In the 19th century, Russian researchers committed a number of outstanding geographic discoveries. In 1803 G.I. Kruzenshtern at the "Nadezhda" and "Neve" committed the 1st Russian world expedition examining the Northern part Pacific Ocean, Sakhalin, Alaska, Aleutian O-Wa. Y. Lysianyaki on the "Neva" opened one of the Hawaiian Islands. In 1819-21, Bellingshausen and M. Lazarev at the "East" and "Mirny" gateways made the 2nd Arctic Expedition. In the course of its 16.1.1820, the ships approached Antarctic, which Bellinshausen called the "Ilicate Mainst". The expedition moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean in Australia and opened O-Wa in the Tuamot Archipelago. They were named after Kutuzov, Lazarev, Raevsky, Barclay de Tolly, Yermolov, and others. Resting in Sydney, ships returned to the Antarctic and opened about. Peter I and the land of Alexander I. In July 1821, the ships were returned to Kronstadt, bringing a huge amount of materials and collections. The development of Russian America is associated with the name A. Baranova. A merchant from Kargopol was trading in Alaska from 1790. detailed maps Alaska and nearby islands. In 1799, Baranov became the ruler of the colonies in America. B1804g. He founded Novoarhangelsk. Baranov tried to join Russia Hawaii, but failed. Despite the disease, he remained at the post before his death. The territory of the Far East remained on a Russian white spot. In 1848, Nikolai 1 sent an expedition to the Far East. He proved that Sakhalin-Island and researched the lowerland of Amur. E. Putyatin during the circular expedition of 1822-25. Owned by the Rimsky-Korsakov and concluded an agreement with Japan. Around the world expeditions were performed by V.Golovin-1807-11, f. Lytka-1826-29 and amounted to 50 cards. I. Voznesensky B1839-40. Described Alaska, Aleutian and Kurilsky O-Wa. In 1809 A. Kolodkin began the study of the Caspian. In 1848, E. Hoffman and M. Kovalsky investigated North. Ural. In 1845, a Russian geographical society was created.

Fanatical people these scientists, referee. How to read what you needed to survive and experience in distant geographic expeditionsWhat you ask for a question - why did they need it? Part of the answer is probably still refers to these people like Fyodor Konyukhov - they are in their blood. And the other part of course ministry is homeland, debris, country. I think they fully understood that they were increasing the greatness, wealth and prosperity of their state. If it were not for them - this would have made a citizen of another country and the map of the world would probably look different.

Here are some moments that you might not know ...

The XVIII century marked in Russian geographic history First of all, the Great Northern Expedition. Started in December 1724 for Personal Decree Peter I (First Kamchatka Expedition Vitus Bering), it continued in 1733-1743, already under Anna Ioannovna. The expedition consisted of seven independent missions, moving along the Arctic coast of Siberia to the shores of North America and Japan. The result of this large-scale project was the edition of the first complete geographic map Russian Empire.

Vasily Pronchishchev. Great Northern Expedition. 1735-1736

One of the participants in the Great Northern Expedition. The legendary personality in the Russian polar explorers. Legendary and romantic. Midshipman. He studied at the Maritime Academy together with the Seed Chelyusquean and Hariton Laptev, who also participated in this expedition under his start. And earlier, in 1722, Peter took part in the Persian campaign. And externally, by the way, it was very similar to the emperor.

Together with him, Tatyana's wife took part in the expedition. For that time it was so incredible that her presence on the ship was unofficial

During the Great Northern Expedition, the Torcchischev squad, consisting of 50 people, coming out in June 1735 of Yakutsk on the Sail-Rowing Dubel-Boat "Yakutsk", amounted to accurate map River beds and mouths of the Lena River, Laptev Sea coast map and opened many islands lying north of the Taimyr Peninsula. In addition, group of nodcischev advanced to the north much further than other detachments: up to 77 ° 29 'p. sh.

But in the history of the development of the Arctic, Vorkishchev also entered due to romantic history. Together with him, Tatyana's wife took part in the expedition. For that time it was so incredible that her presence on the ship was unofficial. In August 1736, during one of the pickles on the polar islands, Broncev broke his leg and soon died of a complication caused by an open fracture. The wife survived him just a few days. They say that he died from grief. They buried them in one grave at Cape Tumul near the mouth of the Olenek River (today there is a village Ust-Olenek).

The new chief of the detachment was the navigator Semyon Chelyuskin, and after he went with the Sannaya Agency to Yakutsk with the expedition reports, he was changed by Hariton Laptev. Surprisingly, the names of Chelyuskin and Laptev were much brighter in public consciousness than the name of their commander Pronchischev. True, in the spring of 2018, the film "First" will be released on the screens, which tells about the fate of the spouses of Rodchishchev. Vasily's role will play Evgeny Tkachuk (Grigory Melekhov in the Quiet Don and Bear Jap in the same series). Perhaps the name of Pronchischev will still take decent place In a number of other great researchers in the Arctic.

Fedor Soymonov. Map of the Caspian Sea. 1731.

The life of this man asks for the film screen. He, as well as Bronchishev, participated in the Persian campaign of Peter I. He also was Martemary. But his fate did not associate with the Arctic, but with Caspian. Fyodor Soymonov entered the history of Russia as the first Russian hydrograph.

Whatever enough, but along and across a familiar to us today, the Caspian Sea in the XVIII century was still a solid terra of incognita. Yes, on him, since ancient times, the Volga people went to the Persecciniki - to Persia for Prince, to throw them overboard in a reclining wave, well, and other other goods. It was called "go for zipunov". But all this was solid amateur. Fedor Soymonov first inflicted the Caspian Sea to the map of the Russian Empire with all his bays, flames and peninsulas.

In Nerchinsk and Irkutsk, Soymonov organized the first navigator schools in Siberia, in which he taught personally. Then for six years was the governor of Siberia

Also under his leadership was published first detailed atlas Baltic Sea And prepared for the publication of the Atlas of the White Sea, but here it begins strange. Of course, it was connected with the poverty political games. In 1740, Soymonov was deprived of all the ranks, he was semen whine (!) And Soslated on a catguard. Two years later, Elizabeth I returned it to the service, but left in Siberia. In Nerchinsk and Irkutsk, Soymonov organized the first navigator schools in Siberia, in which he taught personally. Then within six years was the governor of Siberia. At the age of 70, he finally was allowed to return to Moscow. He died at the age of 88 in his estate under the Serpukhov.

Interesting fact. Soymonovsky passage in Moscow, not far from the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, is named after Soymonov's son, Mikhail, personality in his own kind of remarkable, one of the organizers of the mining in Russia.

Savva Hoshkin. New Earth. Mid XVIII century

G. A.Travnikov. Russian

If the previous two of our heroes were sovereign people and made their travels on duty, then Pomor Savva Hoshkin, a leaving from the village of Olonets, acted only at his own risk. He was the first person in the history of the development of the Russian North, who went around the new land from the north.

Hoshkin - Personality Almost mythological, but any self-respecting Northern Sailor knows His name Despite the fact that the only official source telling about his three-year journey is the story of Fedot Rakhmanin, recorded in 1788 by the Corresponding Member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Vasily Krestinin. Even the years of the journey of Sava Hoshkina are definitely not known to us. Some researchers believe that this is the beginning of the 1760s, others - that 1740s

Nikolay Mugubychikov. Malacca, Canton. 1760-1768.

While alone was mastered by the north, others moved to the south. The merchant Nikolay Personnel from the city of Trubchevsk Orlovskaya province in 1760-1768 committed a completely unique trip by South-East Asiawhich, alas, remained not assessed by his contemporaries. Most likely, he was the first Russian who visited the Malay Peninsula and achieved around the sea, and not on land, the Chinese canton (now Guangzhou)

His journey merchants made his journey with a completely practical purpose and, it seems, did not give him any historical meanings. He came down for 300 rubles. Go to Calcutta and recover a four thousandth debt with a Greek merchant stuck there

A merchant merchant for his journey (although it would be more correct to call him a collector) committed with a completely practical purpose and, it seems, did not give him any historical meaning. He came down for 300 rubles. Go to Calcutta and recover a four thousandth debt with the Greek merchant stuck there, who should have been this sum of his countrymen. Having passed through Constantinople, Baghdad and the Indian Ocean, he reached Calcutta. But it turned out that the debtor was already dead, and the jubiors had to return to their homeland incredibly a steep way: through Malacca, which Dutch, Chinese Canton and the English Island of Saint Helena (!) In London, and then to Lisbon and Paris. And finally, in St. Petersburg, where he visited for the first time in his life.

About it amazing journey The Trubuchevsky merchant became more famous relatively recently, when the mining was discovered in the central state archive, which he sent in 1770 in the name of Catherine II, with a request to transfer it to St. Petersburg merchants. In it, he described his route in detail. It's amazing that his report is absolutely deprived of any patio. He describes his nine-year-old journey, he describes enough scoop, like some country walk. And it offers itself as a trade consultant with the eastern countries.

Philipper Efremov. Bukhara - Tibet - Kashmir - India. 1774-1782.

The further fate of the Chelobytchikov remains unclear (most likely, his message to the Empress did not come across), but a servant, Unter-Officer Philip Efremov, a decade later, who made a similar journey, was represented by Catherine II and even erected to noble dignity.

The adventures of Philipper Efremova began in July 1774, when he was captured by Pugachev. Fight, but was captured by Kirgizov, who sold it to slavery to the Bukhara Emir

The adventures of Philipper Efremova began in July 1774, when he was captured by Pugachev. Fight, but was captured by Kirgiz, who sold it to slavery to the Bukhara Emir. Efremova was forced to accept Islam and were subjected to the most severe torture, but he did not betray the Christian faith, and then the Emir, admired by his courage, made him his centurion (UZ-Bashi). For participation in several battles, he received a big part of the Earth, but still dreamed of returning to his homeland. Having bought a fake passport, he fled again. All roads north were blocked, so he went south. Through Tibet and Kashmir, closed for Europeans, he fell into India, and from there to London, where he met with the Russian consul, who presented him with straight to be clear by the eyes of Catherine.

Later Efremov served as a translator in the Asian Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and in 1786 the first edition of his travel diary was published: "Russian Unter-Officer Efremova, now the college assessor, nine-year-old wandering and adventures in Bukhariya, Khiva, Persia and India and return from there by England To Russia, written by himself. " At the end of the XVIII century, the book became a bestseller and experienced three publications, but by the middle of the XIX century there was almost forgotten, like her author. Now the notebook, who passed with the Efremov Polmir, is kept in the handwritten department of the Pushkin House.

P. S. A lot of other travelers went soon in the footsteps of the publisher and Efremov. The most famous of them are Gerasim Lebedev, the first Russian Indologist, founded the first in India in the 1790s in Calcutta, in India.

Dmitry Rzhannikov

And let's remember even, well, and a little

I. Kruzenshtern and Y. Lysyansky in 1803 An expedition was undertaken to study the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. It was the first Russian expedition. She was headed by I. Curtainstern. It was first applied to a map of more than a thousand km of shores about. Sakhalin. Lysyansky opened one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago. There were many data on the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, the islands of the Pacific and Ice Oceans. These materials were based on the "Atlas Southern Moreley." In 1803, an expedition was undertaken to study the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. It was the first Russian expedition. She was headed by I. Curtainstern. It was first applied to a map of more than a thousand km of shores about. Sakhalin. Lysyansky opened one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago. There were many data on the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, the islands of the Pacific and Ice Oceans. These materials were based on the "South Seas Atlas".

F. Bellinggauzen and M.Lazarev in F. Bellinghausen headed the new round-the-world expedition. The plan was I. Curtainstern. In F. Bellinggausen headed the new round-the-world expedition. The plan was I. Curtainstern. The goal was labeled "Acquisition of the complete knowledge of our globe" and "Opening of the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole" on January 16, 1820, the expedition approached the banks of Antarctica, then after parking in Australia, the ships moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, where they were opened by a group of islands, named The aims of Russians were marked "Acquisition of the complete knowledge of our globe" and "Opening of the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole" on January 16, 1820, the expedition approached the banks of Antarctica, then after parking in Australia, ships moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, where the islands group were opened by them issued by the islands of Russians

A. Baranov and the development of Russian America in search of new areas of Hunt A. Baranov examined in detail the island of Kadyak,. It was he who was for the first time to truly consolidate the extensive territories in the Pacific Coast of North America for the first time. In 1799 he became the ruler of the Russian-American company, and in 1803 he was appointed Ruler Alaska. In 1815 he undertook an expedition to Hawaiian Islands In order to access them to Russia. In search of new areas of Hunt A. Baranov examined in detail the island of Kadiak,. It was he who was for the first time to truly consolidate the extensive territories in the Pacific Coast of North America for the first time. In 1799 he became the ruler of the Russian-American company, and in 1803 he was appointed Ruler Alaska. In 1815, he undertook an expedition to the Hawaiian Islands in order to join Russia.

Enevela and E.Putyatin G.Nellasky is the largest researcher of the Far East. In 2 expeditions (and), he managed to open new territories and enter the lowerland of Amur. Ralevskaya is the largest researcher of the Far East. In 2 expeditions (and), he managed to open new territories and enter the lowerland of Amur. E.Putyatin - opened the islands of Rimsky-Korsakov. And he was the first Russian who visited Japan and signed a treaty there. E.Putyatin - opened the islands of Rimsky-Korsakov. And he was the first Russian who visited Japan and signed a treaty there. The result of the Expedition of Nelhelsky and E.Putyatina, except for purely scientific, was the consolidation of the seaside region in the Far East. In 1845, the opening of the Russian geographical society. The result of the Expedition of Nelhelsky and E.Putyatina, except for purely scientific, was the consolidation of the seaside region in the Far East. In 1845, the opening of the Russian geographical society.

Without Russian discovers, the world map would be completely different. Our compatriots - travelers and navigators - committed discoveries that have enriched world science. On the eight most notable - in our material.

First Antarctic Expedition Bellingshausen

In 1819, the navigator, the captain of the 2nd rank, Fadda Bellinshausen headed the first round-the-world Antarctic expedition. The purpose of the swimming was the study of water of the quiet, Atlantic and Indian Oceanov, as well as evidence or refutation of the existence of the sixth mainland - Antarctica. Handling two gate - "peaceful" and "east" (under the command), Bellengauzen's detachment came out into the sea.

The expedition lasted 751 days and wrote a lot of bright pages in the history of geographic discoveries. The main thing is from them - it was done on January 28, 1820.

By the way, attempts to open a white mainland have been taken and earlier, but did not bring the desired success: there was not enough good luck, but maybe Russian perseverance.

So, the navigator James Cook, summing up its second round-the-world swimming, wrote: "I bypassed the ocean of a southern hemisphere in high latitudes and rejected the possibility of the existence of a mainland, which, if and can be detected, only near the pole in places inaccessible to swim."

During the Antarctic Expedition, Bellingshausen was opened and put on a map of more than 20 islands, the sketches were made by the types of Antarctic and animals living on it, and the navigator himself went down in history as a great discoverer.

"The name Bellingshausen can be directly put on a row with the names of Columbus and Magellan, with the names of those people who did not retreat before the difficulties and imaginary impossibility, created by their predecessors, with the names of people who went by their own way, and therefore were destroyed obstacles to discoveries, For whom the epochs are designated, "the German geographer August Peterman wrote.

Opening Semenova Tien Shanskaya

Central Asia at the beginning of the XIX century was one of the least studied areas. globe. The indisputable contribution to the study of the "Unknown Earth" - so called Central Asia geographers - Pyotr Semenov introduced.

In 1856, the main dream of the researcher came true - he went with an expedition to Tien Shan.

"My work on Asian geography led me to a detailed acquaintance with all what was known about Internal Asia. Manil me in particular the most central of Asian mountain ranges - Tian-Shan, who had not yet arched the foot of the European traveler and which was known only on scarce Chinese sources. "

Semenov's study in Central Asia lasted two years. During this time, the origins of the Chu, Syrdarya and Sarah Jazz rivers, the tops of Khan Tengri and others struck the card.

The traveler set the location of the Tien Shan ridges, the height of the snowy line in the area and opened huge Tian-Shan Glaciers.

In 1906, the Emperor decree for the merits of the discoverer to his surname began to add a prefix - Tien Shansky.

Asia Przhevalsky

In the 70s and 1980s. XIX century Nikolai Przhevalsky headed four expeditions to Central Asia. This little learned area has always attracted a researcher, and the journey to Central Asia was his long-standing dream.

Over the years of research, mining systems were studied Kun Luna , Northern Tibet ridges, Huanghe and Yangtze, pools Cook Nora and Lob-Nora.

Przhevalsky was the second person after Marko Polo, who worked until Lake-Marsh Lob Nora!

In addition, the traveler opened dozens of plant species and animals, which are named after him.

"A happy fate made it possible to accomplish a random study of the least known and most inoperable countries of internal Asia," Nikolai Przhevalsky wrote in his diary.

Around Move Cruisesttern

The names of Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky became known after the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

For three years, from 1803 to 1806. - exactly so much lasted the first round light - ships "Hope" and "Neva", passing through Atlantic Ocean, Cape Horn, and then the waters of the Pacific Ocean reached Kamchatka, Kuril Islands and Sakhalin. The expedition clarified the map of the Pacific Ocean, collected information about the nature and residents of Kamchatka and smoked.

During the swim, the Russian sailors first crossed the equator. Celebrated this event, according to tradition, with Neptune.

The sailor dressed in the Lord of the Seas, asked Kruzhenstern, for which he arrived here with his ships, because previously russian flag In these places have not seen. What the commander of the expedition answered: "For the glory of our science and the Fatherland!".

Forwarding Nevelsky

One of the prominent navigaters of the XIX century is considered to be Admiral Gennady Nevelsky. In 1849, in the transport vessel "Baikal" he goes to the expedition to the Far East.

Amur expedition lasts until 1855, during which time Nevelskoy made several largest discovers in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Lower Flow of Amur and Northern Coast Japanese Sea, joined Russia huge spaces of the Amur region and Primorye.

Thanks to the navigator, it became known that Sakhalin is an island, which is separated by the shipping Tatar Strait, and the mouth of the Amur is available for the entry of ships from the sea.

In 1850, the Nevsky squad was founded by the Nikolaev post, which is known today as Nikolaevsk-on-Amur.

"The opening of the opening of the opening is invaluable for Russia, - wrote Count Nikolay Amur Muravyev - The many preceding expeditions in these edges could reach European glory, but none reached the domestic benefit, at least to the extent that the Nevelsky performed. "

North Vilkitsky

The purpose of the northern hydrographic expedition Arctic Ocean 1910-1915 It was the development of the Northern Sea Route. By the will of the case of the duties of the head of the navigation, the captain of the 2nd rank Boris Wilkitsky took. The iceboat steamers "Taimyr" and "Vaigach" came out into the sea.

Wilkitsky moved the northern water area from the east to the west, and during the swimming time was able to make a genuine description northern coast Eastern Siberia and many islands, received the most important information about the current and climate, and also became the first one who made through swimming from Vladivostok to Arkhangelsk.

The expedition members opened the Earth Emperor Nikolai I. I., known today as a new land - this discovery is considered the last of the largest on the globe.

In addition, thanks to Wilkitsky, the islands of the small Taimyr, Starokadovsky and Zhokhova were put on the map.

At the end of the expedition began the first world War. Traveler Ruhal Amundsen, having learned about the success of Vilkitsky's swimming, could not resist exclamation into his address:

"In peacetime, this expedition would be opened the whole world!"

Kamchatka Campania Bering and Chirikova

The second quarter of the XVIII century was rich in geographic discoveries. All of them were made during the first and second Kamchatka expeditions who perpetuated the names of Vitus Bering and Alexey Chirikov.

In the course of the first Kamchatka campaign Bering - Head of the Expedition and his assistant Chirikov was investigated and dealt with the Pacific Coast of Kamchatka and Northeast Asia. Two Peninsulas were opened - Kamchatsky and Lake, Kamchatka Bay, Karagian Bay, the Bay of the Cross, the Bay of Providence and the island of St. Lawrence, as well as the Strait, which today wears the name of Vitus Bering.

Comraders - Bering and Chirikov - also headed the second Kamchatka expedition. The purpose of the campaign was to find the way to North America And explore the islands of the Pacific Ocean.

In the Avachinsk Bay, the participants of the expedition laid Petropavlovsky Ostrog - in honor of the ships of Swimming "Saint Peter" and "Saint Paul" - which later renamed Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

When the ships went into swims to the shores of America, by the will of evil rock, Bering and Chirikov began to act in one way - because of the fog of their vessel lost each other.

"Saint Peter" under the start of Bering reached western coast America.

And on the way back of the participants of the expedition, a lot of difficulties fell on whose share, the storm was thrown into a small island. Here, the life of Vitus Bering, and the island, on which the expedition participants stopped, were named after Bering.
"Saint Paul" Chirikov also reached the shores of America, but for him the swimming ended more well - on the way back he opened a number of the islands of the Aleutian ridge and returned safely to Petropavlovsky Ostrog.

"Non-masted land" Ivan Moskvina

There is little about the life of Ivan Moskvin, however, this person still entered the story, and the reason for the new lands discovered by them.

In 1639, Moskvitin, heading the detachment of the Cossacks, went to the Far East. The main goal of the travelers was "finding new non-masted land", the collection of flies and fish. Cossacks overcame the Aldan River, May and South, discovered the Jugjur Ridge, separating the rivers of the Basin of Lena from the rivers flowing into the sea, and on the river Ulle went to Lamskoye, or the Okhotsk Sea. After examining the coast, the Cossacks opened the Tuyu lip and entered the Sakhalin Bay, having converted the Shartar Islands.

One of the Cossacks said that the rivers in open lands "Sable, the beast of all sorts of a lot, and fish, and the fish is big, there is no such fish in Siberia ... so much-de-her set - only the nem is launched and the ebony does not turn away with fishing ...".

Geographical data collected by Ivan Moskvitin, formed the basis of the first map of the Far East.

The work of the famous French writer Jules Verne (1828-1905) - "The History of Great Travels" is devoted to the history of geographical discoveries from ancient times before the early fortuniest years of the XIX century.

The third book is "XIX century travelers." This book includes descriptions of Kruzenshtern travel, Kotseb, Litch, Dumont, Yurville, Bellinshausen, Parry, Franklin and other outstanding researchers. In addition, Jules Verne illuminates the history and less well-known expeditions.

Part I.

Chapter first. At the dawn of the discovery

I.

Reducing the number of geographic discoveries during Napoleonic wars. - Travel of Zetzen in Syria and Palestine. - Hauran and Travel around Dead Sea. - Decapolis. - Travel in Arabia. - Burkhardt in Syria. - Travel to Nubia along the banks of the Nile. - Pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina. - British in India. - Webb at the origins of Ganges. - Travel description in Punjab. - Christie and Potinger in Cinda. - Travel of the same researchers in Beloohistan and Persia. - Elfinston in Afghanistan. - Murkroft's trip and Hersi to Lake Manasarovar. - Hodgeson at the origins of Ganges. - Persia according to the descriptions of Gardana, hell. Dupre, Morker, McDonald Kinner, Price and Uzli. - Guldenshtedt and Claprot in the Caucasus. - Lewis and Clark in the Rocky Mountains. - Rafls on Sumatra and on Java.

At the end of the XVIII and at the beginning of the XIX centuries, the number of great geographical discoveries decreases markedly.

We know that the French Republic organized an expedition to Laperz's search and sent Captain Boden in sailing to the shores of Australia, which gave important results. This exhausted the manifestation of interest in geography, which among the raging passions and wars could allow himself a government.

Later in Egypt, Bonaparte surrounds itself to the whole headquarters of outstanding scientists and artists. Then there were materials for magnificent labor, which for the first time gave faithful, although the incomplete understanding of ancient civilization In the country of Pharaoh. However, when Napoleon finally appeared in Bonaparte, the egoistic lord, subordinating all his disgusting passion for war, did not want to hear about research, travel and discoveries. After all, they would take away from him and money and people. And he himself spent something else in such a quantity that he could not afford to afford the useless waste. Therefore, he lost to the United States for just a few million last remnants of French colonial possessions in America.

Fortunately, peoples remained in the world, not subject to its iron hand. Although these countries led the incessant struggle with France, they were people who in their will have multiplied geographical knowledge, created archeology on a truly scientific foundation and started the first linguistic and ethnographic research.

In France, the scientist Geographer Maltbren in the article published by him in 1817 in the first issue of Nouvelles Annales Des Voyages magazine ("New Annals of Travels"), painstakingly and extremely accurately draws a state of geographic science to the beginning of the XIX century and lists its further tasks. He especially stops on the successes achieved in the field of navigation, astronomy and linguistics. The British is an EAS-India company not only does not hide his discoveries, as the Gulzova Gully company did from the fear of competition, but creates scientific societies, publishes travel magazines and encourages travelers. Even war contributes to science, we have already said that the French army was engaged in Egypt to collect materials for enormous scientific work. Soon, the impulse of noble competition covers all nations.

At the beginning of the XIX century, one country is put forward in the number of great geographical discoveries. This country is Germany. German researchers are so diligent, their will is so stubborn, and the instinct is so faithful that the subsequent travelers remain only to check and supplement their discoveries.

The first of the time was Ulrich Yasper Zetzzz. He was born in 1767 in Eastern Friesland, graduated from the University in Göttingen and published several work on statistics and on the natural sciences, to which an innate tendency was experienced. These articles paid the attention of government.

The skeleton of Zetzen - as subsequently and Burkhardt was a journey to Central Africa. But he had previously wanted to explore Palestine and Syria, the countries to which the Palestinian Society, founded in London in 1805, attracted all of all attention. Zetzzez scored more advisory letters and went to Constantinople in 1802.

Although many pilgrims and travelers have drawn into the holy land and in Syria, there were rarely vague information about these countries. The issues of physical geography were not studied with sufficient completeness. The collected information was scarce, and some areas, such as Lebanon and the Dead Sea, was still at all investigated. Comparative geographical study These countries are essentially not beginning. To lay its foundations, it took the zealous work of the English "Palestinian society" and the scientific experience of many travelers. But Zetzitz, who had versatile knowledge, was excellent for the study of this country, which, as long as it was attended, remained in fact an unknown.

Zetzen crossed all Anatoly and in May 1804 arrived in Haleb. There he lived for almost a year, engaged in the practical study of the Arabic language, making extracts from the works of Eastern geographers and historians and specifying the astronomical position of Haleba. In addition, he produced natural historical studies, collected ancient manuscript and translated a lot of folk songs and legends, which are important for close familiarization with the life of the people.

In April 1805, Zetzen left Chalaba to Damascus. At first he had to cross the Hauranian and Jolansky district, located on the south-east of this city. Before him, no traveler attended these two provinces that played a rather important role in the history of Jews during the times of Roman domination and then Ausartis and Gaulonitis. Titzen first gave us their geographical description.

The brave traveler also studied Lebanon and Baalbek. He went to the south from Damascus, reached Jews and explored the eastern part of Hermon, Jordan and the Dead Sea. There were sometime tribes, well-known in Jewish history - ammonites, Moabita, Galadites, Bathani and others. The southern part of the country in the era of Roman rule was called, and there was a famous December decapolis, that is, the Union of Ten Cities. " In a new time, no traveler attended to be reached. For Zetzen, this circumstance was the reason exactly from there to start his research.