Egyptian pyramids are the tomb of the Egyptian pharaohs. The largest of them are the pyramids of Heops, Hefren and Micheerin in El Giza in ancient times were considered one of the seven wonders of the world. The construction of the pyramid, in which the Greeks and Romans have seen a monument of the unprecedented pride of kings and cruelty, who has ever made the entire Egyptian people on meaningless construction, was the most important religious act and should have expressed, as seen, the mystical identity of the country and its ruler.
The people worked on the construction of the pyramids into an agricultural work part of the year. The texts are preserved testifying to the attention and care that the kings themselves (the truth, later times) paid the construction of their tomb and its builders. It is also known about the special religious honors, which have provided the pyramid itself.
Description of the most famous pyramids (briefly)
Hope's pyramid (hufow), the Great Pyramid is the face of the Egyptian pyramids and the most large-scale building of antiquity, creates a lot of secrets and legends around him. For the construction of the pyramid left for two decades. Construction time IV dynasty 2600 BC. e. Located in Giza. The initial height is 146.60 m., Nowadays - 138.75 m. The size of the base is 230 m. It was the largest structure in the world within more than 4,000 years.
The pyramid has not one, but the three burial halls. One of them is located below the ground level, and two are above the base line. The burial cameras are intertwined by corridors. For them it is possible to go to the Chamber of Pharaoh, to the waters of his wife and to the lower hall. The Chamber of Pharaoh is a chamber of pink granite, sizes of 10 x 5 m. It has a granite sarcophagus without a lid. In no report of researchers was not mentioned about the mumers found, because hesops were unknown here. It should be noted, the mummy of Cheops was not found in other tombs.
After the Great Chinese wall It is she who is the biggest building that ever was erected in the entire history of mankind.
The second most important is the pyramid of Heffren, the son of Heops. It was found when conducting archaeological excavations in 1860. The tomb of this ancient Egyptian king "protects" the famous Sphinx, which has the kind of lion lying on the sand, whose person may have given the features of Heffren himself. Near Hefren's pyramid there is a separate pyramid for his wife, temple, port and fence wall.
The estimated time of the construction of the pyramid - the middle of the XXVI century BC. e. It was built on a 10 meter plateau, so it seems above the pyramid of Heops, but it is not quite so. The initial height is 143.9 m., Nowadays - 136.4 m. The size of the base is 210.5 m. The pyramid was decorated with a pink granite pyramidone, which is lost now. We have no information about whether the granite was decorated with limestone, plaster or gold.
The third Great Pyramid - the Pyramid of Mikherina (known as the "Pyramid of Mencar"). She is the smallest of them, and was built later than others. Building time IV Dynasty (approximately 2540-2520 BC) Initial height - 65.55 m., Nowadays - 62 m. The size of the base is 102.2 × 104.6 m. According to eyewitness, the pyramid Mencarura was the most beautiful of all the pyramids. For works of sculpture, the time of the reign of Mencar was characterized by the highest quality of artistic performance. In addition, the Pyramid of Mikherina marked the end of the era of large pyramids. All subsequent facilities were small.
One of the largest in Egypt is a stepped pyramid of Goser. Construction time of the III dynasty (approximately 2650 BC). Located in the village of Sakkara, and was erected for Pharaoh Josrara himself Imhehotep. The initial height is 62.5 m., Nowadays - 62 m. The size of the pyramid is 125 m × 115 m. This is the first Egyptian pyramid, it is very well preserved.
Initially, Imhotep was going to create an ordinary stone mastague (rectangular tomb). Only in the construction process, it turned into the first stepped pyramid. The meaning of the steps was, as it is considered symbolic - the late Pharaoh should have been climed by the sky.
The funeral complex included a chapel, domestic courtyards, storages. At the very six-speed pyramid, the base is not square, but rectangular. Inside the structure there are 12 burial cameras, where Joser and members of his family could probably be buried. Mummy Pharaoh during excavations was not detected. The entire territory of the complex in 15 hectares was surrounded by a stone 10-meter wall. The part of the wall and other buildings is now restored.
The most unusual pyramid in the medum. Construction time of the III dynasty (approximately 2680 BC) is located 100 km south of the capital of Egypt, was built for the Pharaoh Hyuni of the last ruler of the III of the Dynasty, but his son Snofer completed her son. It was originally eight steps in it, but today only the last three are visible. Initial height - 93.5 m., Nowadays - 65 m. Base 144 m.
For the first time, Al-Macrisis in the 15th century said about her unusual forms. The pyramid had a stepped form. In his essays, Al-Macrisi described a pyramid consisting of 5-steps, and even that it had serious damage from erosion and from the disappearance of stone masonry by local residents.
Pink pyramid or northern pyramid. The construction time of the IV dynasty (approximately from 2640 to 2620 BC) the initial height is 109.5 m., Nowadays - 104 m. The basis is 220 m. Northern Pyramid of Pharaoh Snofer in Dakhshire, at the time of its construction in the XXVI century BC. e. It was the highest construction in the world. Now is the third in height of the pyramid in Egypt, after Hofu and Hife in Giza.
Unusual because she has a pink shade thanks to a special stone that was used in construction. The researchers believe that this pyramid was erected by the already mentioned Pharaoh Snofra. The pink pyramid had a pink color. Previously, her wall covered white limestone. However, in our time, the white limestone is almost completely absent, since in the Middle Ages there was a significant part of it for the construction of houses in Cairo, as a result of which the pinky limestone was exposed.
Not far from the pink is the broken ("cut" or "rhombid") pyramid. Building time IV dynasty (XXVI century BC. Er) The initial height is 104.7 m., Nowadays - 101.1 m. The basis - 189.4 m. It received its name due to improper form. It was built in three stages, each of which was attached to her various angles of inclination. It differs from other Egyptian pyramids by the fact that the pyramid has an entrance not only on the north side, which was standard, but also the second entrance, which is open above, on the west side.
Explaining the German Egyptologist Ludwig Borhardt (1863-1938), expanding the non-standard pyramid (1863-1938) (1863-1938). According to it, the king died suddenly and the angle of inclination of the faces of the pyramid was dramatically changed from 54 ° 31 min. up to 43 ° 21 min., For the fastest completion of work.
What is known about Egyptian pyramids
Building pyramids
The plates weighing at least 2.5 tons, from which the pyramids were built, cut out of the stone in the nearby career and delivered to the place of construction with the wolf with the help of ramps, blocks and levers. There is an opinion recognized by the scientific community to marginal, that in the construction of the pyramid used concrete, that is, the plates were made directly at the construction site. The peaks of the pyramids still have traces of wooden forms, erased at the base with numerous sandy storms. So that the pyramids are not cracked as a result of the compression-expansion process, separate blocks were separated by thin layers of the building solution. The slope of external walls is exactly 45 °. The surface was covered with polished white limestone blocks. Already after the fall, the limestone stretched out local residents for their needs.
What is encrypted in pyramids
What is the mystery of the Egyptian pyramids? Why, during almost 5 thousand years, they do not cease to worry the imagination of all who saw them? What suggestions did not put forward on this: they were built aliens, astronomical, magical knowledge of ancient priests were encrypted in them, they contain the prediction of the future. Digital magic is great to be so popular that, measuring it in all directions and folding the results obtained, lovers could predict anything.
Why were the pyramids erected?
Even disputes about whether the pyramids are in reality are tombs of the pharaohs, they do not stop today. Some of the researchers believe that these are temples, where Amona-ra was dedicated to the servants of the cult of the Sun of Amon-ra, others - that the pyramid is a huge scientific laboratory of the ancients. Someone claims that the pyramids are huge natural earth-energy generators in which Pharaohs have "charged" with this energy for a long time, even rejuvenated and prepared for state activities. And then they were buried near the pyramids, in small rooms, maybe near the memorial temples.
The pyramids admired the many great world of this:, Cleopatra ,. The ladder to inspire their Grenadiers during the Egyptian campaign, he first exclaimed: "The pyramids are looking at you," and then instantly counted in the mind that of two and a half million stone blocks of Heops, the pyramid could be built around France three meters high.
Interesting facts about Egyptian pyramids
All Egyptian pyramids were erected on the West Bank of the Nile River, which is the sunset and communicated with the kingdom of the dead in Egyptian mythology.
The edges of the pyramids are arched for one meter, so that they can accumulate solar energy. Due to which the pyramids could reach thousands of degrees and make an incomprehensible roe from such a heat.
Despite the strong heat that reigns around the pyramids, the temperature in them itself remains relatively constant and keeps in the area of \u200b\u200b20 ° C.
Egyptian pyramids possess such a feature. Stone blocks are located so that there are no gaps between them, even the finest blade will not climb there.
The Great Pyramid consists of 2.3 million blocks, perfectly even and suitable for each other. Blocks weigh from 2 to 30 tons, and some of them even achieve weights by more than 50 tons.
Although many people associate pyramids with hieroglyphs, in the Great Pyramid Giza did not find any inscriptions or hieroglyphs.
Calculations of the number of workers involved in the construction of the pyramids are highly different, nevertheless, it is quite possible that they were erected at least 100 thousand people.
Three large pyramids on the Plateau Giza are copied on the land of Orion belt from the Constellation of Orion. Hoeop's pyramid and a similar Pyramid of Hefren occupy the places of the two brightest stars of Orion's belt, al-Nitak and Al-Nilas, and the smaller Pyramid of Mencar is shifted from the axis of two neighboring, just like the third and the smallest belt star - Mintaka.
Buildings like Egyptian pyramids can also be found in Sudan, where the tradition later picked up.
Each side of the pyramid is located in the direction of one side of the world.
It was estimated that, large necropolis, with the level of technology, should be built at least in a century. How, for example, Hoeop's Pyramid was erected in just 20 years?
In the XII century, an attempt was made to destroy the pyramids of Giza. Al-Azis, Kurdish ruler and the second Sultan of the Ayubid Dynasty, tried to demolish them, but he was forced to retreat, since this task was too large-scale. And yet, he was able to damage the Pyramid of Micheer, where, because of his attempts, the vertical gaping hole remained in her northern slope.
Pyramids are one of numerous evidence in favor of existence in those long-standing times a certain developed civilization. Meanwhile, the epoch fits into the time framework of the existence of the legendary Atlantis, although no one is taken by arguing that the civilization has built early pyramids in reality was the civilization of the Atlanta.
Information for tourists
The complex of the Great Pyramids in Giza is open to visits from 8:00 to 17:00 every day, with the exception of winter months (work time until 16:30) and the sacred for Muslims the month of Ramadan when access is closed at 15:00.
Some of the travelers believe that if the pyramids are under open sky And they are not a museum in the literal sense of the word, here you can behave freely, to climb these structures. It should be remembered: it is so categorically prohibited - in the interests of your security!
Before entering the pyramids, it is necessary to objectively assess its psychological state and physical health. Those who are afraid of closed spaces (claustrophobia), this part of the excursion is better to skip. Because of the fact that inside the tomb is usually dry, hot and a little dusty, it is not recommended to enter asthmatics, hypertensive and suffering from other diseases of the cardiovascular and nervous system.
What time can the tourist excursion in the Egyptian pyramid zone? The cost has several components. Entrance ticket It will cost you 60 Egyptian pounds that approximately equals 8 euros. Will you want to visit the pyramid of Heops? For this will have to lay out 100 pounds or 13 euros. Inspection from within the pyramid of Hefren is largely cheaper - 20 pounds or 2,60 euros.
Separately, it will have to pay for a visit to the museum of the solar area, which is located the southern pyramid of Heops (40 pounds or 5 euros). Photographing the pyramids in the zone is allowed, however, for the right to make photographs will have to post 1 euro. A visit to other pyramids in the territory of Giza - For example, Mother and Wives of Pharaoh Hefren - not paid.
The times have long passed when the Egyptian pyramids hit the observer with unprecedented magnitude and unsurpassed monumentality. Approximately a thousand three hundred years ago, humanity learned to build more, above, massive and faster than the ancient Egyptians did. But still for four thousand years, construction leadership remained for the long-standing people ...
Who, how and when did the Egyptian pyramids build? Interest in the Pyramids Giza does not fade five thousand years in a row. Answers to most issues of Egyptologists are known.
As with what the pyramids of the ancient Egyptians were built - in many cases we only assume, and among the propagandable hypothesis a lot of candid fiction. Let us try to figure out the history of Egyptian pyramids without prejudice, mysticism and intake mystery.
How much is the pyramids in Egypt?
The question is far from idle, if you consider the length of the construction period of the pyramids, the variety of materials used, the features of architecture - and, naturally, the safety. According to various information, the total number of Egyptian pyramids reaches 140-ka, but many of them are identified with difficulty.And if the pyramids of Giza are famous for the impressive magnitude committed by the form and good safety, the pyramids of other ancient Egyptian tumors were lucky. Many of them are due to the briefness of the usual at that time of raw clay bricks or the urgent need for construction materials - collapsed in whole or in part, and more resemble the hills, rather than the pyramids.
So, in 2013, the American archaeologist Angela Micol, exploring the photographs high resolutionThis suggests that several hills on the territory of modern Egypt - nothing more than ancient pyramids, partly eroded under the influence of climatic factors, partly brought by sand and dust.
Inspired by the tip from behind the ocean, Egyptian archaeologists undertook an expedition to specified altitudes. In print, careful statements appeared regarding the justice of the judgments of the American scientist, however, the official register of the Egyptian pyramids of Angela Mol's findings are not yet included - as well as the remains of another 17 pyramids, similar to Sarah Parkak from the University of Birmingham, Alabama.
Mastaba - a modest tomb of Pharaoh
The tradition of building a pyramid as pharaoh asspisals was not born suddenly. The burial of the pharaohs of the first dynasty (in total there are more than 30 dynasties) were arranged in relatively small buildings, according to resembling a cut-off hill or a tetrahedral pyramid with a cut riding and a rectangular base.The imperfection of the then building technologies forced the Egyptians to create buildings with inclined faces of external walls. An intuitive formation of the artificial structure of a natural embankment from stone ensured the stability of the erected construction is not worse than the cone's piles of different-dimensional debris at the foot of the mountain.
In Arab Egypt, the first tomb of Pharaohs received the name "Mastaba", which translated from Arabic means "Stool".
According to the architectural look, Mastaba repeats a slightly passive ancient Egyptian residential building, and there is no holiness in a purely utilitarian construction. So there is nothing surprising that any new ruler sought to build his Mastabu above any buildings of the county, and most importantly - above the predecessor's tomb. Majania is so characteristic of leaders!
The logical outcome of the growth of Mastaba was the geometrically correct pyramid, but it was not possible to achieve the desired form.
Joser Tomb - First Egyptian Pyramid
Thirty kilometers south of Cairo is the village of Sakkara. Saccar is the place of restoring the pharaohs of the III-IV dynasty. Here is the oldest of the preserved Egyptian pyramids - the Pyramid of Joster.Imhotep - Brave Novator
According to the information collected by historians, Imhotep - the chief architect of the project - initially planned to build a conventional mastague. However, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe construction of a multi-tier tomb seemed to both the architect and the customer a lot more fruitful. Therefore, during the construction process, the project was changed. A tripled superstructure of a smaller mastaba over the greater graft as a result of a sorcelter four-tiered pyramid with a rectangular base.Understanding that the raw clay brick (in the Russian tradition, the material is known as "Saman") is not sufficiently durable to create a high-rise structure, IMHOTEP ordered to build the tomb case to use limestone blocks.
CHILDRENE TECHNOLOGY OF CONSTRUCTION Pyramid Goser
For the construction was mined in a quarry nearby. The dimensions and shape of the stone blocks were observed, but allowed to make a dressing of dressing: three longitudinally oriented blocks were replaced by two transverse - and so on. The mass of the unit block did not exceed the "carrying capacity" of a strong porter.A thick clay composition was used as a binding solution, designed not so much to fasten the blocks, how much to fill emptiness. The idea of \u200b\u200bsuch a building material Imhehotep could suggest the nature itself. The Egyptians who traveled around the surrounded world probably came across formed by the village streams and quickly turned into a dense and durable material.
Clay dug in the Nile Valley, swollen and mixed with some sand (to prevent cracking in the drying process). The wall stone laid down with the inclination of the structure so that the wall line deviated from the vertical to 15˚. Thus, the walls of each of the troops of the tomb were formed with the conditional plane of the earthly solid angle of 75˚.
Responsible components of the internal structures of the Joser pyramid were performed from two-ton blocks delivered from afar on water, and largely deraneous limestone. The cementing gypsum solution used by the Egyptians is more often lime, fastened the items only in some places. In particular, the blue tile in the facing of the inside premises of the tomb, held on the walls due to the gypsum binder.
Imhotep - Defenned Pioneer Perestroika
Evrivation of the four-tier pyramid, inspired by the success of Imhotep offered not to stop the construction and bring the number of tiers to six with the simultaneous increase in the total area of \u200b\u200bthe pyramid. For the outdoor cladding of the structure, it was assumed to use white limestone from the Turkish career from the eastern coast of the Nile.The consent of Pharaoh did not make himself wait. Uninterrupted continuation of the work allowed the outstanding architect of ancient Egypt to increase the height of the pyramid to 62 meters. Having become hextress in 2649 BC, Joster's pyramid crowned a huge complex of ritual buildings and for a long time became a record building of Egypt and only the world.
It is estimated that 850 thousand tons of limestone took place on the construction of the Joster pyramid. According to the unanimous opinion of the builders of our time, there are no technological mysteries in the construction of the first Egyptian pyramid. However, the contemporaries of Imhatopa reacted to an outstanding architect with a much larger pitue. After the death, the architect, engineer and scientist Imhotep were deified, and the Egyptian pyramids on the covenant of the founder were held hundred and long ago.
Pyramids in Giza - the focus of secrets and mysteries
Step and multi-tiered pyramids and pyramids, built along the covenants of the Great Immechamp, are quite a lot in Egypt. But the Egyptian pyramids of only the right tetrahedral form are counted for the miracles of the world, and not all, but only those that stand in Giza.The pyramids of Heops, Hefren and Micheryine are the top of the construction art of ancient Egypt. The studies did not give a clear and reliable picture of the stages and construction methods. From historical documents, the most detailed description of Herodota is considered to be the most detailed - however, it is necessary to remember that Herodotus recorded his records in 2000 years after the construction of the Heopse pyramid ...
Hemion - Hero of Pyramid-Building Labor
The task set in front of Hemioune, the relative of Pharaoh and, part-time, the chief administrator of the state was complex. On the rocky square foundation should be built a pyramid of the right geometric shape and reference aesthetic advantages. The structure, of course, was to be higher than the pyramids of the former pharaohs and, it is desirable to remain unsurpassed in the future. 
Perhaps the task was made somehow differently - but it does not matter. Hemiouu was able to create a pyramid, which was baking millions of tons of natural stone, raised almost to heaven (147 meters of height), silent several secret premises, striking (and affecting) an observer by the perfection of the forms and the greatness of the idea.
Mystery first plus mystery home
How construction was conducted, not told anywhere. No single papyrus was found, in which hemioune construction technology would be revealed, but even the pyramid of Heops would be mentioned!This is the first mystery of the main of the Egyptian pyramids. However, there may be several beggages:
- a) researchers just not lucky finding necessary document;
- b) there was a ban on documenting and disclosing the methods of erection of the pyramid;
- c) the project documentation was not compiled, the protocolization of construction was not carried out - as unnecessary.
How was the greatest of Egyptian pyramids
Most of the cheops pyramid is composed of yellow-gray limestone blocks, material relative to loose, but strong enough. Since the blocks were cut down differently, it would be logical when the materials were harvested on the construction site to position the stone so that the largest and hard bottoms were spent on the construction of the lower tiers of masonry, and less massive stones were intended for upper tiers. 
Egyptian builders did that. The limestone blocks of the pyramid is the smaller, the closer to the top lie. What, by the way, refutes the fashionable theory on the construction of the structure from concrete blocks.
Concrete idea is false?
Transport buckets with thick mortar to the upper floors of the building is really easier, but changing the standard of formwork from the tier to the tier - why? Artificial building stone, as a rule, has standardized sizes, while Kheops pyramid blocks are far from standard.It is important and time factor. The rejection of concrete requires long rest of the resulting detail. Primary grasp is not equivalent to a complete set of strength. On the freshly tired and already hardened stone can not immediately hammer the multi-torque load. You can accelerate the hardening of castings with organic additives - at least egg protein - but then the Mountain of the shell will exceed the sizes of the pyramid. Is such a monument to Pharaoh?
The production of a binder for the manufacture of concrete requires high-temperature dehydration of the initial raw material - in the case of ancient Egypt. Some number of gypsum solution The resources of the country allowed to produce painlessly, but not millions of cubic meters required for the full transition to artificial building stone! So much firewood in the state was simply not!
Concrete is not only a binding solution, it is also a mineral filler of several fractions. Modern concrete creates from cement mortar, sand and granite rubble. The blocks of the Egyptian pyramids are solid one. You can, of course, to imagine how thousands of slaves are ruined by natural limestone to receive crumbs, the other thousands are dragging the stretcher with limestone crumbs to the construction site, the third worn water in the Burdyuki, and the fourth covers the wet concrete - for it will be fragile without seal.
But isn't it easier to carve finished blocks from stone? Moreover, all qualified mineralogues are unanimous in the assessment of the main material of the pyramid of Heops and consider it a natural limestone.
However, individual elements of the design of the pyramids could really be made of artificial stone. But only not the most responsible and loaded by the astronomical masses of the overlying materials.
Granite mystery of Heops Pyramid
The adepts of secret knowledge are interpreted about the impossibility of manufacturing, processing and delivering the granite construction parts without the use of the tool from steel and abrasives of the level of hardness.Meanwhile, granite columns, obeliski and other Megaliths in ancient Egypt were produced without much difficulty. Our French contemporaries reproduced all the stages of production and processing of granite, and are quite satisfied with the experience gained.
To give a large billet from the natural array, the following method was used.
- 1. Along the contour of the alleged billet from clay bricks, a low hearth was built.
- 2. Forers were loaded into the focus, the fire was divorced. Hot coals warmed the underlying granite on a small depth.
- 3. Water flowed to preheated granite. The stone crackled.
- 4. After removing the brick, ash and the peeling breed, the warm-up zone was percussioned with dimelt (suchite - a variety) with hammers. As a result, a groove in a monolithic granite array was formed in a 10-15 cm depth.
- 5. To deepen the contour groove, the operation was repeated.
Handmade technique with a rounded routine hammer assumes endurance and performers. The hourly (not even too delicate) beating with a granite rover allows to remove a layer with a thickness of 6 - 8 mm on an area of \u200b\u200bseveral square decimeters.
Sealing in half the lumbering concretion served as the main tool for grinding granite. The abundance of rodolite in the eastern regions of Egypt allowed the masters of antiquity to use this solid stone in unlimited quantities.
Lifting gravity without lifting crane
Herodotus writes that the rise of the stone upstairs was carried out by simple wooden devices such as a well caravel. The carrying capacity of such devices is sufficient for two-tone loads (the average volume of the lime block of the peyramid of the cheops is 850 - 1000 liters, limestone density - 2000 kg per cubic meter). But how were much more massive structural elements installed? In particular, the pyramidion, the monolithic pyramid pyramid in 15 tons?Modern inventors talk about the possibility of plating a stone product with volumetric wooden structures approaching the shape of the packaged part to the cylinder. This container really facilitates transportation, but requires a solid road.
Inclined ramp or spiral road?
How is the tercacon - the cone-shaped dust of the empty breed? First, the backups are installed, an oblique rail route is watering. Wagons with a bulk mass rhine on the rails and unloaded to the side. As the drum is heard, the road is lengthened. It ultimately forms an artificial mountain with steep slopes and a long canopy embankment with rails from smooth soles to the very top. 
Approximately, the researchers believed, the access roads to the Egyptian pyramids were also built. The increasing inclined (7˚- 8˚) ramp, made of bulk materials, compacted and fortified by the imported bridge, could really help delivering massive stone blocks to the place of their installation.
However, the volume of earthworks in this case turns out to be comparable to the volume of all construction, and the pace of work is limited by the frequency of reconstructions transport path. The bulk spiral road laid around the pyramid makes it impossible to check the geometry of the ribs and the faces of the entire structure.
Another thing, suggested by the French architect Jean-Pierre, if the spiral road was laid in the body of the pyramid on its external edges. By such a way, you can walk like a common staircase, passing the limestone blocks along the way. True, such a path is replete with turns at right angles. But if in places of turns to make open areas with the simplest forklifts, the difficulties will disappear.
Hypothesis is disassembled in many ways. Nevertheless, the rotary areas in the corners of the structure are found, some inclined moves around the perimeter of the pyramid - too. However, the Egyptian authorities do not yet give permission to a large-scale hardware study of the historical structure.
The final reconstruction of the process
A generalized reconstructed construction picture of the pyramid of Heops looks like this:- - The most massive details of the base of the pyramid and interior premises of the tomb were delivered to the place of installation on land roads and a low bulk ramp;
- - Blocks, foundation body of the pyramid, rose in spiral forests attached outside;
- - White limestone screw - Pyramidion - was installed immediately after completion of the masonry;
- - facing blocks of white limestone, in the cross section of a rectangular triangle, stacked in the direction from top to bottom, flush with the edges of the pyramidion.
And although individual details of construction are not clarified to the end, the overall picture is quite clear and plausible. However, the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids were not only in the design and construction of cyclopeous structures.
"Non-painted" secrets of Egyptian pyramids
The studies of the pyramid of Heops taken by greedy to treasure humanity over the past two thousand years have proven to be very traumatic for the historical structure. In part, therefore, in part, due to the high tourist potential, the resolution for scientific research in Giza is very difficult.As a result, today, scientists have no complete plan of cavities and premises of the Pyramid of Heops - because of which the assumptions about the appointment of rooms, corridors and canals are based on insufficient information.
Such a situation gives food to afford reflection on the presence of secret treasures under Egyptian pyramids and Sphynx. The yellow press is Mussey Massive the idea of \u200b\u200bthe usefulness of the samples of an ancient knowledge that is stored or under the paws of the Sphinx, or under the burial chamber of the huof, then even deeper.
However, historians and archaeologists from hypothetical treasures of special revelations are not waiting. Yes, when discoverished in the past repositories, the museum collections of the world are pretty replenished with works of ancient Egyptian art - but no advanced technologies do not have to wait for the surviving artifacts. Alas…
Pyramid - working device?
Thoughts that each individual pyramid and especially the largest and most beautiful Pyramid of Heops are not just a monument and the tomb, but a certain interaction tool with secret forces, Mankind is already for four and a half thousand years.Already alive echoes of the excitement, which arose in perestroika and relating to the miraculous properties of pyramidal structures. Alleged blades in them self-sharpening, bacteria self-suite, the water is self-excreted - and in large pyramids plus the time slows down, the best of the organisms and the fools will be cleaned.
Experiments are still continuing, but the statistics of the results are disappointing. Neither in the pyramids of ancient Egyptian work, nor in their modern counterparts does not work special.
"Also, Ezoteric objects are objective, - that contact with the highest mind is carried out!"
Effect of Egyptian pyramids per mind
Dedicated to write: who will arise in the sarcophagus of the pyramid of Heops and focus, the voices are being heard, the colorful paintings are visible, the complexity of the device of the Universe is clear - and the future opens. So I was filled, as I spent in Sarcophage, it was pale, I was silent about the experienced, and only in the link on the island of Saint Helena hinted that he had his own drop ...True, psychiatrists, promoting voices and visions, begin to nervously flipping and urging the bags with medicines. Psychologists speak about the similarity of individual reactions to the darkness, silence and complete privacy. To save money, they say, it is possible to stick to the wooden box with a lid instead of the sarcophagus, and instead of the Egyptian pyramid to use any dungeon - at least a shallow pit.
The sum of sensations and thoughts arising from the subjects is typical. In such a privacy, every person thinks about the guise of life, tested all the essence and inevitability of the end. The pyramids have nothing to do with it!
Astronomical factor
Belgian Robert Bewwell, born and long-lived in Egyptian Alexandria, was not the first person who had noticed the similarity of the position of the pyramids in Giza and stars in the Orion belt. However, he was the first to speak out about the likeness loudly and publicly.Check showed that the coincidence of directions and proportions is very conditional. Defending his point of view, Bewwell suggested: the position of the pyramid corresponds to the picture of the starry sky. The time of the third pharaoh dynasty.
The development of computer technology gave the opportunity to restore the position of the stars in the past. The modeled picture of the starry sky of 2500 to our era was close to the location of the pyramids in Giza, but only approximately ...
Further studies led astronomers to the conclusion: the mutual location of the pyramids of Huf, Hafra and Mencar (Heops, Hefren and Micheerina) fully corresponds to the location of Alintka, Alnilam and Mintaka (asterism stars "Belt Orion") in the 10500th year BC.
Difference thinkers immediately came to the conclusion that the initial markup of the construction site was fulfilled in the 10500th, and the construction itself decided to postpone 8 thousand years.
Moreover! At the beginning began, namely for 14 thousand years before the Nativity of Christ, at the place of the future Giza and all her tumors stood a pyramid - to all the pyramids of the pyramid, the magnitude of the real mountain! True, the ancestor of the pyramid was monolithic and during the earthquake crackled. The bullfin was decided to demolish, and in her place, after tidy of the debris garbage, to build a new pyramid complex.
Who and why accepted so unexpected decisions, thinkers do not affect.
Numerological height of the pyramid of Heops
Going to Egypt, Napoleon, as you know, included in a detachment more than one and a half hundred scientists. I miss the transition time, inquisite scientists attacked the Egyptian pyramids as a hungry dog \u200b\u200bto the bone. Equity and measurements were subjected to all available space, including each of the pyramids and the Sphinx.The data obtained became the subject of academic discussions that do not cease to this day. For two hundred years, the dignity of the most advanced connoisseurs was established between the linear parameters of the Hope's pyramid and:
- - the dimensions of the Earth and the Solar System;
- - the number "Pi";
- - what happened and coming events;
- - physical constants that determine the balance of interaction of forces in the universe.
Ay, psychiatrists! ..
So, there are no secrets in Egyptian pyramids?
A lot of secrets in Egyptology. However, the Egyptian pyramids are studied very thoroughly, although not fully. In leisurely existence, the pyramids have a number of ambiguities, prominent to those skilled in the art. For example, the visible deflection of the faces of the pyramid of Heops appeared as a result of an unexpected deformation of materials or due to architectural calculation?So far there is no unambiguous picture of a complex of technology that used almost 5,000 years ago. It is not clear why the pyramid of Heops, the most monumental of all the monuments of ancient Egypt, deprived of wall inscriptions and images. There is no confidence in understanding the appointment of detected objects, premises, buildings ...
It is important, however, that only those studies of the Egyptian pyramids are fruitful, which are conducted within the framework of materialistic theory. Search for extraordinary forces who participated in the creation of Egyptian pyramids fantastically fun - and only.
Pyramids still keep a lot of secrets and secrets. Some of them, of course, were disclosed, but there are issues that are still disturbed by the minds of scientists and historians. How and who were these monuments created? What technologies were applied during construction? How did builders manage to move the stone blocks of a huge weight? Why did the pharaohs needed this kind of grazing? All this and many other interesting facts you will learn from the article and will become a little closer to understanding the secrets of the pyramids and the knowledge of their power and greatness.
Interesting facts about Egyptian pyramids
These ancient building facilities have already occupied their honorable places and glorify the talent of their creators, thanks to which perpetual monuments managed to make. Until now, scientists failed to reliably determine how the pyramids were made and what technologies were applied. Only some data are known, but most of the technologies used remains secret.
Just tombs?
In Egypt, there is about 118 pyramids created in different periods, various sizes and types. There are two varieties of pyramids, older stepped, one of the first preserved copies of the Pyramid of Josrara, about 2650 BC. e.
In fact, these pyramids are graves, and their clusters are a cemetery. In antiquity it was believed that we need to bury themselves to be buried with everything that they might need in the afterlife, so Pharaohs found their last refinement in the luxurious pyramids that they began to build long before their death.
Robbers of Pharaoh's tombstones
There are horrors about Egyptian pyramids are directly related to the robbers, which so love them to visit under the cover of the night and select their last property. However, not the only for jewelry hidden in the tips, visit the monuments of marauders.
Local residents have spoiled the appearance of some pyramids. For example, two pyramids in Dakhshire do not look at all as before, all the limestone they were covered, stolen for the construction of houses in the near city. Stone blocks are often stealing and other material for construction, which leads to incredible destruction.
Secrets and myths
The horrors of the Egyptian pyramids are also in the fact that many legends reign around them. The reason for the occurrence of such a myth was the fictional curse of the most famous tomb in the world - the tomb of Tutankhamon. It was opened in 1922 by a group of researchers, most of whom died over the next seven years. At that time, many believed that this was due to the curse of the tomb or some kind of mysterious poison, although most think so far.
But it all became one huge misconception. Immediately after the tomb was open, it produced a real furyor. In one of the newspapers, in the name of raising ratings, it was stated that before the entrance to the tomb there was a plate with a cavement that everyone who went down here would die. However, it turned out to be just a newspaper duck, but after the researchers began to die one after another, the article found the popularity, and since then there is a similar myth. It is worth noting that most of these scientists were old age. So easily some of the riddles of the Egyptian pyramids are solved.
Pyramid device
The funeral complex of pharaohs consists not only from the pyramid itself, but also from two temples: one next to the pyramid, one must be washed by the waters of the Nile. The pyramids and temples that were not far from each other were connected by alleys. Some partially survived to this day, for example, the alleys between the Luxor and between the pyramids of the Giza of such alleys, unfortunately, was not preserved.
Inside the pyramid
Egyptian pyramids, interesting facts relating to, and ancient myths - all this is directly connected with the inner structure. Inside the pyramid is a chamber with burial, to which moves from different sides. Walls of the passages usually painted with religious texts. The walls of the pyramid in Sakkare, a village near Cairo, were painted with ancient conquerious texts that reached this day. Next to the pyramids, Giza also contains a well-known figure of the sphinx, which according to legend should guard the peace of reached. Unfortunately, until our time did not reach the original name of this structure, it is known only that during the Middle Ages Arabs called the "Father of Horror" monument
Types of pyramids
Many riddles of Egyptian pyramids are directly related to their creation. Until now, no one managed to reliably determine how the ancient Egyptians managed to create such monumental structures that to this day are in preservation.
Scientists believe that the construction was carried out in several stages, for which the sizes of the pyramids could significantly increase compared with the original. Construction began long before the death of Pharaoh and could take several decades. Only for the creation of a suitable site for construction and leveling of the soil was needed about a decade. To create the largest to date, the pyramids needed two decades.
Who built pyramids
It is the opinion that the pyramids were built slaves, who Morious hunger and beat the screamed for poorly done work, but this is not the case. showed that people who built the pyramids were kept in good conditionsThey were well fed. Nevertheless, no one still has managed to unravel the old, as the hardest stone blocks rose upstairs, because human strength is incapable.
However, archaeologists believe that with time the construction technique changed, the Egyptian pyramids themselves changed. Interesting Facts In mathematics also concern the construction of the pyramids. So, scientists managed to determine that the pyramids mathematically correct proportions. As the ancient Egyptians managed to do this, remains a mystery.
Egyptian pyramids - miracle of light
- Hoeop's pyramid is the only surviving miracle of the world.
- There are several theories about the construction of the pyramids. According to one of them, the construction occurred on the principle of the lever, but when taking this, it would take no less than one and a half century, and the pyramid was erected in two decades. That's what remains a mystery.
- Some lovers of mystical consider these buildings with powerful energy sources and believe that Pharaohs conducted time in them and in life to get a new vitality.
- There are also completely incredible theories. For example, some believe that the pyramids were built by aliens, and others that the blocks moved to people who own a magic crystal.
- There are some other questions regarding the facilities. For example, it has not yet been clarified why the pyramids were built in two stages and why were interruptions needed.
- The pyramids were built two centuries and were erected several immediately.
- Now, on research on various scientists, their age is from 4 to 10 thousand years.
- In addition to accurate mathematical proportions, the pyramids possess another feature in this area. Stone blocks are located in such a way that there are no gaps between them, even the finest blade will not climb there.
- Each side of the pyramid is located in the direction of one side of the world.
- Hope's pyramid, the largest in the world, reaches a height of 146 meters, and its weight is more than six million tons.
- If you want to know how Egyptian pyramids were created, interesting facts about construction can be obtained from the pyramids themselves. On the walls of the passages depicted construction scenes.
- The edges of the pyramids are arched for one meter so that they can accumulate solar energy. Thanks to this, the pyramids could reach thousands of degrees and make an incomprehensible roe from such a heat.
- For was made perfectly direct foundation, so the verges differ from each other for only five centimeters.
- The first built pyramid dated 2670 a year BC. e. In his own way, it resembles several pyramids located next to each other. The architect created a type of masonry that helped achieve such an effect.
- Hope's pyramid was created from 2.3 million blocks, perfectly even and suitable for each other.
- Buildings like Egyptian pyramids are also found in Sudan, where they later picked up the tradition.
- Archaeologists managed to find a village in which the builders of the pyramids lived. The brewery and bakery were discovered there.
- Many secrets hide the Egyptian pyramids. Interesting facts concern, for example, according to the principle of which the pyramid was made. The walls are at an angle of 52 degrees, which makes the ratio of height and perimeter with equal ratio to the length.
Power and greatness
What was the Egyptian pyramids created for? Interesting facts about construction do not give ideas about what they served. And the pyramids were created to praise the power and the grandeur of their owners. The lush tomb were a considerable part of the entire burial complex. They were filled with things that might need Pharaoh after death. There it was possible to meet literally everything that may be needed to man. Any clothes, jewelry, dishes - all this and many other things went along with the pharaohs in their tombs. These wealth buried with the owners, and are often the reason for the appearance of robbers who want to get jewels. All these riddles and myths that envelop the pyramids, starting from the very creation, already many centuries remain untreated, and no one knows whether they will be disclosed someday.
The only of the wonders of the world preserved to this day are the pyramid of Heops, or the Pyramid of Hufa, as it is called her the Egyptians themselves, in contrast to the rest of the world, using the Greek pronunciation of Pharaoh.
To quite aware, as far from us, those times were built when the peyramid of Heops was built, it is only worth thinking that for the contemporaries of the remaining six wonders of the world, the Great Pyramid in Giza was so much so much so that they did not know the rays of her secrets.
Despite the fact that the biggest pyramid in the world has age for more than four thousand years, it is quite well preserved to our times. Today, excursions to Egyptian pyramids can be ordered from almost any hotel Cairo.
History and construction of the Great Pyramid of Heops
It is believed that a certain Hemion was dealt to with the embodiment of royal ambitions - a nephew and Pharaoh Vizier, and the reply architect also also compatible. Hope's pyramid was built about 2540 BC, and its construction began twenty years earlier - somewhere in 2560 BC.
More than two million huge stones needed to build a great pyramid in Giza. The biggest blocks weighed several tens of tons. For construction weighing 6.4 million tons, so that it does not leave under the ground under his own weight, a durable rocky soil is chosen. Granite blocks were delivered from a quarry, which was at a distance of 1000 km. Scientists still can not find an answer to the question of how these stones were transferred and how Heop's pyramid was built
Many disputes cause and the purpose of the highest pyramid in ancient Egypt. According to the most common opinion, this is really the tomb of Heops (the second pharaoh of the IV rulers dynasty) and his family members. But nevertheless, the discussion around the puzzle pyramids do not subside. For example, from the point of view of some astronomers, a kind of observatory was equipped here, since the ventilation channels and corridors with amazing accuracy point to Sirius stars, Tuban, and Alnito. It is also interesting that during the construction of the pyramid of Heops, the coordinates of the magnetic poles of the Earth are also taken into account.
Geometry and Description Pyramid Hofu
Hope's pyramid sizes are surprised even modern man. Its foundation occupies a huge area of \u200b\u200b53 thousand square meters, which commensurate ten football fields. Other parameters are not less affected: the base length is 230 m, the length of the side edge is as much, and the side surface area is 85.5 thousand square meters.
Now the heavest pyramid height is 138 meters, but initially it reached 147 meters, which can be compared with a fifty-story skyscraper. The years left their imprint on the preservation of the pyramid. Numerous earthquakes for thousands of years have collapsed the stone top of the construction, and the smooth stone, which the outer walls were lined, crumbled. And nevertheless, the interior of the sights, despite the many robbed and vandal invasions, remained almost unchanged.
Located from the north, the entrance to the pyramid was originally at an altitude of almost 16 meters and was embedded with a granite cork. Now, tourists get inside through a huge break done for ten meters below, left in 1820 by Arabs led by Caliph Abdullah al-Mamun, who attempted to find a treasure hidden here.
Inside the pyramid of Heops there are three tips, located one above the other. The lowest, unfinished underground chamber is located at the base of the cliff. There are funeral chambers of the queen and Pharaoh, to which the rising up Big gallery. Those who built the pyramid created a complex system of corridors and mines, the plan of which is still being studied by scientists. Egyptologists put forward a whole theory of understanding the afterlife of people of the time. These arguments are explained by the hidden doors and other design features.
For how many years, the Pyramid of Pharaoh Heops in Giza, like Big Sphinx, in no hurry to disclose all your secrets. For tourists, it remains the brightest landmark of Egypt. It is impossible to complete the secrets of its corridors, mines and ventilation channels. One thing is clear: the Great Pyramid is the fruit of a brilliant design thought.
- There are many opinions about when they built a pyramid of Heops and who did it. The most original assumptions are different versions about the construction, completed long before the World Flood, not survived by its civilizations, as well as hypothesis about the alien creators.
- Despite the fact that no one knows the exact time when the Hoeop Pyramid was built, the date began in Egypt at the official level - August 23, 2560 BC.
- The last excavations carried out at the beginning of the twenty-first century show that the work of the builders of the pyramid was heavy, but at the same time they care about them. They had calorie food from meat and fish and comfortable sleeping places. Many Egyptologists adhere to the opinions that they were not even slaves.
- Studying perfect proportions Great Pyramid In Giza, scientists came to the conclusion that already in those days the ancient Egyptians knew very well what a golden cross section was and actively used its principle when creating a drawing.
- Inside the pyramid of Heops there are no decorative paintings and historical inscriptions, except for a small portrait in the passage to the tsaritsa ward. There is not even no evidence that the Pyramid generally belonged to Pharaoh Hufu.
- Until 1300, for three thousand years, the Great Pyramid was the highest artificial structure on the planet, until they built it cathedral In Lincoln.
- The heaviest stone block used in the construction of the pyramid, weighs 35 tons and is located above the entrance to the porridge chamber of Pharaoh.
- The external plates of the Cairo pyramid to the vandal invasion of Arabs to Egypt were so thoroughly altered that at the light of the moon, mysterious flicker emitted, and in the rays of the sun, their cladding was shining with soft peach light.
- For the study of premises, in which a person is difficult to get to, scientists have used a special robot.
- Daily pyramids attend from 6 to 10 thousand tourists, and for the year it is about 3 million.
Useful information for tourists
Currently, in the museum on the south side of the pyramid, you can get acquainted with the exhibits that were found during excavations and in the pyramid itself. There is an opportunity to see the restored unique boat from cedar (Sunny Lady), which was built by the ancient Egyptians. Also here you can buy souvenirs for memory. And the next point of view on the territory will be a large Sphinx.
In the evenings in Giza demonstrate a light-sound show: alternate searchlight lighting of local attractions is accompanied by a fascinating story, including Russian and English.
Opening hours of the museum complex in Giza
- daily from 8.00 to 17.00;
- in winter - up to 16.30;
- during Ramadan - until 15.00.
Ticket prices
- the entrance ticket to the Giza zone for foreigners - $ 8;
- entrance to the pyramid of Heops - $ 16;
- inspection of the solar rook - $ 7.
For children and students, prices are usually two times lower.
- For visiting the pyramid of Heops sell only 300 tickets per day: 150 - at 8.00 and 150 - at 13.00.
- Going to the pyramids is best in the morning to capture and protect the ticket from the midday.
- The entrance to the pyramid is very low, the meters of 100 go bent bent, besides inside it is very dry, hot and slightly dusty. People suffering from claustrophobia, diseases of the respiratory tract and the heart of water are undesirable.
- Inside the photo and video shooting is prohibited. As for the photos on the background of the Great Pyramid, it is better not to give your camera in other people's hands, since there are frequent cases of theft.
- Making a photo of the pyramid of Heops (like other pyramids) is better in the morning or in the evening, when the sun does not shine too bright, otherwise the image will be flat.
- Climbing the pyramid is categorically prohibited.
- For local residents Tourists are the main and often the only source of earnings, so you will constantly offer something to buy. Therefore, think well, do you need in certain proposals, and in any case, be sure to trample. Tips Let's only those who really deserve them.
- Be alert: Around a lot of pockets.
How to get to the pyramid of Heops
Address: Egypt, Cairo, El Giza district, El Haram Street
To get from Cairo.:
- On the subway (line number 2) - to the Giza Station station. Then transfer to the bus number 900 or №997 and go along the Al-Haram Avenue 15-20 minutes.
- By bus number 355 and №357 from the airport and heliopol. Walks every 20 minutes.
- By taxi to Al-Haram.
From Hurghada or Sharm el-Sheikh: on the tourist bus or taxi.
Pyramids of ancient Egypt Already, not one millennium admire, surprise, excleant the imagination. Hot spores do not subscribe about when his ancient pyramids were built in Egypt, who built them, and for which they were built. Each arguing side has its weight arguments. This article presents a largely indisputable official point of view on these issues.
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The history of the construction of Pharaoh Tomb |
| History of Pyramids Egypt |
| Medumskaya Pyramid |
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| Great pyramids in Giza |
| The Pyramid of Cheops |
| Pyramid Hefrena |
| Pyramid Micherina |
| Pyramids V and VI Dynasties |
| Pyramids of the middle kingdom |
| Subsequent life Pyramids |
History of Pyramids Egypt
The history of the Pyramid of Egypt from the construction of the first pyramid of ancient Egypt is a stepped pyramid of Pharaoh Josra. It was built in Sakkare about 2,600 years BC. It was the pharaoh of the third dynasty.
Before him, the tomb of Pharaoh was built from dried bricks. Subsequently, they received the name - Mastaba. Such Mastaba was built for Joser.
But Pharaoh did not take advantage of this tomb, and together with his talented Zodkimi Imhethep, the grandiose construction of Mastabar in Sakkare was taken, which is now called the pyramid of Goser or a "stepped pyramid". Over this lower Mastaba, five more mastabs were built, each less than a smaller size. Construction took place in six stages, by the number of steps. The base of the pyramid as a result of the add-ons reached the size of 125x115 meters, and the height is 61 meters (the height of the modern twenty-storey house).
Here, for the first time, no burned brick was used as a building material, but a stone. Joser's pyramid is considered the world's first stone architectural structure.
Undoubtedly, these small pyramids, adorned the upper part of the tomb, were associated with the cult of the Sun God. A small niche was organized on the eastern slope of the pyramid, in which there was a cult statue of the inhabitant of the tomb. She looks away ascending sun. Above the burial chamber carved in a rock, a small courtyard was located. He was discouraged by a stone wall. In the western part of it, a small chapel was built in the form of a terrace with columns. A small pyramid was tested over all this with a base of 3x3 m, a height of 4 m. The angle of inclination to the plane of the horizon was much more vertical than that of huge pyramids of the ancient and middle kingdom, it reached 68 °.
The pyramids were revived in the VIII-VII centuries BC. er, but not in Egypt, but on the territory of the Nubian kingdom of attack and in the IV century BC. e. In Mero. None of these pyramids had a base length of more than 12-13 m and a height of more than 15-16 meters. The angle of inclination of the faces was 68 °, as well as on the graves of FVAN masters. They are built mostly from the stone, only the latest briefs were built.
