Honolulu ... The city with this original and unusual name for Russian ears is the capital of the state of Hawaii, the small birthplace of Barack Obama. It is the largest in the state. The city is located on the island of Oahu, in its southern part. Honolulu is relatively small, its population is about 400 thousand people. However, if we take not only the city, but the entire island of Oahu, then the number of people living here will be about 1 million people. In addition, a large number of tourists rest on the island throughout the calendar year.
Brief description of the capital of Hawaii
The capital of the state is considered to be a magnificent modern city, a famous tourist center. Millions of tourists come here every year. In the absence of problems with money, it seems like a fairy tale. Magnificent scenery, incredible amount entertainment venues, restaurants with excellent cuisine. At the same time, there is one of the lowest crime rates in the United States, and the economy is remarkably stable.
A bit of history
If you delve into history, you can find out that people lived on the site of present-day Honolulu back in the 11th century. They were probably the descendants of travelers who moved there from other islands of Polynesia. And in the 19th century, the city had already become a large shopping mall, industrial enterprises appeared in it. Hawaii became interested in the United States. With the help of the Americans, the monarchy was overthrown. It was after this that the United States entered (Eng. Hawaii).
Capital today
Now Honolulu is a financial, business and trade center of great importance and as tourist centre, and as a transport hub. There are many industrial and commercial enterprises in the city. In addition, sugar cane is actively grown in agriculture. And the famous University of Hawaii constantly conducts research in the field of astrophysics, medicine and, of course, oceanography.
When tourists come to relax in Hawaii, the capital is the first thing they can see. After all transport routes lie only through Honolulu, there are simply no other options. It is for this reason that the city's airport is one of the busiest in the United States of America. More than 20 million people use its services every year.
Attractions
The city of Honolulu boasts a number of attractions. For example, Waikiki is a resort area, there are many beaches, hotels, shops. This area is thriving cheerful night life always feel the atmosphere of relaxation and celebration. In addition, one cannot help but recall the Iolani Palace. It has four floors, and electricity and other equipment appeared there before the White House. In all of the United States, this is the only Royal Palace, so it is rightfully the pride of the state of Hawaii. The capital is also rich in parks. The city has a large zoo, an aquarium, and a number of museums.
In general, in Honolulu there is something to see and why get a lot of unforgettable impressions.
Must visit and Polynesian Cultural Center. It gives an idea of all parts of Polynesia: Hawaii, Tahiti, Samoa... Great performances are held here, which are sustained in the local flavor. Spectators along with the participants are involved in what is happening: weaving wreaths, making souvenirs themselves, dancing folk dances, extracting coconut milk and even trying to climb palm trees. By the way, a lot of people do!
Pearl Harbor military base
Near the city, in the center Pacific Ocean, is located the largest US Pearl Harbor. It became known to the world after the events that took place at the end of 1941, when Japan, having attacked the base, gave the United States an excuse to join the Second world war. At present, a memorial complex has been created in the area of the base.
By now, everyone has heard at least something about Hawaii. The state capital is the birthplace of Barack Obama. In this city, the current head of state graduated from high school.
Honolulu is one of the most southern cities USA. If you translate its name from it will turn out " safe place". Another translation option is "protected bay". This speaks volumes. For tourists, this is a real paradise. More than a hundred magnificent beaches are located around Honolulu.
Climate
Since Honolulu has a tropical climate, the sun shines there most of the year. All year round - excellent air temperature, ideal for a great holiday. In January it is +23 o C, and in June - +27 o C. In summer, even at night, you will not see a mark below 20 o C on the thermometer. Precipitation during this season in Honolulu practically does not fall.
Sport
In Honolulu, you can play sports all year round. The capital of Hawaii is the most athletic city in the United States according to Men's Fitness magazine. In December, a traditional running marathon is held here, about 20 thousand people take part in it. Triathlon competitions are also regularly held in Honolulu.
Hawaii(English) Hawaii) is a US state. Located on the Hawaiian Islands in the Central Pacific Ocean in the Northern Hemisphere at a distance of 3700 km from the continental United States. Population - 1,419,561 people (as of 2014). The urban population is about 70%. The official language is English; partially (in everyday life), among various ethnic groups, other languages are also preserved, including Hawaiian. Capital and The largest city- Honolulu. Other major cities are Hilo, Kailua-Kona, Kaneohe. Oahu is the most economically developed island. The official nickname is the Aloha State.
Geography
Lava ejecta from the Kilauea volcano
The state is located in the Hawaiian Islands in the central Pacific Ocean. The area is 28,311 km². On the island of Hawaii there are active volcanoes Mauna Loa and Kilauea, a dormant volcano Mauna Kea (height 4205 m). Hawaii is the fastest growing part of the earth's surface (a consequence volcanic activity). Due to the characteristics of the soil, which practically does not retain moisture, there are almost no lakes in the state. Exceptions are Waiau, Halulu lakes and Ka-Loko reservoir.
Story
The islands were first settled by Polynesians in the 3rd-4th centuries. For Europeans, the islands were discovered by the English captain James Cook in 1778, who named them the Sandwich Islands. Europeans found several state entities on the Hawaiian Islands, which at the beginning of the 19th century merged into a single kingdom. The development of interest in the production of sugar cane led the United States at the end of the century to more active economic and political influence on the affairs of the archipelago. The local population, faced with infections brought from outside, to which it had no immunity, died out: by the end of the century, about 30 thousand people remained from the 300,000th Polynesian population.
In 1852, the Hawaiian Agricultural Society brought the first batch of workers, 200 Chinese, to Honolulu. New parties soon followed. The Chinese were joined by Japanese, Filipinos, Koreans, as well as workers from Europe: the Portuguese from the island of Madeira, Germans and Norwegians. The sugar cane companies gradually changed the face of the islands.
Green turtle on the beach of Hawaii
In 1887, the armed detachments of the whites were forced to accept the "Bayonet Constitution". Since Liliuokalani, the last queen of the islands, tried to challenge the provisions of this "constitution", a group of American-born islanders, calling for help from American sailors from a ship in the bay, staged a coup in 1893 and overthrew the queen. A year later, the puppet Republic of Hawaii was proclaimed, with Sanford Dole as president. After the failure of a counter-coup attempt led by Hawaiian nationalist Colonel Robert William Wilcox, who never tired of rebelling against both monarchist and republican governments, it was only a matter of time before Hawaii joined the United States.
In 1898, at the height of the Spanish-American War, the United States annexed Hawaii and granted Hawaii status in 1900. self-governing territory. From 1901 to 1902, the first chairman of the Senate of the Hawaiian Islands was Nikolai Sudzilovsky-Roussel, also known as Kauka Lukini (Hawaiian for "Russian doctor"), who during his tenure managed to carry out reforms in support of the indigenous people, but could not resist US influence and was stripped of US citizenship for anti-American activities.
In 1908, the port of Pearl Harbor, which had played the role of an international port since the end of the 19th century, became the base of the US Navy. The Japanese air attack on this base on December 7, 1941 led the United States to enter World War II.
For many tourists the best place are Hawaii - the state of the country, the fiftieth in order of entry into the state. This happened in the summer of 1959. After joining, the islands began an active economic growth, as well as an increase in the population, which in 2015 amounted to about one and a half million people.
Location
The map (photo below) shows that the islands are located in the center of the Pacific Ocean, at a distance of 3700 km. Their area is 28,311 km. sq. On the island of Hawaii, there are active volcanoes Kilauza and Mauna Loa, as well as a dormant volcano Mauna Kea (4205 m).
Hawaii is considered the fastest growing area of the Earth, which is a consequence of volcanic activity. Due to the peculiarity of local soils, which practically do not retain moisture, there are almost no lakes in the state. The exceptions are Halulu, Waiau, and the Ka-Loko reservoir.
How many islands are in the state of Hawaii?
It consists of 8 large islands in the southeast of the archipelago in the center of the Pacific Ocean:
- Kauai.
- Niihau.
- Molokai.
- Oahu.
- Lanai.
- Kahoolave.
- Maui.
- Hawaii.
These are not all the islands of the archipelago, but the state is associated with them, since the total area of the remaining 124 islands is only about eight square kilometers.
The largest island of the archipelago is Hawaii (this can be seen on the map). To avoid confusion with names, it is often referred to as big island. Its area is 10,432 km. sq. Hawaii is a US state (the only one) that:
- is not in North America;
- it is completely surrounded by the ocean;
- is an archipelago;
State capital
Honolulu is a city located on the island of Oahu, which is part of the archipelago, the capital of the state of Hawaii. This name can be translated as "secluded bay". In this area, the first settlements appeared in 1100 AD. Surprisingly, for a long time, European ships that passed from North America to Asia did not notice the islands and their inhabitants.
Only in the autumn of 1794, the ship Butterworth (Britain), commanded by Captain William Brown, entered the bay (later it was called Honolulu). Then Brown called it differently - "Clean Harbor". It was later renamed Brown's Cove in honor of its discoverer.
Today Honolulu is the capital of the state of Hawaii. modern city with magnificent skyscrapers, convenient infrastructure, numerous offices, restaurants, shops.
On the outskirts of the city is the famous sandy beach of Waikiki. Weak waves create conditions for surfing. Today there is a popular Center sailing. The state of Hawaii, whose sights invariably attract the attention of tourists, annually receives thousands of visitors from all over the world. We will talk about some of them in this article.
State of Hawaii attractions. Bishop Museum
The building of this museum was built in 1889 on the island of Oahu and is one of its main monuments. The building is made in the Romanesque style, which at that time was very popular on the islands. The building features narrow arched windows located on the façade and a row of Doric columns that support the span of the main entrance. At first glance, the museum is very reminiscent of a stone medieval castle.
The exposition of the museum is the largest collection of scientific artifacts and Polynesian cultural exhibits. In addition, here you can see an exhibition of insects, which consists of almost fourteen million specimens. The permanent exhibition of Hawaiiana culture is especially popular.
On the territory of the museum there is an archive that contains the results of research conducted by employees of this institution in the Pacific Ocean. These are the most valuable manuscripts, works of art, photographs and commercial maps and sound recordings.
Hawaiian theater
Today, many of our compatriots buy tours to Hawaii. No wonder. Here you can combine a well-organized beach holiday with a sightseeing holiday. And there is something to see here.
For example, the Hawaiian Theater is a beautiful majestic building built in 1922. It is located in the very center of the capital. The building is listed on the National Register historical monuments U.S.A. The theater was built in neoclassical style, designed by architects W. Emory and M. Webb. The local press calls it none other than "Pride of the Ocean".
This theater was originally built not only for productions and performances, but also for watching films. After some time, he began to lose popularity. As a result, in 1984 it was closed. Five years later, it was decided to reconstruct it. After a complete renovation of the interior, the theater opened its doors to the audience in 1996. Now he is again popular and in demand. Various concerts, performances and shows are held here.
Monument to James Cook
Hawaii is a state that owes its current position to Captain James Cook, who is considered the discoverer of these lands. According to historical documents, he became the first Westerner to set foot on this earth.
A monument to the great navigator is installed in the center of Waimea. It is an exact copy of the sculpture that is in it. hometown Whitby (England). A memorial plaque indicates the place where he was killed.
Honolulu Zoo
Today, almost all travel agencies in our country can offer their customers tours to Hawaii. True, such a trip can not be called a budget. For example, a ticket to Hawaii for 11 days for two people will cost you from 184 thousand rubles. Nevertheless, if such a price does not bother you, feel free to go on a trip. Surely the impressions received will be enough for you for a long time.
But back to the sights of the state. If you happen to be here, be sure to visit the Honolulu Zoo. You need to know that this is the only institution of this type, not only on the islands, but also in the United States, which was created on Royal Land. It was officially opened in 1877, on 300 acres of swampy land. The zoo became part of the Royal Park of Kapiolani.
In 1914, Ben Hollinger became the first director of the park, who began to actively collect animals around the world. Its first inhabitants were a bear, a monkey, an African elephant. The Honolulu Zoo celebrated its second birth in 1984, when the government developed a plan for a tropical zoo, which included exhibits from three zones: the Asian and American rainforests, the tropical zone of the Pacific Islands and the African savannah.
Today, more than a thousand animals, reptiles, amphibians and birds live here. You can see tigers and lions, porcupines and giraffes, rhinos and elephants, hippos and monkeys, crocodiles and turtles. On the territory of the modern park, restaurants, a souvenir shop and even a market are open for guests.
Diamond head crater
Hawaii is a US state famous for its natural attractions. One of them, no doubt, is He is located in the east of Oahu. Its name is translated from Hawaiian as "the forehead of a tuna". His English name, stuck to it at the end of the 18th century, when British sailors discovered calcite crystals here, which they mistakenly took for diamonds.
According to volcanologists, the Diamond Head crater was formed about 150 thousand years ago, after powerful eruption. Its diameter is 1100 meters, and maximum height- 250 meters.
In 1898, defensive structures (Fort Rager) were located in the crater. A few years later, an observation post and a command complex (four levels) were installed at the highest point of the crater. A tunnel two hundred meters long was dug through the wall of the crater. A cannon battery was built to protect the island from attacks.
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Hawaii - a US state that amazes with its scale and grandeur natural monuments. An example of this is this famous national park. There are several volcanoes on its territory, the most famous of them are Loa, Mauna and Kilauea (the latter is the youngest of them, it is just over a hundred years old).
People learned about this amazing place only at the end of the last century. Its area is more than 1500 square kilometers. Travelers can see here the frozen lava that has accumulated in these places for 70 million years.
The nature in the park is diverse - here tourists will definitely be shown the dead Kau desert and tropical thickets. In addition to volcanoes, this park has many caves that appear due to the movement of lava. For tourists, walking tours are organized here, you can visit excursions by car or plane.
Sunset Beach
Despite the huge number of historical and cultural attractions, Hawaii (US state) is most famous for its stunning beach holiday. There are many amazing beaches here. One of them - Sunset Beach - is located in the north of Oahu. This is a huge ocean beach. He is known primarily for his huge waves, which appear here mainly in winter. For this reason, it was chosen by surfers from all over the world.
However, for beginners in this sport, Sunset Beach can be dangerous. This is due to the extensive coral formations that are close to the surface of the water. An inexperienced surfer can get hurt here.
The climatic conditions on this beach vary depending on the season. The main surfing competitions are held here only in winter, because at this time (December and January) the wave height reaches its maximum. The beach is covered with fine white sand. Nearby is a picturesque park with palm trees and climbing vines.
Punalu Black Beach
And one more place amazes everyone who comes to Hawaii (US state). This is the famous Black Beach. An amazing place where tourists can see big turtles very close by. The beach is covered with an unusual color for us. This color is given to it by local volcanoes. They spew lava, which then enters the waters of the ocean and is washed ashore in the form of basalt chips.
You can walk along this beach, but not everyone will dare to swim here - the water is quite cool due to cold fresh water springs gushing under the ocean. It is strictly forbidden to take sand from the beach. You can not disturb the "local residents" - turtles, which are protected by the state. One touch of them can put you in trouble with state law enforcement. locals we are convinced that anyone who disobeys and takes the turtle in his arms will provoke the wrath of the volcanic goddess Pele.
| State of Hawaii | |
| State of Hawaii | |
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|
| Nickname | "Aloha State" (official), "Paradise", "Aloha Islands" |
| Motto | "The life of the earth is immortalized in righteousness" |
| Official language | English, Hawaiian |
| Spoken languages | English, Hawaiian |
| Capital | Honolulu |
| The largest city | Honolulu |
| By area | 43rd state |
| Total area | 28,311 km² |
| Width | - |
| Length | 2,450 km |
| % water surface | 41,2 |
| By population | 40th state |
| Total population | 1 404 054 |
| Density | 82.6 people/km² |
| Highest point | Mount Mauna Kea (4205 m) |
| Before statehood | Territory of Hawaii |
| Joining the Union | August 21, 1959 (50th) |
| Administration site | http://www.hawaii.gov |
Hawaii(eng. Hawaii, State of Hawaii) - one of the US states, located on the islands of the same name in the Pacific Ocean in its northern part. On this moment last, 50th state admitted to the Union on August 21, 1959.
Diverse natural scenery, warm tropical climate, abundance good beaches, surrounded by the ocean and the presence of active volcanoes have made Hawaii an attractive destination for tourists, surfers, biologists and volcanologists. Due to its location in the Central Pacific Ocean, Hawaii has a strong Asian and North American influence, and also has its own distinct culture. The population of Hawaii is more than a million people, not counting tourists and American military personnel. The capital of Hawaii and the largest city is Honolulu on the island of Oahu.
The state covers almost the entire (except Midway Atoll) archipelago of the Hawaiian Islands, which includes more than a hundred islands stretching over 2,400 kilometers. In the southeastern part of the archipelago, there are eight largest islands: Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui and Hawaii. The latter is often referred to as the Big Island to avoid confusion between the name of the island and the entire archipelago. Physiographically and ethnographically, Hawaii is part of Polynesia.
Hawaii, among the 50 states, is in 11th place in terms of smallest area and in 13th place smallest population. The length of the coast of Hawaii is 1210 km, in fourth place in the United States after Alaska, Florida and California.
Hawaii is the only state that is not in North America and the only state where Asians are the majority population. Together with Arizona, Hawaii is the only two states that do not have Daylight Savings Time, and together with Alaska, the only two states that do not border the 48 contiguous continental states.
Name
In Hawaiian, the word Hawaii means "Homeland" and is derived from the Proto-Polynesian word "Sawaiki". The word "Motherland" is similar in other Polynesian languages: Maori ("Hawaiki"), Kuk ("Awaiki") and Samoan ("Sawaii"). In other Polynesian languages, this word also means the underworld or ancestral home, in Hawaii it does not carry these meanings.
Geography
Geographical position
Position of Hawaii in the Pacific Hawaii is the only US state that is not in America (Hawaii is located in Oceania), as well as the only island state, the southernmost US state and the second, after Alaska, the western one. Hawaii, along with Alaska, does not border any other states.
Hawaii is located in the North Pacific Ocean, in the sub-region of Polynesia, 3,200 kilometers southwest of the coast of North America. Hawaii is the largest island in the open part of the North Pacific Ocean, there are no islands between them and North America, and between them and Asia, up to Japan, there are only small islands and atolls, which predetermines the important transport significance of the Hawaiian Islands.
Geology
Puu-Oo crater in Hawaii Hawaiian Islands located in the middle of the Pacific tectonic plate, north of its center. Here is the so-called Hot Spot - the center of intra-plate magmatic activity, which led to the emergence of the islands. While the plate is slowly moving to the northwest, the Hotspot remains stationary, forming new volcanoes. Due to the location of the point, the only active volcanoes in Hawaii are located around the southern half of the Big Island. newest volcano- Loihi - located on seabed south of the Big Island.
The last activity outside the Big Island was in the 18th century with the eruption of the Haleakala volcano on the island of Maui. In 1790, a series of devastating explosions of the Kilauea volcano on the Big Island occurred - then more than 5,000 warriors of local tribes died. The instability of volcanoes causes earthquakes and accompanying tsunamis - major earthquakes occurred in 1868 and 1975. Tectonic activity is the reason for the small population of the Big Island, while the rest of the islands are safer.
Topology and relief
Hawaii from space The Hawaiian Islands consist of eight main islands: Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui and Hawaii, and many smaller ones. Hawaii is the largest and youngest island, with high and active volcanoes, also called the Big Island. To the northwest of Kauai, nine Northwestern, or Leeward, islands stretched in a long string: French Frigate Shoals Atoll, Gardner Rocks, Kure Atoll, Laysan, Lisyansky Island, Maro Reef, Necker, Nihoa and Pearl and Hermes Atoll . These are small islands and atolls left over from the once large volcanic mountains. Another atoll from the Northwest Islands - Midway Atoll - is not included in the state of Hawaii, but is a separate territory. There are also about a hundred small rocks and islets, usually located near the coast of large islands. Thus, the total population of the Hawaiian Islands is about 130.
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| № | Name | Title in English | Population | Square | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Big Islands | |||||
| 1 | Hawaii | Hawaiʻi | 185 079 | 10,432.5 km² | |
| 2 | Maui | Maui | 144 444 | 1,883.4 km² | |
| 3 | Oahu | Oʻahu | 953 207 | 1,545.4 km² | |
| 4 | Kauai | Kauaʻi | 66 921 | 1,430.5 km² | |
| 5 | Molokai | Molokaʻi | 7 345 | 673.4 km² | |
| 6 | Lanai | Lānaʻi | 3 135 | 363.9 km² | |
| 7 | Niihau | Niʻihau | 170 | 180 km² | |
| 8 | Kahoolawe | Kahoʻolawe | 0 | 115.5 km² | |
| Northwest Islands | |||||
| 9 | rocks gardner | Gardner Pinnacles | 0 | 0.024 km² | |
| 10 | Kure atoll | Kure Atoll | 0 | 0.86 km² | |
| 11 | Laysan | Laysan | 0 | 4.11 km² | |
| 12 | maro reef | Maro Reef | 0 | 0.004 km² | |
| 13 | Lisyansky | Lisianski Island | 0 | 1.55 km² | |
| 14 | necker | Necker | 0 | 0.18 km² | |
| 15 | Nihoa | Nihoa | 0 | 0.70 km² | |
| 16 | pearl and hermes atoll | Pearl and Hermes Atoll | 0 | 0.36 km² | |
| 17 | French Frigate Shoals Atoll | French Frigate Shoals Atoll | 0 | 0.25 km² | |
Mount Mauna Kea The most high point state - Mount Mauna Kea - is located on the island of Hawaii and is 4205 meters in height. And if you count not from sea level, but from the base of the mountain, which is located at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean, then the height of Mauna Kea is 10200 meters - more than Everest. On the island of Maui is the Haleakala volcano with a height of 3055 meters. Honolulu Bay is located on the island of Oahu with Ford Island in the middle. This comfortable spot for parking ships, which is why the island of Oahu is the most densely populated.
Climate
Bay on Oahu Hawaii has a tropical trade wind climate. There are only two seasons in a year - the dry season, which lasts from May to October, and the rainy season, from October to April. Temperatures are not as hot as in other tropical regions due to easterly trade winds and are fairly even throughout the year. In summer, the average daytime temperatures are 31°C, nights are 24°C. In winter, during the day 28 ° C, at night - 18 ° C. Precipitation falls mainly during the rainy season - from October to March, during this period six to seven storms can pass. Precipitation is very different on windward and leeward sides high mountains. On the windward sides of the islands, a record amount of precipitation falls (up to 11,000 mm per year) and clouds constantly accumulate, so the resorts are located on the leeward sunny shores islands. The climate on the peaks is also different. high volcanoes- here the temperature can reach -11 ° C, and in winter it snows, forming caps.
Flora and fauna
Hawaii was formed by volcanoes only about 10 million years ago, and has never been connected to the land, so only that which was carried by the wind, waves or wings (birds and insects) lives on them. Isolation and a wide variety of habitats have resulted in a huge number of endemics living in Hawaii. However, Hawaii is home to more endangered species than any other state in the US.
Time
In Hawaii, the Hawaiian-Aleutian Standard Time is UTC−10:00. The difference with Greenwich is -10 hours, with Moscow time - -13 hours. Hawaii is one of only two states that does not observe daylight saving time.
Story
Hawaii is one of four states that were independent states before joining the United States, and one of only two states that, as such, had international recognition. The independent Kingdom of Hawaii existed from 1810 to 1893 when the monarchy was overthrown by American entrepreneurs. From 1894 to August 12, 1898, Hawaii was an independent republic, after which it was annexed by the United States and received the status of a territory. In 1959, Hawaii became the 50th US state.
First settlements
Hawaiians The earliest settlements in Hawaii date back to around 300 AD. e. Most likely they were Polynesian settlers from the Marquesas Islands. In the 11th century, a second wave of migration from Raiatea and Bora Bora reached the islands. It is possible that a wave of migration from Tahiti also reached Hawaii. The population grew slowly but steadily. The Hawaiians had a caste structure of society, like in India. Tribes led by leaders - Aliyas - fought with each other.
Arrival of the Europeans
Perhaps the Hawaiian Islands were discovered not by James Cook, but by the Spaniards back in the 16th century. In 1542, a squadron of six ships under the command of Ruy López de Villalobos set off from Acapulco in the direction of the Philippines. The reports of one of his sailors - Juan Gaetano - mention the discovery of certain islands, which researchers consider to be Hawaiian or Marshall Islands. In any case, even if the islands were discovered, their location was kept secret.
Hawaiian natives kill Cook In 1778, English explorer James Cook became the first documented visitor to the Hawaiian Islands. Cook named them Sandwich, after his sponsor, John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. During the second visit to Hawaii by Cook, the local leader and his warriors stole a boat from one of the ships. For her return, Cook went ashore and captured the king of the Big Island - Kalaniopuu - a trick that had previously worked in Tahiti and other islands. However, the natives did not give up the boat and recaptured their king. Four Marines and Cook himself were killed in the skirmish.
After Cook's travels and the publication of his books, other Europeans began to visit Hawaii: explorers, traders, whalers. An early British influence is noted on the flag of Hawaii, with the British flag in its corner. The Europeans brought with them influenza, smallpox, measles, and other diseases to which the natives had no immunity. By 1820, half the population had died out on the islands, a measles epidemic in the 1850s claimed the lives of a fifth of the people, and by the end of the century, out of a 300,000-strong population, about 30,000 remained.
Kingdom of Hawaii
King of Hawaii Kamehameha I In the 1780s and 1790s, local chieftains fought for power until Kamehameha I the Great, with the help of European weapons and advisers, united the islands. In 1810, he created the Kingdom of Hawaii and founded a dynasty that ruled the islands until 1872. After Kamehameha II succeeded to the throne in 1819, American missionaries converted many Hawaiians to Christianity. Kamehameha III became the first Christian king. At the same time, the influence of American and European entrepreneurs who were engaged in the cultivation of sugar cane on the islands grew, and for these purposes they massively imported workers from China, Japan and the Philippines.
In 1872, without naming a successor, King Kamehameah V died. Lunalilo, a distant descendant of the Kamehameah dynasty, won the popular elections. Lunalilo began democratic and liberal reforms, but soon, in 1874, he died of tuberculosis and drunkenness. New elections were won by Kalakaua, starting a new dynasty. The uprising of his rival, the Dowager Queen Emma, he suppressed with the help of British and American sailors. Kalākaua committed trip around the world, bought many luxury goods in Europe and built the Iolani royal palace in Honolulu - the only royal palace in the territory of the modern United States.
King Kalakaua The Europeans increased their influence and presence in Hawaii, and in 1887 they forced Kalakaua to sign a new constitution, nicknamed the "Bayonet Constitution". According to it, the king was deprived of part of the executive power. When voting, a property and educational qualification was introduced, depriving 75% of the indigenous population of the right to vote, but leaving this right to almost all whites. King Kalākaua ruled until his death in 1891 and was succeeded by his sister Liliuokalani. In 1893, she announced plans for a new constitution, and on January 13, 1893, a Committee of Security was formed by Secretary of State for United States Affairs John L. Stevens and Other Americans to overthrow the Hawaiian monarchy and annex Hawaii to the United States.
Republic of Hawaii and annexation by the United States of America
American sailors participate in the overthrow of the monarchy
In January 1893, Queen Liliuokalani was overthrown, and power passed to the Provisional Government, which asked the United States to accept Hawaii as part of its structure. US President Grover Cleveland not only refused, but also demanded the return of power to the Queen. Realizing that it would not be possible to annex Hawaii to the United States during the Cleveland presidency, the Provisional Government created statehood - the Republic of Hawaii was formed in 1894, and American-born lawyer Sanford Dole was elected its first and only president.
In 1896, William McKinley won the presidential election in the United States, and the government of the Republic of Hawaii resumed negotiations to join the United States. A delegation of Lorrin Thurston, Francis March Hutch, and William Ansel Kinney traveled to Washington to meet with the President. In July 1897, US Secretary of State John Sherman agreed to the incorporation of Hawaii. The treaty was not ratified by the US Senate because it received a petition signed by 36,000 native Hawaiians who did not want annexation. McKinley's second attempt was the Newlands resolution - a joint declaration of both houses of parliament, on June 15, 1898, it was adopted by the House of Representatives (209 to 91), and on July 7 by the Senate (42 to 21). On July 7, the president formed a commission to transfer the territory, and on August 12, a ceremony was held in front of the Iolani Palace to hand over power to the governor.
Territory of Hawaii
In 1900, Hawaii gained self-government, Iolani Palace became the territory's capitol. The sugar cane industry began to flourish in the territory. The "Hawaiian Big Five" sugar producers, using a powerful lobby, blocked statehood for a long time, since there is no labor law and there are no restrictions on the import of cheap labor. Workers from Japan, China, Korea, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and elsewhere began to flock to Hawaii.
Attack on Pearl Harbor On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, starting a war against the United States. Hawaii took the first blow, martial law was introduced, the Constitution was suspended, power passed to the Military Governor. Martial law was lifted in 1944. The fact that Hawaii performed well in World War II, and even Hawaiians of Japanese origin volunteered for the front (the European theater), hastened the adoption of statehood.
State Status
In 1956, police officer John Burns was elected representative in the US Congress from Hawaii. He immediately began to convince senators of the readiness of Hawaii to become a state. In March 1959, both houses of Congress supported the Hawaii Admissions Act and it was signed into law by U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower. On June 27, a referendum was held in which 94.3% of the population voted for statehood. official ceremony Hawaii was declared a state on August 21, 1959.
After obtaining the status of the state of Hawaii, they began to develop even more rapidly. Many buildings, structures and roads have been built. The most rapidly developing sector of tourism.
Policy
The state government of Hawaii is modeled after the federal government of the United States, with some adaptations dating back to the days of the kingdom. The state constitution provides for three branches of government: the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary. The head of the executive branch is the state governor, who is popularly elected along with the lieutenant governor, who acts as secretary of state. The Governor and Lieutenant Governor direct twenty agencies and departments, which are located in the State Capitol. The official residence of the governor is Washington Place.
The legislature consists of the bicameral state legislature. The lower house is the House of Representatives with 51 members and the speaker, the upper house is the Senate with 25 senators and the President of the Senate. Both houses of parliament sit in the state capitol. The Supreme Court of Hawaii is located in Aliiolani Hale and presides over a single branch of the judiciary.
Hawaii is represented in the US Congress by two senators and two representatives. Since gaining statehood, Hawaii has supported US Democratic candidates in all but two elections, and Barack Obama, the 44th US president, is the first native of Hawaii to hold the post. The federal government in Hawaii is located at the Prince Kuhio Federal Building in Honolulu. The offices of the FBI, the Internal Revenue Service, the Secret Service and other federal agencies are located here.
Administrative division
Five Counties of Hawaii The state of Hawaii is divided into five counties: Hawaii, Honolulu, Kalawao, Kauai, and Maui. All five counties were formed in 1905, seven years after the creation of the Territory of Hawaii. Kauai County occupies the islands of Kauai and Niihau. Honolulu is a city-county and occupies the entire island of Oahu, and also owns the Northwest Islands. Maui County occupies the islands of Maui, Lanai, Kahoolawe, and most of Molokai. Kalawao is a small county of only 90 people, occupying the Kalaupapa peninsula on the island of Molokai, it was formed as a leper colony, and is subordinate to the Department of Health of the State of Hawaii. Since its population is very small, the district has only a small part of the officials usually assigned to the districts. The District of Hawaii occupies the island of the same name. Districts in Hawaii have more power than in other states: they do not delegate educational responsibility to school boards, they directly collect many types of taxes.
A unique feature of Hawaii is the lack of municipal governments. All local governments operate at the county level. The only incorporated area is the "City and County of Honolulu", which is at the county level and governs the entire island of Oahu. Districts are not divided into settlements. All settlements on the islands exist in the form of statistically distinct areas (CDPs), which are created by the US Census Bureau solely for the purpose of collecting statistics. Borders settlements are carried out anew before each census and have no legal meaning.
Population
According to a 2014 estimate, 1,419,561 people live in the state of Hawaii, not counting the many tourists and the military (military base personnel is 42,371 people). Compared to the 2010 census data, the state has a population growth of 4.36%. The increase is both natural and migratory. The most populous island is Oahu - almost two-thirds of the state's population lives here - more than 900 thousand people. Other inhabited islands are Hawaii, Maui and Kauai. Molokai, Lanai, and Niihau have very small populations, while Kahoolawe Island and all of the Northwest Hawaiian Islands are uninhabited. The average life expectancy in Hawaii is 79.8 years, the highest of any US state.
Hawaii is one of three states (along with California and New Mexico) where whites do not make up the majority of the population. Hawaii has the fewest whites of European ancestry at 24.7%, less than a quarter of the population. Most of all in the state of Asians - 38.6% (of which 14.6% Filipinos, 13.6% Japanese, 4% Chinese and 1.8% Koreans). 23.6% of the population is of mixed race. Native Hawaiians - 5.9% of the population, Samoans - 2.8%, Tongans - 0.6%. 8.8% are Hispanic and Latino, with 2.6% Mexican and 3.2% Puerto Rican.
Cities
Languages
According to the 1978 state constitution, Hawaiian and English are the official languages. Hawaiian Creole English, also called Hawaiian Pidgin, is widely used. 73.44% of Hawaiians speak English as their first language, 5.37% speak Tagalog (Filipino), 4.96% Japanese, 4.05% Ilocano (Filipino), 2.6% Spanish, 1.92 % in Chinese, 1.68% in Hawaiian.
Hawaiian belongs to the Polynesian languages of the Austronesian language family. Since Hawaii was colonized by Polynesians, the Hawaiian language is very close to Marquesan, Samoan, and Tongan, where the settlers came from. Borrowings from Tahitian suggest the presence of a wave of migration from there as well. In Hawaiian, vowels are divided into long and short vowels. Writing did not exist by the time the Europeans arrived; it was developed by Western missionaries in 1820-1826 based on the Latin alphabet. According to the census, there are about 24,000 native Hawaiian speakers in the entire United States.
Hawaiian Creole English, or Hawaiian Pidgin, is an English-based mixed language with numerous loanwords from Hawaiian, as well as Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Ilocano, and Tagalog. Through the boom in surfing in Hawaii, many Hawaiian pidgin words have become surfer slang words.
Religion
The religious composition of the Hawaiians is extremely diverse. Most of all in the state of Christians - from 30 to 60%, non-religious - 17-51%, Buddhists - 6-9%, Jews - 0.5-0.8%, Muslims - about 0.5%.
The largest religious organization in Hawaii is the Catholic Church, with about 250,000 parishioners, The Church of Jesus Christ of Saints. last days(Mormons) have about 68 thousand parishioners, the non-denominational church has 128 parishes and 32 thousand followers, the United Church of Christ - 115 parishes and 20 thousand parishioners, the Southern Baptist Convention - 108 parishes and 18 thousand parishioners.
Economy
There have been several successive significant industries in the history of Hawaii: the cultivation of sandalwood, sugar cane and pineapples, whaling, the military, tourism and education. Since Hawaii's statehood, tourism has played a major role in the state's economy, despite attempts to diversify. In 1997, tourism contributed 24.3% of the state's GDP.
Agriculture
Since the 19th century, the cultivation of sugar cane and pineapples has become widespread in agriculture, and many cheap workers from different territories came to the plantations - Filipinos, Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, Puerto Ricans and others. But joining the US resulted in the development of labor unions in the 1930s and 1940s. Workers' wages soared and the industry became unprofitable, with most plantations closed by 1990. The vacated land was used to grow coffee, macadamia nuts, tropical fruits and vegetables. Floriculture, beekeeping and seed production are highly developed. The constant climate of Hawaii allows you to get a crop of seeds three times a year, compared to one or two in other states.
Other industries
The industry in Hawaii is underdeveloped, firstly, due to high overhead costs, secondly, due to restrictive laws related to environmental protection, and, thirdly, due to the remoteness of the state from major markets, for example West coast USA. An important industry is the military, since the opening of the American military base at Pearl Harbor in 1874. Employees of military bases and their families make up to 10% of the population of the state. Developed science and education. On the island of Hawaii at the top Mauna Kea mountains is one of the largest observatories in the world.
Taxes and cost of living
The state of Hawaii has one of the highest tax burdens in the United States. The business climate is perceived as unfriendly. It is worth noting the many fees associated with environmental protection. Sustainability is essential to maintain the attractiveness of the tourism industry.
The cost of living in Hawaii is one of the highest in the US, although still lower than in New York and San Francisco. Hawaii is remote from major consumer goods manufacturers, with many US online retailers excluding Hawaii from free shipping. One of the main contributors to the high cost of living in Hawaii is the Sea Trade Act (Jones Act), passed in 1920. According to it, goods can only be transported between two US ports on American ships. Because of this, goods from East Asia they have to be unloaded in the ports of California, and from there they are transported back across half the Pacific Ocean to Hawaii already on American ships.
Transport
culture
The native culture of Hawaii is Polynesian. Despite the fact that the native Hawaiians today constitute a minority of the population of the islands, and the culture has remained in the form of remnants, Polynesian rites and traditions are reconstructed from time to time in various parts of the islands, and certain phenomena (for example, surfing, hula and lualu dances) had a significant impact on culture USA as a whole.
| State of Hawaii | |
|---|---|
| capital - Honolulu | |
| Themes | Hawaiian Islands, History, Politics, Population, Economy, Transport, Culture, Hawaiian language, Tourism |
| Eight big islands | Hawaii, Kahoolawe, Kauai, Lanai, Maui, Molokai, Niihau, Oahu |
| North Eastern Islands | French Frigate Shoals Atoll, Gardner Rocks, Kure Atoll, Laysan, Lisyansky Island, Maro Reef, Necker, Nihoa, Florida, South Dakota, South Carolina, Utah |
| island territories | American Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands |
| Outer small islands | Baker, Jarvis, Johnston, Kingman, Midway, Navassa, Palmyra, Wake, Howland |
The Hawaiian Islands are an archipelago of 8 large islands, several atolls, seamount peaks, and over a hundred tiny islets. with total area more than 16600 sq. km. It is believed that in total the Hawaiian Islands include 132 islands. The archipelago is located in the Pacific Ocean and stretches for a distance of 2400 km.
The basis of the Hawaiian Islands is 8 islands in the southeastern part of the archipelago (central Pacific Ocean). From west to east, these are the islands: Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii. To avoid name confusion, last island- Hawaii (Hawaii) - often called the Big Island (Big Island). Usually Hawaii is associated with these 8 large islands, largely because the remaining 124 islands in total have an area of \u200b\u200babout 8 square kilometers. Most big Island archipelago - Hawaii (Big Island) has an area of 10,432 square kilometers.
Vintage postcards
Hawaii's natural and varied scenery, warm tropical climate, and abundance of public sandy beaches and active volcanoes make it popular place for tourists, surfers and scientists.
In 1959, Hawaii became the 50th state of the United States. Hawaii is separated from the continental United States by more than 3,800 km. Hawaii is the most ethnically and racially diverse state, including people of European, American, Polynesian, Japanese, and other origins. Hawaii is the only state in the US with an official local language. Despite the influx of tourists, many native Hawaiians have retained their customs and traditions.
The state's official nickname is The Aloha State. The word "Aloha" is of Hawaiian origin and at the same time expresses greeting, sympathy, farewell, wishes of goodness and love. Most often pronounced as a greeting.
Hawaii, like Alaska, does not share borders with any of the other continental US states. Hawaii is the only state in the US that:
- Not located in North America
- Completely surrounded by the ocean
- Entirely an archipelago
- Where coffee grows
- Has a royal palace
Approximately 90% of Hawaii's gross domestic product comes from services and tourism.
Niihau is the westernmost of the eight Hawaiian Islands. Visiting the island is limited due to the fact that it is the property of private individuals.
Kauai is the oldest island in the archipelago and is of volcanic origin. This is a tropical oasis that delights millions of tourists with its natural beauty. Kauai has everything you'd expect from an island lost in the ocean: wide sandy beaches, mountains, plateaus, canyons, waterfalls, jungles and fertile valleys. The land on Kauai is very fertile, coffee, sugarcane, mangoes, bananas, papayas, avocados, pineapples, etc. are grown here. The main attractions of the island are the Waimea Canyon and the Na Pali coast.
Na Pali Coast and Waimea Canyon
Oahu is the third largest (71 by 48 km) and the most populous island of the archipelago. The population of the island, excluding tourists, exceeds 950 thousand people. In the southeastern part of the island is the capital of the state of Hawaii -. To the west of Honolulu is the famous Pearl Harbor - the harbor where the US Navy is based. Oahu is known for its beauty and is the perfect place to relax. One of the iconic sights of the island is Diamond Head - the crater of a volcano extinct thousands of years ago. By the way, Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States, was born in Honolulu.
Buddhist temple in the Valley of the Temples Memorial Park and Diamond Head Volcano Crater
Molokai - beautiful island, whose inhabitants are skeptical about tourism and excessive noise. This place is suitable for lovers of a relaxing holiday.
Lanai is a small island (29 km long) nicknamed "Orange Island". Lanai has some of the best golf courses in the world. Most of the attractions on the island can only be seen by traveling along dirt roads in a rented SUV. This a nice place where there are not as many tourists as on Oahu.
Kahoolawe (Kahoolawe)- the smallest of the islands, not interesting for tourists.
Maui (Maui) - the second largest and third largest population (154 thousand people) island of the archipelago. Diverse landscape, natural beauty and developed service make Maui one of the favorite vacation spots. In addition to the beaches, tourists are interested in Haleakala National Park and the town of Lahaina.
Hawaii (Hawaii) or Big Island (Big Island) is the easternmost and largest island in Hawaii. The population is more than 175 thousand people. There are 5 volcanoes on the island, 2 of which are active. Basically, tourism is concentrated in the western part, however, stunning landscapes open up in any part of the island.
Excursions in Hawaii are not only sightseeing tours around Honolululu and the islands, but also visiting interesting sights and unique places that will leave the brightest impressions.
The climate in the Hawaiian Islands is tropical, although the temperature and humidity are less severe due to the almost constant trade winds blowing from the east. At the same time, climatic features differ significantly on each island. In fact, Hawaii has only 2 seasons: the dry season from May to October, and the rainy season from October to April. In winter, the temperature rarely drops below 18 C at night and stays around 28 C during the day. In summer, the temperature stays around 24 C at night and rises above 30 C during the day.
