The achievements of Russian scientists in the field of geographical research were of particular importance. Russian travelers visited places where no European had ever set foot before. In the second half 19th century. their efforts were focused on exploring the interior of Asia.
The beginning of expeditions into the depths of Asia was laid Pyotr Petrovich Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky (1827-1914) geographer, statistician, botanist. He made a number of trips to the mountains Central Asia, in the Tien Shan. Having headed the Russian Geographical Society, he began to play a leading role in developing plans for new expeditions.
The Russian Geographical Society was associated with the activities of other Russian travelers- P. A. Kropotkin and N. M. Przhevalsky.
P. A. Kropotkin in 1864-1866 traveled through Northern Manchuria, the Sayans and the Vitim Plateau.
Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky (1839-1888) he made his first expedition along the Ussuri region, then his paths ran through the most inaccessible regions of Central Asia. He several times crossed Mongolia, Northern China, explored the Gobi Desert, Tien Shan, visited Tibet. He died en route, at the start of his last expedition. In connection with the news of his death, A.P. Chekhov wrote that such “ ascetics are needed like the sun». « Constituting the most poetic and cheerful element of society, he added, they excite, console and ennoble ... If the positive types created by literature constitute valuable educational material, then the same types given by life itself are beyond any price.».
overseas Russian travels scientists in the second half of the 19th century. become more targeted. If before they were mainly limited to describing and mapping coastline, now the life, culture, customs of local peoples were studied. This direction, the beginning of which in the XVIII century. put S. P. Krasheninnikov, it was continued Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklukho-Maclay (1846-1888). He made his first travels in Canary Islands and across North Africa. In the early 70s he visited a number of islands Pacific Ocean, studied the life of local peoples. For 16 months he lived among the Papuans on the northeastern coast of New Guinea (this place has since been called the Maclay Coast). The Russian scientist won the trust and love of the locals. Then he traveled to the Philippines, Indonesia, Malacca, again returned to " Maclay coast". The descriptions of life and customs, economy and culture of the peoples of Oceania, compiled by the scientist, were largely published only after his death.
World geographical science in those years largely relied on the achievements of Russian researchers. By the end of the XIX century. the era is over geographical discoveries . And only the icy expanses of the Arctic and Antarctic still kept many of their secrets. The heroic epic of the latest geographical discoveries, in which Russian researchers took an active part, falls at the beginning of the 20th century.
Who: Semyon Dezhnev, Cossack chieftain, merchant, fur trader.
When: 1648
What opened: The first to cross the Bering Strait, which separates Eurasia from North America.
Thus, I found out that Eurasia and North America are two different continents, and that they do not overlap.
Who: Thaddeus Bellingshausen, Russian admiral, navigator.
Trips
When: 1820.
What opened: Antarctica together with Mikhail Lazarev on the frigates Vostok and Mirny.
Commanded the East. Before the expedition of Lazarev and Bellingshausen, nothing was known about the existence of this continent.
Also, the expedition of Bellingshausen and Lazarev finally dispelled the myth of the existence of the mythical " southern mainland”, which was erroneously marked on all medieval maps of Europe.
Navigators, including the famous Captain James Cook, searched without any success in Indian Ocean this "Southern Continent" is over three hundred and fifty years old, and of course nothing has been found.
Who: Kamchaty Ivan, Cossack and sable hunter.
When: 1650s.
What opened: peninsulas of Kamchatka, named after him.
Who: Semyon Chelyuskin, polar explorer, Russian Navy officer
When: 1742
What opened: the northernmost cape of Eurasia, named Cape Chelyuskin in his honor.
Who: Ermak Timofeevich, Cossack ataman in the service of the Russian Tsar. Ermak's last name is unknown. Possibly Tokmok.
When: 1581-1585
What opened: conquered and explored Siberia for the Russian state. To do this, he entered into a successful armed struggle with the Tatar khans in Siberia.
Ivan Kruzenshtern, officer of the Russian fleet, admiral
When: 1803-1806.
What opened: Made the first of the Russian navigators trip around the world together with Yuri Lisyansky on the sloops Nadezhda and Neva. Commanded "Hope"
Who: Yuri Lisyansky, Russian Navy officer, captain
When: 1803-1806.
What opened: He was the first Russian navigator to circumnavigate the world together with Ivan Kruzenshtern on the sloops Nadezhda and Neva. Commanded the Neva.
Who: Petr Semenov-Tyan-Shansky
When: 1856-57
What opened: The first of the Europeans explored the Tien Shan mountains.
He also later studied a number of areas in Central Asia. For the study of the mountain system and services to science, he received from the authorities of the Russian Empire the honorary name Tien Shansky, which he had the right to pass on by inheritance.
Who: Vitus Bering
When: 1727-29
What opened: The second (after Semyon Dezhnev) and the first of the scientific researchers reached North America, passing through the Bering Strait, thereby confirming its existence. Confirmed that North America and Eurasia are two different continents.
Who: Khabarov Yerofey, Cossack, fur trader
When: 1649-53
What opened: mastered part of Siberia and the Far East for the Russians, studied the lands near the Amur River.
Who: Mikhail Lazarev, Russian Navy officer.
When: 1820
What opened: Antarctica together with Thaddeus Bellingshausen on the frigates Vostok and Mirny.
Commanded "Peace". Before the expedition of Lazarev and Bellingshausen, nothing was known about the existence of this continent. Also, the Russian expedition finally dispelled the myth about the existence of the mythical "Southern Continent", which was marked on medieval European maps, and which navigators unsuccessfully searched for for four hundred years in a row.
The achievements of Russian scientists in the field of geographical research were of particular importance. Russian travelers visited places where no European had ever set foot before. In the second half 19th century. their efforts were focused on exploring the interior of Asia.
The beginning of expeditions into the depths of Asia was laid Pyotr Petrovich Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky (1827-1914) geographer, statistician, botanist.
He made a number of trips to the mountains of Central Asia, to the Tien Shan. Having headed the Russian Geographical Society, he began to play a leading role in developing plans for new expeditions.
The Russian Geographical Society was associated with the activities of other Russian travelers- P.
A. Kropotkin and N. M. Przhevalsky.
P. A. Kropotkin in 1864-1866 traveled through Northern Manchuria, the Sayans and the Vitim Plateau.
Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky (1839-1888) he made his first expedition along the Ussuri region, then his paths ran through the most inaccessible regions of Central Asia.
He several times crossed Mongolia, Northern China, explored the Gobi Desert, Tien Shan, visited Tibet. He died en route, at the start of his last expedition. In connection with the news of his death, A.P. Chekhov wrote that such "ascetics are needed like the sun." “Constituting the most poetic and cheerful element of society,” he added, “they excite, console and ennoble ...
Russian travelers of the 19th century (briefly)
If the positive types created by literature constitute valuable educational material, then the same types given by life itself are beyond any price.
overseas Russian travels scientists in the second half of the 19th century.
become more targeted. If before they were mainly limited to describing and mapping the coastline, now they studied the life, culture, and customs of local peoples. This direction, the beginning of which in the XVIII century. put S. P. Krasheninnikov, it was continued Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklukho-Maclay (1846-1888).
He made his first travels to the Canary Islands and North Africa. In the early 70s, he visited a number of Pacific islands, studied the life of local peoples. For 16 months he lived among the Papuans on the northeastern coast of New Guinea (this place has since been called the Maclay Coast).
The Russian scientist won the trust and love of the locals. Then he traveled through the Philippines, Indonesia, Malacca, and again returned to the Maclay Coast. The descriptions of life and customs, economy and culture of the peoples of Oceania, compiled by the scientist, were largely published only after his death.
World geographical science in those years largely relied on the achievements of Russian researchers.
By the end of the XIX century. the era of geographical discoveries ended. And only the icy expanses of the Arctic and Antarctic still kept many of their secrets. The heroic epic of the latest geographical discoveries, in which Russian researchers took an active part, falls at the beginning of the 20th century.
§ The first Russian Marxist V.
G. Plekhanov
§Beginning of Lenin's revolutionary activity
§Beginning of the reign of Alexander I
§Start Patriotic War 1812
§End of the Patriotic War of 1812
Open lesson for 8th grade. Education and science in the 19th century.
Russian pioneers and travelers.
At the very beginning of the 19th century, a system of higher, secondary and primary education was formed in Russia. The educational reform carried out in 1803 led to the creation of a gymnasium in every provincial town. In every county town county school. For driving educational institutions The Ministry of Public Education was created. The government paid great attention to the development of higher education.
1. Match the universities and the dates of their formation.
Dorpat 1802
Kazansky 1804
Kharkov 1804
Vilensky 1804
Petersburg 1819
Alexander (Tsarskoye Selo) Lyceum 1811-
In which representatives of the highest noble society (A.S. Pushkin) studied.
2. Fill in the table. Educational institutions under Nicholas 1.
Whom and what was taught.
Parish schools
representatives of the lower classes. God's law, literacy, arithmetic.
County schools
Children of merchants, artisans, philistines. Russian language arithmetic, geometry, history, geography.
Gymnasiums
Children of nobles, officials, merchants of the first guild. Studied exact and humanitarian subjects.
3. Indicate the publisher whose books contributed to the development of education in the 40s. 19th century?
A. Sytin I.D.
B. Smirdin A.F.
V. Soldatenkov K.T.
G. Pavlenkov F.F.
4.Fill in the table.
The improvement of the education system in many ways contributed to the development of domestic science.
Branch of science
opening
biology
Dvigubsky I.A.
The earth's surface and the creatures inhabiting it undergo fundamental changes over time under the influence of natural causes.
Dyadkovsky I.E.
Life is a continuous physical and chemical process.
Baer K.M. 1834
The universal law of the development of nature.
medicine
Pirogov N.I.1856
The founder of military field surgery First used anesthesia.
geology
N.I. Koksharov 1840
A geological map of European Russia was compiled.
Astronomy
Building powerful telescopes. Pulkovo observatory
mathematics
Lobachevsky N.I. 1826
Non-Euclidean geometry.
Petrov V.V. 1802
Developed a galvanic battery. An example of an electric light bulb.
Lenz E.Kh. 1833
Rule for the direction of the driving force of induction. A year later he invented the electric motor.
Jacobi B.S. 1840
Galvanoplasty is a method of applying metal to the desired surface using electricity. Letterpress machine for telegraph.1850
Schilling P.L.1832
Invented the electric telegraph.
Guess the crossword. Chemistry, science and production. Using the textbook on pages 105-106
1. In 1826-27, one of these researchers laid the foundation for powder metallurgy.
2. This researcher discovered the basic law of photochemistry.
3. 6. In the 30s of the 19th century, these brothers, serf mechanics of the Nizhny Tagil Metallurgical Plant, built the first steam railway.
4. In 1840, this scientist discovered the basic law of thermochemistry.
5. In 1817, this outstanding metallurgist developed four options for the technology for producing damask steel.
6. This researcher in the field of chemistry has developed a method for obtaining glucose.
7. One of these chemists created stable chemical dyes for the booming textile industry.
Distinctive features of the development of education and science in the first half of the 19th century were: an increase in the number of higher and secondary educational institutions and representatives of various segments of the country's population studying in them; growth in the number of scientists; the major successes achieved by Russian scientists in the development of national and world science achieved on this basis; strengthening the practical orientation of scientific research; strengthening links between science and industrial production
6. Russian discoverers and travelers.
The 19th century was the time of the largest geographical discoveries made by Russian explorers. Continuing the traditions of their predecessors, explorers and travelers in the 17-18 centuries, they enriched the Russians' understanding of the world around them, contributed to the development of new territories that became part of the empire. Russia for the first time carried out soy old dream: her ships went to the oceans.
Work with text to insert missing words.
1. Kruzenshtern I.F. and Lisyansky Yu.F.
In 1803, at the direction of Alexander 1, an expedition was undertaken on the ships Nadezhda and Neva to explore the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. It was the first Russian expedition, which lasted three years. It was headed by Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, the largest navigator and geographer of the 19th century.
During the voyage, more than a thousand kilometers of the coast of Sakhalin Island were mapped for the first time. Yu.F. Lisyansky discovered one of the islands Hawaiian archipelago named after him. A lot of data was collected by the members of the expedition about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska. Islands of the Pacific and Arctic Oceans.
The results of the observations were presented in the report of the Academy of Sciences. Kruzenshtern I.F. was awarded the title of academician. His materials were the basis for the Atlas published in the early 1920s. South Seas". In 1845, Admiral I. F. Kruzenshtern became one of the founding members of the Russian Geographical Society.
Map work. Match the received information with the task.
2. Bellingshausen F.F. and Lazarev M.P.
One of the students and followers of Krusenstern was Fadey Fadeevich Bellingshausen. He was a member of the first Russian round-the-world expedition.
In 1819-1821, Bellingshausen was instructed to lead a new round-the-world expedition on the sloops Vostok and Mirny. The expedition plan was made by Kruzenshtern I.F. The main goal was designated "the acquisition of complete knowledge about our the globe” and “the discovery of the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole”.
On January 16, 1820, the expedition approached the shores of Antarctica, unknown at that time, which Bellingshausen called "the ice continent". After stopping in Australia, Russian ships moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, where they discovered a group of islands called the Russian Islands.
For 751 days of navigation, Russian sailors covered about 50 thousand km. The most important geographical discoveries were made, valuable collections were brought. Observational data on the waters of the World Ocean and ice covers of a new continent for mankind.
Student's report. Put in the missing words.
3. Baranov A.A. and development of Russian America.
Alexander Alexandrovich Baranov can hardly be attributed to the discoverers or travelers in the strict sense of the word. But he was a man who made an invaluable contribution to the development of Russian America by our compatriots.
In search of new hunting areas, Baranov studied Kodiak Island and other territories in detail, searched for minerals, founded new Russian settlements and supplied them with everything necessary. Established an exchange with local residents. It was he who managed for the first time to truly secure vast territories on the Pacific coast of North America for Russia. Baranov's activities were extremely difficult and dangerous. The constant raids of the Indians cost the Russian settlers not only a lot of money, but also their lives. In 1802 alone, more than 200 settlers were killed while trying to establish a settlement on the island of Sitka.
Baranov's efforts were so successful that in 1799 he became the ruler of the Russian-American Company, and in 1803 he was appointed ruler of the Russian colonies in America. In 1804, Baranov founded the Novoarkhangelsk fortress on the island of Sitka, and then Fort Ross. In 1825 he undertook an expedition to Hawaiian Islands with a view to their accession to Russia. However, she did not bring good luck. In 1818 he received consent to leave America for his homeland. On the road, on the island of Java, Baranov died in 1819.
Map work. Match the information received with the task
4. Nevelskoy G.I. and E.V. Putyatin.
Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy became the largest explorer of the Russian Far East in the middle of the 19th century.
In two expeditions (1848-1849 and 1850-1855) he managed to bypass Sakhalin from the north, discover a number of new, previously unknown territories and enter the lower reaches of the Amur. Here in 1850 he founded the Nikolaev post (Nikolaevsk-on-Amur). Nevelsky's travels were of great importance: for the first time it was proved that Sakhalin was not at all connected to the mainland. And the Tatar Strait is also an island - it is a strait, and not a bay, as it was thought.
Efimy Vasilyevich Putyatin in 1822-1825 traveled around the world and left a description of what he saw to posterity. In 1852-1855. during the expedition led by him on the frigate "Pallada" the islands of Rimsky-Korsakov were discovered. Putyatin became the first Russian who managed to visit Japan, which was closed to Europeans, and even signed an agreement there in 1855.
The result of the expeditions of Nevelsky and Putyatin, in addition to purely scientific ones, was the consolidation of the Primorsky region in the Far East for Russia.
The scientific information collected by Russian travelers was so extensive and significant that it was necessary to create special institutions for their generalization and use.
The most important of them was the Russian Geographical Society, opened in 1845. It has become the center of geographical knowledge in Russia. The organization of scientific expeditions became regular. Carrying out surveys of the population of Russia and neighboring countries. Publication of geographical and statistical collections. For the development of economic and geographical studies of Siberia, the Far East, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Central Asia in 1851, the Caucasian and Siberian departments of the Russian Geographical Society were created.
8. Homework paragraphs 15. 16.
Thanks to them, Russian names appeared on the map of the Pacific Ocean, Persia was studied, and Ethiopia remained an independent country - one of the few in Africa at that time ...
We continue to publish stories about Russian pioneers who did a lot for the world, but were undeservedly forgotten by contemporaries and descendants. The first part is , the second part is . In the 19th century, travel, even around the world, became relatively comfortable, but there were still many white spots on the world map, and our heroes, each in their own way, expanded it geographical boundaries.
Otto Kotzebue. 399 islands in the Pacific Ocean. 1815-1818
During his life, Otto Kotzebue made three circumnavigations of the world. The first is at the age of 15. As a cabin boy, he participated in the first Russian circumnavigation (1803-1806) on the Nadezhda sloop under the command of Krusenstern. The third - in the years 1823-1826 as the captain of the sloop "Enterprise".
Once, when Pashino noticed that he was suspected, he changed clothes with his servant-guide and remained in one turban and loincloth. Yes, and smeared with donkey droppings to give his skin a dark color
But the most significant in his biography was the command of the brig "Rurik", which made a round-the-world trip in 1815-1818. The purpose of this expedition was to find the northern passage from the Pacific to Atlantic Ocean. During a storm off Cape Horn, Kotzebue was almost washed overboard. He miraculously managed to grab onto the tight rope. And during a storm in the Pacific Ocean, the ship's bowsprit was broken, which crippled several sailors and Kotzebue himself. Because of this, the ultimate goal of the expedition was not achieved. But her results were still brilliant. It was thanks to Kotzebue that Russian names appeared on the map of the Pacific Ocean: the atolls of Rumyantsev, Kruzenshtern, Kutuzov, Suvorov and many others.
Egor Kovalevsky. Heroic adventures in Montenegro, Central Asia and China, discoveries in Central Africa. Mid 19th century
Yegor Kovalevsky is a figure, although not known to the general public, but professional geographers and travelers, of course, are well aware of him and his merits to science. To even briefly mention all his adventures, you need several pages of such a text.
He was a participant in the defense of Sevastopol, fought illegally on the side of the Serbs against the Austrians in Montenegro, opened a new route to China, visited Kashmir and Afghanistan, was captured during the Khiva campaign of the Russian army, fled and for several weeks with a handful of soldiers defended himself in a small fortress from pursuers ... He mined gold in Africa, the first of the Europeans reached the Moon Mountains - Rwenzori (on the territory of modern Uganda), crossed the Nubian desert, discovered the left tributary of the Nile, the Abudom River and indicated where to look for the source of the White Nile ... “We penetrate further than others inside Africa,” he wrote in his diary.
Kovalevsky was a talented writer, wrote both poetry and prose, but he went down in history as the author of four books about his adventures.
All of Russia read his books, and at the official level he was also highly appreciated. In 1856, Kovalevsky became an assistant to the chairman of the Imperial Geographical Society, as well as an honorary member of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
Alexander Kashevarov. He was the first to describe the northern coast of Alaska. 1838
Already the birthplace of Alexander Kashevarov makes the heart of any traveler tremble. After all, he was born in Alaska! In 1810, when she was still Russian. After studying at the Kronstadt Navigation School, he made two round-the-world trips as a navigator, and then returned to his small homeland and, at the head of a small group of sailors, made one of the most amazing voyages in the history of the development of the North. On leather Aleutian kayaks sewn with whalebone, travelers passed among floating ice along north coast Alaska from Cape Lisbourne to Cape Wrangel, discovered by them, putting on the map of Alaska Prokofiev and Kupriyanov bays, the Menshikov coast and Cape Stepovoy.
Pyotr Pashino. The first of the Europeans penetrated into remote areas of India and Afghanistan. 1873-1876
The 25-year-old journalist Pyotr Pashino made his first trip to Persia in 1861 as a secretary Russian embassy. But paperwork soon bored him, he took an indefinite leave and went to independent travel in Persia, and then in Central Asia.
In the years 1873-1876 he made two trips alone to India, Burma and Afghanistan. Usually Pashino traveled in Arab or Indian clothes, with a shaved head, pretending to be a Turkish doctor, a wandering dervish, and sometimes a beggar tramp. He was fluent in many oriental languages. This allowed him to visit places where a non-Muslim was forbidden to enter on pain of death. But despite all the precautions and tricks, he more than once found himself on the verge of exposure and death. Once, when Pashino noticed that he was suspected, he changed clothes with his servant-guide and remained in one turban and loincloth. Moreover, he smeared himself with donkey droppings to give his skin a dark color. And when one day, in the clothes of a dervish, he went into a first-class buffet to drink tea, he was almost beaten half to death by a policeman.
Returning to St. Petersburg, Pyotr Pashino described his adventures in numerous essays and feuilletons. They were later collected into books.
Pashino also made a round-the-world trip, but it was quite civilized and comfortable, so it was not of particular scientific value.
Alexander Bulatovich. African pioneer, explorer of Ethiopia. 1896-1899
In 1896, the 26-year-old cornet of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment, Alexander Bulatovich, was included in the Russian Red Cross mission to Ethiopia, where he became a military adviser to Emperor Menelik II. With his help, the emperor reorganized his army to resist the European colonialists. As a result, Ethiopia became one of the few African countries that retained their independence.
With the permission of the emperor, Bulatovich made several trips to the interior of this country, where none of the Europeans had previously been. Accompanied by only three companions, he made a camel crossing through the Danakil desert infested with robbers, then became the first white man to cross outlying province Ethiopia, the legendary Kaffa, from where the best coffee was delivered to Europe. He plotted the Baro River Valley on the world map, discovered mountain range, named after Nicholas II, which was later renamed at the request of the Soviet Union.
Bulatovich became a military adviser to Emperor Menelik II. With his help, the emperor reorganized his army to resist the European colonialists. As a result, Ethiopia became one of the few African countries that retained their independence.
Detailed reports on these expeditions were published in St. Petersburg: “From Entoto to the Baro River. Travel reports in the South-Western region of the Ethiopian Empire "(1897) and" Diary of a campaign from Ethiopia to Lake Rudolf "(1900), in which he described not only his geographical discoveries, but also Ethiopian culture and faith, close to Orthodox, laws , customs, the structure of the army and the state, made a detailed outline of the history of Ethiopia. Bulatovich received a silver medal from the Russian Geographical Society for his research. His books inspired many new African explorers, in particular the poet Nikolai Gumilyov, to embark on expeditions. Already in our time, Bulatovich's adventures were described by Valentin Pikul in the story "Hussar on a Camel".
In 1906, Bulatovich retired, went to the Athos Monastery in Greece and became a monk, but during the First World War he returned to the army as a regimental priest. He was in Austrian captivity, escaped ... In 1919 he was killed by robbers in his estate near Sumy.
Moscow Automobile and Highway State Technical University
By discipline: Culturology
Russians travelers XIX century
Made by Evstifeeva Anna
student of group 1bmo2
Checked Shorkova S.A.
Moscow 2013
Introduction
Chapter 1 half of XIX century
1 I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky
2 F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev.
3 A.A. Baranov
Chapter 2. Travelers of the second half of the 19th century
1 G.I. Nevelskoy and E.V. Putyatin
2 N.M. Przhevalsky
3 N.N. Miklukho Maclay
Conclusion
Introduction
The 19th century was the time of the largest geographical discoveries made by Russian explorers. Continuing the traditions of their predecessors - explorers and travelers of the 17th-18th centuries, they enriched the ideas of Russians about the world around them, contributed to the development of new territories that became part of the empire. Russia for the first time realized an old dream: its ships entered the oceans.
Chapter 1. Travelers of the first half of the 19th century
.1
I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky
In 1803, at the direction of Alexander I, an expedition was undertaken on the ships Nadezhda and Neva to explore the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. It was the first Russian round-the-world expedition that lasted 3 years. It was headed by Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, the largest navigator and geographer of the 19th century.
During the voyage, more than a thousand kilometers of the coast of Sakhalin Island were mapped for the first time. Many interesting observations were left by the participants of the trip not only about the Far East, but also about other areas through which they sailed. The commander of the Neva, Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, discovered one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, named after him. A lot of data was collected by the members of the expedition about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, the islands of the Pacific and Arctic Oceans.
The results of the observations were presented in the report of the Academy of Sciences. They turned out to be so significant that I.F. Kruzenshtern was awarded the title of academician. His materials formed the basis of the book published in the early 1920s. "Atlas of the South Seas". In 1845, Admiral Kruzenshtern became one of the founding members of the Russian Geographical Society. He brought up a whole galaxy of Russian navigators and explorers.
1.2 F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev.
One of the students and followers of Kruzenshtern was Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen. He was a member of the first Russian round-the-world expedition.
In 1819-1821. Bellingshausen was instructed to lead a new round-the-world expedition on the sloops (single-masted ships) Vostok (which he commanded) and Mirny (commander Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev). The expedition plan was made by Kruzenshtern. Its main goal was "the acquisition of complete knowledge about our globe" and "the discovery of the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole."
On January 1820, the expedition approached the shores of Antarctica, unknown at that time, which Bellingshausen called "the ice continent." After stopping in Australia, the Russian ships moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, where they discovered a group of islands called the Russian Islands.
For 751 days of navigation, Russian sailors covered about 50 thousand km. The most important geographical discoveries were made, valuable collections, observational data on the waters of the World Ocean and ice sheets of a continent new to mankind were brought.
1.3
A.A. Baranov
Alexander Andreevich Baranov can hardly be attributed to the discoverers or travelers in the strict sense of these words. But he was a man who made an invaluable contribution to the development of Russian America by our compatriots. Being a Kargopol merchant, he traded in Eastern Siberia, and from 1790 - in North-West America.
In search of new hunting areas, Baranov studied Kodiak Island and other territories in detail, searched for minerals, founded new Russian settlements and supplied them with everything necessary, and established exchanges with local residents. It was he who managed for the first time to truly secure vast territories on the Pacific coast of North America for Russia.
Baranov's activities were extremely difficult and dangerous. The constant raids of the Indians cost the Russian settlers not only a lot of money, but also their lives. In 1802 alone, more than 200 settlers were killed while trying to create a settlement on the island of Sitka.
Baranov's efforts were so successful that in 1799 he became the ruler of the Russian-American Company, and in 1803 he was appointed ruler of the Russian colonies in America. This high and dangerous post he held almost until his death.
In 1804, Baranov founded the Novoarkhangelsk fortress on the island of Sitka, and then Fort Ross. In 1815, he undertook an expedition to the Hawaiian Islands with the aim of annexing them to Russia. However, she did not bring good luck. Being already an elderly and sick man, Alexander Andreevich asked for his resignation three times. However, they were in no hurry to let such a person leave the service.
geographic Russian round-the-world expedition
Chapter 2. Travelers of the second half of the 19th century
The largest researcher of the Russian Far East in the middle of the XIX century. was Gennady Ivanovich Nevelsky.
In two expeditions (1848-1849 and 1850-1855), he managed, bypassing Sakhalin from the north, to discover a number of new, previously unknown territories and enter the lower reaches of the Amur. Here in 1850 he founded the Nikolaevsky post (Nikolaevsk-on-Amur). Nevelsky's travels were of great importance: for the first time it was proved that Sakhalin was not connected to the mainland at all, but was an island and the Tatar Strait was a strait, not a bay, as it was thought.
Evfimy Vasilyevich Putyatin in 1822-1825 traveled around the world and left a description of what he saw to posterity. In 1852-1855. during the expedition led by him on the frigate "Pallada" the islands of Rimsky-Korsakov were discovered. Putyatin became the first Russian who managed to visit Japan, which was closed to Europeans, and even signed an agreement there (1855).
The result of the expeditions of Nevelsky and Putyatin, in addition to purely scientific ones, was the consolidation of the Primorsky region in the Far East for Russia.
The most important among these institutions was the Russian Geographical Society, opened in 1845. It has become the center of geographical knowledge in Russia.
2.2 N.M. Przhevalsky
Przhevalsky dreamed about wanderings with early years and worked diligently for them. But the Crimean War broke out - he went as a private in the army. And then years of study at the Academy of the General Staff. However, a military career did not attract him at all. Staying at the Academy was marked for Przhevalsky only by compiling Military Statistical Review of the Amur Territory .
However, this work allowed him to become a member of the Geographical Society. In early 1867, Przhevalsky submitted to the Society a plan for a major and risky expedition to Central Asia. However, the audacity of the young officer seemed excessive, and the matter was limited to his business trip to the Ussuri Territory with permission carry out any scientific research . But Przhevalsky met this decision with enthusiasm. In this first trip, Przhevalsky made up the most Full description Ussuri region and gained valuable expeditionary experience. Now they believed in him: there were no obstacles for traveling to Mongolia and the country of the Tanguts - Northern Tibet, which he dreamed about. During the four years of the expedition (1870-1873), significant amendments were made to the geographical map. In 1876, he again sets a course for Tibet. Przhevalsky was the first European to reach the mysterious Lobnor Lake, discover the previously unknown Altyndag Range and determine the exact border of the Tibetan Plateau, establishing that it begins 300 km north of what was previously thought. But this time he failed to penetrate deep into this country, almost unknown to Europeans. And yet, three years later, the Russian explorer reached the coveted highlands. The absolute lack of exploration of this area attracted Przhevalsky, who sent here in the early 1880s. your expedition. It was his most fruitful journey, crowned with many discoveries. True, Przhevalsky did not succeed in discovering the source of the Huang He (it was found only quite recently), however, the Russian expedition studied in detail the watershed between the Yellow River - the Yellow River and the largest Blue River in China and Eurasia - the Yangtze. Previously unknown ridges were plotted on the map. Przhevalsky gave them names: Columbus Ridge, Moscow Ridge, Russian Ridge. He called one of the peaks of the latter the Kremlin. Subsequently, a ridge appeared in this mountain system, perpetuating the name of Przhevalsky himself. In the course of all his expeditions, Przhevalsky, being a professional geographer, made discoveries that could bring fame to any zoologist or botanist. He described a wild horse (Przewalski's horse), a wild camel and a Tibetan bear, several new species of birds, fish and reptiles, hundreds of species of plants. And he was on his way again. Tibet again beckoned him to itself. This time, Przhevalsky firmly decided to visit Lhasa. But all plans collapsed. He was dying in his tent, barely starting the journey. Before his death, he asked his companions to bury him by all means on the shore of Issyk-Kul, in a marching expedition uniform ... .
November 1888 Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky died. His last request was granted. 2.3 N.N. Miklukho Maclay
Every culture, every tribe or people, every human being has the right to self-sufficiency. Interacting, communicating, they should proceed from mutual respect, not seeking to force their own rules, their way of life and not imposing their thoughts. These principles were close and understandable to Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklukho-Maclay, who was brought up in an intelligent Russian family during the heyday of Russian culture, primarily literature, permeated with the ideas of freedom, humanism, goodness and the search for truth. Having studied biology and medicine in Germany, having made several scientific expeditions (he was an assistant to the famous biologist and ecologist E. Haeckel), he returned to Russia and then decided to go to New Guinea. K.M. Baer recommended that he observe people "without prejudice as to the number and distribution of human tribes and races" Until the middle of the XIX century. New Guinea remained aloof from the economic interests of the European industrial powers. Perhaps it was influenced by the fact that no deposits of precious metals were found on it. It is also possible that the reason for this is the rumors about the local cannibal savages. In addition, lush tropical vegetation prevented the development of these territories. A more or less thorough study of New Guinea began in 1871-1872: Italian scientists Luigi Albertis and Odoardo Beccari explored the northwestern part of the island. Miklouho-Maclay had to hurry to catch at least some of the Papuan tribes in their natural state. Therefore, he chose the practically unexplored southeastern coast of New Guinea, landed there in September 1871 and lived among the "savages" for more than a year, communicating with them, winning their respect and trust. The first stay on the banks of Maclay. On September 1871, the Vityaz anchored about 140 meters from the shore. Soon the Papuans appeared; Miklukho-Maclay, refusing to guard, with Ohlson and Boy landed on the shore and visited the village, the entire population of which fled into the jungle. The most daring was a Papuan named Tui (in the pronunciation recorded by D.D. Tumarkin in 1977 - Toya). It is Tui who will become the main intermediary of Miklouho-Maclay with the inhabitants of the coastal villages. Nazimov warned that he would be able to stand for no more than a week, so Miklukho-Maclay, with the help of Tui, found Garagassi cape, where a hut for a scientist was built (size 7 ×14 feet), and in a hut belonging to Tui, they set up a cookery. At the insistence of the commander of the "Vityaz", site 70 ×70 m was mined; information about whether Miklukho-Maclay used mines contradicts each other and is unverifiable. Of the products, Nikolai Nikolayevich had two pounds of rice, Chilean beans, dried meat and a can of edible fat. Nazimov forced Miklukho-Maclay to take the team's daily allowance - that is, a daily supply of food for 300 people, but Nikolai Nikolayevich refused to take the supply free of charge. September 27 "Vityaz" left the bay. The first month in New Guinea was quite tense. Miklukho-Maclay came to the conclusion that his visits disturbed the islanders too much and limited himself only to contacts with the natives who visited him at Cape Garagassi. Since he did not know the language and customs well, at first he limited himself to meteorological and zoobotanical research. Already on October 11, he was overwhelmed by the first attack of fever, and repeated attacks continued during the entire stay of the scientist in the Astrolabe Bay. The servants were constantly ill, especially Boy, who Miklouho-Maclay diagnosed with a "swelling of the lymphatic glands in the groin." The operation did not help, on December 13 the boy died. Miklouho-Maclay at the same time remembered the promise given to Professor Gegenbaur to obtain a preparation of the larynx of a black man with a tongue and all the muscles, which he prepared, despite the danger of the situation. By January 1872, Miklouho-Maclay's authority among the local population had grown, and on January 11 he received an invitation to the village of Bongu for the first time. There was an exchange of gifts, but the wives and children of the New Guineans were still hidden from the scientist. In February 1872, Nikolai Nikolaevich managed to heal Tui from a serious wound (a tree fell on him, the wound on his head festered), after which the scientist was received in the village, Tui introduced him to his wife and children; the opinion of the European as an evil spirit was significantly shaken. The symbolic inclusion of the ethnographer in the local society took place on March 2 at a night ceremony, in which the men of three related villages - Gumbu, Gorendu and Bongu participated. An artistic description of the ceremony was left by Miklouho-Maclay himself in his diary. After that, the scientist could safely make long-distance excursions along the coast and even into the mountains. The language barrier created the greatest difficulty: by the end of his first stay in New Guinea, the scientist spoke about 350 words of the local Bongu language, and at least 15 languages were spoken in the vicinity. The explored territories, the shores of the Astrolabe Bay and part of the coast east of it to Cape Huon, Miklouho-Maclay called his name - "Miklouho-Maclay Coast", defining its geographical boundaries as follows: from Cape Croazil in the west to Cape King William in the east, from the seashore in the northeast to the highest mountain range of Mana Boro-Boro in the southwest. Conclusion
World geographical science in those years largely relied on the achievements of Russian researchers. By the end of the XIX century. the era of geographical discoveries ended. And only the icy expanses of the Arctic and Antarctic still kept many of their secrets. The heroic epic of the latest geographical discoveries, in which Russian researchers took an active part, falls at the beginning of the 20th century. Bibliography
1.Danilov A.A. History of Russia, XIX century. Grade 8: textbook. for general education institutions / A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulin. - 10th ed. - M.: Enlightenment, 2009. - 287 p., L. ill., maps. 2.Zezina M.R. Koshman L.V. Shulgin V.S. History of Russian culture. - M., 1990
