports of their shape are repeated. Many such bridges are available in the Arkhangelsk region in the direction of Kretovo-Kargopol-Ozhesshensk at the Rags Ukhta, Tikhmanga, Lekshma, Churyga. With the same structural solutions, each of them has its own unique architectural and artistic image (Fig. 10).

8. The longest of the preserved wooden bridges (150 m) in p. Shieetskoy, Karelia

9. Ryzhoy bull bridge in p. Ryagovo reaches a height of 8 m. (Arch. Region)

Sezhevensk, in the place where r. Churyga flows into the r. Kenu, in the XV century. The Kenoretsky monastery was founded, which reached his heyday at the end of the XVII - early XVIII century. By this time, there are large land acquisitions on both sides of the river. Kena. In 1764, the monastery was abolished, in 1800 the fire destroyed its structure. The only witnesses of that time are two ripples: in the village of Leshino (now d. Kenoretskaya) (Fig. 11) and three kilometers downstream of the river, in the village of Peilyubino.

In the ancient Russian tradition, at the entrance to the Peiluginsky Bridge, there was a chapel on the headlock, with a tent belfry on the entrance, surrounded by the gallery (now transported to the Arkhangelsk Museum of Wooden Architecture "Small Kareli").

Back in 1946, the Expedition of the Institute of History and the Theory of Architecture of the Academy of Architecture of the USSR was examined by Kargopol. One of the most important results of its work was the measurements of the Kensky bridges, performed by A. V. Macovinet. In 1982, the author of the article conducted a re-examination and measurements that showed that, despite the almost complete replacement of building material, the forms and structures were not changed. Accepted by centuries, these forms were very stable.

The structural basis of Kensky bridges is the same. The five-span bridge at the village of Leshino has a length of 114 m, the four-span bridge near the village peilugino has a length of 84 m. The design of them is unique, each medium rich consists of a rectangular fire with protruding part of it with triangles and trapezoids in terms of adhesives; So all outlines of the plan resemble the form of a boat. The bottom here is stony, the flow of the river is very fast, so the log house is littered with boulders. To destroy the occurrence and for uniformly filling the bull with bull with currency in transverse and longitudinal directions at different levels of the log cabin are lining of the crowns forming the system of internal triangular "pockets". The upper four-piano base of the bull forms the logs on the releases, which makes it possible to increase the spans up to 15 m.

12. The rude bridge with a triangular form on the r. Keme (Vologda Region) Combination of folk traditions and engineering techniques (Photo Sevan O. G.)

Unlike civilian structures in the bridges there is no shell - walls, overlaps hiding the carrying structure. Therefore, the structural system of bridges remains open and is the basis of the architectural composition. Bridges are rarely subjected to artistic processing, their architectural expressiveness is achieved by the courage of structural solutions, the originality of the spatial composition and various methods of wood processing. The most interesting engineering and architectural construction is the bridge over the river. Kema in the Vytegorsky district of the Vologda region. His distinctive feature is a log triangular farm - significantly enriches the bulk composition: it is arranged "in the spacer" in a deeper part of the river, which allows to increase the length of the span (Fig. 12). Another example is a bridge in s. Ububa Murmansk region. Its bright artistic expressiveness is achieved by the log strips of the spans and the X-shaped frame of the handrails of the bridge (Fig. 13).

Any wooden bridge having a special artistic image is also part of the environment: landscape or residential building. In the estuary complex, the villages located along the Churiega Rivers and Halui, wooden bridges are an important element of the planning structure and together with unique cult, residential and economic buildings form a harmonious whole.

A peculiar "nature reserve" of wooden bridges can be considered the city of Belomorsk (the former s. Foroka). The old part of the city is built of wood and does not have unique architectural monuments, but nature itself made it unusually picturesque. When you fall into the White Sea, the recreation river overcomes many thresholds and, spilling a few kilometers, forms about forty islands, at which the village of Foroka is once located. In these natural conditions Bridges have become a necessary element of intracity communications. On relatively small old territory Their cities are numbered about twenty (Fig. 14). Unfortunately, several bridges are lost, the longest among them (more than 300 m) was replaced with concrete. But all the existing bridges, sprinkling with the space of the river, and the buildings together with the thresholds created the unique image of this city.

The idea of \u200b\u200ba wooden bridge construction was now incomplete if not to note some preserved types of purely "engineering" bridges, among which the wider use of beam bridges with pile supports of various combinations with frame and sub-vehicles. Multiplet beam bridge on r. Tartas B. Novosibirsk region (50s XX century) has a two- and four-row system of pile supports (Fig. 15). In the transverse direction of the rack, the support frames have diagonal contractions, and the entire design of the supports is attached using steel bolts and pins. Ramans are laid on the supports, in turn on them - flooring roadway. The length of the bridge is 66 m. Before medium supports, ice-vegetables are arranged with a length of 11 m.

An important component of the bridge with pile and frame supports are wooden ice vegetables. To protect the supports and span structures from shocking when the floors are shred, the ice vegetables are not associated with the supports of the bridge. Narrow supports are protected by flat icehouses having one or two rows of piles. With wide supports, tent icebreakers are used, consisting of several pile rows. The floors suitable for the ice maker, under the influence of the inertia and water pressure, climb on it and are cleaned under their own weight.

There are still wooden bridges with farms, widely used since the middle of the XIX century. Spare structures with Gau-Zhuravsky farms are the most common design of wooden bridges. Such a bridge was built in 1967 on r. Moshe in the Arkhangelsk region (Fig. 16). Silent structures with farms with a ride at the bottom are blocked by the channels of the bridge (estimated span of 31.5 m). The extreme spans are blocked by the span structures of a simple beam system with bunk runs. The length of the bridge is 146 m. \u200b\u200bThe channel pile supports are protected by separately standing tent icefall.

Another kind of bridges with a sub-vehicle system are. In the Plesetsky district of the Arkhangelsk region there is a wooden overpass (a bridge designed to skip one road over another), built in 1939 on the Pleetsk-Kargopol highway, which passes above the railway road, forming an oblique intersection of 42 °. The three-gun bridge has frame supports on a felon (Fig. 17). Two middle supports are completed with a combined sub-vehicle system, which made it possible to make the average span. The design of the overpass is typical for bridge structures of the XIX - early XX century. And now practically does not occur. Despite the fact that the bridge is in good condition, he threatens destruction.

Currently, there is another type of single-break bridges - hanging bridges found in the Arkhangelsk region. The bridge in the village of Papinskaya Korousesky district (Fig. 18) has the following device: on both shores of the river there are two logs with passing gates in the top level, metal cables fixed in the ground with metal crutches are stretched along the top and bottom of the groove openings with metallic crutches. Over the entire length of the bridge, the upper and lower cables are interconnected by wooden bars (performing the role of suspension), wooden flooring is laid on the lower cables. On both sides of the log cabins are placed making facilities. On r. Emace in with. The Arkhangelsk region of the Suspension Bridge of the Hydrometeor was built in 1928 (see the 4th side of the cover). A simple design creates a beautiful silhouette against the background of the river, giving the ease to the entire construction. Hanging bridges, widely used from the middle of the XIX century, are at the moment there are rare.

Wood engineering bridges were predecessors of steel and concrete structures and at one time played a certain historical role. It seemed that with the development of professional engineering bridge buildings, with the introduction of various new design systems - sub-vested, arched, hanging, etc. - they were to finally replace the rhyme, folk bridges, displace them. However, this did not happen.

Folk wooden bridges, having a centuries-old history, are examples of the stability of the architectural form, which are accurately worked out by many generations of builders, carpenters, folk architects.

Our century of technical progress is the widespread replacement of wooden bridges on modern steel and concrete leads to disappearance in separate places of this type of structures. At the same time, in the north of the USSR and Siberia, where the forest is the main building material, continue to build wooden bridges, especially since the tree is a cheap building material that allows for quick preparation and processing, allows you to build up in the shortest possible time. Wooden bridge structures, reflecting the ancient culture of the Russian people, communicate the times and generations; They are practical today and are the most worthwhile contribution to cultural heritage our homeland.

8. Laskovsky F. F. Materials for the history of engineering art in Russia. St. Petersburg., 1858. Part 1.

9. Novgorod first chronicle of senior and younger fabrics m.; L., 1950.

10. Punin A. L. The story of Leningrad bridges. L., 1971.

11. Potted S. Kargopol expedition. - In the book: architectural inheritance. M., 1955, № 5.

When we think about buildings that have survived to this day, we usually remember the Colosseum that falls the tower in Pisa and the pyramids. But what about the facilities that are used - in their intended purpose - so far?

While most of the ancient facilities received a second life as tourist attractions, an ordinary unassuming bridge can maintain its original purpose over the centuries.

There are many bridges that were erected hundreds of years ago and are still used in everyday life in our days due to the fact that they were built on the century.

While the old bridges are most often destroyed due to natural disasters, explode during wars or burn as a result of tragic disasters, bridges from this list have survived the century, relatively without changing.

10. MOST FOOD FACTORY (PONS FABRICIUS), ROME, ITALY

The Romans built a lot of things that endured the test of time. Thanks to their rigid and efficient construction methodology, several important structures raised to the Roman era are worth this day. If you want to carefully inspect and explore the fruits of their handmade, then go to Rome and visit the factory bridge.

The bridge was built by Luziem Fabrizim in 62 BC, probably instead of the burnt wooden bridge. It can be said, Luchi ordered him to build, as he wrote it on the bridge in four different places.

In 21 BC Two Consul, Mark Lolly and Quint Emily Lepid, corrected the bridge so that it is better preserved after the flooding that happened in 23 BC. True, which improvements were implemented, it is not specified anywhere.

Perhaps it was a superstructure of a small arch on a bridge that weakened the pressure during flooding. Probably, only this helped the bridge to continue for centuries.

9. Ponte Vecchio (Ponte Vecchio), Florence, Italy

Built in 1345, Ponte Vecchio Bridge is located in Florence (Italy). He was erected instead of a wooden bridge, which could not stand it during the flood, so still preserved in his pristine splendor.
An interesting feature of the bridge Ponte Vecchio (which translated from Italian means "Old Bridge") is a vaulted gallery with shops. Today, jewelry and various souvenirs are sold here, and in the Passage there were shops of butcher. Actually, due to merchants, fish and butchers who traded here in the XV century, there is still an unpleasant smell on the bridge.

Considering that at that time, Florence became the capital of Renaissance, the Great Duke Ferdinand I banned the sale of meat and fish on the bridge, ordering only the shops of gold and silver work masters, which created the city an attractive image, contributing to an increase in the flow of rich foreign tourists.

The bridge would hardly live up to the present, if it were not for the act of respect shown during World War II. When german soldiers They left the city, they exploded all the bridges during the retreat. Ponte Vecchio Bridge is the only bridge that they did not move, preferring access to it than himself.

8. Rialto Bridge (Ponte di Rialto), Venice, Italy

The Italian Bridge was erected in 1591 on the site of a collapsed wooden bridge. He was designed by the architect Antonio de Ponte, which in the conditions of rigid competition participated in the competition for best project Bridge along with such outstanding architects as Michelangelo, Palladio, Vigola.

Unfortunately, after the bridge was built, he did not meet an enthusiastic reaction among the locals. From the side of critics, he received both praise, and contemptuous ridicule, sharply condemned his design - "unstable and immutable". The same attention was attracted to the Eiffel Tower after it was built.

Despite criticism, the bridge remained almost untouched since its appearance. Considering that he had to have a 7-meter arch, the galleys could swim beneath it, and also to be strong enough to accommodate a number of shops in the center, it should have been structurally stable and durable. The Rialto Bridge is so durable that during the riots in 1797 he was shot from the guns.

7. Bridge Hadju (Khaju Bridge), Isfahan, Iran

Construction of this bridge built on the foundation of the old bridge in 1667, began by order of Shah Abbas II. As a bridge, he performs its main goal - allows people to go through the Zayndeh River River, but it also has a different application. The Hajji Bridge also functions as a dam (and has gateways), and its most interesting use has a social aspect.

Despite the fact that we are not accustomed to bridges that should be used as a place for public meetings, it did not stop Shah Abbas II in an attempt to build one of these. Along the bridge, you can still see impressive drawings and patterns of ceramic tiles. In the middle, a pavilion was built so that Shah Abbas II and his court could enjoy a picturesque landscape.

Nowadays, a cafe and art gallery are located in the pavilion. A stone seat was installed in the pavilion, sitting on which Shah Abbas II enjoyed the view of the river. This place is still in the same place, but already in the form of remnants of the victims.

6. Shehara Bridge (Shaharah Bridge), Amran, Yemen

Shexra Bridge (or "Bridge of Sighs", as many of it is called), built in the XVII century, is located at an altitude of 200 meters and connects two mountains - Jabel Al Emir (Jabal Al Emir (Jabal Al Faish).

Local residents whose houses were located on the slopes of both mountains, it was difficult to get to visit each other, because for this they had to come down from one mountain and climb another. The bridge was elevated in order to combine two villages on both sides of the deep gorge, thereby saving time and efforts of local residents.

It was not just a dangerous area for vehicle. Given that it was the only entrance to the city of Shekra, the bridge was to be reinforced to reflect the attacks of Turkish invaders. It is said that the locals know the way to destroy the bridge at any time, isolating the inhabitants of danger.

Today, Shekra Bridge is the main tourist attraction and continues to serve local residents as a valid bridge.

5. Bridge Jendere (CenDere Bridge), Escake, Turkey

Also known as Sevelran, the bridge was erected in the second century by the four cities of the Commagest Kingdom. The bridge was built in honor of the Roman Emperor Septimia of the North (Septimius Severus), his wives of Julia and their two sons - Karakalla and Geta. Being one of the most ancient, it is also the second most long bridgebuilt by the Romans.

On each side of the bridge, two columns are tested, personifying members of the imperial family: the North and Julia on the one hand and Karakalla and Geta - on the other. If you happen to visit the jandere bridge, then you will see that the column personifies the Heta is missing.

All because Karakalla killed Geta because of the permanent rivalry, as they say, right on the hands of the mother. Moreover, Karakalla came so far that he ordered to kill all the friends and allies of Geteta, and he ordered to destroy any mention of the heritage of Geta as a final strike of the heritage of the heritage, so that his name was erased from history - including a column, symbolizing the GETU.

4. Bridge Anji (Anji Bridge), Shijiazhuan, China

Bridge Anji, erected in 605, is the oldest bridge in China. Bridge whose name is translated from chinese Language Means the "Bridge of Safe Crimp", one can say, was built on the century.

It was designed to become one of the best in the world. At that time, he was considered technically progressive, as he had the biggest arch. Given that it is still strong enough, it is obvious that the Anji Bridge, being a very ambitious structure, was built not to the detriment of its appearance.

By the way, the bridge passed much more than just checking the time. He managed to stand after 10 floods, 8 wars and countless earthquakes, and repair work was required for it only 9 times for the entire documented service life.

3. Saint Angel Bridge (Ponte Sant'angelo), Rome, Italy

Built by order of Emperor Adrian in 136, the Bridge of the Holy Angel is one of the most famous in Rome and one of the most beautiful.

To some extent, the emperor built the bridge for the sake of his own vanity, as its main purpose is to combine the entire city with the Mausoleum Adrian, the Castel Sant'angelo castle.

One of the most beautiful improvements of the bridge occurred after a lot of centuries after the death of the emperor. In 1668, the Italian architect and sculptor Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini (Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini) decorated the bridge over the entire length of the ten statues of Angels, two of which he created personally. Each of the angels keeps the symbol of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ in his hands. Even now, after a few centuries, the bridge and angels are still standing, being a famous and excellent attraction.

2. Tarr Stars (Tarr Steps), Exmur, England

Tarr Peres (known as "Mostki") is a crossing of the plates on the stone support. Given the construction of the bridge, it is difficult to say when it was built: it is assumed that in the period from 3000 BC. Until the times of the Middle Ages. The first documentary description of the bridge was made during the times of the tudors, that is, at least at the end of the XV century.

About Tarr Peres walks the legend, as if he was built by the devil himself, who had to kill everyone who would dare to cross him. Then the locals, wanting to check the theory, sent a cat on him. The cat evaporated. Then they sent vicaria through the bridge so that he met the Devil in the middle of the bridge. After they agreed, the devil said that anyone can use the bridge, but if he wants to use this place to enjoy sunbathing, the ban on the use of the bridge will be resumed. So if you want to go through the packed Tarr Peres, first make sure that there is not a sunbathing devil on your way.

Unfortunately, Tarr Peres is a small exception among bridges, stood intact over the centuries. Given that stones are not the best foundation, some of them were demolished as a result of floods. For this reason, all the stones were numbered, in such a case, they could be installed back to where they lay, in order to retain their authenticity. Despite the fact that some stones have already been installed several times, it is still technically the same bridge.

1. Bridge Arkadik (Arkadiko Bridge), Argolina, Greece

This bridge is the oldest of the preserved arched bridges, which is still used in their direct intended purpose. It is assumed that it was built during the Greek Bronze Age, in 1300-1200 g. BC.

During the Mikhana civilization, the bridge was part of the military road, which was running between the cities of Tirinf (Tiryns) and Epidaurus (Epidauros). The width of the bridge is almost 2.5 meters, which is much wider than the usual pedestrian bridges. According to historians, the bridge was designed in such a way that chariots could pass on it.

What makes it even more impressive, this is that it was completely constructed from limestone stones without the use of any binding substance. This means that the bridge Arcadic is solely due to the skill of his builders stood three thousand years since the time of the Mycena Civilization, and preserved to the present day.

Bridges are extremely attractive creations. Each bridge has its own character and history. Some, of course, are not so large and mean something only for the surrounding inhabitants. But there are bridges that are firmly entered into history. You can speak infinitely about the bridges, so we can show only some of the infinite diversity of these almost living beings.

We start our journey in France. The need to build a bridge in Paris became clear in the middle of the XVI century. The facilities that existed at that time were already under the action of the active movement of the seed transport and demanded a replacement. At the same time, at the bridges, there was craft workshops, shopping shops in the custom, there were changers, jewelers, the furniture forging was held (the best samples of which can be found and now). For the first time about the new bridge, they started talking in 1556, the construction began in 1578, and completed - in 1607. The main difference was the fact that it was the first bridge with sidewalks and there were no shops and houses on it. By the way, it is this idea of \u200b\u200bthe kings of the builders and caused the greatest resistance to merchants.

2. Le Viaduc de Millau

The Tarn River cuts France from east to west. With the growth of the population, the stream in the direction of the South-North increased, especially in the highway leading to Spain and Southern France. The only crossing through Tarno was a bridge in the suburbs of Miyo. Huge congestion, emissions of exhaust pipes - no one received pleasure. And after 10 years of research, a place was chosen for construction and armed with a guy bridge over Tarn. This object broke several records immediately. First of all, it is the owner of the highest road linen (270 m), Viaduct has the highest supports (244.91 m) and supports with pylons (343 m). In addition, this bridge is simply beautiful, its fences are made of translucent materials, which makes it possible to enjoy the picturesque views of the Tarn Valley.

Prague Charles Bridge connected Malu country and Star place at the beginning of the XV century. The construction began in 1357 by order of Emperor Karl IV. On this unique bridge there are 30 sculptures. There is an interesting belief that it was from Karlov bridge that the St. Yana Nepomutsky was reset. At that very place now there is a cross and a couple of copper nails. According to reference, if they touch the cross - then any of the coming desire will come true.

This bridge is difficult to confuse with any other. The Tower Bridge was built in just eight years (1886-1894). Driving part of the bridge may be divorced for the skipping of ships. But on top of the suspended bridge at an altitude of 40 m for pedestrians. True, these galleries quickly burned his pockets and prostitutes and after 25 years the authorities closed access to this part of the bridge. Now (since 1982) gallery is available to the public as a museum and observation deck. Another interesting moment is associated with the supporting towers. In fact, these are metal structures. But outside to protect against corrosion, they were tested by a stone, as a result, the bridge took such a solid gothic appearance.

5. Szechenyi Lanchid

The chain bridge of the section was the first permanent bridge that joined the foot and will. At the end of the construction in 1849, he was considered one of the wonders of the world - the bridge had a long span in 202 m. During the war, the bridge was completely destroyed, and in 1949 - recreated again. Many legends and jokes are associated with the bridge. Special love of the inhabitants of Budapest enjoy the stone lions at the entrance to the bridge. They said that they have no languages, although they are simply not visible from the bottom due to the high location of the beasts. They also say that the lions should be buried at that moment when a man passes by them, never changed his wife. What is significant - so far the lions are silent ...

6. Ponte di Rialto

We will continue our journey through bridges in Italy. Here you know how to handle your story and know what to do even with outdated structures, as in the article. Our first stop in Venice on the very first bridge over the Grand Channel. For the first time, this bridge was built of wood in 1255, but during the uprising was burned in 1310. The bridge was restored, but in 1444 he could not stand the weight of the crowd and collapsed, then there was an option to be separated, which also did not survive. And from 1591, the bridge acquired its present appearance in the hands of Architect Antonio de Ponte. On the Rialto Bridge there are 24 shops with the most expensive now Venetian souvenirs.

7. PONTE DEI SOSPIRI

No less famous bridge Sighs in Venice is the covered structure with the roof and walls. At the beginning of the XVII century, he joined the prison and the Palace of the Doings with the room for interrogation and the courtroom. The name was formed from the suffering of prisoners who could see the native city for the last time from the windows of the bridge on the way to prison. Now it is believed that if the lovers swim under the bridge at sunset and kiss - then their passion will be eternal.

8. Ponte Vecchio.

Ponte Vecchio in Florence has ancient predecessors. At this place, the first bridge was erected at the time of ancient Rome, then there were 2 more bridges, until it was built this construction in 1345. Until today, the bridge retains the initial outlines. By the way, once on the bridge there were benches and houses of butchers, whom jewelers changed in the XVI century. Another interesting detail is a corridor over buildings that allowed the Great Dukes to freely pass between their residences: Palazzo Pitti and Palazzo Vecchio.

In just 9 years, Suleiman magnificently built this bridge in Mostar through an unretellite. Since the Ottoman occupation, 420 years passed - and the bridge was still standing. Destroyed it only in 1993, during the period of Yugoslav conflict. In 2004, the bridge was restored and became a symbol of reconciliation.

10. Chapel Bridge

In the Swiss Lucerne a business card is a chapel bridge. Back in 1365, this wooden bridge erected, which played a significant role in the urban defensive system. Capellbrew is made in the form of an indoor gallery, under the roof of which there were 111 triangular paintings. After the fire of 1993, most of them died, but then it was restored to have been recovered and photos.

11. ANGHEL SALIGNY BRIDGE

Chernavode-Fuetechti was built in Romania in 1895. At the time of the construction, he belonged a length of length - 4037 m. The bridge rises above the water of the Danube by 30 m and makes it possible to pass with any courts under it. In 1987, a new bridge was erected nearby, and the old one was completely given to tourists.

The Erasmus Bridge was built in 1996 in Rotterdam. The design is modern and very unusual. Vatets Most He has a length of 808 m, in one of the ends - the adjustable span (the hardest and large in Western Europe). For the characteristic silhouette, the bridge received the name of the swan.
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Photo con. 1900s. He is

Photo beginning. 1850s. ALMSATI (STONE; Large Stone) Bridge (built in the 1680s)

Photo of 1852 R. Fenton. He same

Photo con. 1860s. Stone (all-everyone; big stone) bridge. The second stone bridge in this place (built in the con. 1850s).

Photo of the 1900s, a small stone bridge through a groove (drainage channel).

Photo beginning. 1910s. He same

Photo con. 1890s - Nach. 1900s. Moskvoretsky Most.

Photo con. 1890s. He is

Photo con. 1889 - Nach. 1890s. The Big Ustinsky Bridge (built in 1881 on the project of the engineer V.N. Speyer).

Photo 1900s. He same

Photo con. 1860 - 1870s. On the right in the picture - the cast iron bridge through the groove (built in the 1830s).

Photo beginning. 1880s. He same

Photo1908 The Commissar Bridge on the groove. He was below the current rather than the current, which is the continuation of the Ustinsky bridge. The picture is made after the "Easter" flood of 1908.

Photo beginning. 1890s. Babirano Bratin

Photo 1934 Crimean Bridge

Photo beginning. 1930s. He same

Photo 1907 Krasnokholmsky Bridge

Photo 1908 Krasnoholmskaya Dam

Photo 1934 Big Krasnocholm bridge.

Photo 1900s. Novospasssky Most

Photo con. 1900s. The All-West Plashny Bridge is near Simonov Monastery. I wrote a lot about this bridge (see the "Mysterious Mysterious Bridge" tag).

Photo 1910 - 1920s. He same

Photo 1907 Alekseevsky (Kozhukhovsky, now - Danilovsky) Bridge.

Photo 1907 he is.

Photo 1908 G. Dorogomilovsky (Borodinsky) Bridge

Photo 1911 demolition of the old Borodino bridge

Photo con. 1900 - 1910s. Krasnolyuzsky (Nikolaev; Nicholas II) Bridge. Railway bridge over the Moscow River. Built in 1905-1907, according to the project of the engineer L. D. Proskuryakova and architect A. N. Pomerantsev. In 2000, moved by 2 km. Now - the pedestrian bridge of Bogdan Khmelnitsky.

Photo con. 1900 - 1910s. He same

Photo 1910s. He same

Photo 1905. Temporary railway wooden bridge Ing system. LEMBKE - Forerunner Andreevsky (Sergievsky) bridge

Photo 1904-1905 He same

Photo 1908 Andreevsky (Sergievsky) Bridge. Railway bridge over the Moscow River. Built in 1905-1907, according to the project of the engineer L. D. Proskuryakova and architect A. N. Pomerantsev. Now, moved downstream and reconstructed, is a pedestrian Pushkin Bridge.

Bridges through Jauza

Photo 1930s. Old Jaiz (Astakhovsky) Bridge (built in 1876 on the 1805 bridge supports).

Photo 1938 B. Ignatovich. He is on average. It will be disassembled in 1940, and in its place will be built a new bridge acting and now.

Photo 1929 Bridge over Jauza in a silver alley

Photo 1902 High-Jaiz (high) bridge.

Photo 1887 from N. A. Albums found. He same

Photo 1935 Kostomarovsky Bridge

Photo of the 1870s. Colored photo. Andronikov Viaduct - Railway Bridge

Photo 1888 he

Photo of the 1890s. He same

Photo 1900s. Palace (Lefortovo) Bridge. The oldest of all acting Moscow bridges (and is located above the river). Built in the 1770-1790s. Although, of course, later reconstructed, but without demolition.