The position of Austria in relation to neighboring countries. Political and Economic Regulations of Austria

Economics and geographical position

Austrian Republic - Austria - a state located in the center of Europe. The territory of the country from all sides is surrounded by land. The state borders: with the Czech Republic (in the north); with Slovakia (northeast); with Hungary (in the East); with Italy and Slovenia (in the south); with Switzerland and Liechtenstein (in the West) and Germany (in North-West).

Austria - union State. It includes:

Lower and Upper Austria,
Styria
Burgerland
Carinthia
Forarlberg,
Tyrol,
Vein,
Salzburg.

The territory of Austria is stretched in the form of a wedge. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe territory is 83.8 thousand square meters. km.

The main pier of the country is located near Vienna and in Linz. Largest cities: Vienna, Linz, Graz, Salzburg.

Geographical position Convals development economic connections with neighboring states.

Austria is an intersection of a number of trans-European transport streams.

Natural conditions

The natural features of Austria are largely predetermined by the presence of the Mountain System of the Eastern Alps on the territory of the country. Mountains occupy up to 70% of the country, most of which are represented by the Eastern Alps. The Eastern Alps are divided into: Salzburg Alps and the Alps of Northern Tyrol (in the north) and the Carnation and Tsillerthal Alps (in the south). High taurne is the most powerful mountain range of the country. Mount Grosglockner - highest point Countries (3797 m).

Pastec is the largest Glacier of the Eastern Alps (length of more than 10 km).

Stubay, Etzatal and Tsillerthal Alps are a comb-granite-gneoisy zone of the mountains. Alpine relief forms are pronounced here - sharp valleys and sharp ridges. Limestone Alps were stretched to the south and north of the cream zone, in the northern regions passing into pre-charges, which descend to the Danube. In the mountains of Tennengebirge there is an ice cave Aisrisenvelt. Pre-found - Dumpty low mountainsForest.

On the left side of the Danube, a part of the old Bohemian massif is located - the southern spots of the hype, up to 500 m high (in separate places height reaches 1000 m).

The 1/5 of the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe country occupy the plain territories and hilly lowlands: the Dranny of Austria, part of the middlenayan plain. There are significant areas of fertile land.

The climate is moderate. In the western parts of the country, the influence of the Atlantic is traced. In the eastern regions and in the mountains, the climate is more continental.

The climatic conditions of the plains are warm and wet. The average temperature of July - + 20º C. Winter is soft, average temperature January - + 1-5º C. The average annual precipitation rate is 700-900 mm.

When climbing for every 100m, the average temperature drops by 0.5-0.6º C.

Snow occurs at an altitude of 2500-2800 m. Summer in the mountains windy, raw, cold, often drops wet snow. In winter, huge stones of snow accumulate on the slopes of the mountains, which often form avalanche.

Note 1.

A characteristic feature of the mountainous areas of the country is the abundance of clean fresh water, accumulating during the main part of the year in the form of glaciers and snow, and in the summer flowing to the Danube and forming lake basins.

Natural resources

Water resources. The largest river of the country - Danube. The most fulfillment river happens in the summer period (due to the melting of snow and ice in the mountainous regions). Big hydropower potential is carried by the Danube - Oil, Inn, Drava, Ends. Partially these rivers use for the forest alloy. In the northern foothills of the Alps and in the Klagenfurt Basin (in the south) a lot deep lakes Ice Origin. The largest lake - Bodenskoye - belongs to Austria partially. The largest waterfalls of the world include Criml Falls. Mineral springs - Bad Ishl, Baden.

Forest resources. Forest arrays occupy almost 2/3 of the country. Most common forests are common in the mountains. Mountain forests - National Wealth of Austria.

Minerals. The main fossil countries are: oil and natural gas (Viennese pool), brown coal (Upper Austria, Styria), Magnezit (Fayak, Stiff Alps). On the territory there are deposits Iron Rud (Eisener Mountain, Erzberg Mountain; Carinthia, Hyuterberg), lead-zinc ores (Klagenfurt, Blaberg district), copper ore (Tyrol, Mitterberg). The country is extracted by a table salt (Salzkamerthut), marble, graphite, field spat, granite, limestone, kaolin.

Recreational resources. The Austrian Alps are a popular vacation destination skiers. The most visited resorts of the provinces: Tyrol, Salzburg, Carinthia. Tourists are visited by Styria and Fallberg. Resorts where you can combine recreation and wellness treatments (on thermal sources): Bad Hofgastein, Badgastein in the Gastene Ral region. Comfortable temperatures, clean air, beautiful landscapes attract mountainous tourists and other holidaymakers.

Flora and fauna

Foothills I. lower areas The slopes of the mountains are covered with chic-breeds of trees - beech, oak, robust forests. The above is the mixed beech-fir and coniferous forests, mostly fir. Above 1200 m is found larch, spruce, cedar. The zone of subalpine meadows - Matti is above the belt of forests and is distinguished by an abundance at the beginning of highly old representatives, and after - the low-alpha and alma alma. In the belt of eternal snow and ice can be found a low-speed plant - silver edelweiss.

The floral cover of the equal-hormone territories of the country is almost completely changed under the influence of an anthropogenic factor. Most of the lands of plague, small oak and beech groves remained.

Fauna Austria Central European. In highland areas - typically alpine. In the protected areas in the forest mountain ranges inhabit: noble deer, roar, elk, brown bear, mountain rams, sulfur, mountain goats, alpine ground, mountain eagle, tetheriev, pleahari, partridges.

In the plains there are hares, foxes, rodents. In the steppe area near Lake Nezidler-Ze, a purple heron is found.

Austria - small country Located in the center of Europe, consists of 9 federal lands: Lower Austria, Upper Austria, Burgerland, Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol, Forarlberg, Vienna and Salzburg. Vienna is the capital of Austria - an administrative attitude towards the lands.

The country's division on the Earth has developed historically: almost every of the lands is the former independent feudal possession. In fact, modern Austria is a centralized state.

Austria has no way out to the sea. Here is 84 thousand square meters. KM lives about 11 million people, i.e. Less than in London.

The geographical position of Austria contributes to its communication with other European countries, of which it directly borders the family: in the East - Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia, in the West - Germany, Italy, Switzerland, the principality of Liechtenstein. This provides Austria favorable transport and geographical conditions for mutually beneficial trade with neighboring countries.

The territory of Austria is stretched in the form of a wedge, strongly narrowed in the West and extended in the East. This configuration of the country reminds, according to some, bunch of grapes.

The largest cities are Vienna, Graz, Linz and Salzburg.

The situation in the center of Europe makes the Austria crossroads of a number of trans-European meridional pathways (from the Scandinavian countries and states of Central Europe through the Alpine Pass Brenner and Zemmering to Italy and other countries). The maintenance of transit transportation of goods and passengers gives Austria certain income in foreign currency.

In addition, how to easily install on the physical card, the state borders of Austria mostly coincide with natural turns - mountain ridges or rivers. Only with Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia (on a small segment) they pass almost to the equal terrain.

When our compatriot, heading to Austria by the train, crosses the Czech-Austrian border in the northeast corner of the country, it is somewhat disappointed. Where is the Alpine Austria? Circle, as far as the eye is enough, smooth, like a table, flavored plowing plain. Some of the green islands of gardens and vineyards flashes, brick houses and lonely trees on the interzhah and along the roads. Plains and hilly lowlands extend from here far to the south along the entire border with Hungary and occupy 20% of the territory. But reaching the veins, we fall into a more typical natural environment for Austria: the mountains, the Viennese forest (Winterwald) are the northeast outpost of the Mighty Alps and the elevated-hilly wide and open valley of the Danube, which is noticeably increasing in the western direction. If you rise to one of the vertices of the Vienna Forest, for example, Calenberg ("Bald Mountain"), then far in the north and northwest in the blue haze for the Danube you can see the low dummy, covered with forest, granite ridges of noise, only some vertices that rise slightly higher than 700 meters.

This ancient elevation occupies 1/10 of the country.

Undoubtedly, the Alps - the dominant landscape in Austria, they (together with the foothills) occupy 70% of the country. These are the eastern Alps. So it is customary to call part of the Alpine mining system, lying east of the Valley of the Upper Rhine, according to which the state border with Switzerland is held here. What is the difference between the Eastern Alps from Western? East of the Rhine Fault, the Alpine Ridges take a latitudinal direction, begin to disperse as if fan and decline. Eastern Alps are wider and below the Western, they are more accessible. There are fewer glaciers here, and the biggest of them are about twice shorter than in Switzerland. In the Eastern Alps, more meadows and especially forests, and mineral fossil Eastern Alps are much richer Western.

If you cross the Alps from the north to south, it is easy to see that the geological structure and the composition of their rocks are located symmetrically relative to the axial zone. This zone is the highest and powerful, coated with glaciers and snow groups of ridges, among which highlights highlights with the highest point of the country - the two-headed vertex of Glossiner ("Big Rock") reaching 3997m; Eztal, Stubay, Tsillertai Alps. All of them, together with the ridges surrounding from the West and the East, are composed of solid crystalline rocks - granites, gneis, crystalline slates. The largest Glacier - Pastertz - has a length of about 10 km and area 32km 2.

To the north and south of the axial zone are the ridges folded by solid sedimentary rocks, mainly limestone and dolomites: Likhal Alps, Karvendel, Dakhstein, Khokhshwat and other ridges of the northern limestone Alps up to the Vienna Forest mentioned above in the extreme northeast. In contrast to the pecifical peaks of crystal ridges, limestone mountains are giant boulders with more or less flat slightly cloned surfaces and almost sheer or even hanging slopes. The years most of the bare, there are soil failures, caves and other forms of karst reliefs formed by her rainwater in soluble limestones and dolomites.

The peripheral zone of the Alps form a low with the soft outlines of the peaks and the slopes of pre-founded with loose sedimentary rocks. And within Austria, this zone is well expressed in the north, and in the south it is missing.

One of the features of the Alps is that they are dissected by deep and wide transverse valleys, thanks to which the deep parts of the Alps are relatively easily accessible, and low-cost passages make it possible to cross the country from the north to south in a number of places. So, the famous Pass Brenner has a height of 1371m, and the deputy Memering - 985m. It is no coincidence that the railways have long been laid through the Alpine Pass, and some - without tunnels.

1.Vizit

2. EGP Austria

3. Historical reference.

4. The country's economy.

5. Nature

3) Natural Resources

4) minerals

5) animal world

6) Environment

6. Population.

Ethnic composition

Demographic situation

Structure of the population

Education

Media

Nationwide holidays

Taxation.

7.Some.

8. Geography of foreign economic relations

The political and economic situation of Austria.

Austria - a small country is located in the center of Europe, consists of 9 federal lands: Lower Austria, Upper Austria, Burgerland, Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol, Forarlberg, Vienna and Salzburg. Vienna is the capital of Austria - an administrative attitude towards the lands. The country's division on the Earth has developed historically: almost every of the lands is the former independent feudal possession. In fact, modern Austria is a centralized state.

Austria has no way out to the sea. Here is 84 thousand square meters. KM lives about 11 million people, i.e. Less than in London. The geographical position of Austria contributes to its communication with other European countries, of which it directly borders the family: in the East - Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia, in the West - Germany, Italy, Switzerland, the principality of Liechtenstein. This provides Austria favorable transport and geographical conditions for mutually beneficial trade with neighboring countries.

The territory of Austria is stretched in the form of a wedge, strongly narrowed in the West and extended in the East. This configuration of the country reminds, according to some, bunch of grapes.

The largest cities are Vienna, Graz, Linz and Salzburg.

In addition, how to easily establish a physical map, the state borders of Austria mostly coincide with natural turns - mountain ranges or rivers. Only with Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia (on a small segment) they pass almost to the equal terrain.

When our compatriot, heading to Austria by the train, crosses the Czech-Austrian border in the northeast corner of the country, it is somewhat disappointed. Where is the Alpine Austria? Circle, as far as the eye is enough, smooth, like a table, flavored plowing plain. Some of the green islands of gardens and vineyards flashes, brick houses and lonely trees on the interzhah and along the roads. Plains and hilly lowlands extend from here far to the south along the entire border with Hungary and occupy 20% of the territory. But reaching the veins, we fall into a more typical natural environment for Austria: the mountains, the Viennese forest (Winterwald) are the northeast outpost of the Mighty Alps and the elevated-hilly wide and open valley of the Danube, which is noticeably increasing in the western direction. If you rise to one of the vertices of the Vienna Forest, for example, Calenberg ("Bald Mountain"), then far in the north and northwest in the blue haze for the Danube you can see the low dummy, covered with the forest, granite ridges of noise, only some vertices of which are rising several Above 700 meters. This ancient elevation occupies 1/10 of the country.

Population: about 7.9 million people (1993). Austrians account for approximately 98% of the population. Croats, Slovenians, Czechs, Hungarians also live.

Geography: Austria is located in the very center of Europe. In the north, the country borders with the Czech Republic, in the northeast with Slovakia, in the East with Hungary, in the south with Slovenia, Italy and Switzerland, in the west of Austria bordered by Liechtenstein, Switzerland and Germany. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe country is 83.8 thousand square meters.

Climate: moderate, continental. The coldest winter month is January, the temperature drops to -2 C. The hottest - July and August, the temperature is about +20 C. precipitation from 600 to 1100 mm.

Language: Official language - German.

Currency: Austrian Shilling (ATS). 1 Shilling is 100 pennies. In circulation of bills 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000 shillings.

Religion: 78% of the population are Catholics, 8% - Protestants, 2% - Muslims, 12% are atheists.

Political condition: Federal Parliamentary Republic with the presidential form of government.

Time: Looms from Moscow for 2 hours.

Main Attractions: First of all Vienna's beauty and famous ski resorts . In the Alps, picturesque villages, excellent conditions for skiing, professional instructors. Vienna: Symbol of the city - St. Stephen Cathedral, Street Graben, Church of St. Ruprecht and Schönbrunn Castle, Viennese Park with Amusements, Vatican Church, City Hall, Belvedere Palace, Music Society Collection, Collection of Vintage Musical Instruments With Museum of Art History, Museum of Graphics - Albertin Gallery, Main Art Museum of Austria - Museum of Art History, Chapel of St. Bernard, Town Hall and Parliament Buildings, in front of the statue of Athens-Pallades, Burgteatr, Stateseker, Viennese Parks Augarten and Pratra. Vienna State Museum of Arts, Museum "Albertina", Vienna Forest, 70 km west from Vienna - Ruins of Fortress Durinstein (XII century), State Jewish Museum, 25 km to South-West - Cistercian Monasteries in Hayiliegenkreyce. The pearl of Vienna is the former Imperial courtyard of Hofburg (XIII century) with the "Shatzkamemer" - one of the richest golden storerooms in the world, where the treasures of the Order of the Golden Run, the highest Order of Austria and Spain are kept. One of the masterpieces of the collection - the Crown of the Holy Roman Empire, made in 962, and the Austrian imperial crown, which was crowned by Habsburg. Salzburg: Salzburg Lakes, Salzburg Cathedral (Osn. In the VIII century, rebuilt in 1611-1628), surrounded by three squares with a luxurious residence of Prince-Archbishopov, Baroque Museum, Salt Mountains, a house in which Mozart, Helbourn Palaces, Gorgeous Park, decorated with fountains-jackets, and Mirabel, Geerfidgasse, Cave of Icerisenvelt ("World of Ice Glits") in Tennengebirge, south of Salzburg. Styria and Carinthia attract a huge number of medieval castles and majestic nature. Innsbruck: Ambras Castle (XVI century), ski resort. Kitzbühel is a resort located in the Tyrolean Alps. Carnische is a famous sports center and a resort located in the south of Austria. Zalbach and Hinterglemm are the most popular ski resorts. Lech on the city of Stelberg is a fashionable resort offering the highest service. Baden - a resort with healing hot sulfur springs, located 25 km south of Vienna, has been popular with the popularity of crowned people and artists. Most Popular Ski Resorts - Innsbruck, Kitzbühel, Badgastein, Baden-Bay-Wines, Seefeld, Faucetal, Tsillertal, Salbach Hinterglemm, Sant Anton, Poison-AM-Zee-Kaprun, Galtur, Gasurn, Stubaital, Sant Johan, Pizza , Carinthia, Salzkammergut, Sant Wolfgang, Hintertux.

Entry Rules: Austria enters the Schengen zone. For entry, it is necessary to have a passport, a visa obtained on the basis of an invitation, and paid consular fees in the amount of 400 Austrian shillings. Regardless of the type of invitation, the embassy issues a multivorage - for a multiple entry into the country during the period specified in the visa.

Customs rules: There are no restrictions on the import or export of foreign and local currency in Austria (National export - no more than 50 thousand shillings). Disabled, without special permission, items and things representing historical and artistic value.

Reference phone: throughout Austria 1611