(1813-1843) - the tireless Englishman who participated in the study of Africa.

He was born on March 19, 1813 in the Scottish farm family. Grew up in poverty and started working at the factory from 10 years. After the work, the young man studied at the medical courses and soon became a doctor. In 1840, a preacher of the Christian religion - Livingston goes to the Kapska province. Missionaries in essence turned out to be the first detachments of colonialists, since the appeal of the Aborigines in the Christian faith actually led to their enslavement. But the fact that the story knows about the missionary activity of Livingston, characterizes him as a humanist. Therefore, the aborigines belonged to him with trust and love.

Missionary activity exacerbated by Livingston love for traveling, and on June 1, 1849, he departs in his first expedition to. In 1853, 33 boats with a large number of conductors and portors Livingston headed up the River Zambezi. He was waiting for incredible difficulties. Many participants of the expedition fell ill with cruel fever. It was especially difficult to overcome the watershed and, but at the end of May 1854 the expedition finally goes on the coast. Livingston overwhelms a sense of pride: he was the first to disapproved by the tricky network of South Africa, the first passed from the east to the west to the southern part of Africa.

1855 becomes a "star-hour" Livingstone: he opens the Waterfall of Zambezi, who calls (in honor of the English Queen). He knew even earlier from the natives that, on the River Zambezi, something extraordinary, which in the language local residents It was called "Moza OA Tunya" - "Radiant Couples". Only after a long questioned it became clear that there was a giant waterfall: local residents did not even dare to approach it. Livingston persuades the rowers to approach it as close as possible. "It was the most wonderful spectacle seeing me ever in Africa."

The discoveries of Livingston were already heard in England: the British geographical society awards him his first gold medal. But London Missionary Society delight does not share. It is displeasted by Livingston as a missionary, who carried away the journey and actually pulled away from the obligations assumed.

Returning to England in December 1856, Livingston speaks with reports, writes a book about his wanders and develops plans for a new expedition.10 March 1858 Livingston leaves England and is sent now in. There he explores and puts on a map of the lake, studying the origins of the main water artery of Africa. In 1872, he examined the northern tip of the lake, but it brought frustrated - the source of Nile is not here.

Soon David Livingston fell seriously, and on May 1, 1873 he did not. D. Livingston was a friend of African peoples. His companions have retained all diaries and collected materials. They buried the heart of the traveler in a small village chitambo. This sorrowful place for the African people is very popular with tourists so far. Two perennial satellites of Livingston from local residents displaced the body and did everything to deliver it into on board the English cruiser.

David Livingston (eng. David Livingstone)- Scottish missionary, outstanding researcher in Africa.

David was born in the village of Blantyre in the poor Scottish family and began working on a weaving factory at 10 years. But he independently learned Latin and Greek, as well as mathematics. This allowed him to enroll in the University of Glasgow and study there theology and medicine, and Livingston received a doctoral degree. And in 1838 he got a san priest.

In 1840, Livingston, who dreamed of studying Asia and embarked in the London Missionary Society, was to go to China on the task of this society, but the opium war broke out there, and the plans had to be changed. By the middle of the XIX century, the main features of North-West Africa were clarified. The British were engaged in the study of the part of the mainland lying south. Here the future largest researcher of Central Africa David Livingston began its activities.

In 1841 he landed in Altoa Bay, inhabited by the Bechuian tribe (the future territory of Benganguangland in South Africa). He quickly learned their languages, won their respect. In July 1841, he arrived in the mission of Muffet on the border of the Cape Colony, and in 1843 he founded his own in column.

In June 1849, Livingston, accompanied by African-conductors, the first of Europeans crossed the Kalahari desert and explored the NGAM Lake. He met Bushmen and Bakalhari tribes. In 1850, he wanted to establish a new settlement on the shore open lake. However, this time he took the wife of Mary and Children. In the end, he sent them back to Scotland so that they would not suffer from the terrible living conditions. In 1852, Livingston went to a new journey. He penetrated the Zamfisi River pool and in May 1853 joined Mignanti, the main village of Makololo's tribe. There, the missionary fell ill, but the Chief of the School put every effort to rescue Livingston.

The traveler who received the Honored Nickname "The Great Leo," who received the Honored Africans, climbed up the Lybe River and reached the Portuguese Colony - the city of Luanda on the Atlantic Coast. The main scientific result of this journey was the discovery of Lake Dillolo, lying on the watershed of two river basins: one of them belongs to Atlantic Ocean., Other - to Indian. Western stock of the lake feeds the Congo River system, East - Zambezi. For this discovery, a geographical society awarded Livingston with a gold medal.

Next, Livingston decided to try to find a more convenient way to the ocean - east. In November 1855, a large squad led by Livingston went to the road. After two weeks, Livingston and his companions stuck to the banks of the Zambezi River, where they saw a grandiose waterfall to 1000 m high., Which Africans called "Mosi Va Tuna" (ringed water) This Waterfall Livingston called the name of the British Queen Victoria. Nowadays a monument to the Scottish researcher is installed near the waterfall.

In May 1856, Livingston reached the mouth of Zambezi. So he completed a grand journey - crossed African mainland from the Atlantic to Indian Ocean. Livingston first came to the correct idea of \u200b\u200bAfrica as a mainland having a kind of flat dish with raised edges to the ocean. In 1857, he published a book about his travels.

But on the map of Africa there was still an extensive empty territory - the origins of the Nile. Livingston believed that Nile was originated by the origins of Lualaby. But he performed a humanitarian mission: he asked Sultan in Zanzibar to stop the slave trade. All this led Livingston to the Grand African Lakes. Here he opened two new large lakes - Bangveulu and MVERU and gathered to examine Lake Tanganyik, but suddenly the traveler fell ill with tropical fever.

On October 23, 1871, Livingston returned to Ugziji exhausted and sick. Because of the fever, the great researcher lost the ability to walk and expected death. For a long time, he did not let him know about himself, since only one of the 44 letters of the traveler came to Zanzibar. Suddenly, he came to the aid of the expedition, headed by a journalist Henry Morton Stanley, specially sent in search of Livingston by the American newspaper New York Gerold. Stanley welcomed Livingstone phrase, which will later become world famous: "Dr. Livingston, I suppose?".

Livingston went on amendment and, together with Stanley, surveyed Lake Tanganyika in the Ulyamweise region. Stanley offered Livingston to return to Europe or America, but he refused. Soon David Livingston again fell ill with malaria and May 1, 1873 died near the village of Chitambo (now in Zambia) nearby from Lake Bangwall. Dark-skinned Comrades of Livingston Plague and Susti found a great traveler to be dead near his bed and exposed his body with embalming with salt. David Livingston's heart was buried in Chitambo, and a canned body after nine-month transportation, overcoming the distance of about 1500 km., It was delivered to the port of Bahamaso on the ocean coast, from where he was sent to the UK. Livingston was buried with honors in Westminster Abbey on April 18, 1874 Rock. In the same year, "the last diaries of David Livingston" were published.

Livingston dedicated to Africa most of his life, having passed mainly on foot over 50 thousand km. In honor of David Livingston, Livingstonia is named in Malawi and Livingston (Maraba) in Zambia, as well as waterfalls in the lower course of the Congo and the mountains on the northeast coast of Lake Nyasa. The largest city Malawi with a population of more than 600,000 people - Blantyre - was named after the native city of Livingston.

Eighteen years ago, a specially noticeable ship went out of the mouth of the Thames, one of such ships, which thousands annually come to London and depart from him. On this ship sailed a poor and unknown young man from Europe. The ship passed to the African coast, the young man went to the ground and deepened in the distance, in unknown deserts, disappeared between wild tribes, which even names were not known in Europe. Running and rumor about the poor young man.

As time went. Europe actively was engaged in solving its political and religious, civil and military issues. Still in Thames, many ships came out of the Thames; The business people moved by the crowds from the Acceleration of London to the very city, and could anyone come to mind to remember some young man who went to Africa eighteen years ago? Suddenly, the standing rumor glorified this young man: the business crowds of thousands of votes will be repeated by the name of Dr. David Livingston, an enterprising, unreasonable traveler, performed by selflessness and devotion to his missionary. In a few days, scientists and unsuccessful people in the whole of Europe knew about his discoveries and unanimously they were surprised. Immediately, all the churches of evangelical confession in England agreed to publicly seize their gratitude to a person who had so much services to the Holy Missionary Cause.

Livingston

Prior to the discoveries of Livingstone, all southern half of Africa seemed to be monotoned, lifeless desert; Maps of this part of the world with timeline depicted the alleged flows of rivers, but in some removal from the shores - and there were no points. On the shores there were rare settlements and stations, and the mouths of rivers in which the navigators were reserved by water. Next, deep into the country - as if all the steppes of yes steppes burned with the scorching rays of the sun, without water, without vegetation, without life, where the rustling beasts are reigning, the kings of the desert and steppes. In these wild, the unknown edges of South Africa daring to peel Livingston.

The task of Livingston was to penetrate into Africa with the Gospel and lay a path to enlightenment, to stop the disgusting bargaining by slaves, and he deliberately fulfilled his task. The road is laid, and Africa is open to trade and civilization.

From 1840 to 1849, Livingston was engaged in the study of the adverbs and morals of the natives and did one by one, four big travels. Every journey taken separately, it is much significant that one might be forever to glorify a person.

In the first one more important journey, undertaken in 1849, together with his wife and children, Livingston managed to get to one of the inner lakes of Africa, Lake Ngami, lying at a distance of 1300 miles in the direct direction from the city of Kapa at Cape of Good Hope. He was unclear about this lake from conversations and the stories of the natives. Then, still together with his family, he continued further and opened and opened the edges unknown to that time, and thus discovered the Magnificent River Zambezi, which he considers the big expensive for Europe with internal Africa. Finally, from 1852 to 1856, leaving his family in Copstadt, Livingston One, accompanied by several natives, among countless difficulties, passed through the whole of Africa, first from the east to the West, and then from the West to the East on the space of eighteen thousand miles. Thanks to Livingston, it is now known that inner Africa is irrigated by multi-water rivers, covered with luxurious, varied vegetation; It is known that the shores of these rivers are inhabited by numerous tribes that have concepts about trade and of course have a clear concept of war; In short, it is known that South Africa is not a fruitless, anhydrous, deserted and impassable desert, and the country with a rich future, open for enterprise, trade and missionaries.

I.

Livingston was born in 1813 in Blantyre, near Glasgow, in Scotland. His father and his mother were people poor, who had to send their ten-year-old son to work on a paper processing factory to maintain his earnings to support the scarce existence of the family. He had to work from six o'clock in the morning to eight o'clock in the evening. In another character, the boy in such work would be completely and wild; But the little Livingston, on the contrary, has worked hard to acquire a good knowledge of knowledge. "Having received your earnings in a week (writes Livingston), I bought myself a Latin grammar and a few years stubbornly studied this language, then went to school from 8 to 10 pm, and still worked with a lexicon until midnight, while the mother happened, not I take away from me books. So I read many classics and I knew Horace and Vergil in seventeen years much better than I know them now.

"Our teacher who received a salary from the factory, on which I worked, was a very kind, attentive, attentive and to the extreme of condescending about the fee from the disciples, so that his school was taken by anyone who just wanted."

Livingston read everything he came down at hand, everything except novels. The books of scientists and travels constituted for him pleasure. After reading, most of all he loved to study the very nature. Very often, along with its brothers, running around the neighborhoods of the village, he collected sampling of minerals. Once he climbed into lime breakdowns and to the big surprise of workers with the delight rushed to collect shells, which there were a lot there. One of the workers looked at him with regret, and Livingston asked him, why is such a variety of shells, and how did they get here?

When God created these rocks, at the same time created the shells, "the employee answered with unmatched calmness.

"There would be more difficulties to get rid of geologists and no matter how much we left if it could have been able to answer all such explanations" - Livingston notes in his notes.

"To make it possible to read, while working in the factory, the author writes, I placed a book to the very machine on which I worked, and thus read the page for the page, not paying attention to the car's knockout from all sides. This circumstance, I owe an unequal ability to delve into myself and completely returned in the middle of any noise; This ability was extremely useful to me in my travels between savages. "

Livingston dedicated his life to suffering humanity and elected the most reliable way for his ministry: he decided to become a doctor and a missionary, and did not germinate his strength. At the nineteen years he received a spinner and, at the first increase, he began to save money. All summer Livingston works tirelessly; And in the winter he listens to the lectures of medicine, Greek classics and theology.

"Nobody helped me," says Livingston with a legitimate and complete consciousness, - and I, with time, with my own efforts, would achieve my goal, if some of my friends did not advise me to enter into intercourse with the society of missionaries in London As with a institution based on the widest Christian principles. This society has no shade of the sect and sends to the pagans not Presbyterian, not Lutheran, not Protestants, but the most gospel of Christ. - "I just wanted to me with that I dreamed about the device of the Missionaries Society. Now, when I remember this working pore of my life, I bless these minutes, and I am glad that a large share of life has passed in the works and classes that I have achieved your education. If I had to survive all that What I survived, I would be very happy and would not choose another way of life, it may be lighter and carefree. "The power of will and insensible works of the Glagovsky spinker defeated all obstacles that threatened Destroy his dreams to be a missionary, and Livingston successfully stood the medical exam. He would first first choose China a member of missionary activity, but the war behind the opium blocked all the ways there, and Livingston turned to the side where the venerable Moffat worked and worked in Africa.

II.

After a three-month swimming, in 1840, Livingston reached the African coast in Copstadt. From there, he soon went to Kuruman station, arranged inside the country, for 1200 wool from Kapa, \u200b\u200bHamilton and Moiff, whose mission he joined.

To better get used to new lifeLivingston decided to retire from his friends and lived a whole six months one of the same way between savages, energically studying their tongue, habits and morals. In these six months, he so bother with savages and so well and easily began to explain to them that he was not worth a lot of work to enter into intercourse with different other tribes of inner Africa, which also made it possible to go to such places where she did not dare to climb not one European.

Adventure Livingstone with Lvom

He needed to get used to heavy and long campaigns to transfer them without fatigue; As a result, he took travel for discoveries, accompanied by several people of the natives. Livingston was thin and loosely rejected and hoped a little on his physical strength. Once he heard the savage among themselves pounded over his westing. "All the blood in me boiled me, says Livingston, and collect the last forces, completely forgotten the fatigue, which, exactly, began to overcome me, I went ahead so soon and cheerfully, that Dikari's dicks were presented to me that I did not expect me to There was such a glorious walker. " With such an inevitable tedious transitions, it was often that his life was in danger. Between many similar cases, it is impossible not to mention the meeting of Livingston with Lvom, and he saved some miracle.

A flock of Lviv from some time did not give rest to the inhabitants of one village. At night, the lions made their way to the fence, where her livestock was shuffled, and prey was chosen there. Finally, they began to appear and attack animals even during the day. This is such a rare in South Africa, that the natives, explaining such a misfortune, came up with accusing the neighboring village, as if the inhabitants were called them this trouble and as if they were committed to sacrifice lions. It was necessary, in order to get rid of such trouble. Usually, you need to kill at least one lion from the flock, and then all comrades of the murdered go somewhere else. When Livingston heard about the new attack of Lviv, he himself went to the lion's hunt, to give some vigorous unfortunate savages, which decided to get rid of them.

"We have noticed Lviv on a non-scarlet hill, covered with thick trees. All the people became the round of the hill and began, little to come closer, converge to the lair. I stayed at the bottom of the hill, writes Livingston, with a native school teacher, a wonderful person, named Falvin; we have both There were guns. - We noticed one of the lions in a lying position, on the rock. My friend fired the first, but badly aimed, and the bullet only knocked a piece of stone. How the dog rushes on a broken stone, so the lion rushed, overlooking his teeth, in place , in which the bullet hit, then in a few jumps found himself in a circle of hunters, who before the orphanage, that everyone as if they had forgotten about their weapons. Two other lions also remained well, thanks to the cowardice of hunters, who did not try to put on arrows or consumed In the case of a spear. Seeing that the hunt did not succeed at all, I went back to the village, and suddenly I see that the fourth lion was attached and lies behind a bush. I aimed at him in the thirty steps of the distance and got like both shot Ami my rifle.

Wounded, wounded! screamed the whole crowd; Let's go to donate it! But, seeing that the lion in the rage will wave the tail, I shouted to them to wait until I charge my gun again, and already put a bullet in a blow, when a common cry made me turn me away. The lion jumped to me, grabbed me by the shoulder, and we both rolled. I as I hear the terrible growl of the lion. He drpal and brake me like an angry dog \u200b\u200bTreplet his prey. I was so shocked that morally completely numb; In such a definition, it is likely to be the mouse when it comes across the cat claws. I was like fainting and did not feel any pain nor fear, although I clearly understood everything that happened to me. I can compare this provision with the position of the patient who hung chloroform and consciously sees how the surgeon takes a dick from him, but does not feel any pain. I could even look without shuddering on a terrible beast, which kept me under him. I believe that all animals are under this strange impression when they get to prey to predators, and if in fact their condition is similar to mine in these terrible moments, then it is a lot of happiness, because it facilitates the death flour and the horror of death.

"Lap of Lion is all his weight lying on my head; By turning an instinctively head to get rid of this pressure, I saw that the lion's eyes were directed at the furnishing, which was aimed at ten or fifteen steps. Unfortunately, the member of the furniture was with a silicon and two times ceased. The lion left me, rushed to my brave comrade and grabbed him for the thigh. Then one of the native to which I had previously saved my life by beating it from the persecution of furious buffalo, let him go to the lion. The furious lion left his second sacrifice, grabbed the savory by the shoulder and would surely break into pieces if it did not fall near him the dead, as a result of two deadly wounds made by my bullets. All this incident was a matter of several seconds, but the last efforts of the lion's rage were terrible. To destroy the trace of the alleged witchcraft, dukari on the other day burned the dead lion on the big fire; lion was huge; Dikari assured that they had never seen lions such a magnitude. - After this story, there were traces of the eleven teeth of this monstrous beast on my shoulder, which at the same time broke my hand bone in several places. My clothes helped me a lot on which the malicious saliva of an angry beast remained, and my wounds would soon heal; But my comrades who were without clothes were recovered slowly. The one herself looked shoulder, the next year showed me that the wounds were revealed at that very month in which Leo bites him. This fact would cost observation and study. "

When Livingston could completely freely own the native language, it was accustomed to all the difficulties and dangers of his position, was not afraid of fatigue, then he conceived to establish a new station, further in the depths of the inner part of Africa, approximately for 350 worst from Kuruman station. In 1843, Livingston was founded for the first time in the Mabotse town; In two years, he suffered all his institution to the coast of the Kolobeng River, to live in the middle of the Bekunen tribe (Abpace). There he became friends with the boss (chief) of this tribe, sech. His father died during a perturbation when the sech was still a child; For a long time, he used his authority, but then the sech, with the help of one master in the inner region, by the name of Sebituen, returned power over the Bekuensky tribe.

The friendly relations of these two bosses helped Livingston to find in countries, to that completely unknown, such populations that were arranged to accept him and to patronize him. And Pesimstone Livingston dreamed and thought only about how to turn to the path of the gospel of the sech and the tribe disguised him.

"For the first time, when I started talking about the Christian teaching in the presence of my friend of the sech," says Dr. Livingston, "he noticed to me that according to the customs of the edge, anyone has the right to make questions to someone who will tell about something extraordinary; and asked me , did my ancestors know about all this and did the concept of the future life and the terrible court, what did I preach about this day?

"I answered him in the words of St. Scripture and began to describe the terrible court to him.

"You are terrifying me, said Siech; these words lead me to the thrill. I feel that my forces weaken! Your ancestors lived at one time with my, why did they not taught them, did not explain to them these truths? My ancestors died in ignorance. And did not know that they would be after death.

"From such a difficult question I was released, explaining the geographical obstacles that we share us, and at the same time presented him that he was firmly believe in the celebration of the Gospel across the earth. Showing his hand towards the Great Steppe, the sech said to me:" You will never pass. in that distant country that is behind this stepma, and you will not get to the tribes living there; even we, black, can not be started in this side otherwise, as after heavy rains that we have very rare. On that I once again answered that The gospel will penetrate everywhere. After the reader, he will see that the sech himself helped me to pass the desert, which for a long time was considered an irresistible barrier. "

Soon the sech began to learn to read and engaged in such a fit, which threw his hunting life, and from such a calm classes, from a thin man became complete. He could not see Livingston, so as not to make him listen to several heads of the Bible. Isaiah was his favorite author, and the sech often repeated: "Isaiah was great person And he knew how to talk. " Knowing that Livingston wanted to always assume all the tribe to him in the gospel, he once said to him: "Do you think that this people listened to some words? In my whole life, I could not achieve anything from them, like beatings. If you want, I drove to all the heads to appear, and then we will just force them to assign them with the lithos "(these are long knobs of rhino). I assured it, of course, that this tool is not suitable that the whip belief is bad in the soul and that I will reach the goal only with a word; But it seemed to him extremely wild, incredible and impossible. However, he did not quickly, but hard successes and at least confirmed that he had deeply believed in all the truths, preached by the Gospel, and he was always acted with a direct and frankness. "What a pity," he said often, "that you didn't come here before I entered myself with all our usual!"

In fact, the native ways did not quite harmonize with Christian. To approve your influence on the subjects, and on the custom of all the bosses of the tribes in Africa, the sech had several wives, all the daughters of significant people of the region and mostly the daughters of the chiefs who were true to him in his bad and unhappy days. As a result of new beliefs, he would like to leave himself one wife, and others send to parents; But it was too difficult and in relation to itself and with respect to fathers who could seem ungrateful and could shake his power. In the hope of attracting other natives to Christianity, the sech asked Livingston to start his household service. Livingston gladly hurried to take advantage of such a favorable case, and soon the prayer was hit by the prayer, which was simple, in the expressions of noble, meek, and showed all the eloquence of the native language, which was fully owned by the sech. However, no one was present at these worship services, except for his own family of the head, and he spoke with sadness: "Before that the chief loved the hunt, all the suspended hunters were made; If he loved music and dancing, everyone also liked dances and music. Now completely different! I love the Word of God and none of my brotherhoods will do, does not want to connect with me. " For three years, the sech remained faithful to the new belief of Christ. But Dr. Livingston did not hurry him to adopt baptism; He understood the difficulty of his position and regretted wives of the chief. But the sechens himself wished to be sick and asked for Livingston to act, how he commands the Word of God and his own conscience: and he himself went to his house, when she had to make new clothes with all his wives, divided everything that had taken them on Everybody had the best, sent to parents and ordered that it refers to these women not because they were dissatisfied with them; But because only respect for God forbids him to have them at himself.

"On the day of the baptism of the sech and his family, many people gathered. Some of the natives, deceived by the slanders and the enemies of the Christian faith, thought that they were addressed to drink water infused by human brains. And everyone was surprised that when baptized, we use only clean water. Some old men cried bitterly about the head that the doctor was prompted. "

Soon there was no party against the sech, which was not before the baptism. All relatives of the sent wives became his enemies and enemies of Christianity. The number of listeners of prayers and school students was limited to members of the Chief Family. However, Livingston respected everyone and friendly with him; But the poor and once a terrible sech occurred sometimes to listen to such things for which before everyone who daring would pay life.

III

At the time when the appeal to the Christianity of the Sech was so pleased with Livingston, an unexpected test struck a new mission. These were extraordinary droughts, which lasted for almost three years.

It rains, of course, - the main need for residents of Africa, and they imagine that some people have the opportunity through witchcraft to attract clouds. These rainy producers have an impact on all people, rather than the influence of the head, which himself is often obliged to submit them. Any tribe has its rain detector or rain wizard, and sometimes there are two and even three of them in one place. Like any river, they know how to enjoy the challenge of their fans. One of the most famous attrability of clouds and rain dealers, as the famous Missionary Moffat tells, was called in Kuruman Bekuensky tribe. According to a happy occasion, that day, when the arrival of the expected wizard was announced, clouds gathered over Kuruman, thunder thundered and several large raindrops fell on the ground. Without everywhere, joyful cries rang out. However, clouds swept past, and the drought continued, despite the fact that the wizard then examined the clouds every day, heaped some things waving his hands. The wind did not change, drought continued.

One day, when he slept a strong sleep, she had rained. The boss went to congratulate the attractive cloud; But I was very surprised when I found him sleeping. "What is this father? I thought you were busy with the rain: and you sleep! "

Plut woke up; But seeing that the wife immediately knocks on the oil, not at all lost and answered: "Not me, so my wife, you see, continues my business and rudies, so that it rains; And I was tired of this work and lay down a little rest. "

But it is not always possible to separate these cheaters, and most of them die in cruel torment. Sooner or later their deception opens, and invigorated savages are killed, which are so easily believed to them. Despite this, others are fans who again, with the first failure, curse them and kill them without mercy.

The sech was one of the famous attrability of clouds and rains, and that everything is more strange, he himself believed in his ability. Subsequently, he confessed that from all pagan prejudices, faith in his strength and the ability to attract the rain was in it in all deeper, and that with this prejudice it was most difficult for him to part.

At first, drought, on the advice of Livingston, the whole tribe of Bekuenov moved and was located on the banks of the Kolobeng River, 700 Worst further deep into Africa.

Watering fields, through deftly damned dams and the pan, for some time the blooming plantations were successfully supported. N about the second year there was not a drop of rain, and the river in turn dried; All the fish, which was a lot, died; Digested from the neighboring places of the hyenas could not devour all this mass of dead fish. There was even a huge crocodile between these residues, which died also from lack of water. Residents of this unfortunate location began to think that Livingston was brought in a sech of trouble and deprived him of his ability to rain; In a short time, a significant deputation was from the people and begged Livingston to allow the boss to attract clouds and rain to revive the Earth, at least for a short time. "Sowing will die, they told Livingston," and we will have to dispel, run from these places! " Let the sechens even once attract rain, and then we are all, men, women and children, take the gospel and will pray and sing how much you want. "

Livingston tried in vainly to assure the savages that he was not to blame for anything that he himself suffers exactly as they; But poor savages attributed his words indifferent to their common disaster. It often happened that clouds converged above the heads of poor inhabitants, thunder thundered and, it seemed, foreshadowed the desired rain; By the thunderstorm went around and dukari finally convinced that between them, the preacher of the Words of God and their disaster is some kind of mysterious connection. "Look," they said, "our neighbors are rich rain; And we do not have. We pray, and no one praises. We love you, just as if you were born between us; You are one white with whom we can live together, and we ask you: stop praying and do not say more of your sermons. " You can imagine the unpleasant position of Livingston in such circumstances, and could he fulfill the desire of savages? But, to the honor of the entire Bekuanov tribe, it should be added that despite their pagan prejudices and constancy of the disappearance for them, they did not cease to be kind and put their location to the missionary and his family.

Near the noble personality of Livingstone is always a creature close to him and all his actions, this is a creature - a wife devoted to him, the daughter of the Miffat missionary. Removed from the bustles of the MPA, given to quite family concerns, this woman personifies the high, ideal appointment of his wife, to be in the whole assistant and never an obstacle in the useful actions of her husband.

Here's removal from Livingston's notes about his home life: "We can not get items for any money here. We need bricks to make a house; for this you need to make a form, and to cut the tree yourself, to cut down On the boards, and sawing, to do as it should. One after another will need all the skills: it is impossible to count on the natives; they are so accustomed to the natural round form that the form is quadrangical to put them in a dead end: they do not understand how to take it out. All three The houses that I had to build were folded with my own hands from the base to the roof; every brick I molded and put in place myself, every log sneezing and put on my own hands.

"I can't help but notice the case that it is not so hard and difficult, as you think, count only on yourself, and when, in the deserted edge, the husband and wife only their mutual assistance and works are obliged to be the greatest part of the hard welfare, These existence are connected even more closely and take the charm of unexpected. Here is a sample one of these days of our family life:

"We get up with the sunrise to enjoy the delegation of morning coolness, and breakfast between six and seven hours. Then follows the time of the teaching, at which everyone is present: men, women and children. Hours ends at eleven hours. While the wife is engaged in the affairs of the farm, I work , then for the blacksmith, then for a carpenter or gardener, sometimes for myself, sometimes for others. After lunch and hour holiday near my wife about hundreds of baby; she shows something useful and teach someone to teach someone to sew; all children I am pleased to wait for these minutes of children's school assembly and learn with great adjacent.

"In the evenings, I go to the village, and who wants - talks to me or about religion, or about the general subjects of life. Three times a week, after the cows are called, I do church service and say the sermon or explain incomprehensible to the savages Items Through paintings and etampis.

"My wife and I tried to acquire the love of all of us around us, helping them in bodily suffering. Missionary should not neglect anything; The slightest service, affectionate word, friendly eyes, everyone is good - that is the only weapon of the missionary. Replace mercy to the most revealed opponents of Christianity, helping them in diseases, comforting them in the sorridge, and they will make your friends. In such cases, you can rather count on love for love. "

In the middle of the work, our missionary met Bed, more of the one that threatened him for droughts; He needed to get rid of the attacks of boilers (drills). Boilers (borants), i.e. farmers, were the initial Dutch settlers in the vicinity of Kapa, \u200b\u200bbefore the British took this edge. Since then, some of the Dutch colonists have not been under the authority of new conquerors, left the lands of the colony and went inside Africa, to 26 degrees. South. latitudes, and were founded in Magalisburg, in the mountains lying to the east of the Colobeng station.

Over time, the new colony has been replenished with English fugitives, vagabonds of all kinds, multiplied and increased before the independent republic was. One of the important goals of all these people is to keep in its dependence of Gottentot slaves, which in English laws would have to be free.

They speak so about their relations to the natives who have taken away the land: "We allow them to live in our possessions; Therefore, it is right that they should handle our fields. "

Livingston saw several times as these settlers unexpectedly invaded the village, several women were collected and their gardens and gardens took them; And these poor women were supposed to throw their own work, to go behind them and drag on their backs of infants, food for themselves and still tools for work, and all this should do without any remuneration, without labor fees. To this favorable way to have giving workers, they added even more profitable. Sometimes a huge gang of such robbers of boilers goes to long settlements and abducts children there, especially boys who soon forget their native language and are easier to bother with unilles.

It is necessary to add to these disgusting actions even that these colonists call themselves Christians and not ashamed admit that they are hunting for people. They are justified by the fact that negros are the lowest breed of people; But is it justified by this very matter and is it not only an excuse for shameless people? As a result, they pursue everything that serves to develop blacks, and therefore persecutes and missionaries who preach that there are no slaves. The successes of missionaries for boilers are offensive and seem to be simply an enemy attack. They try to harm, pursue and finally, are clearly attacked and hardened the war with those tribes that live in friendly relations with missionaries. All these troubles and significant obstacles were convicted of Livingston to the idea, and even forced him - to look for a new way inside Africa, new countries, further to the north, where the tribes could take away from the persecution of their enemies.

IV

But where was it? To the West and north, between the station and the long-range tribes, for the friendly location of which the sech rushed, stretched like an insurmountable barrier, steppe Kalahari. This is the name of the extensive plane, lying between 20 ° and 26 ° longitude, and 21 ° and 27 ° south. shir There are no rivers, nor mountains nor the valleys and that everything is strange, not a single stone. But this steppe is not some kind of fruitless and deserted sultry sugar. No, the grass there in places is the same thick, juicy and high, as in India; The impassable forests cover huge spaces, gigantic mimoses grow, flowering luxury shrubs, a variety of flowers.

But Calahari perfectly deserves the name of the steppe, according to the perfect laptop of water. Thirst, a thirst, rather than all other obstacles, stops travelers. "Suchness or perfect lack of water, write a missionary lemo from the south of Africa, is not due to the fact that there is no rain: but it is from too smooth plane of the edge. Neither a hill, no skate, anywhere in the slightest deepening, where water can accumulate; Light, loose and sandy soil everywhere absorbs water and does not give it anywhere.

During the heavy rains, the Earth absorbs the immediate entire mass of falling water, before the fact that with a torrential rain, the traveler will not find the traveler in the evening than to squeeze the painful thirst.

However, in some places, at large distances, there are places of not completely sandy soil, where rainwater is kept and retained. During the rains, these puddles become small lakes. Then the man, lion, giraffe, all the inhabitants of this country come one after another thoroughly thoroughly, and at such meetings, of course, terrible and deadly fights happen. It is also clear that, in African scorching sunWater in these pools is evaporated soon, and it is impossible to count on water; It also happens that in some places this water dissolves the salt, which consists in the soil, is made solonly and even more increasing thirst.

But people live in these non-sensitive places! They belong to two tribes, which, although for centuries are subject to the same climate conditions, but retained a noticeable difference in which one can judge various origins.

The first of them Bushmen, the primitive tribe of this part of the mainland; The people of the nomadic, lives hunting and goes from place to place after the game, which is powered by. They are actors, tirelessly, without fear attack Lviv and their poisonous arrows are fear of all their enemies.

The second tribe, bakalichari, belongs to the Bekuenov family. These are the remnants of that tribe, which, due to wars and oppression, should have to look for asylum and freedom in these deserts. They retained all the former inclinations: love for farming and ability to care for pets. By nature, timid times, they are distinguished by the meekness of morals and hospitality. And there is almost no nearby owner who would not consider themselves the subject slaves. Any of the bosses, no matter how unbelievable, speaking of them, will certainly say: My Bakalikhari workers. Their lands are called: Calichari, the land of slaves.

Bakalikhari love, however, their wild deserts, which, in their own extensity, give them the opportunity to hide from the oppressants. They are very skillfully find the places where there is a little water, and women collect her in leather bags or in skillfully drilled shell of ostrich eggs, and carefully hide underground to keep her freshness and hide from the enemies.

If the traveler appears to them with friendly intentions, and these poor people will make sure of it in a few times, it will be removed from somewhere, where it is impossible to suspect it, and they will give it thirst. One day the robbers attacked one of these poor villages and demanded water. They were collected coldly that there is no water and no one drinks it. The fathers guard of the inhabitants all day and the whole night, with emergency attention, which was terribly terrible; But nothing could notice; Residents seem to be used to living without drinking and not suffering from thirst as they. Without waiting for a drop, the enemies were to leave and find themselves to find water somewhere in the puddles.

What is all strange in the attachment of bakalichari to their lands, this is a lot of animals, the attacks of which they are indispensable. Not counting the elephants, Lviv, Leopards, Tigers, Gien, some kite of all kinds such a lot that their indifferent hiss suggests the fatal fear of the traveler. Some snakes are green as the leaves in which they are hidden, other bluers and are similar to the color on the branches, near which they are wrapped. The bite of almost all of these snakes is mortally. The lemma mentions one of them, the most dangerous snake called Chosa Bosigo or a snake of the night. "She is completely black and hurts his horror with his disgustingly convex, completely round disproportionately with big eyes; Aspectable gaze of this snake is unbearable and can not compare anything across nature. In addition, she is such a huge amount that I saw once (tells the lemma), as the natives killed such a snake with darts at a great distance.

Plant type varies in Africa according to climate and soil requirements: so for example. The market grapes have not such roots as our: there the root has formed by tubers, like our potato: maybe it was the effort of nature - to maintain any humidity in the reserve, so necessary during long-term droughts. Two other plants - perfect blessing for residents of this steppe. The stem of one rises from the Earth barely on three tops; And deep into almost 7 vershs and grows by a tuber in a big children's head; The checkered fabric of this fetus is filled with thick juice, which, thanks to the depth, in which it ripes, is unusually fresh.

Another plant is even better, it seems to be a watermelon. After heavy rains, which sometimes happens, the desert is covered with these fruits and is a charming, lively and even delicious picture.

When the first rays of the sun begins to gall up the tops of the trees, "the sorry will crush and gently, and she will answer this morning girlfriend to this morning. Dark blue starlings, beautiful coats flying from a tree on a tree. Through the winds are swinging on the branches of the jesters, which brings the nest to the branch on a flexible some stem, to protect his offspring from the attack of snakes; And the strange device of the nest of birds living families and components often significant colonies are calmly attached on other trees. - In the forest, the knock of Beak Woods and Tukan, which, under the rough bark, the mimosa are found for themselves all sorts of insects and caterpillars. "

Such places had to go through Livingston to get to the tribes living in Africa. To avoid the difficulties that would have to be transferred in the case of prolonged droughts, he decided to go not directly; But bypassing the floors of the steppe and, if possible, warn all the disasters of traveling in such edges.

On June 1, 1849, Livingston, with a family and two of his friends, aggravate (Oshelle) and Murrey (Merrem), started on the road, in the edges of unknown. More than five hundred wool they walked among the terrible mobility; But you can imagine their delight, when after thirty days a terribly heavy path ended without wasteful, fruitless, deserted places, and they approached the shores of a wide and deep stream, a zoa, autonated with magnificent trees, between which were completely unknown by our travelers.

Residents accepted strangers with full and sincere French and said that the Zuig follows from the NGAM Lake, lying on 500 Worst further to the north. Livingston, in joy from such an unexpected discovery, provided his satellites slowly wade into the heavy carriage of the convictions of the river: And he himself, with several vested villages to the boat from the tree bark and swam to the lake. As they rose upstream, the river became wider and upstream, the river was becoming wider and deeper, and but the severity was more often visible. Finally, on August 1, a small caravan, after a two-month heavy path, stopped on the shore of a beautiful and magnificent lake, where no European was not over. - Livingston's wife and their three children who delivered all the deprivation of a difficult path with his father, divided the honor of the opening of the lake with him. Lake Ngami in length about 35 miles; But despite the extensity, shallow and therefore it will never be proper navigation; And the shores could be an ivory trading center.

And in fact, the elephants there are such a lot that one merchant who joined the expedition of Livingston, for a rifle, which was barely worth five rubles, bought ten elephant fangs. In the lake and the river, the Great Many of all fish, and the fish eat all the inhabitants, contrary to the customs of more southern tribes, whose fish are considered unclean kushan. One fish totted the special attention of Livingston: it looks like an eel with a thick head, without scales; The natives call it moss, and the Naturalists of Glanis Siluris (SOM). This fish is sometimes very large; When the fisherman carries her, holding his head on a paw, then the tail of the fish is dragged but the earth; In her head, according to a special gowning device, several water is always stored, so it can live for quite a long time, tearing in a thick dirt of the drying swamp.

Livingston really wanted to penetrate the lake, to the settlement of a significant king named Sebituen, a friend of the sech, converted to Christianity. But the misfortune of one of the local chiefs of the village, the inability to get the forest for the device of the flesh and later than the year of the year, everything was an obstacle, so I had to postpone this trip to another, more convenient time, and our travelers went back on the way to Kolobeng.

In the next 1850, again, I tried to get into the same direction; to them joined and addressed the sech; But hope again deceived Livingston. Some of the travelers fell ill with fever, and the hopping wheels were almost all exterminated by a poisonous fly, called Tsetse. It was necessary to hurry somehow to progress.

Muha Tsetz, Glossina Morsitans, which always plays a wonderful role in all travel stories, but Africa, no more than our ordinary flies, brought color, like a bee, with three or four yellow stripes on the trouser. Its sting not at all harmful to a person: but if she is horrified by ox or a horse, then they have no salvation. It is also noticed that both Cetz's wild animals are not dangerous, and does not even harm calves that they suck still their diet. This fly is found only in some, sharply limited bands; Livingston saw himself that the southern side of the Khoba River was inhabited, and the opposite shore is free, so that the wheels are completely safe at a distance of 70 steps from the deaths of their enemies. First, the Tsetz states does not produce any particularly harmful effect on the ox; But a few days after the signs of the disease are. The will lows from day to day more and more, and after a few weeks or months, weakening finally, dies. There is no means against such a disaster. Where cattle breeding is the only wealth of the people, you can imagine what misfortune can happen if the flock somehow get acquainted for a safe hell, in the strip, inherent in the poisonous fly: then the tribe rich can lose everything and tolerate terrible hunger.

A traveler who has the wills pull the van and at the same time provide their food with its meat, in case of unsuccessful hunting, it can easily die with hunger if this malicious fly will fall on the road.

V.

Livingston just returned with his comrades from the road after the second failed expedition, as Colebeng came to the station, sent from Sebitatan to which Livingston wanted to get. Sebituen knew about both attempts to a missionary to go to him, and therefore sent a significant number of oxen by three supervisors to him, past the villages of which would have to go to our travelers, so that they would not interfere and, j and also helped the missionary expedition.

Before these gifts, the bosses in fact every way interfered with Livingston to penetrate the country because they wanted to keep all the benefits of intercourse with Europeans.

An encouraged by such a persistent appeal, at the beginning of the spring of 1851, Livingston, with his friend with his own mild, went on the road, with the solid intention to finally arrange a missionary station in the middle of the newly open tribes. Livingston took his wife and children with him, deciding to stay with them in the middle of the savages and the deserts of Africa.

Our travelers noticed with surprise a whole chain of swamps covered with salt crystals; One of these swamps was stretching at 175 to the length in length, and in the width was a verticle 25. According to the error, the conductor, travelers walked along the most irreparable side of the desert, without any vegetation; Only in some places, low-spirited bushes, crawling but sand; Monotonous silence of the steppe was not enlivened by a voice of birds or an insect flight. The conductor admitted, finally, he himself does not know where he leads, and in addition, the fourth day disappeared. Fortunately, Living Caravan, Livingston noticed the traces of the rhino, which never goes far from the water. Embroidered oxen, and some of the servants went on the trails of the animal, in confidence that they would find nearby at least some puddle.

Five days passed in this direction, five terrible days for the Father, who saw that a small supply of water was depleted, carefully saved for children. Either reproach, neither Ropota did not utter a poor mother; But several quiet tears proved her desperate concerns about the fate of all expensive her heart. Finally, on the fifth day, they were sent with a good margin of water. Returned with them and the fled conductor, and everyone reached out to the shore of Chobe (Lignanti), a wide and deep river, which flows in Zambezi. With this river there is a village of Lignanti, Sebitaine's location, King Makololo tribe.

Reception made by a missionary clearly showed the location and impatience with which he wanted to see Livingston. Sebituan requested the permission to be present at the ministry of the dinner, which Livingston appointed the other day after his program, and committed Karkia and Tsel.

"Early, before dawn," says Livingston, "Sebitatan came and sat with us from a divorced fire and told us the story of his last life.

"Sebitan was undoubtedly the most wonderful person of all blacks, which only I happened to meet. He was about forty-five years; High growth and the Hercules body showed a lot of power: the color of the face is olive, and a head with a small bald. In circulation, it is usually cold and careful; But we cost us very friendly and answered everything with such a frankness, which I did not find in any of my black chiefs. Sebituen was the most brave warrior in the whole edge and always warmed himself with his army in all battles: although it was against the general customer's customer, but he neglected and never acted in the example of others. Often he fought, and always happily; But it must be said to honor that the war did not make fun for him: he fought not for glory, but only if necessary: \u200b\u200bhe was forced to defend themselves from boilers and other, more dangerous enemies, Matebel and their King Mazelekatsy. "

At the time when Livingston saw Sebituen, he would conquer all the small tribes, inhabiting the swampy terrain when the Chobe was pushed in Zambezi. Focusing all his strength in this place, he took a favorably of everyone who was looking for a patronage: he was loved by all for his kindness and justice. Sebitaine was very pleased that Livingston was not afraid to take his family with him; He took it proof of confidence that shone his noble nature.

Sebituan showed Livingston neighborhood and provided him to choose a place to base a missionary station where he wants; But soon he unexpectedly fell ill, due to long-standing wounds. All missionary enterprises stopped; And the position of Livingston was very unpleasant: as an alien, he did not decrease to treat the patient, so that in the event of his death not to be accused of the people. "You are doing well," said one of the native doctors of Livingston, - that you do not heal the chief; The people blame you, and will be trouble. "

"After lunch, on the day of the death of the leader and the head of the people," Livingston writes, "I went to visit his sick with my little Robert." Go, he said, and see if I still like a person? My end appeared! "

"Seeing that he understands his position, I began to talk about death and about the future life, but one of those present noticed to me that it is not necessary to talk about death, because Sebitatan never dies. I stayed a few minutes near the patient, then I wanted Go: then the sick rose, called one of the servants and said: "Take Robert to Maunga (one of his wives), so that she gave him milk." It was the last words of Sebitatan.

Although the death of such a powerful patron sorted at the time of the assumptions of Livingston, but did not deprive his favor and friendly relations of the natives. Daughter, the heiress of the deceased King, allowed the missionary to inspect her possessions.

In contrast to S. fruitless deserts Southern Africa, this part is a real labyrinth of rivers, and the natives are very correctly called their land name, which means: "River on the river". Following the main course, our travelers opened the magnificent River Zambezi, which flows into the Mozambique Bay, as Livingston subsequently convinced.

River Zambezi will change its name several times; Her name is that Liba, then Liamby, then Zambezi. All these names mean the river on different adverbs of the tribes that live on her shores. Livingston describes this river as:

"In the width of Zambezi from 170 to 230 seeded; Despite drought, water in it is always abundant. Shores from 2 to 3 seedlings; And during floods, whom the traces are visible everywhere, the shores are flooded with a twenty in both directions. With wind, the excitement is so hard that the crossings are dangerous. Once I crossed the other side in good weather; And on the return path, after the sacred service, barely persuaded the natives to transport me back on their boats. "

It is impossible to present happiness that filled the soul of Livingston at the sight of this magnificent river, which in his dreams was natural and convenient in these inaccessible countries. Now, it means that the key is found to this mysterious edge.

Returning to the third time in Kolobeng, the missionary cried from delight, and decided, by all means, to persistently continue further discoveries.

Here is a letter of Livingston, sent by the Missionary Society in London, from October 4, 1851.

"You see, what extensive countries are open in front of us by the will of good providence; but I feel that it is not able to do anything, if I am not freed from all your home care. Since we already had the intention to send children to England, then I I find that now to send them together with the mother - it will be smarter. Then I can go on my business alone and dedicate two or three years with these new countries. One thought about separation from his wife and children tears my heart; but this victim is necessary.

"Think what many people in the lands of Sebituen are located to accept the Gospel, think that, in all probabilities, the impact and efforts of missionaries may stop bargaining with blacks in most of Africa. Think that in particular with this again open it is the possibility of nonsense of Christians with savages; And then, I am sure that I don't have to answer this letter for a long time.

"My ambition is limited to the desire to translate the Bible into their language, and when I achieve the fact that it will be available to understanding this people, I will die calmly."

For such a call for a person, a devoted idea of \u200b\u200bChristianity, the society of missionaries could not respond unsatisfactory.

(to be continued)

For a long time, Africa remained for Europeans "Terra Incognita" - an unknown land. Only at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries unknown Earth It became gradually to open. English travelers became pioneers of the continent of the continent. And one of the most famous pages in the study of this mainland was inscribed by David Livingston.

He was a son of a poor farmer and knew about the need. From 10 years, David had to work in the factory. It was there that he read the appeal of the Missionary Gutetslov and decided to devote his life to people. However, at first he had to get a profession. With great difficulty, the young man managed to earn enough money to learn at the doctor. David entered the medical faculty of the university in Glasgow. In the autumn of 1840, he graduated from the course, and in November he was awarded the title of missionar. Soon after that he went to Africa.

There he heard from the natives that east of the Cape Province is located big Lakethat none of the Europeans seen. And on June 1, 1849, he went to the first expedition. Overcoming the anhydrous desert of Calahari, Livingston reached Lake Ngami. Returning, he immediately began preparations for new research. This time it was decided to explore the ridges of the River Zambezi. It was necessary to find new trading paths through the territory of Africa.

The expedition started in 1852 and 83 boats were held on this the largest river. It was especially difficult to overcome the watershed of the Zambezi rivers and the Congo. Through the central part of Africa, Livingston managed to go to the Atlantic coast. Then he decided to move to East Africa. But one of his most important discoveries made in 1855 was Victoria Waterfall, falling from a height of 108 meters. Livingston called him in honor of the British Queen of Victoria. For a long time, this waterfall was considered the biggest on earth. Then Livingston sent his way to the West and reached the Indian Ocean. So he became the first person who was able to cross all Africa - from the ocean to the ocean.

When Livingston returned to Britain, he was met as a national hero, and the British geographical society awarded his big gold medal.

The goal of the new expedition was the detection of Zambezi sources. For this, Livingston climbed the river on the steamer, and then went to her influx wider. Here travelers waved various failures, Livingston's wife died from fever, various diseases and misfortunes took some more lives. But as a result, Livingston opened a large lake of Nyas and the second lake - Shirva. The expedition continued from 1853 to 1864. Then Livingston returned to England.

Having arrived at home, he began to prepare for another expedition. Now he decided to detect the origins of the Nile. Livingston again came to the lake of Nyas, then examined a large Lake Tanganyik and opened Lake Bangwolo. This journey was especially difficult. Livingston tormented fever and other diseases. It was here that he discovered that the cause of fever is malaria - the disease that insect bites cause. This discovery saved the lives of many pioneers of tropical Africa.

In addition to illness, his squad collided with other difficulties: threats of slave trade, attacks of robbers. In addition, they have run out food and medicine reserves. But in the end he managed to get to the village of Uzhiji on the shore of Lake Tangani. There Livingston broke the camp and was forced to stop. Since then, no one has heard in Europe about Livingston. Everyone decided that he was killed.

Livingston's search was headed by nobody not a well-known reporter Henry Stanley (real name - John Rowland, 1841-1904). He then worked in the New York Gerald newspaper and in 1871 was sent to Africa by James Bennet. After many searches, the walls found out that white doctor lives in one village. Reaching the village of Uzhiji on November 10 of the same year, he discovered Livingston. It turned out that there was no possibility to return, because the enemies burned his boats.

At the meeting, the walls said four words: "I suppose you - Dr. Livingston?". In time, the help provided a traveler from death. But on the proposal of the walls to return to England, he answered with refusal.

Walls and Livingston became friends and several expeditions were made together. While traveling around Lake Bangwolo in 1872, Livingston felt very bad. He died on May 1, 1873 in a small village Chitambo. His heart was buried there. The African friends of Livingston, Sushi and the plague, have disliked the body of the scientist and handed it to the sea, to the port of Zanzibar. From there, the coffin with Livingston's body was sent to England on the ship and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

Livingston became famous for the fact that he played the termination of the slave trade. Respect for the indigenous population of Africa also expressed himself in the fact that, unlike most researchers, he kept local geographical names Opened objects.

It is curious that Henry Stanley got infected from Livingston to traveling and after his death was more than once in Africa. Basically, he pursued topographic purposes. Unlike Livingston, he went to the honorable resignation and lived calmly his days, trying not to take risky movements.

Stunt Herbert.

David Livingston (life researcher in Africa)

Herbert Note

David Livingston

Life researcher Africa

Abbreviated translation from German M. K. Fedorenko

candidates of Geographical Sciences M. B. Gornung and I. N. Oleinikov

More than thirty years spent an outstanding Scottish geographer David Livingston among Africans, studied their customs and languages, lived their lives. With childhood, heavier labor and need, he became a passionate champion of social justice and humanism, an opponent of slave trade, racism and cruelty of colonizers.

Arriving in Africa as a missionary, Livingston Unlike most of his fellows soon realized that the introduction of local residents to world civilization should be started with material culture. The search for paths to the peoples of inner Africa led him to large geographic discoveries.

D. Livingston - an outstanding traveler and a humanist of the XIX century

The factory worker becomes a doctor and missionary

Stubborn Scotland

In South Africa on a swing harness

Adventure with Lion

Christian slaves hunters

The leader of the sech accepts Christianity

Missionary becomes a traveler researcher

First opening of Livingston Lake Ngami

The Great Leader Sebitoune

Death Sebituen

From Cape Town to Angola

Attack of boots for colobeng

Lions, elephants, buffaloes, rhinos ...

Visiting Makololo

Through unknown land to the west coast

The edge of the earth!

The first European crosses Africa

Return Makololo.

Moza OA Tunya - "Radiant Couples"

From Victoria Waterfall to the Indian Ocean

After sixteen years - home

CELEBRITY

In the fight against slave trade

At around the thresholds

Opening of Lake Nyasa

Livingston kept the promise of "Ma Robert" sink

Livingston frees the slave

Hunters for slaves on Lake Nyas

1862-th - ill-fated year

Deep disappointment and plans

"Captain" Livingston

Coupled and new plans

In search of rivers

Unsuccessful choice

Bloody trail of the workers

"... as if I had just read the death sentence ..."

Opening of Lakes Mweru and Bangveolo

Neil or Congo?

Bloody slaughter in Nyangwe

"Dr. Livingston, I suppose?"

Last hike

Sust and Chuma

Burry in Westminster Abbey

Afterword

Notes

________________________________________________________________

David Livingston - an outstanding traveler and a humanist of the XIX century

For fate, true great people are characteristic that over time their names will not fill. On the contrary, interest in them is increasing, and not even so much to their affairs, how much to their life and individuality. In 1983, she turned 110 years since David Livingston's death. Nowadays, interest in his personality broke out with a new force, because it was now that the establishment of independent Africa and the revaluation of the history of the continent, with which almost all of Livingston's life is connected.

Livingston's activities in Africa scrupulously fixed themselves in three books that make up the priceless literary heritage of the traveler. In our country, interest in Livingston was always very large and his books were translated into Russian almost immediately after their exit in England, and then repeatedly reprinted *.

* In 1857, the first book of Livingston was published in London - "Journey to South Africa from 1840 to 1856", and already in 1862 its Russian translation appeared in St. Petersburg, re-released in 1868. In 1947 and 1955, this book was published in the USSR in a new translation. Two years after entering London the next book of Livingston, written by him with Brother Charles, - "Journey to Zambezi from 1858 to 1864" - In Russia in 1867 its translation appears, and in Soviet times it is reprinted twice in 1948 and 1956. Posthumous book - "The last diaries of David Livingston in Central Africa since 1865 and before his death", prepared for pressing Hoodie Waller, reached in London in 1874. In 1876, a brief retelling of this book was published in Russia, and in 1968 it was published in its full transfer called "Last journey to Central Africa".

However, now we have practically no simple, calculated on the widest circles of readers of the book on Livingstone, whose life is a sample of courage and perseverance in achieving the noble goal, an example of human-minded and combating racial intolerance and oppression. If you do not consider the books of Adamovich, published in 1938 in the series "Life of remarkable people" and in essentially the bibliographic rarity that has already become a bibliographic reader, to learn about Livingston's life, except for miser encyclopedic articles, yes, information about his biography and personality scattered in various scientific Articles and books, or in the prefaces to the volumes of his diaries.

Herbert's book About Livingstone, released in the German Democratic Republic by the century from the day of the traveler's death and the secondary leaving in Russian in the Publishing House "Thought", fills this gap in our entirely extensive popular science literature on great travelers. In his estimates of the period of traveling of Livingston, that is, the epochs of the beginning of the colonial section of Africa, stamp proceeds from the main provisions of Marxism-Leninism, occupying and on other issues of the history of Africa position, common to scientists of socialist countries. The desire to popularize the presentation is characteristic of the entire content of the book.

Biographical information about Livingston's life before it is to move to Africa in a book relatively little space, which is quite explained. First, the main thing in Livingston's biography is his life and activities in Africa. Secondly, its data on early years Life is really stupid, but stamp gathered almost everything known about this period of Livingston's life. On a few pages, the author managed to clearly show the beginning of the formation of a firm character of the future bold traveler and researcher.

The whole rest of the book is based primarily on its own materials of Livingstone, as well as in the books of the traveler itself, in the chronological sequence, but in a peculiar literary manner, which is typical of successful biographical books. In the last chapters, the book, Street, almost literally uses the English newspapers 1874 on the funeral of Livingston's remains in Westminster Abbey in London and includes sections about Livingstone African satellites - Sust and Plague. They are rightly said very warmly as well as the people who made a feat, moved the ashes of the great traveler from the depths of Africa to the ocean.

Talking in detail about Livingston's life, Watte quite naturally did not put the goal to analyze the scientific importance of its specific geographical discoveries, in particular in connection with the general picture of the state of the geographical study of Africa in the XIX century, although it concerns these issues. It is still thinking that it is useful to do at least briefly in the present preface to emphasize Livingston's importance in world science as a researcher, and not just a traveler, especially since in the history of Africa's study the middle and the beginning of the second halves XIX. The century is usually called the "Livingstone period" study of Africa.

By this time, in the north of Africa is truly the "white stain" on the map only internal, very weakly populated areas of the greatest desert of the world - Sahara remained. In the West, the mainland has already been solved the most important geographical problem of the region - the course of the Niger River is determined throughout the huge trace. However, to the south of the equator, most Africa remained a "white stain" on the map of the continent. The mystery was for science, the origins of the Nile, the configuration of the Great Lakes of East Africa, the upper flow of the Congo River, the hydrographic network of the Zambezi basin and many other geography problems of this part of Africa, which caused hot discussions among European scientists.

"Livingston period" of the history of the study of Africa, which covered about three decades, in scientific relationship is characterized by almost all unclear questions, the answers to which served as the basis for compiling modern card Central Africa south of the equator was allowed exactly then. This happened thanks to the journey of Livingston or research, anyway connected with scientific activities Livingston, with its discoveries or with geographic guesses expressed by him.

In the course of his travels, Livingston not only "deciphered" a complex drawing of the hydrographic network "White Spot" in the center and in southern Africa, but for the first time the world has reported many details about the nature of this territory. Already after the first big TravelHaving swept the Zambezi pool, he made the most important conclusion for science that internal Africa is not a system of mythical Nagrai, as long as long as it was assumed, and a huge plateau with raised edges, steeply falling to the ocean coast. For the first time, the River Zambezi River was applied to the map of the fallen tributaries in it. The outlines of the lake Nyas, about which Europeans had only vague ideas. One of the largest waterfalls of the world was opened on Zambezi.