Ecology of life: Especially for you, we have collected 10 of the most beautiful natural monuments, which are among the specially protected...

The UN Specialized Agency for Education, Science and the Arts oversees the conservation of cultural heritage sites around the world. This category includes both the most outstanding architectural structures created by man and nature reserves- in the second case, UNESCO specialists have to put a lot of effort into protecting unique phenomena nature from plunder and destruction by our freedom-loving race.

Especially for you, we have collected 10 of the most beautiful natural monuments, which are among the specially protected.

St Kilda

Scotland

This unique, isolated archipelago was inhabited by a small Gaelic population - all evacuated during the Second World War. Now home to a militarized base and several teams of scientists, St Kilda is home to rare species birds and animals.

Wulingyuan Mountains

China

This mountain system is located in the north of Hunan Province. The mountains owe their appearance to the weathering of sandstones. It was here that Cameron filmed his “Avatar” - one of the peaks was subsequently renamed by the provincial authorities to “Hurray, Avatar!”

Wadden Sea

North Sea area

Wattom is the name given to the shallow sea area, of which there are dozens. Natural processes function here without the slightest human intervention; almost the entire territory of this unusual sea is covered by three national parks.

Giant's Causeway

Northern Ireland

The unique area consists of more than 40,000 basalt columns. They connected with each other as a result of a volcanic eruption, and the ancient tribes had already come up with a legend that trolls would follow these pillars to Ragnarok.

Rapa Nui National Park

Chile

The whole world knows this place thanks to the unique moai statues: Easter Island is considered almost the most mysterious place of our planet.

Galapagos Islands

Ecuador

It was here that Charles Darwin first thought about the theory of evolution: the abundance of flora and fauna still makes the Galapagos a place of pilgrimage for every self-respecting natural scientist.

Socotra Archipelago

Yemen

Four islands and a couple of rocks: one of the world's most isolated archipelagos, located near pirate Somalia, boasts an abundance of endemic fauna and flora found nowhere else in the world.

Yosemite National Park

USA

Three thousand square kilometers of unique mountain landscapes, granite rocks, waterfalls and redwoods: Yosemite is rightfully considered one of the best National parks countries.

Natural monuments- these are unique natural objects ( waterfalls, caves, picturesque rocks etc.) or memorial natural objects (for example, larch at the estate Yaropolets, under which I rested A. S. Pushkin).

Forest reserves are designated by foresters as reference (typical) or unique forest areas that are important for the conservation and reproduction of certain plant formations. Their visit is usually included in ecological routes tourism.

National parks and reserves- special types of protected areas that have an administration whose function includes the organization as environmental, so recreational activities. The importance of recreational activities in them is different: in nature reserves the environmental function is dominant and the cognitive recreational function is limited; in national parks both functions are of equal importance.

National parks are environmental institutions, territories ( water areas) which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, intended for use for environmental, recreational, educational, scientific and cultural purposes. The task of national parks, along with their environmental function, is to create conditions for regulated tourism and recreation in natural conditions. This provides for the development and implementation of scientific methods for the conservation of natural complexes in conditions of recreational use. A differentiated protection regime is established in the territories of national parks, taking into account local natural, historical, cultural and social characteristics

Cultural heritage: consists of those aspects of the past that people preserve, cultivate, study and pass on to the next generation. These achievements are embodied in tangible forms, such as buildings, and intangible forms, such as various types of performing arts. Cultural heritage is something that has acquired value in the past and is expected to have value in the future. As this value and its expectations change over time, it has established itself cultural heritage as a subject of dynamic change.

Cultural property: refers to places, structures, objects and natural landscapes that have archaeological, historical, religious, aesthetic or other cultural value.

Cultural landscapes: natural landscapes with cultural value, such as deliberately created areas (parks, estates, estates); landscapes that were involved in a certain type of activity or occupation of people, as a result of which these territories were formed (rural historical districts or agricultural landscapes); areas that have value due to their connection with a historical event, activity or person (battle sites or homes of prominent individuals).

Tangible or "built" heritage: buildings, historical monuments, sites and agricultural landscapes.

Living or "expressive" heritage: social practices, community life, values ​​and beliefs, forms of expression such as language, arts and crafts, music, dance, poetry and literature.

Cultural significance: used to assess the value of an object or place. It includes aesthetic, historical, scientific (research), social or economic value.

Cultural freedom: refers to the rights of a group of people to follow or adopt a way of life of their own choosing, to speak their own language, to practice their own religion and to participate in the cultural, social and economic life of their own choice. Sustainable development: development that meets the needs of the present without preventing future generations from meeting their own needs.

Unique historical and cultural territories are integral spatial formations, the main social purpose of which is to reproduce conditions that ensure the preservation of the most significant objects and phenomena of human history and culture. Usually, unique territories form the framework of regional heritage systems. In most countries of the world, the basis of this framework is made up of natural reserves, historical cities, large historical and cultural museums, but most often regional and national parks that combine elements of natural and cultural heritage.

There are 3 approaches to understanding cultural monuments:

Ontological: the monument is singular, unique. Demetrius Cathedral in Vladimir, Church of the Transfiguration in Kizhi (built without a single nail)

Gnossiological: a monument is a source of knowledge. In the 19th and 20th centuries. this approach was one of the main ones.

Axiological: axiology is the science of values. The monument reflects the attitude of society, which is based on sustainable interests.

Intentional monuments are created on purpose, have a very strong ideological meaning, and record a historical event.

Example: Cathedral of Christ the Savior. Initially erected in honor of the Russian people, who won the War of 1812. Architect Konstantin Ton. An example of the Russian-Byzantine style of architecture. Symbol of the nation, national unity. Blown up in 1931 The restoration, which began in 1994, is a symbol of repentance, a return to the church.

Social problem.

Society moving forward destroys monuments. There is a reassessment of what to call a monument. During the Soviet period, monuments of the mid-19th century were destroyed, because... they are symbols of the unity of the people.

In the 20th century As a result of the Second World War, many monuments were destroyed. The question of the ecology of nature and the ecology of culture arose. In the 60s the problem of preserving and studying monuments appears. The main figure is Dmitry Sergeevich Likhache. He was the first to propose the term cultural ecology.

As a result, UNESCO (UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Affairs) carries out a number of programs to preserve world heritage.

Example: work in Nubia, moving the temple in Abu Simbel. As a result of construction Aswan Dam the monument was in danger of being flooded. This would lead to the destruction of the structure made of sandstone. Thanks to international support, the ruins of the temples were saved by moving to a new location. The campaign to save the historical heritage was launched in 1959. The transfer process itself took place from 1964 to 1968. The temples were cut into blocks weighing up to 30 tons (an average of 20 tons), moved to a new location and reassembled. The new location of the temples is 65 meters higher and 200 meters further from the river. Relocation of Abu Simbel monuments and Fillet considered one of the largest engineering and archaeological operations.

1972 Stockholm. UN Conference on Environmental Protection. It was established that man is responsible for the preservation of monuments.

1972 Paris UNESCO Conference which adopted the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (entered into force on 1975 G.). It brings together natural and cultural monuments. The convention also demonstrates the ecology of culture (the connection of nature and man).

UNESCO also includes the cultural landscape on its heritage list.

Forms of conservation of spatial monuments of natural and cultural heritage:

Reserve

Historical city

A national park is a fairly new form for Russia (example: Russian North 1992, Vologda region, Kirillovsky district, total area = 166.4 thousand hectares)

In 1965 ICOMOS was founded after the adoption Venice Charter 1964. The International Council for the Conservation of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) is an international organization whose members have become the very “squad of professionals” whose activities are dedicated to the preservation and protection of cultural and cultural heritage. historical places Worldwide. The Council evaluates the objects proposed for inclusion in World Heritage List UN. The headquarters of the Council is located in Paris.

In March 2010 The St. Petersburg branch of ICOMOS was founded.

The museum, preserving the cultural and scientific heritage, interpreting the past and present, plays main role in the cultural life of almost all countries. However, modern museums are faced with the fact that a society that has been greatly “spoiled” by the development of high technologies, especially the global Internet, which allows one to find answers to almost all questions of interest, makes it possible to travel around cities, countries and museums without leaving home, requires from them something radically new in interaction with real and potential visitors. Despite the availability of information, the need to see with our own eyes ancient monuments, masterpieces of world art, and natural reserves forces people to hit the road and become tourists.

Because of this, the problem of “museum and tourism” is becoming particularly relevant at the moment. It is no coincidence that many museologists highlight it as a priority in the 21st century, emphasizing the importance of management aspects of the processes of interaction between museums and the tourism industry. Analyzing the interaction between museums and tourism in the modern world, we can notice that both of these phenomena are deeply interconnected with each other. In the current conditions, tourism has acquired a truly massive character and has become one of the forms of spending free time not only for the elite part of society, but also for the middle class, youth and students, which has led to the formation of a powerful leisure industry with its own infrastructure. There is a need to define not only the specific role of the museum, but also the tasks of managing the processes of intercultural communication. Noteworthy is the change in attitude towards tourism on the part of society, in which priorities in the system of spiritual values ​​occupy an important place. Tourism is seen as a way of using free time, giving great scope for creative personal development. It can take the form of study trips, various excursions, visits to festivals, participation in holidays, etc.

One of the main positive aspects of the development of interaction between museums and tourism is the expansion of the channel of intercultural communication. Tourists are increasingly turning to museums, seeing them as the best means of getting to know and understand the history, culture and life of a country, region or city.

The cultural and educational horizons of the museum are valuable in that a person not only receives a variety of information, but can verify it with the help of museum objects, which represent sociocultural realities that have undergone a value-cognitive analysis, which are authentic evidence, convincing evidence of the historical past or present of the national and world culture. Tourists turn to institutions such as museums not only to learn the true truth about bygone or other worlds, but also to find and appreciate their own place in culture.

It is obvious that in the 21st century the role of the museum in tourism, predetermined by the phenomenon of the museum object and the museum environment, will be transformed, filled with new content and acquiring new features. This will lead to a change in the boundaries and semantic content of interaction between the museum and the tourist in the process of intercultural communication.

Factors determining the development of this process:

1. Modern civilization is rapidly transforming the environment, social institutions, and everyday life. In this regard, culture is assessed as a factor in creative life, an inexhaustible source of social innovations. In modern society, due to the processes of diversification taking place in it, culture is gradually losing connections with its original environment, becoming universal, more open and accessible thanks to the intensive development of information technology and communications, which is a manifestation of the general trend of globalization.

2. In the past, when an individual was born, he found a certain structure of cultural values ​​that did not change over the centuries. Now, several cultural eras alternate in the course of one life. This predetermined a consistent and radical revaluation of the educational model of culture. New models are emerging, in many respects opposite to the previous one, showing a fundamentally different understanding of cultural phenomena. This is due to the need to resist globalization and preserve cultural identity.

3. In the modern world, the tourism industry is a whole intersectoral complex. In the socio-economic system of cities, regions and countries, a museum or a museum network is playing an increasingly prominent role. Increasing attention to the development of tourism is a generally recognized global trend, because along with active development cultural ties and contacts characteristic of the globalization process, interest in the richness and originality of national culture is increasing.

4. Museums provide tourists with a unique opportunity, on the one hand, to expand the boundaries of cultural space and comprehend social memory, and on the other hand, they create conditions for activating a person’s observational capabilities, stimulating courage in making comparisons and searching for analogies, as well as modeling numerous sociocultural situations .

In the modern world, museums inevitably have to compete with other actively developing leisure institutions. In an effort to become more attractive to tourists without losing their basic functions, museums are looking for ways to modernize their activities to solve problems of intercultural communication.

A unique challenge to museums in last years became the so-called heritage centers that emerged as a result of the intensive development of tourism. They are something in between theme parks and museums. A heritage center differs from a museum in that it builds its operations around theme rather than collections, using theme park technology with exciting attractions. Located in both old buildings (former churches, abandoned industrial or warehouse buildings) and new ones, they tell about local history, culture, traditions and people in an intelligible and unconventional way. An example of such a heritage center is the Jorwick Viking Center in York (UK). Tourists are invited to walk through a cultural-time tunnel, after which they enter the Viking village. The village was reconstructed based on accurate scientific data obtained during excavations carried out nearby. The imagination of visitors is amazed by the original exhibitions, accompanied by special sound effects and smells. Often people are invited to such heritage centers who play a role local residents and at the same time provide security. Heritage centers attract a large number of tourists, which is attributed to the fact that you can spend the whole day there with friends or family and, along with acquiring knowledge and experience, you can have a good rest and have fun.

Seeing the growing interest of tourists in objects of “impression and experience,” many museums began to focus their activities on the creation of special cultural projects that provide for the implementation of intercultural communication at all levels in the museum space: spatio-temporal, interethnic and interpersonal. One example of this kind of project can be the Tsarskoye Selo Carnival in Pushkin (St. Petersburg). The scale of this action is evidenced by the number of participants (more than 400 thousand people), as well as the diversity of its program, including Carnival Competitions, Parades and Processions. Among them: “queen of the carnival”, “king of the carnival”, historical costume competition “things of bygone days”, extravagant costume competition “third millennium of carnival”, children’s carnival costume competition “old, old fairy tale”, carnival costume competition for dogs “dog” -carnival”, competition of carnival umbrellas “roof of the world”, competition of carnival cakes “feast for the whole world!”, competition of carnival balconies “ball of balconies”. The closing ceremony of the carnival traditionally takes place on the territory of the Catherine Park of the museum-reserve and ends with a theatrical performance and fireworks. Carnival, as a symbol of the mixture of high and low, everyday and existential, funny and sad, national and international, past and present, expresses the essence of cross-cultural contacts more adequately. The museum and the tourist, involved in the “whirlpool” of eras, cultures, styles and genres, open up new dimensions of the possibilities of intercultural communication.

A modern museum, realizing its educational and recreational potential, becomes a meeting place and communication between cultures and individuals. Dialogue, developing into polylogue, is today the main form of interaction between a museum and a person. The intensive development of the tourism industry and the change in the role and place of the museum catalyze the development of strategic directions and priority types of their interaction. Today, museums, actively introducing management and marketing, see their prospects in using the latest management technologies.

1The motivation for collecting by E. Alexander is determined: firstly, by the need for physical safety of a person: secondly, by the element of social difference; thirdly, a love for subjects and a desire to study them; fourthly, the need to leave a memory of oneself

INTERNATIONAL INDEPENDENT

ECOLOGICAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

faculty ___ecological___

ABSTRACT

by discipline_____ Environmental journalism _____________________

______ Natural monuments ---__________________________

(title of abstract)

Student __ _ Mirnaya O.V._____

Well___________ III_gr.EL-32_____

Teacher_Dezhkin V.V.______

Moscow 2005

1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….. 3

2. Main categories of natural monuments …………………………… 3

3. The procedure for recognizing territories occupied by natural monuments, specially protected natural areas…….. 6

4. Ensuring a regime for the protection of natural monuments………….….…. 9

5. Use of natural monuments …………….……………………. 9

6. State registration of natural monuments ………………………… 9

7. Monitoring compliance with the security regime
   natural monuments ………...………………….…………….…………… 10

8. "On natural monuments in the city of Moscow" Resolution of the Moscow Government dated June 8, 2004 No. 383-PP………………. 10

9. Appendix 1 to the resolution of the Moscow Government of June 8, 2004 N 383-PP ……………………………………….……. 13

10. Conclusion …………………………...………….………………………..… 24

11. List of references used …………...…………...…………... 25

1. Introduction 1

Natural monuments are one of the forms of specially protected natural areas. The term “natural monument” appeared more than 170 years ago. This concept was introduced into science by the outstanding German naturalist and traveler Alexander von Humboldt, who understood the word Naturdenkmaler pieces of primeval nature. Since the time of von Humboldt, this expression has gained great popularity and has been widely introduced into practice. There are various forms of specially protected areas, such as reserves, national parks, natural parks, wildlife sanctuaries, dendrological and botanical gardens, resort areas, among which natural monuments are usually small in size (up to several hectares), and serve as a kind of “exhibition halls”, the main task of which is to preserve natural complexes and objects in their natural state. We can say that natural monuments are unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin, for which a special protection regime has been established.

2. Main categories of natural monuments 2

Land and water areas, as well as single natural objects, can be declared natural monuments, for example:

areas of scenic areas or reference areas of untouched nature;

areas with a predominance of cultural landscape (ancient parks, alleys, canals, ancient mines);

places of growth and habitat of valuable, relict, small, rare and endangered species of plants and animals;

forest areas and forest areas that are especially valuable for their characteristics (species composition, productivity, genetic qualities, plant structure), as well as examples of outstanding achievements of forestry science and practice;

natural objects that play an important role in maintaining the hydrological regime;

geological outcrops of particular scientific value (reference sections, stratotypes, outcrops of rare minerals, rocks and minerals);

geological and geographical polygons, including classic areas with especially expressive traces of seismic phenomena, as well as exposures of fault and fold faults in rocks;

unique forms of relief and associated natural landscapes (mountains, gorges, groups of rocks, caves, moraine-boulder ridges, dunes, dunes, giant ice fields, gyrolaccoliths);

locations of rare or particularly valuable paleontological objects;

sections of rivers, lakes, wetland complexes, reservoirs, small rivers with floodplains, lakes, reservoirs and ponds;

natural hydromineral complexes, thermal and mineral water sources, deposits of medicinal mud;

coastal objects (spits, isthmuses, peninsulas, islands, lagoons, bays);

individual objects of living and inanimate nature (bird nesting sites, long-lived trees and those of historical and memorial significance, plants of bizarre shapes, single specimens of exotics and relics, volcanoes, hills, glaciers, boulders, waterfalls, geysers, springs, river sources, rocks, cliffs, caves, grottoes).

Depending on their uniqueness, ecological, scientific and other value, natural monuments can be classified as specially protected areas worldwide, federal O, regional or local meanings.

Natural monuments global significance included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, which is compiled by the Committee on world heritage UNESCO. Currently, this List includes 128 natural, 480 cultural and 22 natural and cultural objects in 118 countries of the world. To the World List

heritage from Russia included, in particular, the virgin forests of Komi (1995), Lake Baikal (1996), the volcanoes of Kamchatka (1996), the Golden Mountains of Altai (1998), the Western Caucasus (1999), Curonian Spit (2000)

Natural objects are declared natural monuments of federal significance by the Government of the Russian Federation. They are federal property and are under the jurisdiction of federal government bodies. Natural monuments of federal significance - 39 in total with total area 28.0 thousand hectares.

Natural monuments of federal significance 3

Natural monuments- remarkable or rare natural object, or a complex that is located on a plot of land, airspace or water surface. These can be objects, both inanimate and living nature, unique in cultural, aesthetic, scientific or historical-memorial terms. The maintenance of such objects has important environmental, aesthetic, scientific, cultural or health value. Objects are divided by type: zoological or botanical, hydrological or hydrogeological, geological or complex.
TO natural monuments may include significant areas - forests and valleys, mountain ranges and coastal areas. The territory may contain a protected waterfall or crater, a rare plant or tree, a geological outcrop or cave, etc.

Legal regime

A special protection regime is established in the territories - reserve, which consists of limiting or completely prohibiting economic activity. Any type of activity should not contradict the principles of conservation. The legal regime of natural monuments is regulated by the Federal Law “On Protected natural areas». Natural monuments and territories, protected by this Federal Law, may have local, regional or federal significance, in accordance with this, the types and forms of ownership of them are established and their affiliation is determined. The territories are the state property of the Russian Federation or its constituent entities.
Violation regime of the territory, causing damage entails criminal liability. Damage caused to natural monuments and complexes within the boundaries of protected areas is subject to immediate compensation based on the actual costs of their restoration.

Natural monuments of Russia

The Day of Protection of Historical Places and Monuments is marked on the calendar on April 18. On this significant day, many remember that Russia is rich in various attractions. Natural monuments of Russia- irreplaceable and unique, valuable in environmental, cultural, scientific and aesthetic terms. The excursion program should include a visit to and familiarization with natural monuments. Cultural and educational active recreation in the form of an excursion can solve both educational and recreational problems, as well as environmental and aesthetic education. Large natural monuments can be used as places active rest. But at the same time it is necessary to study the permissible load on this territory. Question about usage territories must be decided under the strict supervision of relevant authorities. In some cases, it will be wiser not to include certain areas of natural monuments in the list of places

MONUMENT, a, m. Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

natural monument- — EN natural monument A natural/cultural feature which is of outstanding or unique value because of its inherent rarity, representative of aesthetic qualities or cultural… … Technical Translator's Guide

natural monument- Unique, irreplaceable in environmental, scientific, cultural and aesthetic terms natural complex or a separate object... Dictionary of Geography

Natural monument of the Pskov region “Snetogorsko Murovitsky” ... Wikipedia

Sablinsky caves, reconstruction of the life of ancient people Coordinates ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Cave (meanings). "Cave" geological natural monument local significance. It is located in the Novoazovsky district of the Donetsk region, on the outskirts of the village of Guselshchikovo, three meters from the highway to Novoazovsk.... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Maryina Gora. Maryina Gora is a botanical natural monument of local importance. It is located on the territory of the Serebryansky village council in the Artyomovsky district of the Donetsk region. Status of the monument... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Springs. The springs are a hydrological natural monument of local importance. It is located in the Krasnolimansky district of the Donetsk region near the village of Shandrigolovo. Geographical coordinates: 48.400278,… …Wikipedia

Druzhkovka petrified trees are a geological natural monument of national importance. Located in the Konstantinovsky district of the Donetsk region near the city of Druzhkovka and the village of Alekseevo Druzhkovka. The status of a natural monument was assigned... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Attics. Cherdakly is a botanical natural monument of local importance. Located in the Volodarsky district of the Donetsk region, near the village of Kremenevka, Donetsk region. Status of a natural monument... ... Wikipedia

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