The wave of craft pubs of the covered capital, led to the fact that most of the discoveries "beer" party goes more and less. And really, what's there to watch? New beer? Suppliers have all the same. Design? Edison bulbs sticking out of the water pipes to everyone already tired of death. Nevertheless, the opening on the old Arbate Paba-restaurant "Eric Redhead" caused a large excitement. In my opinion, everyone who is somehow connected with beer came to the opening.

In this room, beer restaurants were "sincerera". Starting with Sewing in the 90s and ending with the "circle" recently. A little further, in the same house in Soviet times there was a store in which year-round (it was rare) sold the spill kvass (and maybe the beer, I did not pay attention to this). So the place is "with traditions".

In the pub two floors and basement. On the first and second, just a pub with snacks. In the basement, the restaurant, where the foods bring waiters. There may also be played by the music, which is not heard on the upper floors, that of course the big plus. Someone music and dance, and someone just sit and chat.

The most important thing is on all three floors in the bars of the beer Miscellaneous! Have this in mind. How many cranes do not know. I think about 45-50 total. Plus bottle. The choice is decent. First of all, this is of course the range of "one ton" and "Velka Morava", that beer that they are boiled and which is imported. After all, it is these brewery that owns a restaurant. Prices for beer average in Moscow and of course cheaper than on Arbat in most institutions.

The main question is where to start, because This beer was supposed to become thousands of Chekin in Untappd.com. Vasily Smirnov suggested - Odin's Tipple. Imperial will be from the Norwegian brewery of Haand Bryggeriet.

Odin's Tipple. (Norway, Drammen) - 11% Alc. Vasily was right (Vasily bad would advise!). The most powerful and at the same time balanced thing! Strong aroma of burning malt, chocolate and creosote. Moderate sweetness and dry aftertaste is supplemented again by bitter chocolate, yawa bark and coffee. Uniquely "A +".

Then she wanted a domestic producer.

Red Sonya (Russia, Zhukovsky) - 6.2% Alc. Ginger IPA. Collaboration with Oleg Tingard. Soft but noticeable Christmas fragrance. In taste a little ginger, slightly burning. In the aftertaste for ginger, black currant is superimposed. It is a berry, and not "Nassali cats". Plus soft, but noticeable bitterness. Excellent balance total. With age, you begin to appreciate exactly the balance, and not the perversion and extremality of taste 🙂 will also put "A +", and let the disagreement be called another, the best ginger IPA 🙂

Tried a "one ton", switched to "Velka Morava".

Jubilee Baltic Porter. (Russia, Moscow) - 7.7% Alc. And here is a bummer-s. Or in the wrong sequence of saw. It seemed rather watery for 20% density. Zhezhka is not bad, but is balastinated by sweetness or bitterness. It seems that heavily elevated and the bodies are left. Although Zhezhka, I repeat, not bad. Evaluation "C +", but it is necessary to try separately.

Under the curtain treated Urbock 23 ° in a new bank (earlier it seemed to be only in bottles). It is not from the menu. Stepan Chunikin dragged.

Urbock 23 ° (Austria, Vorkhdorf) - 9.6% Alc. That's what I understand the dopperbok! Straight Portwine or Maltcel. In the aroma dried fruits. Sweet, even prono, but tasty. Alcohol is not felt at all. Caramel, lollipops, dried fruits and Portwine in a barrel in the aftertaste. Assessment "A"

Volodya "Niksichko" with the largest Chinese shipowners

Eica Redhead is a famous Scandinavian navigator. He is considered a man who founded the first settlement in Greenland, as well as the discoverer. His nickname "Redhead" received for the distinctive color of beard and hair. His son Leif first stepped onto the coast of America, and he is considered the main stage of her discoverer.

Biography Scandinava

It is reliably known that Eica Redhead was born in Norway. At that time, the rules of the king named and his native father was Torvald Asvaldson. Torvald poorly held out emotions, so one day he decided to murder. For this crime, he was expelled from the country with his family. Asvaldsons had to settle in Iceland.

But even in a new place, the rusty temper interfered with the surrounding. In addition, excessive emotion was adopted by his son Eica Redhead. At about 980, he was already sentenced to three years of expulsion for two murders. At first he deprived the life of a neighbor, who did not give a boat, taken in debt, and then dismissed his slaves who killed another Viking.

Obeying the sentence, Eiki decided to sail to the west to get to the earth, which was noticeable in clear weather with mountain vertices In the west of Iceland. As it turned out, she was approximately three hundred kilometers from the coast. In the Norwegian folklore, sagas were preserved, according to which another famous Norwegian Viking was swimming back there, whose name was Gunbrian.

Journey Eika

In Swimming, Eicky Ryzhik went in 982. He took the whole family with her, as well as cattle and servants. At first, he stopped to land the floating ice for a long time. Therefore, he had to go bend the island from the south and to go ashore in the area of \u200b\u200bthe modern Greenland town of Kutatok. It was Greenland.

On the island of the hero of our article spent three years without having met any person during this time. Although he repeatedly made attempts to find someone. He explored almost all the coast, even reached its boat to the disco island, which is located in the north-west of the southern tip of Greenland.

In 986, his term of exile from Iceland has expired. He returned and began to convince local residents Move to new lands. Now you know which island opened the Ginger Eik. Moreover, he also gave him the name. In the literal translation from Norwegian Greenland means " Green land".

Disputes about how appropriate is the name, do not subside until now. Some scientists put forward hypotheses based on the fact that in the Middle Ages the climate in these places was softer. Therefore, coastal areas located in the south-west of the island really could be covered with thick green herbal vegetation. Others are convinced that such a name was a certain advertising trick of the Scandinavian navigator. Thus, he simply tried to attract as many migrants as possible.

If you believe Sagam, which can be found in the Norwegian folklore, 30 ships sailed from Iceland in the path of our article. The fate of most of them was not as successful as Eric Torvaldson. Only 14 ships were reached before the coast, which were 350 immigrants. Together with him, Eik and founded the first settlement in Greenland. It was called the Eastern settlement.

Archaeological finds subjected to radiocarbon analysis make it possible to assert that the residence of the Eica of the Redhead itself was not far from modern City Nassarssuaaca. Detected objects are dating approximately 1000 year.

Family discovery

When Erica himself had already left on peace, his business continued his sons. He infected their passion for research. As a result, it was (the son of Eikh) about 1000 opened Winland. This is the territory where North America is located today. Far expeditions on another mainland committed other sons of the Hero of our article - Torstain and Torvald.

In addition, it is known that Leif Ericsson delivered directly from Norway a priest who baptized Greenland. But in the biography of Eika Redhead, do not find references that he accepted Christianity. Most likely, he remained a pagan, unlike his wife and sons. They had information that he treated the new religion of their tribesmen as skeptical as possible.

Greenland

Today, Greenland is the most big Island on the ground. The rights to it belong to Denmark, it is its autonomous unit.

From the history of this island, it is known that the Arctic peoples inhabited by the Vikings of Greenland. But long before the arrival of Norwegians, the island finally empty. The ancestors of modern innovis began to settle here only in the XIII century.

Danes began its colonization in the XVIII century. Only during the Second World War, Greenland managed to separate from the Danish kingdom, brings closer to Canada and the United States. But after the victory over the fascism, the Danes again returned control over Greenland. The largest island on Earth was proclaimed by the integral part of the kingdom.

In 1979, Greenland received wide autonomy. Now she even has its own football team, which performs in tournaments under the auspices of FIFA and UEFA.

Viking hiking

In the Great Epoch geographic discoveries The Ginger Eica became one of the first to pull to distant uncharted places.

In which covered the IX-XI century, the Scandinavians traveled actively in different directions. I was charged to Ireland, and to Russia. Usually on the way they were engaged in hunting, trading and robbery. It is known that Iceland was opened in about 860, founding there a number of colonies. At the same time, the Vikings often floated to the West. Therefore, in modern science it is believed that they are the first of the Europeans who reached the shores of America. It was then that the first still genetic contact with the indigenous inhabitants of North America occurred.

First journey to America

It is believed that the first banks of the new land reached the Norwegian Viking Gunnbjorn about 900. During the sailing, he shot down from the course, saved the travelers only what they noticed on the horizon Greenland. This discovery inspired his other fellow tribesmen for new expeditions and discoveries.

So Eica Redhead used a link to open new lands and expansion of the horizons. The climate of Greenland, in which he sailed, was very harsh, but he still convinced part of the tribesmen to go after him and establish a settlement in a new place almost from scratch.

Sons of Eika in America

Officially, the first of the Vikings stepped on the American coast of the son of Eika named Leif. The country of Valanov, so called Hellouced, he visited about 1000 years. Also opened Marcland ("Forest Country"), Winland ("Winnie Country", Presumably, Newfoundland or New England). His expedition spent the whole winter there, and then returned to Greenland.

His brother Thorvald in 1002 founded the first settlement of Vikings in America. But they lasted there shortly. Soon the Norwegians were attacked by local Indians, who were called the scragings. Torvald was killed in battle, his comrades returned home.

The descendants of Eica Redhead took two more attempts to colonize America. In one of them he participated in his daughter-in-law named Goodrid. In America, she even managed to establish trade with local Indians, but still did not stay for a long time.

The daughter of Eika Freudis participated in another warhead. She failed to establish contact with the Indians, the Vikings had to retreat. In total, the Norwegians settlement in Wilan existed for several decades.

Evidence of the discovery of America by Vikings

Interestingly, the hypothesis about the opening of America Vikings existed for many years, but she did not find obvious confirmations. Although Norwegians have found the North eastern coast America, but it was considered a fake. Only in 1960, the remains of the Norwegians settlements were found on the territory of the Canadian Newfoundland.

Eric Ginger

The end of the X century in history is noted not only by major military-political conflicts, but also by the colonization of Greenland by the Scandinavian settlers. "Green Country" with its discovery is obliged by Norwegian Eric Red (950-1003), who went to search for new lands, as he was expelled from Iceland for his brown temper.

Eric Rauda (Red): Family, First Difficulties

Not so much information has been preserved about childhood and youth of the discoverer. It is known that Eric Redheads appeared in Norway, not far from Stavanger, on the farm Yeren. Its bright solar hair color was left without attention, soon the nickname of redhead was fixed. In adolescence, he, together with his family, was forced to leave his homeland because of his father's blood quarrel with neighbors. They floated to the West and settled on the Hornstandir Peninsula. At this time, migration in Iceland is already over, so they got far from the best lands on the rocky shore.

When Eric Redhead Mature, he tried to escape from poverty and constant needs. After the death of the Father, he truths with all the truths and inconsistencies to south of Iceland and takes a girl from the wealthy family of Haukadal. It seemed that things were going uphill: Eric was able to acquire a plot and equip the farm. However, problems did not make himself wait.

Hot blood

It should be noted that in the artistic literature Eric Redhead, like other vikings, has a somewhat refined image, but in fact it real life He was a series of endless skirmishes, including bloodshed and robbery.

Ever time to marry, the future navigator was involved in a barrier with a neighbor, whose estate was robbed by Eric. The conflict was aggravated when one of the relatives of the victim of the neighbor did not bother offense for the damage caused by Erica's people. But the young warrior in debt was not left. He learned Samosud and killed this relative and his buddy. As a result of these actions, he was expelled from Haukadal County.

After the sentence, leaving the estate in a big hurry, Eric Redhead forgot to capture the generic carved pillars, which were sacred value for each family. Trugest (owner of another neighboring farm) assigned someone else's good, which later served as the beginning of new troubles.

Exile

The next winter, young Viking was nomaded with his family on the island of Breidafjord County, transferring all the life of the exile. With the onset of spring, he decides to return to Haukadal to pick up his generic pillars and other property, left them left. But the neighbor's unclean on his hand categorically refused to give them. Eric with friends was forced to hide in the near forest, waiting for the time when he would go somewhere on business or hunting. Imagining the moment, they sneaked into the estate and returned pillars, believing that the story would end. However, in those harsh times, no one was given anything for nothing. An attempt to return his property turned into another bloodshed. Trugest, finding the disappearance of the pillars, rushed into the chase for Eric. In the scuffle, lost his sons and adherents.

New deaths stirred eminent families. They forced Haukadal and Breidafjord heads to officially declare Eric Torvaldson (red) outside the law. Numerous supporters of the Treediest in the spring of 981 have taken hostilities against the restless Norwegian. As a result, despite supporting and friends, Eric proclaimed an exile for a period of three years.

Land search

Sources are very little talked about the very epochable opening of the Scandinavian navigator Erica Redhead. It is known that, by performing a sentence, he says goodbye to friends and decides to go to the searches of Earth, who previously discovered by Norwegian Gunnbiorn, when his storm ship was discarded to the West. Taking the same course from the shores of Iceland, Eric moves between 65-66 ° Northern latitude, successfully using associated wind. In four days, he and his people were in the east coast of unknown land.

After row unsuccessful trying To break through through the ice to the shore, the navigators moved along the coastline to the southwest. Contemplating lifeless icy deserts and mountain landscape, they approached the southern fjords, and from there through the strait headed to the west coast. Here Ice Pokrov began gradually to retreat. Tired travelers landed on a small island, where they spent the winter.

Expedition 982 years

In the summer of 982, Eric Redhead with a small team moved to the intelligence expedition and found it to the west shore, cut off by a set of deep fjords. He enthusiastically noted places for future farms. Further (according to the modern Canadian Prosaika F. Moueta) on some coastal vertex the discoverer noticed in the Western direction high mountains. It is noteworthy that in the dwelling days for the Devisian Strait it is quite possible to see the ice vertices of Buffinov Island.

Overcoming the Strait, Vikings reached the Cumberland Peninsula, where the mountainous terrain of the entire Eastern coast was able to examine. There they spent most of the summer, engaged in fishery: hunted on the walrus, the fat was harvested, the walruy bone and the beer of Narvalov were collected. In the future, it was the discovery of West Obuigdir ("Western Desert Areas") will play a significant role in the difficult life of the Greenland colonists.

South-west coast of Greenland

Based on sources, in the summer of 983, Eric Redhead took a course from the northern polar circle to the north, where he opened the island and the Bay of Disco, Peninsula Nugssuak and Wedenkhuk. He was able to get to Melville Bay (76 ° Northern Latitude), examining another 1200 km of the west coast of Greenland. This beauty-filled edge struck the Norwegian abundance of living livestock: white bears, reindeer, sands, whales, walruses, gaga, cream.

After stubborn surveys, Eric found in the south-west of several suitable smooth places, relatively sheltered from the harsh winds of the North and having thick green vegetation in the summer period. The created contrast between the icy desert and this area was so impressive that the red navigator is the coast of Green Earth (Greenland). Of course, this name did not correspond to a major island, which has only 15% of the territory free from ice cover. In some chronicles, it is argued that Eric had a beautiful word to attract his compatriots, in order to persuade them to relocate. but beautiful name It was originally an attitude only to the picturesque areas of the south-west coast and only in the XV century was distributed to the whole island.

The first settlers of the Green Earth

Upon completion of the established period of expulsion, Eric Redhead returned safely to Iceland (984 years old) and began to convince local Scandinavians to relocate in the "Feacious Paradise". It should be noted that in those days Iceland was full of dissatisfied people, many of whom were emigrants of the last threads. Such families readily responded to the call of the navigator to go to the Green Earth.

In June 985, according to Sagam on Eric Redhead, 25 ships with migrants sailed from the shores of Iceland, but only 14 of them were able to get to South Greenland. Shipped vessels fell into a terrible storm, and some part, without citing the elements, I caught the sea or storm was thrown back to Iceland.

On the West Bank of the island, Eric's two settlements were formed in the western shore of the island, East and West formed. The reliability of the chronicle is confirmed by the results of archaeological finds, which were found in the place of the organization of the estate of Eric Redhead (now Kassearnsuk).

Life in the harsh edge

The colonists settled a narrow strip along the sea, it was meaningless to move to the island. Under the leadership of Eric, they overturned new places, mainly engaged in fishing and hunting fishery. Their land also had excellent pastures for livestock brought from Iceland. In the summer season, when established the weather in favor of traveling, among the male population was a call for hunting for the Disco Bay, which is behind the polar circle.

Greenlandians did not burst with their homes, because their lives depended from this communication. They sent fur, burst and walrus, and instead they received iron, fabrics, bread and forest. It is because of the last resource on the island there were great difficulties. The forests catastrophically lacked. He was in an excess of Labrador, which is not far from Greenland, but the swimming behind him in the conditions of harsh climate was almost impossible.

Family, faith and last way

The biography of Eric Redhead does not give a detailed picture of his family life. There is an assumption that three sons and daughter were born in marriage. The firstborn Leif was adopted by the father's craving for sea travel. He became the first Viking, visiting the land of Winland in North Americawhich is not far from this Newfoundland. Other sons also took an active part in various expeditions.

It is known that, possessing a difficult character, Eric often reproached his wife and his children for the priest brought to the island, who managed to baptize most of the adult population. The navigator himself remained to the end faithful to the pagan gods, reflected in Christianity with frank skepticism.

Recent years of life, the lap by Greenland spent on the island. The sons were the name of the Father in Swimming, but that shortly before sending the ship fell from a horse and cleared the bad sign in this. Not cracked fate, Eric Torvaldson remained on land and died in the winter of 1003. Taken tells that from all over the island to Cape Geriulva, people flocked to pay him the last honors. The mourning procession went down to the sea, and on the Viking Ship, Eric Redhead was devoted to the fire, he made his last way.

Viking, the founder of the first settlement in Greenland.

"Elders at the People's Assembly in Turswancy sentenced him to expulsion. As a lousy dog, was driven for three years from Iceland. His and those who were with him, when in a rummy anger, he skull Ulfsson skull. But the villain dared to insult the memory of his father, to overthrow over the deceased. This is not forgiven! With one memory about it Eica red clenched fists. To whom it is that his parent, Touvevald Asvaldsson, led the stormy life that during some kind of skirmish with the neighbors killed a man and, fearing the retaliation, secretly left Norway and was the first to come here on the coast of Iceland.

In the 10th century, more than twenty thousand Normans left Norway, being unable to cut out longer the groove of King Harald beautiful. The king every year had increasingly oppressed his subjects, restored some of them against others, and when they began to rebel, began to introduce increasingly harsh laws. The wildests ran away from his oppression on the rocky, still deserted is the island, forever tightened with fog. They called him Iceland.

Following the first courses, others stretched. Over time, it became cramped to the Vikings. On the rocky island, there was not enough space for all arriving immigrants, who with families and with all the farewells left their oppressive homeland. Not enough and so desirable freedom. The harsh laws were increasingly limited by freedom, and she was valued above all - caused protests, fastened the quarrels and squabbles. And for the murder, even if the honor was defended, the guilty expelled from Iceland. I expelled unknown where. Kara is more meant than the cutting off the head.

To this preciseness of the elders of the National Assembly and sentenced Eika red. No one and thoughts allowed that the exile will survive these years.

Eikar sailed by the sea, relying on the will of fate. He himself did not know where he was going on, to what shores his wave would take care, a storm would take a storm - north, south, east or west? Or maybe ... to those yes-leaf coast, about which for ten years so willingly told everyone old Gunbjurn? Until the end of the life, the old man could not forgive himself that, the persecuted storm, did not land on them. He repeatedly tried to find these shores, but unsuccessfully.

Happiness has accompanied the exile. With a handful of faithful friends, with a small margin of food, he finally succeeded after a long wanderings to stick to some unfamiliar shores, which seemed to be suddenly through a fog of fog on the horizon.

The ancient Icelandic Sagi XI, XII and the beginning of the XIII centuries tells in detail the history of Eica Redhead, glorifying his courage and endurance. They also narrow about those who do not have equal wiking wiking, tireless wiking waters of the northern seas in their yurk and fast lands - drag. They were the first Europeans who appeared in these waters. Vikings were fearless to despair and unrestrained in their thirst for knowledge.

Eica Ginger did not die in a foreign land. Guided by an errorless instinct, who led his ancestors on the stormy waters of the Polar Seas, he found on the south-western tip of the Earth's open-footed earth, where he was warmer than in the rest of the coast. Eica did not lose, the time is for nothing. Along with his comrades, he wandered on an unfamiliar region, heading far into the departure of countless bays and bays. Here lived a lot of seals and walrus, grabbed and white bears. Vikings are not starved and not frozley - they were in the sufficiency and meat, and the skins. The trees were not found here, but the grass rose and was only a little colder than in Iceland. And the circle of deserted, freedom ...

Three years have passed unnoticed. The sentence is expired.

Leaving the coast loved Eica red I decided to return there again. This time
no longer as an exile.

"It is beautiful that distant crumpled lands, her meadows are fertile, there are plenty of juicy herbs and water in the streams. There is no shortage in wild beasts. Capture a family, all the property and return there. Where will I be better than there? Here I could not stand long. Closely, people quarrel, interfere with each other. Go with me, you will not regret, he persuaded neighbors. "We will be the first there, build a manor where you like." All the places are enough. Laws will install themselves, no one will edit us. "

The convinced of the fact that everything will be so, the Eica redhead called the land to which Gren-Land was heading, that is, a green country, unlike the white ice leaves, Iceland leaves. And since you always feel more confident in the surroundings of friends, he found over thousands of hunters who agreed to go with him.

In 985, as the heroic epic "Saga about Greenlandsekh" says, Eikar Ginger went secondally into the green country. Twenty-four drabers floated whole families: women, old people, children. Here, in a bunch, tied and fastened to masts were also animals: cattle, pigs, sheep, horses; Agricultural tools were not forgotten. Migrants captured with them and forest to build manors, barley bags, oats and livestock food.

However, stormy northern Ocean Not to everyone was equally favorable. Fallen a storm, cried the rook, destroyed part of stocks and livestock. Only fourteen Drakkarov managed to get to the shores of the green country, the rest were missing or returned to Iceland after long-lasting walkers.

Whole centuries of the Vikings, the undivided Lord of the Northern Seas, did not know a compass, no astronomical or navigation instruments and nevertheless somehow did without them. When the sky was cloudless, they focused on the sun, the moon and the stars. But northern Sea Sometimes for the whole weeks are tightened with a brown fog, and if there is no fog, the storms are rampant. How then to swim? Apparently, these fearless navigators were greatly focused and chose a direction, sensitively reacting to the slightest changes in wind, air humidity and water color. Sometimes they resorted to the help of crows. This is how old sagas remember them: "... I released the first, he turned back and returned. The second took board up, but then dropped on the deck. The third swept away over the terresthev and flew further - in this direction and should be saved, there usually found the Earth. "

Later, in his swimming, Vikings determined the direction to the north using the "magnetic" stone stored, as the sague narrate, in a wooden box filled with water. But in the first ways, they did not even have it. They perfectly helped to navigate the eternal whale routes, as well as drifting with the sea currents of icebergs. And, of course, the sixth feeling - then his name-Vut by Sea by Sea, - which unmistakably led coupling on the stormy waters of the Far North.

Humanity and today is proud of the expedition of the Viking-exile, unparalleled courage and the intelligence of the activities of the centers of the green country. Only many centuries later, the extreme north will become an eyewitness of the same bold and numerous expeditions.

Those who have come safely with Eyric, digging on the unfamiliar land, liked new lands. They settled on the shores of the fjords closed from cold winds, which of the earth from the inland areas of the Earth. "

Centkevich A., Centkevich Ch., Besieged by eternal cold, L., "Hydrometeoizdat", 1975, p. 32-34.