One of the greatest buildings ancient Mira Located in Egypt. This structure, since the end of the construction, is striking with its greatness and impeccable geometry. No wonder the ancient Greeks included the Hope's pyramid into their list of seven wonders of the world. This is the only miracle preserved until today.

The pyramid of Heops became a real masterpiece. Modern researchers are affected by the rigor of proportions and accuracy of geometric sizes with which the ancient Egyptians coped brilliantly. Some Egyptologists seriously believe that the builders of the 26th century before the PC could not build such a structure for 22 years. They adhere to the theory of extraterrestrial origin of the pyramids.

The point of view of these researchers has the right to exist, especially since the arguments submitted by them sometimes put in the impasse of opponents. The location of the pyramid and its proportions are so accurate that for location in accordance with the parties of the world, would require the most accurate geodesic devices from modern builders. If the exact location of the Heopse pyramid on the sides of the light is an accident, then the random is very happy.

The current proportion of the pyramid of Heops, or Houf, not those that were originally. Scientists managed to determine that maximum height Pyramids in 2568 to PC was 146.6 meters. The ratio of height and base is thus 3.14 ...., that is, the number "pi" from geometry. The case in the accuracy in which the ratio repeats the number "PI". This accuracy is six marks after the comma. This value did not know Archimedes, he would have envied such accuracy, undoubtedly.

On the day of completion of the construction of the Hope's pyramid was 146.6 meters high. However, now, its height is significantly less initial. For such a decrease, there are two reasons. One natural character - erosion. The second reason is artificial. His name is a man ...

In 1301, Cairo survived the earthquake. Most of the houses turned into a pile of garbage. The same fate suffered a mosque with skillful minarets. After the first shock, Cairo's authorities turned to the real storehouse of building materials - pagan's pyramids. They were seduced by polished lime slabs, which pyramids were posted. Walking along the path of the least resistance, by reducing overhead costs, the Arabs began to remove the outer cladding of the pyramids. Now only part of the cladding on the upper tiers of the pyramid of Hefren has been preserved. On the pyramid of Heops outdoor facing was left.

As a result of the barbaric dismantling, the height of the highest pyramid in Egypt has decreased by eight more than eight meters. Today's sources talking about height pyramid do not shine uniformity. The difference consists of 10-20 centimeters. On the one hand, such a discrepancy of the data perturbs pedants, accuracy lovers. On the other hand, 10-20 centimeters now do not determine anything. After all, the initial proportions are broken irretrievably and forever.

Arabs, who broke up the pyramids, were not asked by subtle scientific issues. They were not interested in theories that put forward modern scientists. They were interested in a momentous solution of household problems. Without hesitations, they caused damage to one of the seven wonders of the world. We can post for a long time on the Arabs of the early 14th century. We can complain on inaccuracies in determining the present height of the pyramid. We can build hypotheses regarding the creators of the pyramids. But the pyramids are still. They continue their existence and survive us with our emotions. They will continue to delight and lead to the thrill visitors who will violate their centuries-old peace.

, Vizier and nephew of Heops. He also wore the title "Managing all the construction plants of Pharaoh." More than three thousand years (before the construction of the Cathedral in Lincoln, England, about 1300) the pyramid was the highest building on Earth.

It is assumed that the construction lasting twenty years ended at about 2540 to N. e. Existing methods of dating the start of construction of the pyramid are divided into historical, astronomical and radiocarbon. In Egypt, the date began to start the construction of the Hoeop Pyramid - August 23, 2560 to N. e. This date was obtained using the Kate Spence Astronomical Method (University in Cambridge). However, you should not consider this date a true historical event, since its method and the dates obtained with it have criticized many egyptologists. The existing three other dating methods give different dates - Stephen Khaka (University of Nebraska) 2720 BC. er, Juan Antonio Belmont (University of Astrophysics in Canary) 2577 BC. e. and Polluksa (University of Bauman) 2708 BC. e. The radiocarbon method gives the range from 2680 BC. e. up to 2850 BC e. Therefore, there are no serious confirmations to the "birthday" of the pyramid, as Egyptologists cannot fall into what year construction began.

Statistical data

• Height (today): ≈ 138.75 m
• The angle of inclination of the side face (now): 51 ° 50 "
• Length of the side edge (initially): 230.33 m (by calculations) or about 440 royal elbows
• Length of the side edge (now): about 225 m
• Length of the base of the base of the pyramid: South - 230.454 m; North - 230.253 m; West - 230.357 m; East - 230,394 m
• The base area (initially): ≈ 53,000 m² (5.3 hectares)
• Side surface of the pyramid (initially): ≈ 85,500 m²
• Perimeter base: 922 m
• The total volume of the pyramid without deducting cavities inside the pyramid (initially): ≈ 2.58 million m³
• The total volume of the pyramid minus all known cavities (initially): 2.50 million m³
• Middle volume of stone blocks: 1,147 m³
• The middle mass of stone blocks: 2.5 t
• The most difficult stone block: about 35 tons - located above the entrance to the King Camera.
• The number of averaged volume blocks does not exceed 1.65 million (2.50 million m³ - 0.6 million m³ of rock base inside the pyramid \u003d 1.9 million m³ / 1.147 m³ \u003d 1.65 million blocks of the specified volume can physically fit in the pyramid without taking into account the volume of the solution in inter-block seams); The attribution to the 20-year construction period * 300 business days per year * 10 working hours per day * 60 minutes in an hour leads to the speed of laying (and delivery to the construction site) - near the block in two minutes.
• According to calculations, the total weight of the pyramid is about 4 million tons (1.65 million blocks x 2.5 tons)
• The base of the pyramid is resting on the natural rocky elevation height in the center of about 12-14 m and occupies, according to the latest data, at least 23% of the original volume of the pyramid

About Pyramid

The pyramid is called "Ahet-Huf" - Horizon Hofu (or more accurately "referring to the sky - (this) huof"). Consists of limestone and granite blocks. It was built on a natural limestone hill. After the pyramid lost several layers of cladding, this hill is partially visible on the eastern, northern and southern sides of the pyramid. Despite the fact that the peyramid of Cheops is the highest and most common of all Egyptian pyramids, still Pharaoh Snofer built the pyramids in Maidum and in Dakhshut (broken pyramid and pink pyramid), the total mass of which is estimated at 8.4 million tons.

Initially, the pyramid was lined with more solid than the main blocks, white limestone. The top of the pyramid was crowned gilded stone - Pyramidion (Dr. Egypt. - Benben). Facing shining in the sun with peach color, as if "the shining miracle myself seemed to gave all his rays." In 1168, Arabs looted and burned Cairo. Residents of Cairo removed the cladding with the pyramid in order to build new homes.

Pyramid structure

The entrance to the pyramid is at an altitude of 15.63 meters on the north side. The input form stone plates laid in the form of the arch, but this is a structure that was inside the pyramid - the true entrance is not preserved. The true entrance to the pyramid is most likely closed by a stone stopper. A description of such a traffic jam can be found at Strabo, it can also be a look at it, based on the preserved plate, which closed the upper entrance to the broken pyramid of the Snofer, Huefs's father. Today, tourists fall inside the pyramid through a 17-meter break, which in 820 Baghdad Caliph Abdullah al-Mamun is 10 meters below. He hoped to find the impenetrable Treasures of Pharaoh, but found a layer of dust thick in half an elbow there.

Inside the pyramid of Heops there are three burial chambers, located one above the other.

Burial "Yama"

A downward corridor of 105 m long, running under the tilt of 26 ° 26'46, leads to a horizontal corridor with a length of 8.9 m, leading to the camera 5 . Located below the ground level in the rock limestone base, it remained unfinished. The size of the chamber is 14 × 8.1 m, it is elongated from the east to the west. Height reaches 3.5 m, the ceiling has a large crack. The southern wall of the chamber has a well depth of about 3 m, from which a narrow LAZ (0.7 × 0.7 m in section) is stretched in the southern direction to 16 m (0.7 m in section), ending with a dead end. John Perring Engineers and Howard Wiz (Richard William Howard VYSE) At the beginning of the XIX century, the floor was cleared in the chamber in the chamber and pulled a well depth 11.6 m, in which they hoped to detect the hidden burial room. They were based on Herodota's testimonies that claimed that the body of Heops is located on the island surrounded by a channel in a hidden underground chamber. Their excavations did not lead to anything. Late studies have shown that the camera was thrown in progress, and the funeral cameras were decided to arrange in the center of the pyramid itself.

Several photos made in 1910

Interior

Interior

Interior

Interior

Interior

Interior

Interior

Ascending Corridor and Chamber of the Queen

From the first third of the descending passage (after 18 m from the main entrance) Up under the same angle of 26.5 ° goes south of the upstream ( 6 ) about 40 m long, ending at the bottom of the big gallery ( 9 ).

At its beginning, the ascending pass contains 3 large cubic granite "traffic jams", which are outside, from a downward passage, were disguised as a limestone unit that fell during the works of al-Mamuna. Thus, the previous ones about 3 thousand years have believed that there are no other premises in a large pyramid, except for the downstream passage and an underground chamber. Al-Mamuan could not break through these traffic jams and he just won in a softer limestone bypassing to the right of them. This passage is used so far. For traffic jams, there are two main theories, one of them is based on the fact that the upstream has corks installed at the beginning of construction and, thus, this passage was sealed with them from the very beginning. The second claims that the current narrowing of the walls is caused by an earthquake, and the plugs were before that within a large gallery and were used to seal the passage only after Pharaoh's funerals.

An important mystery of this section of the ascending pass is that in the place where traffic jams are now located, in a full-sized, albeit a shortened model of the pyramid moves - the so-called test corridors north of the big pyramid - there is no bog, and at once three corridors, the third of which is the vertical tunnel. Since the plugs still could not move from the spot, the question is whether there are vertical Lases over them, it remains open.

In the middle of the upstream passage, the wall design has a feature: in three places the so-called "frame stones" are installed - that is, the square through the entire length is pierced three monoliths. The appointment of these stones is unknown. There are several small niches in the area of \u200b\u200bthe frame stones.

In the second burial chamber, a horizontal corridor of 35 m long and 1.75 m long and a height of 1.75 m is sorted from the lower part of a large gallery and a height of this horizontal corridor from very large limestone blocks, which are applied fake "seams" imitating masonry from smaller blocks . Behind the western wall of the passage there are cavities filled with sand. The second chamber is traditionally referred to as the "Queen chamber", although the Faux of Pharaohov was buried in separate small pyramids. The "Tsaritsa chamber", lined with limestone, has 5.74 meters from east to west and 5.23 meters from north to south; Its maximum height is 6.22 meters. There is a high niche in the eastern wall of the chamber.

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Drawing of the Chamber of the Queen ( 7 )

Niche in the wall of the Chamber of the Queen

Corridor at the entrance to the tsaritsa hall (1910)

Entrance to the chamber of the queen (1910)

Niche in the Tsaritsa chamber (1910)

Ventilation channel in the Tsaritsa chamber (1910)

Corridor in the ascendant tunnel ( 12 )

Granite tube (1910)

Blocs-bouchons2.jpg.

Corridor in the ascending tunnel (left - closing blocks)

Grotto, Big Gallery and Chamber of Pharaoh

Another branch from the lower part of the big gallery is a narrow almost vertical mine with a height of about 60 m, leading to the bottom of the downward pass. There is a suggestion that it was intended to evacuate workers or priests, completing the "sealing" of the main passage to the "king chamber". In approximately in the middle, it is small, most likely, the natural expansion is the "Grotto" (Grotto) of the wrong form, in which several people could fit. Grotto ( 12 ) Located on the "junction" of the stone masonry of the pyramid and a small, about 9 meters high, a hill on limestone plateau lying at the base of a large pyramid. The walls of the grotto are partially fortified by the ancient stone masonry, and since its separate stones are too large, there is a suggestion that the grotto existed on the Giza Plateau as an independent structure is still long before the construction of the pyramids, and the evacuation mines itself was built by the location of the grotto. However, taking into account the fact that Mine was drowned in the already laid masonry, and did not laid out, as he says its wrong round section, the question arises of how builders managed to accurately go to the grotto.

The big gallery continues the upstream. Its height is 8.53 m, it is rectangular in a section, with a bit narrowing up (t. N. "False arch") walls, a high inclined tunnel with a length of 46.6 m. In the middle of a large gallery almost along the entire length goes correctly in the section Square deepening The size of 1 meter width and a depth of 60 cm, and on both side protrusions there are 27 pairs of deepening unclear destinations. The deepening ends t. N. The "big step" is a high horizontal protrusion, a platform of 1 × 2 meters at the end of a large gallery, immediately before Laz in the "hallway" - the pre-booth. The playground has a pair of similar recesses of the ramp, recesses at the corners at the wall (28th and last pair of BG decks). Through the "entrance hall", LAZ leads the funeral "king's lined in the black granite", where the empty granite sarcophagus is placed. Sarcophagus lid is missing. Ventilation mines have a mouth at the King Camera on the South and Northern Walls at an altitude of about a meter from the floor level. The mouth of South Ventshacht is badly damaged, the northern appears intact. Paul, ceiling, the walls of the camera do not have any decorations or holes or elements of attaching anything related to the construction of the pyramid. The ceiling plates all bunt along the southern wall and do not fall inside the room only due to the clamping weight of the overlying blocks.

Over the "King Camera" there are five unloading cavities with a total height of 17 m, between which there are monolithic granite slabs with a thickness of about 2 m, and above is the boulder overlap of limestone. It is believed that their purpose is to distribute the weight of the overlying layers of the pyramid (about a million tons) to protect the "king chamber" from the pressure. In these voids, graffiti were found left, probably workers.

Grott interior (1910)

Drawing of Grott (1910)

Drawing of the compound of grotto with a large gallery (1910)

Entrance to Tunnel (1910)

Entrance to Tunnel (1910)

Embranchement-Grande-Galerie.jpg

View of a large gallery from the entrance to the room

Grande-galerie.jpg.

Big gallery

Big Gallery (1910)

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"Big Step"

Kheops-Chambre-Roi.jpg

Drawing of the chamber of Pharaoh

Chambre-Roi-Grande-Pyramide.jpg

Chamber of Pharaoh

Pharaoh Camera (1910)

Interior of the lobby in front of the king chamber (1910)

Channel "Ventilation" at the southern wall of the room of the king (1910)

Ventilation channels

From the "Camment Camera" and "Cameras of the Queen" in the North and southern directions (first horizontally, then obliquely up) so-called "ventilation" channels 20-25 cm wide As the lower ends of the channels of the "Queen chamber" separates from the surface of the wall of about 13 cm, they were discovered when closing in 1872. The upper ends of these channels do not reach the surface of about 12 meters. The top ends of the channels of the Queen Chamber are closed by stone "Guntenbreak" doors, each with two copper handles. Copper handles were sealed with gypsum seals (not survived, but traces remained). In the South Ventshachte "The door" was found in 1993 using a tele-controlled robot "Lock II"; The bending of the northern mine did not allow to detect the same "door" by this robot. In 2002, with the help of a new modification of the robot in the southern "door", a hole was drilled, but there was a small cavity with a length of 18 centimeters and another stone "door". What is next is still unknown. This robot confirmed the presence of a similar "door" at the end of the northern canal, but it did not drill it. In 2010, the new robot was able to push the drilled hole in the southern "door" a snake-shaped camera and found that the copper "handles" from the side of the "doors" are decorated in the form of neat loops, and on the floor of the "ventilation" mines are applied with separate ocher icons on the floor. Currently, the most common version is that the purpose of the "ventilation" channels was religious and is associated with the submission of the Egyptians about the Soul Travel. And the "door" at the end of the channel is nothing but the door to the afterlife. That is why it does not enter the surface of the pyramid.

Tilt angle

To accurately determine the initial parameters of the pyramid is not possible, since its edges and surfaces are currently mostly dismantled and destroyed. This makes it difficult to calculate the exact angle of inclination. In addition, its symmetry itself is not ideal, so with different dimensions there are deviations in numbers.

The study of the geometry of the Great Pyramid does not give an unequivocal answer to the question of the initial proportions of this structure. It is assumed that the Egyptians had an idea of \u200b\u200bthe "gold section" and the number of Pi, which were reflected in the proportions of the pyramid: So, the ratio of height to half the perimeter of the base is 14/22 (height \u003d 280 elbows, and the base \u003d 220 elbows, the base point \u003d 2 × 220 elbow; 280/440 \u003d 14/22). For the first time in world history, these quantities were used in the construction of a pyramid in Maidum. However, for the pyramids of late epochs, these proportions have no longer applied anywhere, as, for example, some have altitude ratios to the base, like 6/5 (pink pyramid), 4/3 (Hefren pyramid) or 7/5 (pyramid pyramid).

Some of theories consider the Pyramid of the Astronomical Observatory. It is alleged that the corridors of the pyramids accurately indicate the "Polar Star" of that time - Tuban, the Sirius ventilation corridors - at the Sirius star, and from the Northern side - on the star Alnik.

Bending party

As in the XVIII century, when this phenomenon was opened, today there is still a satisfactory explanation for this feature of architecture.

Pharaoh boats

Near the pyramids, seven holes were discovered with real ancient Egyptian boats disassembled into parts. The first of these vessels called "Solar Boats" or "Sunny Purities" was found in 1954 by the Egyptian architect Kamael El-Mallah and the archaeologist Zaka Nurom. The boat was from the cedar and did not have a single trail from the nails for fastening the elements. The boat consisted of 1224 parts, they managed to mount the restorer Ahmed Yussef Mustafa only in 1968.

Boat dimensions: Length - 43.3 m, Width - 5.6 m, and sediment - 1.50 m.

On the south side of the pyramid of Heops, the museum of this boat is open.

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One of the two pits for solar boats. Eastern part of the pyramid

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The place where the solar boat was discovered

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Museum of boats on the south side of the pyramid

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Hope's sunny boat, discovered near the pyramid in 1954

Pyramids Tsaritshe Hoeops

Pyramide Henoutsen 01.jpg.

Descent to the burial chamber Henoutsen

Pyramide Henoutsen 02.jpg.

The burial chamber Henoutsen.

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Literature

• Ionina N. A. 100 great wonders of light. - Moscow., 1999.
• Voytej Zamarovsky. Their majesty pyramid. - Moscow., 1986.

see also

Notes

Links

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Ancient kingdom (2686-2181 BC. Er) 1 transition period (2181-2040 BC er) Middle kingdom (2040-1650 BC. Er) 2th transition (1650-1570 BC. Er) New kingdom (1570-1070 BC. Er)

Pyramids Sculpture

Excerpt characterizing the pyramid of Heops

- What do you say about the militia? He said to Boris.
- They, your lordship, getting ready for tomorrow, to death, put on white shoes.
- A! .. Wonderful, unmatched people! - said Kutuzov and, closing his eyes, shook his head. - Unmatched people! - He repeated with a sigh.
- Would you like gunpowder? He said to Pierra. - Yes, a pleasant smell. I have the honor to be the admirer of your spouse, is it healthy? My tall at your service. "And, as often happens with old people, Kutuzov began to look around, as if forgetting everything he needed to say or do."
Obviously, remembering what he was looking for, he listed Andrei Sergeych Kaisarov to himself, brother his adjutant.
- How, like, like poems, Marina, like poetry, how? What I wrote to Gerakov: "Teacher will be in the building ... Tell me, say," Kutuzov spoke, obviously, going to laugh. Kaisarov read ... Kutuzov, smiling, nodded his head in the tact of poems.
When Pierre moved away from Kutuzov, Shelahov, moving toward him, took his hand.
"Very happy to meet you here, a graph," he told him loudly and not embarrassed by the presence of outsiders, with special determination and solemnity. - On the eve of the day, in which God knows who of us is destined to stay alive, I am pleased to tell you that I regret the misunderstandings that were between us, and wish you would not have anything against me. Please forgive me.
Pierre, smiling, looked at Dolokhova, not knowing what to tell him. Shells with tears speaking on his eyes, hugged and kissed Pierre.
Boris said something to his general, and Count Benigsen appealed to Pierre and offered to go with him together along the line.
"You will be interested," he said.
"Yes, very interesting," said Pierre.
After half an hour, Kutuzov went to Tatarinov, and Benigsen with a retinue, including Pierre, drove along the line.

Benigsen came down from the slides along a big road to the bridge, to which Pierre pointed out an officer from Kurgan as a center of position and whose on the shore lay the rows of beveled, smelling with hay grass. Through the bridge, they drove into the village of Borodino, from there they turned to the left and past the huge number of troops and cannons left for the high Kurgan, on which the Earth was digging. It was a redfish, who had not had the name, then the name of Raevsky, or a kurgan battery.
Pierre did not pay special attention to this radiate. He did not know that this place would be a memorable place for him all places of the Borodino field. Then they went through the ravine to Semenovsky, in which the soldiers took care of the last logs of the BRs and Ovinov. Then, under the mountain and on the mountain, they drove ahead through the broken, knocked out, as a hail, rye, on the newly laid artillery on the rings of a pashnya road on the flush [the rod of fortifications. (Note. L.N. Tolstoy.)], Then then still digging.
Benigsen stopped on flushes and began to look forward on (formerly yesterday our) Shevardinsky redhead, on which several riders could have seen. The officers said that Napoleon or Murat was there. And everyone greedily looked at this pile of riders. Pierre also watched there, trying to guess, which of these slightly visible people was Napoleon. Finally, the riders moved from Kurgan and disappeared.
Benigsen appealed to the general to him and began to explain all the position of our troops. Pierre listened to the words of Benigsen, straining all his mental forces to to understand the essence of the upcoming battle, but felt with a chance that the mental abilities of it were insufficient for this. He did not understand anything. Benigsen stopped talking, and noticing the figure listened to Pierre, suddenly said, turning to him:
- You, I think, not interesting?
- Oh, on the contrary, it is very interesting, - repeated Pierre not quite truthfully.
With a flash, they went to the left more expensive, as much as a frequent, low birch forest. In the middle of this
The forest jumped in front of them onto the road brown with white legs of the hare and, frightened by the trampling of a large number of horses, it was confused that long jumped on the road ahead of them, exciting the overall attention and laughter, and only when in a few voices shouted on him, rushed aside And disappeared in more often. Having drove the versts two in the forest, they left for the clearing, on which the troops of the Tuchkov Corps were stood to defend the left flank.
Here, in the extreme left flank, Benigsen said a lot and did a lot and did, as it seemed like a pierre, an important regulation. There was an elevation ahead of the arrangement of troops. This exaltation was not occupied by troops. Benigsen criticized this mistake loudly, saying that it was insanely to leave an unnoticed commander-terrain height and put troops under her. Some generals expressed the same opinion. One in particular with military hotness said that they were put on slaughter here. Benigsen ordered his name to move troops to height.
Order This on the left flank even more forced Pierre to sleep in his ability to understand a military case. Listening to Benigsen and generals who condemned the position of the troops under the mountain, Pierre fully understood them and shared their opinion; But precisence why he could not understand how he could have put them here under the mountain, to make such an obvious and rude mistake.
Pierre did not know that these troops were not set to protect the position, as Benigsen thought, but were put in a hidden place for an ambush, that is, in order to be unnoticed and suddenly hit the eagerness. Benigsen did not know that and moved the troops ahead for special reasons, without saying this commander-in-chief.

Prince Andrei In this clear August evening, the 25th of the 25th lay, climbing his hand, in the broken barn of the village of Knyazkova, on the edge of his regiment. In the hole of the broken wall, he looked at the three-year-old bare along the fear of the lane, on a lot of chopped by the coppers of oats and on a shrub, which was visible to the fires of fires - soldier's cuisines.
No matter how tough and nobody needs and neither the rod seemed to be the prince Andrei his life, he just like seven years ago in Austerlice on the eve of the battle, felt agitated and annoyed.
The orders for tomorrow's battle were given and received. It was nothing more to do. But thoughts are the simplest, clear and therefore terrible thoughts did not leave him alone. He knew that tomorrow the battle had to be the worst of all those in whom he participated, and the possibility of death for the first time in his life, without any relation to everyday, without considerations about how she would work on others, but only The attitude towards himself, to his soul, with liveliness, almost with reliability, simply and terribly, introduced himself to him. And from the height of this presentation, everything that had before tormented and occupied it, suddenly covered with cold white light, without shadows, without perspective, without the difference in the outlines. The whole life introduced him as a magic lantern, which he looked through the glass for a long time and with artificial lighting. Now he saw suddenly, without glasses, with bright daylight, these badly nimbletles. "Yes, yes, here they are those worried and admiring false images," he said to himself, turning through his imagination, the main paintings of her magical lamp of life, looking at them at the same time with the cold white light of the day - a clear thought of death. - Here they are, these rudely namalo figures, which appeared with something beautiful and mysterious. Glory, public benefit, love for a woman, the most fatherland - how great these pictures seemed to me, which deep meaning they seemed fulfilled! And all this is so simple, pale and rudely with the cold white light of the morning, which, I feel, rises for me. " The three main burning of his life in particular stopped his attention. His love for a woman, the death of his father and the French invasion, who seized half of Russia. "Love! .. This girl, I seemed to be full of mysterious forces. How I loved her! I made poetic plans for love, about happiness with her. About a cute boy! - he talked out loud out loud. - How! I believed in some kind of perfect love, which I had to preserve her loyalty for the whole year of my absence! As a gentle Bassni dove, she had to dry in separation with me. And all this is much easier ... It's all terribly simple, gadko!
Father also built in the Bald Mountains and thought it was his place, his land, his air, his men; And Napoleon came and, not knowing his existence, like a chips from the road, pushed him, and his bald mountains collapsed and his whole life. And Princess Mary says that this is a test sent over. What is the test when it is no longer? Never again! His not! So who is this test? Fatherland, destruction of Moscow! And tomorrow I will kill me - and not the Frenchman even, and how yesterday discussed the soldier rifle near my ear, and the French will come, take me for your feet and for the head and merged into the pit, so that I did not smell them under my nose, and new conditions Life that will also be familiar to others, and I will not know about them, and I will not be. "
He looked at the lane Berez with their fixed yellow, greens and white bark shining in the sun. "To die so that I was killed tomorrow, so that I was not ... so that all this was, and I would not be." He brought himself a lack of himself in this life. And these birch trees with their light and shadow, and these curly clouds, and this smoke of fires - everything around was transformed for him and seemed something terrible and threatening. Frost ran over his back. Quickly ending, he left the barn and began to walk.
Voices heard in the barn.
- Who's there? - called Prince Andrei.
Krasnonosy Captain Timokhin, a former regular commander of Dolokhov, now, as a lifroception of officers, the battalion commander, timidly entered the shed. It entered the adjutant and treasurer of the regiment.
Prince Andrei rose hastily, listened to the fact that the officers had handed over to him, he gave them some more orders and got to let go of them when a familiar voice was heard from Zarai.
- QUE DIBLE! [Damn it!] - said the voice of a person who was knocking on something.
Prince Andrei, looking out of the barn, he saw the Pierre suitable for him, who stumbled on the lying pole and almost fell. Prince Andrei, it was generally unpleasant to see people from their world, especially Pierre, who reminded him of all those hard moments he survived in the last visit to Moscow.
- That's how! - he said. - What are the fate? I did not wait.
While he told it, in his eyes and the expression of the whole face was more than dryness - there was a hostility that Pierre immediately noticed. He approached the shed in the busiest state of the Spirit, but, seeing the expression of the face of Prince Andrei, he felt cramped and awkward.
"I arrived ... So ... You know ... I came ... I'm wondering," said Pierre, so many times on this day it was meaninglessly repeated this word "interesting." - I wanted to see the battle.
- Yes, yes, and brothers Masons say about the war? How to prevent it? - said Prince Andrei mockingly. - Well, Moscow? What are mine? Have you come to Moscow finally? He asked seriously.
- arrived. Julie Drubetskaya told me. I went to them and did not find it. They left for the Moscow region.

The officers wanted to spare, but Prince Andrew, as if not wanting to stay with her eye with her friend, offered them to sit and drink tea. Put benches and tea. The officers were not without surprise looked at the fat, huge figure of Pierre and listened to his stories about Moscow and about the location of our troops, which he managed to turn around. Prince Andrei was silent, and his face was so unpleasant that Pierre turned more than a good-natured battalion commander Timokhin than to Bolkonsky.
- So you understood all the location of the troops? - Interrupted his prince Andrei.
- Yes, that is, how? - said Pierre. "As an unjoyed man, I can't say well, but still understood the general location."
- Eh Bien, Vous Etes Plus Avance Que Qui Cela Soit, [Well, so you know more than anyone.] - said Prince Andrei.
- A! - said Pierre with a bewilderment, looking at Prince Andrew. - Well, how do you say about the destination of Kutuzov? - he said.
"I was very happy to have been this appointment, that's all I know," said Prince Andrei.
- Well, tell me which opinion about Barclay de Tolly? In Moscow, God knows what they talked about him. How do you judge about him?
"Ask them," said Prince Andrei, pointing to officers.
Pierre with a condescendingly questioned smile with which everyone turned to Timokhin unwittingly, looked at him.
"The world was seen, your shyness, like the little ones arrived," timidly and indiscriminately looking at his regimental commander, Timokhin said.
- Why so? - asked Pierre.
- Why, at least about firewood or feed, we report to you. After all, we from Svlenhayan retreated, do not quiet twig to touch, or the Senza there, or that. After all, we leave, he gets, isn't you, your clay? - He turned to his prince, - and you do not dare. In our regiment, two officers were given for such cases. Well, as the light shelter did, so about it just became. The light was seen ...
- So why did he forbade him?
Timohin looked around confisciently, without understanding how and what to answer such a question. Pierre with the same question turned to the prince Andrei.
"But in order not to ruin the edge that we left the enemy," Prince Andrei said viciously. - it is very thorough; You can not allow robbery the edge and take the troops to the ladder. Well, in Smolensk, he also correctly judged that the French could get around us and that they had more strength. But he could not understand that - suddenly the prince of Andrei shouted with a thin voice, - but he could not understand that we were for the first time they fought there for Russian land, that in the troops there was such a spirit, which I never saw that I never see that For two days, the French were folded off the French and that this success was our strength. He ordered to retreat, and all efforts and losses were disappeared. He did not think about treason, he tried to do everything as best as possible, he thought it all; But it is not suitable for this. It is not suitable now precisely because it all thinks out very thoroughly and gently, as follows to any German. How would you say ... well, the father of your German Lackey, and he is a wonderful lacquer and will satisfy all his needs better than you, and let him serve; But if the father is sick with death, you will drive a lake and your unusual, awkward hands will go after my father and it is better to calm him than a skillful, but someone else's person. So done with Barclay. While Russia was healthy, she could serve someone else, and was a wonderful minister, but as soon as she is in danger; Need your own man. And you in the club invented that he is a traitor! In the fact that he was slandered by a traitor, only the fact that then, ashamed of their false complaint, will be made from the traitors suddenly the hero or genius, which will still be unfair. He is honest and very accurate German ...
"However, they say, he is a skillful commander," said Pierre.
"I don't understand what a skillful commander means that," said Prince Andrei with a mockery.
"Skilled commander," said Pierre, "well, the one who foresaw all the chance ... Well, the opponent's thoughts guess.
- Yes, it is impossible, "said Prince Andrei, as if about the long-term deal.
Pierre looked at him with surprise.
"However," he said, "after all, they say that the war is like a chess game.
- Yes, "said Prince Andrei," only with a little difference that in chess over each step you can think of how much you like that you are there outside the conditions of time, and with the difference that the horse is always stronger than pawns and two pawns are always stronger One, and in war one battalion is sometimes stronger than the division, and sometimes weaker than the company. The relative force of the troops cannot be known to anyone. Believe me, - he said, - that if he would have depended on the headquarters orders, I would have been there and did orders, but instead I have the honor to serve here, in the regiment here with these gentlemen, and I think that from us really will depend on tomorrow, and not from them ... success never depended and will not depend on the position, nor from weapons, nor even from the number; And the least from the position.
- And what about?
"From that feeling that is in me, in him," he pointed to Timokhin, "in every soldier.
Prince Andrei glanced at Timokhina, who looked frightened and wondered his commander. In contrast to his former restrained silence, Prince Andrei seemed agitated now. He, apparently, could not resist from the statement of those thoughts that suddenly came to him.
- The battle will win the one who firmly decided to win it. Why did we lose the battle under Austerlitz? We had a loss almost equal to the French, but we told themselves very early that we lost the battle, and lost. And we said this because we did not need to fight there: I wanted to leave the battlefield as soon as possible. "Lost - well, so run!" - We ran. If we were before the evening we did not say that, God knows what it would be. And tomorrow we do not say that. You say: our position, the left flank is weak, the right flank is stretched, "he continued," all this is nonsense, nothing is it. And what do we have tomorrow? One hundred million of a wide variety of accidents that will be resolved instantly in that they ran or will run away or ours that will kill that, kill another; And what is being done now - all this is fun. The fact is that those with whom you traveled in position, not only do not promote the general course of affairs, but prevent him. They are engaged only by their small interests.
- In this minute? - Pierre said ukriznarly.
"In this moment," said Prince Andrei, "for them it is only such a minute in which you can sink under the enemy and get an extra cross or a ribbon. For me, tomorrow here's what: the hundredsmatic Russian and hundredsmatic French troops agreed to fight, and the fact is that these two hundred thousand fights, and who will be evil to fight and regret themselves less, he will win. And you want, I will tell you that, whatever it was, whatever confused there at the top, we will win the battle tomorrow. Tomorrow, whatever it is, we will win the battle!
"Here, your creation, however, the truth is true," Timokhin said. - What to regret now! Soldiers in my battalion, believe it, did not become vodka, drink: not such a day, they say. - Everyone was silent.
Officers rose. Prince Andrei came out with them for the barn, giving the last orders to the adjutant. When officers left, Pierre went to the prince Andrei and just wanted to start a conversation, as the hoofs of three horses were careful, and, looking at this area, Prince Andrei found out Volzogen with Clauses, accompanied by the Cossack. They traveled close, continuing to talk, and Pierre and Andrei involuntarily heard the following phrases:
- Der Krieg Muss Im Raum Verlegt Werden. Der AnSicht Kann Ich Nicht Genug Preis Geben, [War must be transferred to the space. I can't praise this look (it.)] - said one.
- O JA, - said another voice, - Da der Zweck Ist Nur Den Feind Zu Schwachen, So Kann Man Gewiss Nicht Den Verlust Der Privatpersonen in Achtung Nehmen. [Oh yeah, because the goal is to weaken the enemy, then it is impossible to take into account the loss of individuals (it.)]
- O JA, [oh yes (it.)] - confirmed the first voice.
- Yes, Im Raum Verlegen, [transfer to space (it.)] - repeated, viciously snorted with his nose, Prince Andrei, when they drove. - Im Raum [in space (it.)] I have a father, and son, and sister in the Bald Mountains. It's all the same. Here it is what I told you - these gentlers will not win the battle tomorrow, but only they will be nagy, how many of their strength will be, because in his German head only reasoning, not standing eggs, and in the heart there is no fact that only one thing And you need to tomorrow, - what is in Timokhin. They gave all of Europe to him and came to teach us - glorious teachers! - again screamed his voice.
- So you think that tomorrow the battle will be won? - said Pierre.
"Yes, yes," said Prince Andrei absently. "One thing I did, if I had power," he began again, "I would not take prisoners." What are prisoners? This is a knighthood. The French ruined my house and go to ruin the Moscow, and insulted and insult me \u200b\u200ball a second. They are my enemies, they are criminals all, according to my concepts. And also thinks Timokhin and the whole army. We must execute them. If they are my enemies, they cannot be friends, no matter how they talked in Tilsit.
"Yes, yes," said Pierre, shining eyes looking at Prince Andrew, "I absolutely completely agree with you!"
The question that is disturbed by Pierre, who has been disturbed by Pierre, who has been disturbed by him completely clear and completely permitted to all this day. He now understood the whole point and the whole meaning of this war and the upcoming battle. All that he saw on this day, all significant, strict expressions of the people who saw it glimpse, lit for him with a new light. He understood that hidden (Latente), as they say in physics, the warmth of patriotism, which was in all those people he saw, and who explained him, why all these people are calm and as if they were frightly prepared for death.
"Do not take prisoners," Prince Andrei continued. - This one would change the whole war and would make it less cruel. And then we played the war - this is what is bad, we are generous and the like. It is generous and sensitivity - like generosity and sensitivity of the Baryn, with which there is a bad talker when she sees the calf calf; She is so good that he can not see blood, but she with an appetite eats this calf under the sauce. We are involved on the rights of war, about chivalry, parliamentary, sparing unfortunate and so on. All nonsense. I saw in 1805 chivalry, paritarian: we were inflated, we inflated. Rob to other people's homes, they allow fake banknotes, and worse everything - kill my children, my father and talk about the rules of war and generosity to enemies. Do not take prisoners, and kill and go to death! Who reached that, as I, the same sufferings ...
Prince Andrei, who was thinking that he was still, would take it or will not take Moscow, as Smolensk took, suddenly stopped in their speech from an unexpected cramps, grabbed him for the throat. He walked several times silently, but Tlaza his feverishly glistened, and the lip was trembling when he began to say again:
- If there was no gentleman in the war, then we would go only when it costs to go to the right death, as now. Then there would be no war for the fact that Pavel Ivanch offended Mikhail Ivanich. And if the war is like now, so war. And then the intensity of the troops would not be the one as now. Then all these Westphalts and Hesssets, who leads Napoleon, would not go to Russia, and we would not go to Austria and Prussia, not knowing why. The war is not courtesy, but the most appropriate thing in life, and it is necessary to understand this and not to play the war. It is necessary to take strictly and seriously this terrible necessity. All this: Fail off a lie, and the war is so war, not a toy. And then the war is the favorite fun of idle and frivolous people ... Military estate is the most honorable. And what is war, what is needed for success in military business, what morals of the military society? The purpose of the war is the murder, the war rights of the war - spying, treason and encouraging it, the ruin of residents, the robbery of their or theft for the food of the army; Cheating and lies called military hectares; The morals of the military estate are the lack of freedom, that is, discipline, idleness, ignorance, cruelty, debauchery, drunkenness. And despite this is the highest estate, revered by everyone. All the kings, except for Chinese, carry Military unifeds, and to the one who killed the people more, give a great reward ... It will meet, like tomorrow, to kill each other, they will switch, persecute tens of thousands of people, and then they will serve thanks for the fact that they broke Many Luden (whom the number is still added), and proclaim the victory, believing that the more people beaten, the more merit. How God looks from there and listens to them! - Thin, squeaky voice shouted Prince Andrei. "Oh, my soul, my last time it became hard to live." I see that I began to understand too much. And it is not suitable for a man to eat from the tree of knowledge of good and evil ... Well, yes, not for a long time! - he added. "But you sleep, and I'm a pen, go to the slides," said Prince Andrei suddenly said.

31-03-2017, 22:01 |

Hope's pyramid is the only one of the seven wonders of the world, which has survived to the present day. Weight 5 million tons, height 146 meters, age 4500 years. The construction of the pyramid of Heops and to this day is covered by a big secret. Many scientists and Egyptologists make a number of assumptions, as they managed to build such a massive structure at that time.

With the help of modern technologies, one of the French architects managed to reproduce a fairly accurate picture. In general, the pyramids are a beautiful and mysterious spectacle. Massive facilities of the pyramid -, they were built without a special technician, only the hands of the ancient Egyptians. It is very strange, and therefore causes such interest.

Construction of ancient Pyramids of Egypt

To clarify the whole picture will return during the construction of the pyramids. This is a manifestation. They became gates for all pharaohs from the world of alive in the eternal world of the dead. The most impressive of the Pyramids of the Egyptians built for one century. Initially, the pyramids of the stepped, for example, Josher's pyramid in Sakar is so.

But the first pyramid with even edges was built by the pharaoh from the IV dynasty of Snowfrom. He was the father of Heops. Special facing of the pyramid made them in the earth incarnation of the sun. Over time, truth facing was borrowed by the construction of temples and mosques. We can meet such a cladding only at the base of the pyramid of Heops and on the top of the pyramid of Hefren.

Pyramid Hefren became the last big pyramid In the history of Egypt. Then after a century of grand construction, the whole country entered a difficult time for himself. Time of gravestics, climate change also occurred, drought began to happen very often. This led to the fact that in the troubled time of the civilian secrets of the construction of the pyramid was lost.

Recently, the villages were found by archaeologists, in their opinion it was there that the builders of the pyramids lived. This led to many discoveries. Egyptologists became clear, as she passed - they lived quite well, had a good housing and food plenty, drose meat, bread, drinking beer. As it turned out that the builders were not. Previously, this point of view was dominated.

It is interesting that the pyramid of Heops was the highest in the world to the endXIX century Recall that its height accounted for 146 meters. The cellar chamber of the pyramid is lined with granite blocks, the weight of which is above 60 tons. It's all very strange and mysterious. How nevertheless built pyramids. A striking height and granite blocks inside the pyramid of Heops are two big secrets.

Heopse Pyramid for Construction

Many tried to reveal the secret of construction. Herodotus in the 5th century BC. An idea was put forward on the use of wood levers. Another idea about the existence of mounds to the top of the pyramid, or on the ramps outside in the form of a spiral. These hypotheses are very common in history lessons. However, not one of them does not contain a clear evidence base. There are no arguments that would allow with 100% probability to say that this or that hypothesis is true.

One French archaeologist came the idea that the construction of the pyramid took place from the inside with the help of a spiral tunnel. Before that, he conducted a series of studies of all hypotheses, examined the drawings. Soon he built his assumption about how to build. To begin with, he should have done a technical analysis of its assumption. That is, to develop the theory about how such construction was implemented in practice.

In order to prove this hypothesis, it was necessary to calculate everything. It is possible to quite accurately assert that the tunnels in the form of the Egyptian rings did not build. But to build structures at right angles were skillful. So the development was the idea of \u200b\u200bbuilding a ramp inside at an angle of 90 degrees. If such a ramp existed, it became possible to raise blocks as high, even 146 meters.

Construction in the details of the Pyramid of Pharaoh Heops

So, the idea of \u200b\u200binternal ramps. The bias of the ramps should not exceed 7%, otherwise it is simply unrealized to raise the blocks high. Special open areas were created on the turns. They allowed to rotate blocks in the right direction and at the same time carried out ventilation of tunnels. The theory with ramps was good, but demanded evidence.

To verify all the calculations, it was necessary to enlist the support of prominent historians. The French architect began to look for interested Egyptologists. However, to find in France those who would pay attention to its large-scale project, failed. But one of the American Egyptologists responded to his proposal. Having met, the American was amazed by this theory.

Scientists are sent to to find proof of their theory. It is worth noting that the pyramid of Heops is a stunning spectacle. Tourists are allowed inside through the robby pass. Exploring the pyramid from the inside, scientists tried to find at least some hints on the inner ramp. The junctions are striking between blocks, they are just perfect, there are no cracks.

If you move through a narrow passage under the ceiling of the gallery, then it will lead to 5 layers of granite blocks. They form discharge bands above the king chamber, it removes the load from the ceiling of the lower chambers. If there was no this system, the chamber of Pharaoh would have collapsed.

In addition, there is a special building passage to the top of the pyramid. It is there who are scientists at the beginning of the XIX century. Detected Kartushha Pharaoh Heops. This is the main proof that this is the Pyramid of Pharaoh Heops.

By the way, if you are a tourist and want to familiarize yourself with the Treasures of Pharaohs, then you need to go to the Cairo Museum. There is a million exhibits that will tell about the ancient civilization of Egypt. But only two exhibits are attributed to the pyramid specifically - the statuette of cheops from ivory and sleds from cedar. Salazki from the Lebanese cedar make it possible to understand how the pyramid was built.

Stages of construction Pyramid

In the rule of Heops, no Egyptian had the idea what the wheel is. Stone blocks were transported on cedar sled. But, nevertheless, in terms of the level of equipment, the Egyptians have achieved great success. The genius of the builders of the pyramids still admires the Egyptologists.

On the theory of French architect ramps there were two. The first straight goes from the base of the pyramid outside. It allows you to raise the base of the pyramid and even more than half of the structure, while build the gallery of Pharaoh. Then the second ramp was built, which was already inside the pyramid. On the theory after the construction of 43 meters, the pyramid on its surface raised blocks for the king chamber. Then the external ramp was disassembled and the second internal ramp was built from these materials.

To prove this theory, it is necessary to detect the residues of the ramp inside. Not far from Heops was built by the Temple of the Sun, they were built after 100 years. Interestingly, there is inside the course, similar to the inner ramp. The temple itself would be destroyed at the end of the XIX century, but there is its drawing. This is a direct evidence that the Egyptians knew how to build similar moves. So there are great chance And in the pyramid of Cheops built the same ramp.

Hope's Pyramid and Construction Features

In order for the form to be perfect, according to the scientist, first put the external blocks. Accordingly, the internal blocks laid later. Such a sequence made it possible to clearly control the surface and angle of the structure being under construction. There is a broken pyramid in Dashure, she has a facing. The thickness of the external facing blocks is much greater than that of the internal blocks. This also speaks in favor of the fact that they first put out the outdoor blocked blocks, and then internal.

So, put the external observed blocks, then horizontally another layer of blocks, and all the rest of the space was filled with rude blocks as a filler. With this order of construction and really could be erected for 20 years. Such a date and is indicated in the texts of the ancient Egyptians.

On the pyramid of Heops are viewed outside the whiten lines, it can be assumed that it is a ramp. Their latitude and slope exactly correspond to the numbers in this theory. For accurate data, the pyramid must be scanned and if there is fluctuations in the density, it will be the main proof of the existence of a ramp. After the study, the oscillations were discovered. The oscillations were formed by the form of a spiral. Such results gave a micrographs.

According to the micrographsimitric study of the emptiness in the density of the pyramid, the shape of the helix was formed. According to the obtained data of the void, they occupied 15% of the entire density of the pyramid of Heops. On the northeast edge of the pyramid there is a back, according to the calculations, it passes directly in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Rampus. Maybe there was a platform for construction, where the Egyptians unfolded blocks. But it is difficult to explore this area, since after accidents in the pyramid, it is prohibited.

The Pyramid of Cheops

But the authorities went to the meeting, and the Egyptologist together with the assistant climbed to look at the knife closer. However, it was not possible to detect some hint of ramp. But research accurately proved that inside there is a spiral cavity. Only here is another mystery - this is how the blocks for the chamber of the king were raised. After all, on the inner ramp can be lifted only small blocks, but how they delivered the rest ... This is also a question of the riddle so far. If you build a pyramid, then the external ramp will not help deliver a block of 60 tons to the top. For this you need 600 people who would work synchronously. And it is almost impossible.

Thus, the assumption of the inner ramp in the form of a spiral is viable, moreover, this version is more suitable for the construction of the pyramids. But there are some nuances that are still difficult to explain. Maybe it will remain a mystery for many more years.

CONSTRUCTION OF THE PYRAMID HEOPS video

Today we will travel for a few millennia ago, during the time of the ancient pharaohs and the majestic pyramids. To do this, we will go to the Giza Plateau - a suburb with a population of more than 3 million inhabitants, which is visited by tens of thousands of tourists every year. After all, it is here that the great pyramids of Egypt are located, and not in Cairo itself, as many have accustomed to count. And it is this place that provides us with an amazing opportunity to see with our own eyes the only one of the 7 miracles of the world, which preserved to the present day - the pyramid of Heops, as well as one of the largest statues in the world - the famous large sphinx. Just think about the complex has existed more than 4500 years! My head goes around from such numbers.

What is a Giza, a suburb of Cairo, these days.

The modern area of \u200b\u200bthe Giza looks poor and unbelievable. Nothing special - many cars, people, shops, signs ...

... sometimes not quite understandable.

Smiling inhabitants of modern Giza.

Ironically, an inconspicuous town is adjacent to one of the most famous ancients. architectural complexes World. What immediately rushes into the eyes is an unusual combination of urban buildings and hanging the tops of the pyramids over them. The majestic pyramids seemed to be sitting on you, inviting you to get closer to open the veil of their secrets and legends.

Complex Pyramid Giza

Information:
Complex Pyramid Giza
Location: Pyramids Road, Giza
Route: By bus: Stop near the hotel Ramses Hilton - 357 bus, or minibuses towards Giza; On the subway: Station The Giza, then - on minibas or taxi to pyramids; by taxi (20-30 pounds)
Cost: 80 LE, Students - 40 LE
Opening hours: Summer - 7: 00-19: 00, Winter - 8: 00-17: 00
The ticket includes the entrance to the Giza Plateau (inspection of the pyramids outside), visiting the Temple of Hefren in the Valley (Valley Temple of Khafre), Hoeopse Pyramids, and some separate small pyramids

Separate tickets:
Heop's pyramid (pyramid of khufu) - 200 le, students - 100 LE; Summer - 8: 00-11: 00, 13: 00-18: 00, Winter - 8: 00-11: 00, 13: 00-17: 00; Only 150 tickets are sold to a break and 150 after.
Pyramid Hefrena (Pyramid of Khafre) - 40 LE, students - 20 LE; Pyramid Micheer (Pyramid of Menkaure) - temporarily closed;
Sunny Pouring Museum - 60 LE;
For students there are discounts on the ISIC card

Light show (Sound and Light Show)- Daily at 19:00 - in English, 20:00 - German, Italian, Spanish, French (depends on the day of the week), 21:00 - in Arabic. Duration - about an hour. It is possible to transfer to Russian, Japanese, Polish, Chinese and other languages \u200b\u200b(through headphones, included in the price).
Phones: (+202) 338-57320, (+202) 338-47823, (+202) 338-67374

Inside the pyramids, photographing is prohibited. Shot on a plateau with a tripod - 20 le. Tickets for the plateau and individual tickets to the entrance to the pyramids of Heops and Hefren, as well as on the light shaw, are sold near different inputs.

Briefly about the main thing.Plateau Giza lies in the territory of the Libyan desert. There are built here by the time of the ancient kingdom (XXVI-XXIII century BC. Er). The basis of the complex is 3 great pyramids along with their satellite pyramids. Also, in terms of Giza, you can see the tombs of family members of Pharaohs and nobility, a statue of a large Sphinx, 4 cemeteries, several temples, a modern center for studying the pyramids and a museum. To consider in detail all these buildings, you most likely need a whole day. I, unfortunately, was not so much time, so only the most important objects are included in my article.

Complex plan:

And so the great pyramids look from a bird's eye view. They can be seen even from the window of the aircraft, if you fly over Cairir. So during my first flight to Egypt, a good half of the passengers gathered at the portholes, when the captain said that if we all move on to the right side of the salon, the plane would lean from this weight, and we could see the pyramids. Worked 🙂

In the evenings, the Sphinx takes place light shows on the theme of ancient Egypt and the Pyramids (Sound and Light Show) in several languages \u200b\u200b(for an additional fee).

I want to warn - be careful with such climbers. One friend told me a story as her son almost forcibly planted on a camel and began to photograph "absolutely free." But to remove a frightened guy from the hump of the proud ship of the desert, and return the camera to the hostess, they began to demand Bakshish. I had to threaten guides and polysya. The moral of this fable is: it is possible to rent something, but carefully. In the case of which I immediately refer to a guide, even if you came here alone. This, oddly enough, works. Just do not think that I discourage you from the possibility of making beautiful photos on the camel. In my opinion, the idea is wonderful, the main thing is to agree on price 🙂

Great Pyramids Giza: the main decoration of the complex.

What only the pyramids were built in ancient Egypt - stepped, broken, pink, huge or very tiny ... The most famous of them are great pyramids - are located in the central part of the Giza complex, where they are located on the same line - from the largest to the smallest. it heads Pyramids (Houf), Hefrena (Hafra) and Micheryina (Mencar).

!!Fact: As you know, these 3 pharaoh had a related connection. Hefren was a brother or son of Heops, and Micheer - the son of Heffren.

Each of the pyramids has its own "satellite pyramids", where members of the Families of Pharaohs are buried, and their funeral temple (see plane complex). Here they are, beauties, tower against the background of Cairo.

It seems from such an angle that the pyramid with the "tip" is the largest in size, but in fact, it is the middle of the three-pyramid of Hefren.

The following photo is the smallest Pyramid of Micheryan with its tiny satellites. Micheryin and Heops got 3 "satellite pyramids", but Hefren is just one.

Until now, scientists argue whether these pyramids were built by people or alien beings, whether they were intended only for burials or had other secret meanings. Would go back to the past truly, look at least one eye on the life of Giza several thousand years ago ... Eh, dreams ...

Hope's pyramid: According to the corridors of one of the miracles of the world.

Solding a little "postcards", I went inside the pyramid of Heops. The only one of our group. What kind of unique people are? So, gentlemen, this is the largest and most famous of the Egyptian pyramids, the only one of the seven wonders of the world, which managed to walk to the present day. Uraa, and I saw him with my own eyes! Other Heopse Pyramid Name - Great Pyramid (Great Pyramid). It was intended, in fact, for the burial of the pharaoh of Heops (or Hofu).

Her 3 satellites - standing next to small pyramids are the pyramid of the Queen Hietepheres (Gia) - Mother Huf, the pyramid of the queen Merititis I (Gib) - the 1st Wife Hofu, and the Pyramid Henutsen (GIC) - 2nd Hofa's wife. One of them is visible in the photo.

!!Fact: Initially, the top of the peyramid of Heops was gilded.

She probably crowds the most people than other points of the complex combined. Everyone wants to touch her, sniff, lean, take a picture ...

Here are the main parameters of the pyramid of Heops:

• The height of the pyramid is 139 meters.
• 4 sides of its foundation - 230 meters long each, with a small difference.
• Materials for construction - limestone, basalt, granite.
• The total weight of the pyramid is more than 6 million tons. It consists of about 2.5 million stone blocks. The average size of each block is 1 m³, the average weight is 2.5 tons. The hardest of them weighs as much as 35 tons.

You can climb that I did. The truth is not high, otherwise the security will begin to swear. A great chance to "touch the antiquity".

As for the entrance, they exist as much as 2. Early penetrated through the old entrance. The acting is slightly lower, tourists go through it today. He was once broken in the wall of the pyramid, hoping to find treasures there. Did not find.

So, we go inside, passing through the open gate in the background. Unfortunately, this photo was the only "legal" inside the pyramid of Heops: the shooting here for some reason is forbidden. The chamber has to be left at the entrance to his own risk. I resisted for a long time, it was elementary scary for the fate of my camera. True, as a result, he was returned as integrity. Further photos will be made using the phone that I carefully hidden so that it does not get into the hands of the guard 🙂

The first impression of the pyramid is muted light and silence inside, long and very narrow corridors. Inside there are no statues or wall paintings, which are found, for example, in later tombs. It reigns its own, special atmosphere.

But, what was my disappointment when I found that it is possible to go through several corridors and go only into several rooms. I compared what is open for tourists, with what is present on the plan of the pyramid, and I realized that only a third was opened for inspection. As a result, the whole hike down to the end point and back, if you do not consider every corner, took just a few minutes. That's the whole great pyramid. I read the comments on the Internet, and came to the conclusion that I somehow missed the passages upstairs, or at that time they were just closed. I will explain what we are talking about. Look at plan of the pyramid of Heops.

As we see, there are 3 funeral cameras inside it, one of which for some reason was not completed. Also, in the pyramid there is a system of corridors with a large gallery. This is what I expected to see in theory. In fact, what I managed to go it is the path from the entrance (2) on the downstream corridor (4) to the unfinished underground chamber (5). All, comrades! Annoying.

Downward corridor (4).

The length of the corridor is 105 m. The descent occurs under the big inclination. If for some reason you want to stop in the middle, then this is unlikely to succeed, if you do not want to delay the rest: the passage is really narrow and does not fit even two people in width. Next goes short tunnelleading to an unfinished underground chamber (5). I saw another passage, closed with a grid. Apparently, behind it is the missing part on the plan of the pyramid.

Camera (5) It is a small unpleasant room. Here, in fact, all. Maybe I watched there?

Finally, another fact. In the 20th century, a large wooden swivel (boat) was found in one of the premises, disassembled on the part. Now she is located in the museum of the sunny area, located next to the pyramid. Unfortunately, I did not have enough time to visit the museum.

Go to another of the most beloved tourists of the points of the complex Giza - a statue of a large Sphynx, ancient of the preserved monumental statues in the world. Let me remind you that in ancient Egypt Sphinx is a stone figure of a lion with a head of a person. For several millennia, he is not happy under the Egyptian sun, carefully guarding the plateau and its construction.

The height of the Sphinx is 20 m, its width is 73 m. For its age, the statue has been perfectly preserved to this day, however, losing his nose in the fight against sandy winds. The face of the mythical animal is drawn towards the Nile, where the sun comes from. Scientists believe that it has portrait similarities with the Pharaoh Micro - the "master" of one of the three great pyramids.

What photos with Sphinx do not make travelers come here .. Some jump on his background, others are trying to acquire, and the third and at all give him a hot, like the Libyan Desert, Kiss. I was no exception. Sphinx I was impressed almost more than the pyramids themselves, and I think it deserved this kiss.

Next to the statue is an extension - sphinx Temple. Together they form a single complex. Separate tickets for visiting the temple are not needed, as I did not try to convince me in the opposite one of the named. As a ticket, he, of course, tried to speak himself.

In this romantic frame with a kiss I finish my story. To new meetings with hot Egypt!

Heopps's pyramid was built about 2600 BC.

Pyramids are shrouded in secret and to this day. Many scientists have dedicated all their lives for the solution of the Great Construction and the purpose of these majestic buildings. However, already several millennia, starting from the first study of Herodotus and ending with today's day, did not bring the expected success. The main questions remained unanswered - who? when? what for? We will tell you about the most reliable assumptions and versions collected by the best scientists in a few centuries and related to the history of Egyptian pyramids.

Already in antiquity, the pyramids were considered one of the main wonders of the world! Their number was about 100 pieces located along the coast of the River Nile. If you look at all the pyramids from above, then their location is similar to a starry sky map. The largest, the main pyramids are in Giza. Immediately the sphinxes, as well as the temples and the tomb of the pharaohs, are located. A very important factor of the pyramid is that all their edges are clearly located on the magnetic poles of the Earth! You probably already know the name of the three main pyramids? If not, then be sure to remember - the pyramid of Heops, Micheryine and Hefren.

The largest pyramid - Heops was erected by hufu, which in those days was the pharaoh. Presummage, the most accurate date of construction is 2590 BC. The height of the pyramid is more than 146 meters, the length of each side is more than 241 m. The faces are located on the sides of the light with a stunning accuracy, the angle of inclination is 52 degrees. The Heops pyramid covers an area of \u200b\u200b5.4 hegtara, the base is equal to the horizon with an accuracy of up to 3 centimeters. The pyramid consists of more than 2,350,000 stone blocks, each of which weighing about two and a half tons! Initially, the pyramid was covered with white sandstone cladding, to give an accurate form and long saving. Unfortunately, the facing is not preserved to this day.

The entrance to the pyramid is at an altitude of 14 meters. Inside there are no decorations, no inscriptions and drawings. For that, there are three cameras, the bottom of which is located at a depth of 30 meters relative to the Earth. The room disseminated in a rock in order to get to it it is necessary to overcome 120 meters of a narrow corridor (1.1x1.0) at an angle of 27 degrees. After that, the remaining 9 meters, the angle changes to zero relative to the horizon. The tunnel is completed with the burial chamber with dimensions (8.0x14.0x3.0).

Now the passage to the lower tier is closed, for the time you can go through the stairs, and after and along the corridor at 40 meters, which leads to the chamber of the queen. Room with dimensions (5.5x5.2x6,3) is clearly in the middle, at an altitude of 20 meters from the ground. There are two ventilation mines in the walls directed to the north and south, but not going to the street.

Even above, there is a "big gallery" - a corridor of more than 48 meters long, with a ceiling height of 8.4 m and an angle of inclination of 26 degrees. The walls are covered with polished leed plates in eight layers. At the end of the corridor is the main room - the tomb of Pharaoh with dimensions (10.5x5,3x5,8). The camera has a cladding of black asuan granite, each block of which weighs at least thirty tons! Moreover, all blocks are so highly polished and fitted that even the thinnest blade of the knife will not be interrupted between them. The ceiling consists of 9 monoliths, each weighing more than 400 tons. Above them are the discharge chambers of 17 meters high, designed to preserve the Pharaoh rest. A double roof is equipped over them, from huge blocks that take over the weight of more than a million tons! We also note that the sarcophag of Pharaoh is much wider in the chamber, and most likely it was disused right here, from a large granite block.

There are also ventilation chambers (0.2х0,2) with the exact direction of North-South, but unlike the Queen chamber, then they go out. In 817, Khalif Mamun was able to penetrate the Tomb of Pharaoh, but he found only empty sarcophagus there, the remains of Heops were never discovered.

Interesting and finds near the pyramid. For example, in 1953, during the excavations, the most ancient ship in the world was discovered - wooden swivel, about 44 meters long built without nails from cedar. On the wooden elements of which traces of the sludge were found, it means that at one time the rook was used in direct appointment. Old scriptures claim that the pyramid was surrounded by a stone wall, the height of which was 10 meters, and the width is 3 meters. Nearby were two temples - upper and lower. The top was east of the pyramid, built from Turkish limestone, he contained about 40 granite pillars. The lower temple was used for the first part of the funeral ceremony.

The essence of the entire system of buildings was most likely such - initially the remains of Pharaoh were delivered through the Nile to the lower temple, where after the necessary preparations were sent to the upper temple along the long connecting the corridor. In the upper temple, among the many columns, funeral and prayers for the Pharaoh rest. After that, the body was delivered to the lower chamber of the pyramid, where Pharaoh was thoroughly lit. In the four sides of the pyramid, climbed in the rocks were four tricks intended for traveling in by the Military World. The main pyramid was accompanied by three small satellite pyramids (the length of the base is 49 m), located as well as the top temple, in the east. Moreover, each next of which (from north to south) is less than the previous one. It is believed that the pyramids of the companions were intended for Pharaoh's wives.

There are other theories of the purpose of the pyramids. In those distant times, the pharaohs managed a group of priests who possessed unearthly knowledge. It was a separate caste of people who called themselves elected. They perfectly knew mathematics, medicine, astronomy, etc. science. The level of treatment of priests was at times higher than our idea of \u200b\u200bthe world. This knowledge was unavailable to a simple person. The priests chose their students themselves, devoting and teaching them in underground premises located under the pyramids. The teachings assumed the connection with the Universe and the awareness of the essence of the earthly being. After that, the student was subjected to tests in the labyrinths of the pyramids, then in a secret sanctuary, under the fear of death, sought full obedience and oath about the non-disclosure of secrets. The priests could predict the future due to the connection with the highest forces of the Universe. Let's notify immediately, later the chosen disappeared, due to the so-called breaking of communication.

Modern scientists found many confirmations of this - 33-year duration of Christ, the date of the beginning of the Second World War. Back in 1964, Charles Smith put forward the assumptions that the pyramids store information to understand the prophecies from the Bible from the beginning of time to the second coming of God.

In 1994, a discovery that explains the location of three main pyramids, which exactly correspond to the position of the three stars of the Orion belt, which at the time they crossed Meridian Giza was made. If this assumption is true, then the age of the pyramids can be increased to 10,400 years before our era! The same Sphinx is a confirmation of this theory, because his glance has been facing exactly the point where this constellation was.

With the help of modern equipment, under the Sphinx themselves, hidden tunnels were found, which, by giving, had to withdraw to the chamber containing a capsule with a message for all mankind. Indeed, the camera was found, there was a sarcophagus of black granite in it, unfortunately he was empty. At that on the walls of the leading tunnel, drawings are found, which are predicting the future of humanity. From there it became known that our civilization is waiting for a series of cosmic cataclysms, which will nightmare "Earth" for several thousand years .. However, the priests will appear again on our planet and will find the way to salvation, having mastered space and restoring civilization based on the laws of being.

Heads pyramid. Device. Riddles. Pyramids on the map. Dimensions. Photo