The position of the country in relation to neighboring countries. Economic and geographical position of countries

The peculiarities of the economic and geographical position of Great Britain include the location of the state on the islands, as well as the presence of a land border with only one power - Ireland. In addition, the UK includes 4 large areas: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

Physical and geographical position of Great Britain

Great Britain or the United Kingdom is an island nation located in the northwest of Europe. It occupies the island of Great Britain, the northern part of the island of Ireland, as well as many smaller islands and archipelagos belonging to the British Isles. In addition, the state owns several island archipelagos located in Oceania, the Indian and Atlantic oceans.

Rice. 1. Island of Great Britain.

In ancient times, the British Isles were part of the Eurasian continent, but the melting of glaciers and flooding of the land led to the formation of the North Sea and the English Channel, which separated Great Britain from Europe.

Great Britain is located in the waters Atlantic Ocean, which is represented by several small seas: the Northern, Irish, Celtic and Hebrides.

The area of the United Kingdom is 243.8 thousand square meters. km, of which internal waters occupy 3.23 thousand square meters. km. The length of the state from north to south is 966 km, and the distance in its widest part is about 480 km. most extreme point to the south is the Cornish peninsula, and to the north is the archipelago of Shetland.

The entire coast is indented by numerous deltas, bays, gulfs and peninsulas, as a result of which the maximum distance of any point of the country from the sea does not exceed 120 km.

UK borders

The United Kingdom has a land border with only one state - the Republic of Ireland, which occupies the southern part of the island of Ireland, while its northern part belongs to Great Britain.

All other borders of the country are maritime:

in the south, Great Britain is separated from France by the English Channel;
in the southeast Island state separated from Belgium and Norway by the shallow North Sea.

An important role in the communication of Great Britain with the mainland European states plays the English Channel, often referred to as the English Channel. At the end of the 20th century, a tunnel for high-speed rail traffic was laid along its bottom. In addition, communication between countries is carried out by air and water.

Characteristics of the UK EGP

1) Great Britain (United Kingdom) is an island state, most of whose territory is located on two large islands separated by the waters of the Irish Sea.

It consists of four countries: England, Scotland and Wales, located on the island of Britain, and Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom has a common land border only with Ireland.

From the south, Great Britain borders on France - the closest and most developed neighbor, which has common water borders with it.

Also, the closest neighbors of Great Britain are Belgium and the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, Norway are located much further.

Thus, the EGP of Great Britain is both neighboring and seaside, which is extremely beneficial for the economic development of the country, although, undoubtedly, it has certain disadvantages in strategic and military terms.

2) To the southwest of the Isle of Britain are the Isles of Scilly, and to the North of Wales is the Isle of Anglesey. On the western and northern coasts of Scotland there are numerous small islands that are part of Great Britain. The most important of these are the Orkney Shetland Islands. From the west, Great Britain is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, and from the east - by the waters of the North Sea.

The shortest distance to north coast France - the Strait of Dover, but the main communication between the states is carried out through the English Channel, called the English Channel by the British, along the bottom of which a tunnel for high-speed rail traffic was laid at the end of the twentieth century. Prior to this, communication between the two countries was carried out by water or air.

3) The main sources of energy are coal and oil, to a lesser extent - natural gas. The coal mining industry is one of the oldest industries in the UK. The main coal mining areas are Cardiff, South Wales and Central England (Sheffield).

The UK has a temperate and fairly humid climate. Therefore, most of the used rural land is occupied by pastures (about 80%). A smaller part of the territory is occupied by agricultural crops, which are mainly grown in East Anglia. One of the main crops is sugar beet, grown in East Anglia and Lincolnshire, where the main sugar refineries are located. Important crops are also wheat, barley, oats grown in England, Northern Ireland and on the east coast of Scotland.

Dairy farming also plays an important role in UK agriculture. Dairy cattle are predominantly bred in the southwest of England.

Since Great Britain has been a maritime power since ancient times, fishing is considered a traditional craft. The basis of the fishery is cod, flounder, herring, whitefish, trout, oysters and crabs.

4) The administrative map of Great Britain has changed several times, because the accession of the countries that make up the United Kingdom lasted for centuries. Each once independent state has its own capital or administrative center. The official capital of Great Britain is London, since the unification of the lands took place around England.

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Great Britain, being in first place in the world in terms of economic development, created a colossal colonial power that occupied almost a quarter of the planet's territory. The British colonies included India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and much of Africa. In the twentieth century, the English colonies became independent states, but many of them are part of the British Commonwealth, headed by the British monarch. In 1921, the southern part of Ireland seceded from Great Britain and became an independent state.

The country is located in the British Isles in northwestern Europe. Consider the EGP of Great Britain - first its geographical aspect. Great Britain consists of four large provinces: England, Wales, and Scotland. The EGP of Great Britain is largely determined by its insular position. The British Isles are the largest archipelago in Europe. It consists of two major islands(Ireland and Great Britain) and more than five thousand small ones. The southern part of the island of Great Britain is located at the fiftieth, and the northern part of the archipelago (Scottish Islands) is at the sixtieth degree of northern latitude. The distance from the northernmost point of the island of Great Britain to its southernmost point is 966 kilometers, and its greatest width is 508 kilometers. The geographical position of Great Britain is such that it is washed by the waters of the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, and the southern part of its coast is located only thirty-five kilometers from the northern coast of France. They are separated by the English Channel. equal to 243,810 square kilometers.

The areas of England, located on the plains, are of great importance for agriculture. A little later, the plains began to develop and mountainous terrain. Pastures, and then mineral resources, served as an important stimulus for this. Historically, it so happened that in the course of geological evolution in the depths british isles various minerals began to form. On the territory of the country there are almost all known minerals, only diamonds are missing.

In the central part and in the north of England are the Pennines, which consist of carboniferous rocks. In their northern part, karst deposits are common. The foothills of these mountains are rich in coal deposits. On the basis of these deposits, large mining and industrial centers of the Yorkshire, Lankshire and other coal basins were formed, the calculated reserves of which amount to more than four billion tons.

In most of England, flat plains and rolling cuesta ranges alternate. The cuestas are most often composed of limestone or writing chalk, and the plains are represented by looser rocks: sand, clay, marl. All these sedimentary rocks accumulated in ancient marine basins.

Small uplands in the Midland plains are associated with deposits of iron ore and coal. Here is one of the largest deposits of iron ore - 60% of all its reserves are concentrated in the East Midlands.

Let us now consider the economic side of the UK EGP .

The country's agriculture is characterized by a very high intensity. It is well equipped and produces 60% of the food the UK needs with just 2% of its manpower. The leading industries are chemical and petrochemical, and oil, oil refining, mechanical engineering, and ferrous metallurgy.

Per capita is 36,600 dollars a year. The UK ranks 13th in the world in terms of living standards. The country's economy is one of the most developed in the world. The country has a developed mechanical engineering, which is mainly focused on the production of non-standard equipment, as well as various types and types of machines.

The country has a well-developed electronic and electrical production, large-scale automotive industry, aircraft rocket building, shipbuilding, and machine tool building. The chemical and petrochemical industries, the production of handling equipment and industrial equipment, as well as the oil refining and pharmaceutical industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy are widely represented. Great Britain is one of the first places in the world in the export and production of dyes and plastics, detergents, chemical and mineral fertilizers.

Thus, we have presented in the article information reflecting the EGP of Great Britain.

egp japan

1. not profitable, because there are no neighbors

2. profitable, because it is a leader among port states and many trade routes pass through it

3. not profitable, poor in minerals, has polymetallic ores and copper ores, agricultural areas are not developed

4. profitable egp

5. Trade relations with other countries of the world have become more active. From the end of the 12th century until 1867, the feudal state that existed on the islands of Japan was ruled by the shoguns. The feudal rulers imposed a ban on almost all contact with foreigners, fearing their expansion and the spread of Christianity. The “closure” of Japan prevented the colonization of the country. However, a long period of its isolation led to the fact that until the 20th century it was, as it were, hidden from the eyes of Europeans. Severe isolation greatly affected the economic development of the country. At a time when all of Europe was advancing by leaps and bounds towards scientific and technological progress, Japan was still at the agrarian stage of development. In the 20th century, Japan was a participant in three major wars (Russian-Japanese, 1st and 2nd World Wars). In World War II, it was an ally of Nazi Germany and Italy. In 1945, in accordance with the secret Yalta agreements of the victorious countries, all the Kuriles passed to the Soviet Union as a war trophy. Since the Second World War, Japan has not had a peace treaty with Russia and claims Russia to the islands of the Kuril chain: Kunashir, Shikotan, Habomai. After almost 50 years of belonging to the Kuriles of the USSR and Russia, the socio-economic situation on the islands remains extremely difficult, the islands have remained undeveloped. Based on the principles of justice, it must be admitted that Japan has the moral and legal right to lay claim to at least the South Kuriles. It is necessary to support in every possible way the emerging trend towards rapprochement, resolve the territorial issue and conclude peace with Japan, putting an end to the Second World War.

6.beneficial influence, increased production area

egp uk

1. favorable

2.favorable, there is access to the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean

3.Favorable, average amount of minerals

4.favorable

6.EGP has a positive effect on the manufacturing sector

The leading role in the country belongs to sea transport (86% of cargo turnover), it provides international and domestic communications. Road transport accounts for 75% of inland traffic (the main London-Manchester-Glasgow motorway) and rail for about 20%.

With the opening of the railway tunnel, the role of this transport in international traffic has increased. High-speed trains cover the distance between London and Paris in 3 hours.

River routes are used for recreational purposes, and the role of pipeline transport is increasing.

Since the country is an island, the role of air transport is great. In the country 150 passenger airports, which provide communication with 120 countries of the world. Transportation is carried out by the transnational company British Airways. The largest airports are located in London (Heathrow and Gatwick).

Since the UK is an island state, all of its external transportation and trade is connected with sea and air transport.

About 90% of the total cargo turnover is accounted for by sea transport, including 25% for cabotage.

The UK Navy is 9.6 million reg. br.t. All areas of the country, except the West Midlands, are in one way or another directly connected with seaports which serve as the main transportation hubs. The largest of them are London, Southampton, Liverpool, Goole and Harwich. The ports of London and Liverpool handle about half of all cargo (by value).

In the past, more passengers arrived in the UK by sea than by air.

However, since the beginning of the 60s of the 20th century, the number of air passengers began to grow rapidly and now exceeds the number of those arriving in the country by sea by several times.

egp uk. The position of the UK in relation to neighboring countries.

In total, the country has about 150 airports, through which it is connected by permanent airlines with more than 100 countries of the world.

Almost all transportation is carried out by British Airways. The five largest airports in the country - located in the London area Heathrow and Gatwick, as well as Manchester, Luton and Glasgow - provide 75% of all passenger and air cargo transportation.

Great Britain is connected with the continent by two railway ferries (Dover - Dunkirk and Harwich - Ostend), the English Channel and numerous sea car and passenger ferries - with Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Holland and France.

To attract passengers, duty-free trade is open on ferries.

Road transport plays the most important role in domestic freight transport. It is more than 3 times inferior to the railway and coastal routes. In connection with the development of motor transport, more than 12 thousand km of railway tracks were removed. Now the length of the railway tracks is about 17 thousand km. at the same time, the road network is expanding (371,000 km) and being reconstructed.

At the same time, the main attention is paid to connecting the main conurbations of the country in the shortest possible way.

UK transport system wikipedia
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Characteristics of Great Britain

(England) 1 position in relation to neighboring countries 2 Provision against the main land and sea transport routes 3 Rules in relation to the main fuel bases of raw materials, industrial and agricultural areas 4 Positions in relation to the main areas of sales of products 5 Change in the EGP in time 6 General conclusion Influence of the EGP on the development and expansion of the country's economy

(England)1 Position in relation to neighboring countries 2 Position in relation to
to the main land and sea transport routes 3
relation to the main fuel resource bases, industrial and
agricultural areas 4 Position in relation to the main
sales areas 5 EGP change over time 6 General conclusion about
EGP influence for the development and deployment of the country's economy

1) Great Britain borders only with Ireland.
2) The island state is an important point of cargo transportation from Europe to America and Africa.
Land transport is only relevant in domestic transport.
3) one of the major fuel bases in Europe, the North Sea, is located near Great Britain. Great Britain, through the narrow English Channel, neighbors with the major economic countries of Europe - France and the Netherlands with Belgium.
4) UK sales areas are Europe, America, Asia and Africa
5) EGL has not changed significantly over time since the 80s of the 20th century (the formation of the EU).
6) Thanks to its favorable geographical position (access to the Atlantic, close to Europe, direct connection with the USA), Great Britain is actively developing its economy and international trade.

The largest economic centers of Great Britain are located on the coast, near major ports.

The easiest way to get around central London is the tube. You can buy tickets for one or two trips, but if you use the metro often, then travel cards will be very convenient.

These can be cards for one day, for a week, or for a month, and they give you the opportunity to use the metro, bus and train in the areas you have chosen for an unlimited number of times.

One-day travel cards can be purchased at metro ticket offices. They are valid for travel on the metro and buses at any time. They are not valid for airport buses or special tours.

Weekly passes are valid for metro and bus travel at any time, but are not valid for airport bus travel or special tours.

The cost varies depending on the number of zones selected.

How to get to the city center from Heathrow Airport

TAXI. The taxi rank is located next to the airport exit.

BUS. Airport buses run to central London (A1 to Victoria station and A2 to Euston station). The fare is about 6 pounds. Tickets can be purchased at the airport building or on the bus.

Buses depart every 20 minutes.
METRO. The Piccadilly line runs from Heathrow to central London and links the extensive underground metro network.

But if you have a lot of luggage, then the trip can be difficult. Trains depart every 5 minutes and the journey takes 55 minutes.
HIGH-SPEED TRAIN. To central London, to PADDINGTON railway station, every 20 min. walk high speed trains, travel time 20 min.
TAXI Black cabs are salient feature London streets, they are safe and their traffic is orderly.

Taxis can be hailed on the street when the yellow light is on to indicate that the taxi is available. There are taxi ranks in many places, including major stations. Doormen and porters in hotels will order a taxi for you. Be careful and do not accept offers from car drivers who do not have special taxi signs.

Many of them do not have a legal work permit, they are not safe to drive because they are not insured, and the drivers are often inexperienced.

Urban transport

London is one of the cities in the world where transport has become a legend.

The world's first subway and the famous double-decker buses make up the visiting card of the English capital. Of course, Londoners, faithful to the traditions, try to preserve their appearance with the least changes. True, London's urban transport has long been no longer limited to the underground and red Double Decker double-decker buses.

Despite all the English conservatism, new modes of transport regularly appear in the British capital. The steam subway has long been electrified, the division of carriages into classes has disappeared, and buses in London are no longer only double-decker. Now the main transport load is still borne by the metro and buses. However, the history of London transport (beginning with omnibuses and launched in 1863 by the steam metro) is so great and interesting that a museum of urban transport has been created in the British capital.

Metro (Underground, Tube) has twelve lines. All of them were created at different times and by different owners, and therefore are still quite different from each other. Some trains run mostly underground, others on the surface.

Over time, many sections of the railways switched from metro to trains. long distance and vice versa. At first glance, the subway scheme intertwined with the network conventional trains, leads to despair, especially after the slender system of the Moscow metro. However, it's pretty easy to figure it out. The lines often branch out into separate branches to one or another area of the city, so you should always pay attention to the destination of the train.

In addition, trains of different lines can run on the same tracks. On the main lines, trains run quite often, with an interval of no more than five minutes; on the outlying lines, you can wait up to half an hour.

The position of the country in relation to neighboring countries. Economic and geographical position of countries

The London Underground fare system sounds complicated, but it's actually not that big of a problem to figure it out.
The whole of Greater London is divided into six zones, which diverge from the center in concentric circles.

Any ticket must be valid in all zones through which the trip passes. Therefore, when choosing a travel route, you need to make sure that you do not inadvertently get into an area where your ticket is not valid. In general, the London Underground usually allows you to get to your destination in several ways. Among them, you can choose the one that affects fewer zones. For example, if you need to travel from the second zone to the third on the opposite side of the city, you can easily bypass the first central zone and, thus, halve the cost of the trip.

The most expensive is the first zone, which includes the city center and the largest number of tourist attractions.
A single smart_card (Oyster Card) is another way to pay for travel on the London Underground, buses and trams. It is also valid on some rail routes and DLR (Docklands Light Rail) lines.

Oyster Card is a more economical payment system that allows you to link several travel cards to a magnetic card, or use the “pay as you go” mode.

You can top up your magnetic card balance at London Underground stations, at some railway stations, at specialized points of sale of these cards, by phone or on the website www.tfl.gov.uk.
The tram has recently been restored in London. Everyone knows about double-decker buses, but few people know that fifty years ago double-decker trams ran around London.

The London Tram now has three routes in the southern part of the city. Thirty meter long double wagons serve the Croydon area. Tram tickets are sold separately from vending machines at stops. If you need to transfer to a bus after a tram ride or vice versa, you can buy a “tram-bus” ticket for the same price. Bus tickets are not valid on the tram.
Another new (a little over ten years old) type of London transport is the Docklands Light Railway (DLR).

It owes its appearance to the collapse of the London docks, which lost orders after the modernization of marine freight traffic. Large-tonnage container ships began to unload in the deep-water ports of the coast, leaving the vast London area in desolation.

The program for reviving the docks area provided for the appearance of high-speed transport there, which was launched in the late eighties. The DLR train consists of several driverless trailers that can accommodate about 250 people. Four lines are currently in operation.

They link the former dock area with metro stations and railway as well as the city center. The DLR fare system is the same as the metro, metro tickets are valid on the DLR and vice versa.
Tickets for transport can be bought at vending machines located at metro stations and bus stops. land transport. Besides, bus tickets can be bought from the driver.

All child tickets expire at 22:00.
In general, London transport operates from four or five in the morning until one in the morning. It is better not to drive during peak hours: 07:30-09:30 and 16:30-18:30. Night buses have an N index in front of their number, for example, N-23.

All of them pass through Trafalgar Square. On Sunday, transport starts after seven in the morning and stops by midnight. Traffic intervals on Sunday are approximately twice as long. At Christmas, many lines do not function at all.
Another part of London transport system are riverboats plying between the many wharves on the Thames.

They are owned by several companies and contain a total of twenty routes. The Thames fare system is its own.

The position of the country in relation to neighboring countries is often called This is a rather complex and multifaceted category. It will be discussed in this article. What are the characteristics of the economic and geographical position of the leading states of Eurasia - Japan, Great Britain, France? And how profitable is it?

Position of the country in relation to neighboring countries

The countries of our planet differ significantly from each other. And not only in terms of size, population or cultural characteristics. There are other factors that largely determine the welfare of the state. So, some countries have extensive access to the ocean, while others are closed within the mainland. Some states are located at the intersection of important transcontinental transport routes, which gives them huge benefits in the form of profit from the transit of goods by other subjects of the world economy. All these factors can be attributed to the concept considered in this article.

So, the position of the country in relation to neighboring countries is called the economic and geographical position of the state (abbreviated as EGP). However, this is a very narrow interpretation of the concept. EGP is a very complex and multifaceted geographical category. In a broad sense, EGP is the position of a country (as well as a city or region) relative to those geographical objects that can have an impact (positive or negative) on its economic development.

EGP can be central, peripheral, deep or marginal. It can be assessed at the global or regional level.

When characterizing the EGP of a particular state, many factors should be taken into account. This:

availability of access to the sea (World Ocean);
number of neighboring countries;
marketing opportunities for their products;
the presence of large fuel and raw material bases;
position regarding important transport routes, etc.

It is interesting that some countries successfully use the benefits of their geographical position. Other states have not yet learned this art. The Soviet geographer Nikolai Baransky was the first to seriously deal with the theoretical aspects of the EGP concept.

The position in relation to neighboring countries is often also referred to. However, in this case, we are talking exclusively about political factors, the nature of the relationship of a particular state with its neighbors, and the like.

Characteristics of the EGP of France

France is one of largest countries in Europe. It includes Corsica, as well as a number of small islands in the Mediterranean Sea. In addition, France owns overseas departments and territories almost all over the world.

The position of France in relation to neighboring countries can be described as favorable. It borders on eight states. France maintains good neighborly and close relations with each of them.

The country is located in Western Europe and has access to mediterranean sea in the south and towards the Atlantic in the west and northwest. The coastline within the state is indented by numerous bays, convenient for the entry of large international ships.

Characteristics of the EGP of Japan

Japan is an archipelago country in East Asia, which consists of six thousand islands of various sizes. From the east, the territory of the state is washed Pacific Ocean, from the west - by the waters of the three seas that separate it from the "Great Land".

The position of Japan in relation to neighboring countries can generally be considered advantageous. Due to its location at the junction of the largest continent and the largest ocean on the planet, the country has received many opportunities for establishing international contacts and marketing its products.

Japan is frankly unlucky with natural resources and relief. About 80% of its territory is not suitable for the development of the economy and the construction of residential buildings (due to mountain landscapes). In addition, there are practically no minerals in the country.

UK GWP score

Great Britain in many ways resembles This country is also located on, however, not on the east, but on western outskirts Eurasia.

Great Britain is washed by the waters of the Atlantic and two seas - the North and the Irish. It is separated from the mainland by the 35-kilometer English Channel. It has a common land border with only one country - Ireland.

Thanks to his geographic location England a few centuries ago received the unspoken status of the "sea queen of Europe." The relief and natural and climatic conditions also contribute to the development of the country's economy.

Conclusion

Under the term EGP understand the position of the country in relation to neighboring countries. It can be central, deep or marginal, profitable or unprofitable. In addition, not all states effectively use their geographical position.