GREEK CITIES-COLONYS IN THE CRIMEA. BOSPORUS KINGDOM. KHERSONES. SARMATS, PONTIAN KINGDOM AND ROMAN EMPIRE IN CRIMEA. 7th century BC - III century.
In the middle of the VIII century BC, the Greeks appeared in the Black Sea region and in the northeast of the Aegean Sea. Lack of arable land and metal deposits, political struggle in policies - Greek city-states, the unfavorable demographic situation forced many Greeks to look for new lands for themselves on the coasts of the Mediterranean, Marmara and Black Seas. The ancient Greek tribes of the Ionians, who lived in Attica and in the region of Ionia on the coast of Asia Minor, were the first to discover a country with fertile land, rich nature, abundant vegetation, animals and fish, with wide opportunities for trade with local tribes of "barbarians". Only very experienced sailors, who were the Ionians, could sail the Black Sea. The carrying capacity of Greek ships reached 10,000 amphorae - the main container in which products were transported. Each amphora contained 20 liters. Near the port of Marseille, off the coast of France, such a Greek merchant ship was discovered, which sank in 145 BC. e., 26 meters long and 12 meters wide.
The first contacts between the local population of the Northern Black Sea region and Greek sailors were recorded in the 7th century BC. e., when the Greeks did not yet have colonies on the Crimean peninsula. In the Scythian burial ground on Mount Temir near Kerch, a beautifully painted Rhodos-Miletian vase, made at that time, was discovered. The inhabitants of the largest Greek city-state of Miletus founded more than 70 settlements on the banks of the Euxine Pontus. Emporia - Greek trading posts - began to appear on the shores of the Black Sea in the 7th century BC. e., the first of which at the entrance to the Dnieper estuary on the island of Berezan was Borisfenida. Then in the first half of the VI century BC. e. Olbia appeared at the mouth of the Southern Bug (Gipanis), Tiras appeared at the mouth of the Dniester, and Feodosia (on the shore of the Theodosian Gulf) and Panticapaeum (on the site of modern Kerch) appeared on the Kerch Peninsula. In the middle of the VI century BC. e. Nymphaeum arose in eastern Crimea (17 kilometers from Kerch near the village of Geroevka, on the shore of the Kerch Strait), Kimmerik (on south coast Kerch Peninsula, on the western slope of Mount Onuk), Tiritaka (south of Kerch near the village of Arshintsevo, on the shores of the Gulf of Kerch), Mirmekiy (on Kerch Peninsula, 4 kilometers from Kerch), Kitey (on the Kerch Peninsula, 40 kilometers south of Kerch), Parthenius and Parthia (north of Kerch), in the western Crimea - Kerkinitida (in the place of modern Evpatoria), on the Taman Peninsula - Germonassa (on the site of Taman) and Phanagoria. On the southern coast of the Crimea, a Greek settlement arose, called Alupka. The Greek city-colonies were independent city-states, independent of their metropolises, but maintaining close trade and cultural ties with them. When sending colonists, the city or the departing Greeks themselves chose from their midst the leader of the colony, the Oikist, whose main duty during the formation of the colony was to divide the territory of the new lands among the Greek colonists. On these lands, called chora, there were plots of citizens of the city. All rural settlements of choras were subordinate to the city. Colonial cities had their own constitution, their own laws, courts, minted their own coins. Their policy was independent of the policy of the metropolis. The Greek colonization of the Northern Black Sea region mainly took place peacefully and accelerated the process of historical development of local tribes, significantly expanding the areas of distribution of ancient culture.
About 660 B.C. e. was founded by the Greeks at the southern mouth of the Bosporus of Byzantium, to protect the Greek trade routes. Subsequently, in 330, the Roman emperor Constantine founded the new capital of the state of Constantine - "New Rome" on the site of the trading city of Byzantium, on the European coast of the Bosphorus, which after a while became known as Constantinople, and the Christian empire of the Romans - Byzantine.
After the defeat of Miletus by the Persians in 494 BC. e. the colonization of the Northern Black Sea region was continued by the Dorian Greeks. Natives of the ancient Greek city on south coast Black Sea Heraclea Pontica at the end of the 5th century BC. e. on the southwest coast Crimean peninsula was founded in the area of modern Sevastopol Chersonese Tauride. The city was built on the site of an already existing settlement, and among all the inhabitants of the city - Tauris, Scythians and Dorian Greeks, at first there was equality.
By the end of the 5th century BC. e. Greek colonization of the Crimea and the Black Sea coast was completed. Greek settlements appeared where there was the possibility of regular trade with the local population, which ensured the sale of Attic goods. Greek emporia and trading posts on the Black Sea coast quickly turned into large city-states. The main occupations of the population of the new colonies, which soon became Greek-Scythian, were trade and fishing, cattle breeding, agriculture, crafts associated with the production of metal products. The Greeks lived in stone houses. A blank wall separated the house from the street, all the buildings were placed around the yard. Rooms and utility rooms were illuminated through windows and doors overlooking the courtyard.
Around the 5th century BC. e. Scythian-Greek ties began to be established and rapidly developed. There were also Scythian raids on the Greek Black Sea cities. It is known that the Scythians attacked the city of Mirmekiy at the beginning of the 5th century BC. e. During archaeological excavations, it was found that part of the settlements that were in this period Greek colonies died in the fires. Perhaps that is why the Greeks began to strengthen their policies by erecting defensive structures. Scythian attacks could be one of the reasons that the independent Greek Black Sea cities around 480 BC. e. united in a military alliance.
Trade, crafts, agriculture, and arts developed in the Greek policies of the Black Sea region. They had a great economic and cultural influence on the local tribes, while simultaneously adopting all their achievements. Through the Crimea, trade was carried out between the Scythians, Greeks and many cities of Asia Minor. The Greeks took from the Scythians, first of all, bread grown by the local population under Scythian control, cattle, honey, wax, salted fish, metal, leather, amber and slaves, and the Scythians - metal products, ceramic and glassware, marble, luxury items, cosmetics. products, wine, olive oil, expensive fabrics, jewelry. Scythian-Greek trade relations became permanent. Archaeological data show that in the Scythian settlements of the 5th - 3rd centuries BC. e. a large number of amphorae and ceramics of Greek production were found. At the end of the 5th century BC. e. The purely nomadic economy of the Scythians was replaced by a semi-nomadic one, the number of cattle in the herd increased, as a result, transhumance cattle breeding appeared. Part of the Scythians settled on the ground and began to engage in hoe farming, planting millet and barley. The population of the Northern Black Sea region reached half a million people.
Jewelry made of gold and silver, found in the former Scythia - in the mounds of Kul-Obsky, Chertomlyksky, Solokha, are divided into two groups: one group of jewelry with scenes from Greek life and mythology, and the other - with scenes of Scythian life, was obviously made according to Scythian orders and for the Scythians. It can be seen from them that the male Scythians wore short caftans girded with a wide belt, trousers tucked into short leather boots. Women dressed in long dresses with belts, on their heads they wore pointed hats with long veils. The dwellings of the settled Scythians were huts with wicker reed walls plastered with clay.
At the mouth of the Dnieper, beyond the Dnieper rapids, the Scythians built a stronghold - a stone fortress that controlled the waterway "from the Varangians to the Greeks", from the north to the Black Sea.
In 519 - 512 BC. e. the Persian king Darius I, during an aggressive campaign in Eastern Europe, was unable to defeat the Scythian army with one of the kings, Idanfirs. The huge army of Darius I crossed the Danube and entered the Scythian lands. There were much more Persians and the Scythians turned to the tactics of "scorched earth", did not enter into an unequal battle, but went deep into their country, destroying wells and burning grass. Having crossed the Dniester and the Southern Bug, the Persian army passed through the steppes of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, crossed the Don and, unable to fortify anywhere, went home. The company failed, although the Persians did not fight a single battle.
The Scythians formed a union of all local tribes, a military aristocracy began to stand out, a layer of priests and the best warriors appeared - Scythia acquired the features of a state formation. At the end of the VI century BC. e. joint campaigns of the Scythians and ethnic Proto-Slavs began. The Skolots lived in the forest-steppe zone of the Black Sea region, which made it possible to hide from the raids of nomads. The early history of the Slavs does not have accurate documentary evidence; it is impossible to reliably illuminate the period of Slavic history from the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century BC. e. until the 4th century AD e. However, it is safe to say that for centuries the Proto-Slavs repelled one wave of nomads after another.
In 496 BC. e. the united Scythian army passed through the lands of the Greek cities located on both banks of the Hellespont (Dardanelles) and covered at one time the campaign of Darius I to Scythia, and through the Thracian lands went to the Aegean Sea and Thracian Chersonese.
About fifty Scythian burial mounds of the 5th century BC have been discovered on the Crimean peninsula. e., in particular the Golden Mound near Simferopol. In addition to the remains of food and water, arrowheads, swords, spears and other weapons, expensive weapons, gold items and luxury items were found. At this time, the permanent population of the northern Crimea increased in the 4th century BC. uh, becomes very significant.
Around 480 B.C. e. independent Greek cities-states of the Eastern Crimea united into a single Bosporan kingdom, located on both banks of the Cimmerian Bosporus - the Kerch Strait. The Bosporan kingdom occupied the entire Kerch Peninsula and Taman to the Sea of Azov and the Kuban. Most major cities The Bosporan kingdom was on the Kerch Peninsula - the capital of Panticapaeum (Kerch), Mirlikiy, Tiritaka, Nymphaeum, Kitey, Kimmerik, Feodosia, and on Taman Peninsula- Phanagoria, Kepy, Hermonassa, Gorgypia.
Panticapaeum, an ancient city in the Eastern Crimea, was founded in the first half of the 6th century BC. e. Greek immigrants from Miletus. The earliest archaeological finds in the city date from this period. The Greek colonists established good trade relations with the Crimean royal Scythians and even received a place for building a city with the consent of the Scythian king. The city was located on the slopes and at the foot of a rocky mountain, now called Mitridatova. Grain deliveries from the fertile plains of the eastern Crimea quickly made Panticapaeum the main shopping mall in the region. The convenient location of the city on the shore of a large bay, a well-equipped trading harbor allowed this policy to quickly take control of the sea routes passing through the Kerch Strait. Panticapaeum became the main transit point for most of the goods brought by the Greeks for the Scythians and other local tribes. The name of the city is translated, perhaps, as "fish way" - the Kerch Strait abounding in fish. He minted his copper, silver and gold coins. In the first half of the 5th century BC. e. Panticapaeum united around itself the Greek city-colonies located on both banks of the Bosporus of the Cimmerian - Kerch Strait. Understanding the need for unification for self-preservation and the implementation of their economic interests, the Greek policies formed the Bosporan kingdom. Soon after that, to protect the state from the invasion of nomads, a fortified rampart with a deep moat was created, crossing the Crimean peninsula from the city of Tiritaka, located at Cape Kamysh-Burun, to the Sea of Azov. In the VI century BC. e. Panticapaeum was surrounded by a defensive wall.
Until 437 BC. e. The kings of the Bosporus were the Greek Milesian dynasty of the Archaeanactids, the ancestor of which was Archaeanact, the Oikist of the Milesian colonists who founded Panticapaeum. This year, the head of the Athenian state, Pericles, arrived in Panticapaeum at the head of a squadron of warships, making a detour of the Greek colonial cities with a large squadron to establish closer political and trade ties. Pericles negotiated grain deliveries with the Bosporus king and then with the Scythians in Olbia. After his departure in the Kingdom of Bosporus, the Archaeanactid dynasty was replaced by the local Hellenized Spartocid dynasty, possibly of Thracian origin, which ruled the kingdom until 109 BC. e.
In his biography of Pericles, Plutarch wrote: “Among the campaigns of Pericles, his campaign to Chersonesus was especially popular (Chersonesus in Greek means peninsula - A. A.), who brought salvation to the Hellenes who lived there. Pericles not only brought with him a thousand Athenian colonists and strengthened the population of the cities with them, but also led fortifications and barriers across the isthmus from sea to sea and thereby put obstacles to the raids of the Thracians who lived in large numbers near Chersonea, and put an end to the continuous, difficult war, from which this land constantly suffered, being in direct contact with the barbarian neighbors and filled with bands of robbers, both on the border and within its borders.
King Spartok, his sons Satyr and Levkon, together with the Scythians as a result of the war of 400-375 BC. e. with Heraclea of Pontus, the main trading competitor, Theodosia and Sindika, the kingdom of the Sind people on the Taman Peninsula, located below the Kuban and the Southern Bug, were conquered. The Bosporus king Perisades I, who ruled from 349 to 310 BC. e., from Phanagoria, the capital of the Asian Bosporus, conquered the lands of local tribes on the right bank of the Kuban and went further north, beyond the Don, capturing the entire Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov. His son Eumel succeeded, by building a huge fleet, to clear the Black Sea of pirates who interfered with trade. In Panticapaeum there were large shipyards, also involved in the repair of ships. The Bosporan kingdom had a navy, consisting of narrow and long high-speed ships-triremes, which had three rows of oars on each side and a powerful and durable ram on the bow. Triremes were usually 36 meters long, 6 meters wide, and the draft was about a meter deep. The crew of such a ship consisted of 200 people - rowers, sailors and a small detachment of marines. There were almost no boarding battles then, triremes at full speed rammed enemy ships and sank them. The ram of the trireme consisted of two or three sharp sword-shaped tips. The ships developed a speed of up to five knots, and with a sail - up to eight knots - about 15 kilometers per hour.
In the VI - IV century BC. e. The Bosporan kingdom, like Chersonesus, did not have a standing army; in the event of hostilities, troops were gathered from militias of citizens armed with their own weapons. In the first half of the 4th century BC. e. in the Bosporan kingdom under the Spartokids, a mercenary army was organized, consisting of a phalanx of heavily armed hoplite warriors and light infantry with bows and darts. Hoplites were armed with spears and swords, protective equipment consisted of shields, helmets, bracers and greaves. The cavalry of the army was the nobility of the Bosporus kingdom. At first, the army did not have a centralized supply, each horseman and hoplite was accompanied by a slave with equipment and food, only in IV BC. e. a convoy on carts appears, surrounding the soldiers during long stops.
Short description
BOSPORUS KINGDOM. KHERSONES. SARMATS, PONTIAN KINGDOM AND ROMAN EMPIRE IN CRIMEA
The first colonies of the Hellenes (as the ancient Greeks called themselves) were founded in the Crimea as a result of the Great Greek colonization - the settlement of the inhabitants of mainland Greece in the basins of the Mediterranean and Black Seas.
From the middle of the VIII century BC, on the coasts of the Black, Marble and mediterranean seas the Greeks are looking for new lands for themselves, whom the political struggle in the policies (city-states), the lack of arable land and deposits, forced to seek a better life. Visiting the northern shores of the Black Sea, the Hellenes called it the "Inhospitable Sea", quite possibly, they were frightened by the hostility of the Scythians, perhaps the "cold" climate. The first contacts of the Greeks - Hellenes with the local population occurred in the 7th century BC. it was at this time that a painted Rhodes vase of remarkable work was made, which was discovered in a Scythian burial ground near Kerch. Tribes of Ionians, experienced sailors, were the first to discover a country with fertile soil, abundant vegetation, fish, game, with great opportunities for trade with local "barbarians". They had good ships: 26 meters long, 12 wide. Each ship could hold 10,000 amphoras in which products were transported (one amphora = 20 liters).
It cannot be said that the Greek colonists "went off into the unknown." Long before the beginning of colonization, their ships visited the northern shores of the Black Sea, which they called Pontus Aksinsky, that is, the “Inhospitable Sea”. Probably, the Hellenes were frightened by the relatively cold climate and the hostility of the local inhabitants - Taurians and Scythians. However, after a few colonies were founded here, and with local residents A lively trade began, the sea was renamed Pontus Euxinus, that is, the “Hospitable Sea”.
The first Greek settlers in the Crimea were the inhabitants of the largest Greek city - the state of Miletus. Their attention was drawn to the areas along the shores of the Kerch Strait. Here, on the site of modern Kerch, the Milesians founded a city called Panticapaeum. According to legend, the Scythian king gave the land for the foundation of the city to the Greeks. Probably, the Scythians were interested in the development of trade with the Greeks, and therefore did not prevent the latter from organizing colonies.
During the VI century BC, the Greek cities of Tiritaka (south of Kerch near the village of Arshintsevo, on the shore of the Kerch Gulf), Kitey (on the Kerch Peninsula, 40 kilometers south of Kerch), Kimmerik (on the southern coast of the Kerch peninsula, on the western slope of Mount Onuk), Mirmekiy (on the Kerch Peninsula, 4 kilometers from Kerch) and others, which later formed the Bosporus state.
A number of cities were founded on the opposite bank of the Kerch Strait (Bosporus). From the point of view of the ancients, this strait demarcated Europe and Asia, therefore the lands on its eastern shore were called the "Asian Bosporus". The largest city of the Asian Bosporus was Phanagoria, named after the Oikist (leader of settlers) Phanagoras.
In addition, the Milesians founded more than 70 settlements on the banks of the Euxine Pontus. Emporia - Greek trading posts - began to appear on the shores of the Black Sea in the 7th century BC, the first of which, at the entrance to the Dnieper estuary on the island of Berezan, was Borisfenida.
Then, in the first half of the 6th century BC, Olbia appeared at the mouth of the Southern Bug (Gipanis), Tiras appeared at the mouth of the Dniester, and Panticapaeum appeared on the Kerch Peninsula (on the site of modern Kerch) and further towards Meganom, the city of Feodosia (on the shore of the Feodosia Bay) . By the way, this is the only city in Crimea that has retained its name from antiquity to the present day.
The inhabitants of the Bosporan cities soon launched the so-called " secondary colonization"- now they themselves founded numerous rural settlements along the shores of the Bosporus Strait.
At the end of the 6th century BC, in the western Crimea, on the site of modern Evpatoria, Kerkinitida arose.
In the southwest, on the Herakleian Peninsula, the inhabitants of Heraclea Pontica (a city on the southern coast of the Black Sea) and Delos (a city on the island of the same name in the Aegean Sea) founded Tauric Chersonesus in the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Sevastopol. The city was built on the site of an already existing settlement and among all the inhabitants of the city - Tauris, Scythians and Dorian Greeks, at first there was even equality, but later the titular Greek nation nevertheless stood out.
By the end of the 5th century BC, the Greek colonization of the Crimea and the shores of the Black Sea was completed. Greek settlements appeared where there was the possibility of regular trade with the local population, which ensured the sale of Attic goods.
From about the 5th century BC, Scythian-Greek ties began to be established and rapidly developed. There were also raids and military campaigns of the Scythians on the Greek Black Sea cities. It is known that the Scythians attacked the city of Mirmekiy at the beginning of the 5th century BC. During archaeological excavations, it was found that part of the settlements that were near the Greek colonies during this period died in fires. Perhaps that is why the Greeks began to strengthen their policies by erecting defensive structures. Scythian attacks could be one of the reasons that the independent Greek Black Sea cities around 480 BC united in a military alliance ...
In the first half of the 5th century BC, Panticapaeum united around itself the Greek colonial cities located on both banks of the Cimmerian-Kerch Strait Bosporus. Understanding the need for unification for self-preservation and the implementation of their economic interests, the Greek policies formed the Bosporan kingdom.
The Bosporan kingdom occupied the entire Kerch Peninsula and Taman to the Sea of Azov and the Kuban. (The largest cities were on the Kerch Peninsula of Crimea - the capital of Panticapaeum (Kerch), Mirlikiy, Tiritaka, Nymphaeum, Kitey, Kimmerik, Feodosia, and on the Taman Peninsula - Phanagoria, Kepy, Germonassa, Gorgypia.)
During its heyday as the capital of the Bosporus kingdom, Panticapaeum occupied an area of about 100 hectares. The city had a convenient harbor, was surrounded by a defensive wall already in the 6th century BC, and was located on the slopes of Mount Mithridates ( modern name). At the top of the mountain was an acropolis with temples and public buildings.
In Panticapaeum there were large shipyards, also involved in the repair of ships. The Bosporan kingdom had a navy, consisting of narrow and long high-speed ships-triremes, which had three rows of oars on each side and a powerful and durable ram on the bow.
Triremes were usually 36 meters long, 6 meters wide, and the draft was about a meter deep. The crew of such a ship consisted of 200 people - rowers, sailors and a small detachment of marines. There were almost no boarding battles then, triremes at full speed rammed enemy ships and sank them. The ram of the trireme consisted of two or three sharp sword-shaped tips. The ships developed a speed of up to five knots, and with a sail - up to eight knots - about 15 kilometers per hour.
The main income was brought by trade with Greece and other Attic states. Half of the bread she needed - one million pounds, timber, furs, leather, the Athenian state received from the Bosporan kingdom. In the 1st - 2nd centuries AD, Panticapaeum remained a major craft and trade center, but the city gradually fell into decay.
In the 3rd century AD, the kingdom became the object of attacks by barbarian tribes (Goths, Gelurs, Borans, and others). The last blow to the kingdom was dealt by the invasion of the Huns, who at the end of the 4th century destroyed the Bosporan cities and destroyed the Bosporan state.
The most famous politician ancient Crimea- Pontic king Mithridates VI Eupator (120 - 63 BC). The power of his state was such that it posed a threat even to the all-powerful Roman Empire. Having inherited from his father an insignificant kingdom (located on the southern coast of the Black Sea), he expanded it by conquest and temporarily weakened Roman domination in the eastern provinces of the empire.
In 107 BC, the Bosporan king Perisades renounced power in favor of Mithridates. Having gained power over the Bosporus state, the Pontic king further strengthened his power. Chersonese and the Bosporus kingdom gave him bread and cash, and the northeastern barbarians, including the Scythians, replenished his army.
Finally defeated in the wars with Rome, Mithridates fled to Panticapaeum. Here he prepared for a new campaign against the Romans. But the blockade of the cities of Taurica by the Romans adversely affected their position. The uprisings began. The son of the king, Farnak, decided to take advantage of this in order to take the much-desired throne.
In 63 BC, Mithridates, abandoned by everyone in his panticapaeum palace, after unsuccessful attempts to poison himself with poison, ordered a Celtic slave to stab himself with a sword. In memory of this event, Mount Mithridates, dominating Kerch, got its name.
15 years after the death of his father, Farnak, who became king in the Bosporus, undertook a successful trip to the Caucasus to Colchis and on to Cappadocia. He decided to restore the former kingdom of his father and in 49 BC went to Asia Minor to regain the Pontic throne.
Pharnaces II achieved significant success, but on August 2, 47 BC, in the battle near the city of Zela, the army of the Pontic king was defeated by the Roman legions of Julius Caesar, who wrote his famous words in a report to the Senate of Rome: “Veni, vidi, vici” - “I came, I saw , won". Farnak again submitted to Rome and was sent back to his Crimean lands, where in an internecine struggle he was killed by the local leader Asander.
Greek colonies in Crimea
Modern Feodosia is the only city in the Northern Black Sea region that bears its real ancient Greek name. The history of the city began in the middle - second half of the 6th century BC. e. It was founded by settlers from the Asia Minor city of Miletus, at the final stage of the "Great" Greek colonization. Favorable location on sea trade routes, a beautiful harbor and the proximity of agricultural areas predetermined the rapid growth and economic prosperity of the policy.
In the historical fate of Feodosia, as well as the entire Crimea, an outstanding role was played by the "Great" Greek colonization, which took place in the archaic era of the history of ancient Hellas, which falls on the 8th-6th centuries BC. The Greeks (Hellenes) brought to the peninsula civilization and the most advanced culture within the framework of the ancient ecumene. What made people leave their native lands and embark on a very dangerous journey in search of new homeland?
The soils of Hellas are infertile (only in a few of its regions bread was grown in sufficient quantities), hence the great need of the Greeks for imported bread. The country is also not rich in metals and wood. Meanwhile, in the archaic era, Hellas was experiencing an economic upsurge, the intensively developing craft was experiencing a shortage of raw materials, maritime trade was gaining strength, markets were needed to sell goods (olive oil, wine, handicrafts) and buy everything that the Greeks needed (bread, raw materials).
The rapid development of the economy led to a sharp increase in the population, society was not able to feed the "extra" people. The era of the archaic was also the time of the formation of states (polises) on the territory of the Balkan and insular Greece. This process was accompanied by the loss of land plots by many ordinary peasants and even aristocrats, hence the growth of property inequality and, which is inevitable in such circumstances, the socio-political struggle. The policies were slave-owning states, their economy needed cheap labor, the extraction of slaves became another incentive for the colonization movement.
In search of a new homeland, peasants who had lost their land or those who did not receive them at home; among the settlers were also artisans, merchants and representatives of the tribal nobility (some of them hoped to improve their financial situation, others left their native lands for political reasons, having been defeated in the aggravated struggle within the civil groups of the emerging polis-states). The number of immigrants was small - from a hundred to a thousand people. The colonies (Greek - apoikias) were not politically dependent on the metropolis, although they usually maintained friendly relations and various ties with them.
The bulk of the Greek colonies in the Northern Black Sea region appeared in the 6th century BC. On the western, Crimean coast of the Kerch Strait (Greek - Cimmerian Bosporus), the cities of Panticapaeum (Kerch), Nymphaeum, Mirmekiy, Tiritaka, Porfmy, Parthenius, Acre, Kitei were founded, on the east coast - Phanagoria, Germonassa, Kepy, Sindskaya Harbor. East of Feodosia, on the slopes of Mount Opuk - Kimmerik. In the southwestern Crimea - Kerkinitida (Evpatoria), Khersones (Sevastopol). The Greeks, who knew a lot about navigation and maritime trade, chose a convenient bay on the western coast of the Feodosiya Gulf; a port was located in the natural harbor; to protect ships from waves and winds, a pier was built. The port city has become a reliable shelter for ships and the most important trading center on the northern coast of the Black Sea.
The Greeks, not spoiled by the gifts of nature in their homeland, were attracted to the area of the Feodosiya Gulf and much more. In ancient times, this territory was richer than in our time, and the newcomers were able to take advantage of such gifts of nature as the so-called non-industrial reserves of iron and coal, wood, various types of stone, sand, and clay that were available here. Salt was mined in neighboring lakes. They were engaged in fishing and hunting.
And most importantly - agricultural work: they grew bread, grapes, horticultural and horticultural crops, bred livestock. For the extraction of fresh water, all the available, not very rich reserves of it were used: rivers, freshwater lakes, springs, built drainage structures and water pipelines. The Quarantine Hill became the center of the colony. The mountains and the sea protected her from possible dangers. It was easy to surround a small hill with a ring defensive walls behind which, if necessary, the entire population of the city could hide.
Relationships with local residents evolved among the colonists in different ways, it all depended on what places the aliens claimed and what was the level of development of the natives, whether they were interested in contacts with new neighbors, in the exchange of goods. Ancient authors associated Theodosius with the tribes of the Scythians and Taurians.
In those places where the Scythians were in contact with the Taurians (this includes the region of Feodosia), there was an intensive process of assimilation of these two ethnic groups. Excavations at the Theodosian Quarantine have yielded fragments of polished stucco pottery from the late 6th - 4th century BC, and one find dates back to the 7th - early 6th century BC. This dish was not made by the Greeks. But we cannot say whether there was any barbarian settlement on the site of the future Feodosia - the evidence is clearly not enough.
Beautiful places of Crimea
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We are engaged in the sale of diplomas for foreigners, documents of Russian educational institutions, we produce high-quality documents for graduates of any technical schools and colleges - just look at our prices and make sure that this is a truly profitable offer!
Our guarantees
We can offer diplomas entered in the state register - this is the main guarantee of the quality of the document. Adding to a common database means that you are buying the original diploma, which is not afraid of any verification of authenticity. Even if you want to go to the service in government agencies, where the documents of each candidate are subjected to serious checks, no one will doubt the authenticity of your diploma.
Do you want to get a high-quality document without overpaying for entering into the database? Don't worry! A team of professional calligraphers work on each diploma, creating documents that are no different from those received by university graduates, right down to signatures and genuine seals. We advise you to buy a diploma of Ukraine, printed on a government letterhead, with all the necessary holographic symbols and watermarks, and you can learn more about our guarantees here.
Terms of production and delivery of diplomas
We know how, sometimes, a document is needed right now, so we are ready to complete the work as soon as possible. Even if the date of the interview has already been set, you can buy a diploma in Kyiv cheaply, while receiving a finished document within a couple of days - we approach each client and his situation individually.
You can also choose any payment method - from a bank card to cash with a courier. Cooperating with us, each client has the opportunity to buy a diploma without prepayment and be sure that the document will be handed over to you on time and meet all the requirements.
It doesn't matter what city or even country you live in - just contact us and we will select the most convenient delivery and payment method for you.
Is it possible to buy a diploma of higher education? Need to! With such a document, you can change your life, get a prestigious position and even work in different countries! Everything is in your hands on the site
History of Crimea March 20, 2014
All the cities you see on this map were founded by the ancient Greeks during the 6th century BC. (with the exception of Kalos Limen, sheltered in the extreme west of the peninsula).
In the first half of the century, the Ionian Greeks mastered the eastern coast of Taurica, and towards the end of it, the colonization of the western and southwestern parts of the peninsula began.
You involuntarily ask yourself: why did the Greeks do this? Why did they migrate in huge masses from the cozy and long-established Hellas? The process of Greek settlement along the shores of the Mediterranean, Black and Seas of Azov called the Great Greek Colonization.
Indeed, the word "great" is indispensable here. For almost 200 years, the Hellenes stubbornly explored new spaces, founding hundreds of cities during this time. They were not afraid of dangerous sea passages, or clashes with the local population, or separation from their usual cultural and linguistic environment.
Colonization was very difficult, but the Greeks had no other choice! Greece, although a picturesque country, is not well suited for life: there is very little arable land, it is incredibly difficult to cultivate bread, and there is nowhere to expand: all around are mountain steeps and the sea.
Therefore, when by the VIII century BC. the population of Greece reached its limit, the question arose - how to avoid overpopulation and the inevitable troubles. The way out was found in the organized resettlement of part of the citizens to new, undeveloped lands.
Moreover, all the Greeks managed to benefit from what happened: both those who left, and those who remained to cultivate the meager fields and develop crafts in their homeland. Going in search of new lands, the Hellenes tried to choose places where they could be productively engaged in agriculture. The first is to grow bread.
In the newly founded cities, the Greeks reproduced the model they were accustomed to state structure, started traditional crafts, started trade exchange with the local population and with their abandoned homeland - the metropolis. Ties with the mother country - and not only trade, but also spiritual, the descendants of the colonists then kept for centuries.
The Greek people in those days was not homogeneous: it consisted of several tribes, differing both in dialect and in character. The most numerous and active were Ionians And Dorians.
Ionians lived mainly along the coast Aegean Sea, and early absorbed the wisdom ancient east lying next door. It was they who gave the world famous scientists: Hippocrates, Thales, Euclid and many others.
The largest Ionian city was Miletus, which lay on the eastern coast of Hellas (now its ruins are in Turkey). It was the Milesians who began to develop east coast Tauriki. Panticapaeum, Theodosius, Tiritaka are their colonies.
The Ionians sought to infiltrate new lands peacefully, to establish trade relations with the local population. And, if you enslave the natives, then gradually. Their weapon in conquering new spaces was often not a sword, but an IOU, not a warship, but a merchant ship.
The Ionians were cheerful and cheerful people. They saw the world as bright and beautiful and, therefore, especially many poets, artists and outstanding architects were born among them. The favorite god of the Ionians was the patron of the Muses, the radiant Apollo.
Dorians very different from the Ionians. Suffice it to say that the most powerful state of the Dorians was Sparta - a city where the cult of military discipline, brute force, pressure and submission reigned. Even the Dorians themselves did not approve of the cruel orders of the Spartans, but they nevertheless adopted something.
The stern Thunderer Zeus was a particularly revered god among the Dorians, and they revered the warlike Hercules as their ancestor. “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop,” a Dorian would willingly subscribe to these words.
The Dorians did not so much admire the world around them as they adapted it to their own needs, at the same time showing, at times, miracles of will, endurance and strength.
So, Chersonese Tauride was founded by the Dorians - a decisive, disciplined and stern people. Unlike the Ionians, they did not just develop new lands. They conquered them.
