New hebrites - Condominium (joint ownership) of Great Britain and France in central Melanesia. In addition to the islands, new hebritis condominium includes also located north of this Banx and Torres Island Archipelago.

Administratively, new hebrides are divided into four districts: Northern (Banx Islands, Torres, Espirita-Santo, Aoba, Maevo), the second central (Maleku, Penthekost, Ambirm, Epi), the first central (Shephherd Island, Efate), South (Eromanga , Mystery, Aneita). The administrative center of Condominium - Port Vila (or Vila) on the island of Fate.

The geographical coordinates of the new hebrid - 13 - 21 ° YU. sh. and 166 - 171 ° C. Area - 14,763 square meters. km, including Espiritu-Santo - 3.9 thousand, Malekules - 1.2 thousand, Eromang - 0.9 thousand, Efate - 0.8 thousand population of condominium, according to the middle of 1964, - 66 thousand people.

Large islands of the archipelago have mountainous relief. The windows of coastal lowlands on all islands, with the exception of Espirita-Santo, very narrow. On new hebrites lying in the seismically active zone, earthquakes are often frequent.

Climate islands - Equatorial. The most hot and the wet season falls for November - April. Season, lasting from May to October, cooler and land. During this period, trade winds are dominated among the winds. The average annual temperature on Espiritu-Santo 26 °, on Tanna island 22 °. Annual rainfall varies within 2000 - 3000 mm.

The hydrographic network on the islands is quite well developed, however the length of the rivers is small.

Wet tropical vegetation dominates on new hebrides. In some way, in more dry places, the forests are inferior to the savannah. Among the soils are prevailing red.

The basis of the economy of new hebrid - agriculture, primarily agriculture. Coconut palm trees are the most important marketable crop. Recently, cocoa cultures, coffee, banana, citrus, pineapple, vanilla are being introduced, but their meaning is small. Among consumer crops are the greatest importance to the NAMS, Tarot and Manica; Some role in the food diet is played by a breadwinner, a saga palm tree, papaya, mango, butt, corn, millet.

From the branches of the animal husbandry, productive importance is the breeding of meat breeds of cattle, which has been developed on the islands of Efate and Espirita-Santo. In a smaller scale, sheepstone, goat breeding, pig breeding and poultry farming are developed.

AT last years Significant sizes acquired and fishing fishery, which is associated with the organization on new hebrites of a large fishing enterprise with a significant participation of Japanese capital.

Industry is only in its infancy. Some of the forest harvesting is carried out, but its scale due to predatory cutting of large massifs of valuable rocks is currently insignificant. A manganese ore is mined in a small amount.

New hebrites Associated with the outside world by marching ships and aircraft. Communication between individual islands is maintained with small ships. Good highways are available only on the largest islands.

The main export item is a copra, a manganese ore, frozen fish, also have some meaning in export. Exports are guided mainly to France, Australia occupies first place in imports.

It can be assumed that at first there were some Papaso-Public peoples who were then assimilated by the Melanesian population. The complexity of the ethnic and anthropological picture of the new hebrid was reinforced by a relatively late migration of Polynesians, which can now be found on the individual small islands of the archipelago.

When Europeans have penetrated new hebrides, they caught the archipelago to the archipelago, which was at the stage of decomposition. In the northern part of the new Gebrid, the matriarchal orders were also dominated, the matriarchy in the central and southern parts of the matriarchy was replaced by Patriarchate. On the islands of the southern group, the population of which has reached the highest level of socio-economic development, from the mass of ordinary communists, a rather significant largest interlayer of the family-tribal nobility was separated from the mass.

The first European, who was in service in Spain, Sqiros, was in service. However, since the opening of the archipelago (1606) has passed over 200 years, before the relations of the local population with Europeans acquired relatively regular. More or less strong contacts were installed in the 1930s of the XIX century. Kitolov, as well as merchants engaged in the workpiece of sandalwood, which in those times was abundant on new hebrides. Since 1864, the archipelago has appeared on the archipelago, which delivered labor on the Plantation of Queensland and Fiji. As a result of the activities of these adventurers, the population of new hebrid suffered huge losses: a large number of captured islanders died during transportation or during the inspired work on plantations.

Gradually, plantations begin to organize on the new hebrites themselves. The export of labor from the archipelago was replaced by her importation. The owners of plantations were both the British and the French, and soon the rivalry began between the United Kingdom and France for the possession of "special rights" on the islands. Fight for new hebrides Between these two colonial powers ended with the conclusion of agreements (the latter of which was signed in 1906), as a result of which the islands were delivered under joint control of France and Great Britain.

The establishment of the Anglo-French administration caused opposition by the Aboriginal. On different islands of new hebrid began to deploy liberation movements, among which the most organized and targeted character had the movement of John Froum. It originated in 1940 on Tanna, one of the most populated and developed in the socio-economic attitude of the islands of the new hebrid, and later shifted on the islands of Malekules and Ambrid. The leaders of John Frum's movement put forward the slogan of the liberation of the country from colonializers and began to prepare an armed uprising. The English-French authorities applied against the participants of the cruel repression. Nevertheless, colonial powers failed to fully suppress the liberation struggle.

In the meantime, new hebritis continue to remain one of the most backward colonies Oceania. The standard of living on the archipelago is lower than on other islands of Melanesia. Both managers do not want to conduct even those kouchy reforms in the condominium, which they were forced to spend in their "sole" possessions.

The management of colonizers caused a sharp depopulation of new hebrides. Although information on the population of new hebrid, cited by different researchers, is very approximate, there is no doubt that on the archipelago at the end of the XVIII - early XIX century. There was a much more numerous population than now. So, in 1774, the population of new hebrid was assessed in 200 thousand .. however, the slave trade, as well as the affected diseases led to the population of the islands began to quickly decline. In 1874, Aborigines had already numbered only 106 - 113 thousand, in 1890 - 75 - 80 thousand, in 1910 - 65 thousand, in 1920 - 59 thousand according to his wife 1936, in Condominium lived only 42 thousand people.

On a number of islands of new hebrid, depopulation has taken even more significant sizes. Thus, the population of one of the main islands of the archipelago - Efate - decreased in 60 from a small years (1848 - 1910) more than 10 times, and the population of the island Anject has decreased over 100-year period (1839 - 1939) by 27 times. Only after World War II began to be observed more or less stable population growth. However, only by 1962 the population of new hebrid reached the level of 1910.

It should be noted that all the above figures have a very approximate nature, since universal censuses of the population on new hebrides have never been produced.

Regular registration of the indigenous population was not established in the country, as a result of which rates, mortality and natural growth are unknown.

Immigration for new hebrides - This is primarily importance to the workers' archipelago for the plantations belonging to Europeans. Previously, the Vietnamese was imported as a contracted workers, in the last years, the main flow of immigrants was walking from Wallis Islands, Futun and Tahiti. In turn, small groups of the Novogridians leave from time to time their native islands, heading to work in a new Caledonia.

Internal migrations on new hebrides are also associated primarily with the plantation: in the areas of plantations there is a constant influx of local labor.

The average density of the population of new hebrid in 1964 - 4.5 people per 1 square meter. km. The most densely populated Islands of Paama and Tongoa and a number of small islets located near Efat and Maleku. The smallest density of the population is the island of Eromanga in the southern part of the new Gebrid and the island of Vanua Lava in the Banx group. On these islands per 1 square. km do not have one person. It should be noted that at large islands (Espirita-Santo, Maleku, Efat, etc.), significant internal areas are completely deprived of the population.

Almost all of the population of new hebrid lives in villages, which vary in size, but in most cases do not exceed 200 people. Two "urban" settlements - Port Vila (Efate Island) and Luganville (Espiritu-Santo Island) are actually large villages. Port-Vila population is only about 4 thousand people.

On new hebrites there is a sharp imbalance of sexual composition. Men are on very approximate estimates, 55% of the population, women - 45%. Data O. age-class No population.

The overwhelming majority of the condominium population are engaged in agriculture. In the recently developed fishing and mining industry, only a small percentage of the population is occupied.

The colonial authorities let go of extremely scarce funds for the needs of education, and most of the Novogridians are illiterate.

The aboriginal groups overwhelmed by the statistics consists of melanesians, which do not represent a single ethnic community on new hebrides, and form a number of small tribal and ethno-territorial groups. All these groups can be reduced to two ethnic territorial complexes that differ from each other: the melaniesians of the northern new hebrides and the Melanesians of the southern new hebrides.

In addition to the Aboriginal Northern Archipelago, the population of Banks and Torres Islands is also included in the first complex. The population of Torres Islands, which is currently very small, speaks in a single language. In fact, it is already one group. The Population of Bancke Islands is more significantly in numbers, more here and dialectal differences in the language. However, already relatively long ago, the island dialects gradually displaced the Mota (language of the island of a similar name), and the Population of the BCAKS Islands is currently relatively uniform in languages \u200b\u200band ethnic terms.

Much more fractionally in ethnically, the population of the largest island is Espirita-Santo. True, most of his languages \u200b\u200b(except the Sakau's tribe language living in the northeastern part of the island) is quite close, but before the ethnic consolidation of various territorial groups is still far away. In the coastal areas of the island, the "Lingua Franca" feature performs "PIDAIN-INGLISH".

The ethnic composition of the population of the Mal Male Island is very complex. Here you can meet very different languages, there are between individual groups of the population of this island and significant cultural differences. The most famous among the tribal and territorial groups of Merculus "Large Nambas", separated in the northern part of the island.

A much homogeneous population of the islands located east of Espirita-Santo and Maleku. On the island of Aoba (Ozba), the entire population speaks in one language (divided into a number of dialects - valuriga, etc.) and actually forms a single territorial group. In the northern part of the island of Maevo, the small population also speaks in the same language (Tanariki), which almost completely displaced the dialects previously distributed here. In the south of this island, there are people from the neighboring penthek. Ethnic composition The population of the Pentect, or Raga, is somewhat more complicated. Here are three territorial groups: North, Central and South. The Northern Group (part of which moved to Maevo), speaking in Lamalanga, is close in language relations to the population of Aoba, Maevo, Banks and Torres Islands. Central and especially South (Ponoroval) group, linguistically and ethnically associated with the population of the ambris. The population of the ambris is very uniformly, except for the extreme southeastern of the island, the inhabitants of which (Tabuiak) are closer to residents of Paama island than to the inhabitants of the rest of the Ambris.

A separate territorial group (PAAM) forms the population of the neighboring islands of Paama and Lopevi.

Comprehensible ethnic and language painting on an island of epi, where there are seven languages. However, 80% of the population epics speaks in the same language (left); There is a tendency to transition to this language and foreign language groups.

The most homogeneous region in the language and cultural relations area is the central part of the new hebrid (Shepherd Islands, Efate Island and islands adjacent to it). For the most part of this territory, the Nguna-Tongoa language and dialects close to it are common. Only on the islands of Makura, Tongo, the islands of Tongarika and Bucking are common somewhat excellent language (Makura).

There are significant differences between the melanesians of the northern and southern new hebrid, which are not limited to the language only, but are traced in culture and social organization.

From three major islands Southern new hebride is the most ethnically and linguistically homogeneous island Anject, where there is a single ethnic group and one language (Anject). A certain unity in the language and cultural relations is also the population of the island of Eromanga. True, there is one somewhat separate in the group's linguistic terms, but the number is insignificant. There are much more significant linguistic differences on the island of Tanna. However, during the movement of John Fruum, the population of the island so closely melted that now all the islanders consider themselves one whole.

Emphasizing the differences between the territorial groups of each ethno-territorial complex, it is impossible at the same time not to notice that in common, which unites the whole complex into a single whole. This applies to the ethnic complex of the northern new hebrides and the islands of Banks. It has already been indicated that neighboring territorial groups are often very close to each other. Such a "transition" from the group to the group facilitates ethnic rapprochement. It contributes to the process of consolidation. Cultural proximity of all territorial groups of northern new hebrides and the community of goals in the fight against the colonial regime.

Much slowly goes the process of rapprochement in the south of the archipelago. All southern territorial groups differ not only from the population of the northern part of the archipelago, but also among themselves. As a result, the ethnic complex of southern new hebrid is emerging with much less clarity.

The aboriginal population of condominium also includes small groups of Polynesians - "Outliers", seventeen in different islands of the archipelago. These are the relatives of Futun (Western) and Aniva, who occupy the islands of Erronan and Aniva in the southern part of the new hebrid, very close to the group of Phil and Mel - the population of two islets of the same name in the harbor of Vila southern coast Efate (Mel due to the overpopulation of the island was recently resettled on the Efate) and, finally, the MAE group, inhabiting in the eastern part of the island of EMAE, or three Hills (one of the islands of the Shephherd group). Note that Mahe in the language is quite different from other Novogridian "Outliers". To date, Phil Group, Mel and Mae have already been partial language assimilation: along with their relatives, they use the Melanesian language of the island of Efat and Shephherd Islands.

In addition to Polynesian-Aboriginalov on new hebrides there is a proven Polynesian population. This is the Invisa, Futunan, Tahita, who fell into the archipelago as contracted workers. The number of injections is constantly increasing, as the annual significant group arrives at the new hebrides.

From other oceanians on new hebrites there is still a small group of Micronesians-Hilbertsers, brought as contracted workers and employed on fish fishery organized by the Japanese on Espirita Santo Island.

As the recruited workers appeared on new hebrides also Vietnamese and the Chinese. Vietnamese still in the early 60s came out more than 2 thousand, but now it remains very little, since in 1963 the main mass of them was repatriated to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The remaining Vietnamese are engaged in craft or trade. Trade is also engaged in the overwhelming majority of Novogykda Chinese.

In recent years, a small group of Japanese appeared in connection with the organization of a fishing enterprise in new hebrides.
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New hebrites

(Franz. Nouvelles Hebrides, English. New Hebrides), Archipelago of 80 islands (12 of them are large, including Espirita-Santo, Ambrim, Efathe) in the southwestern part Pacific Ocean, in Melanesia. Joint ownership (condominium) of Great Britain and France. Area 14.8 thousand km2. Population of 90 thousand people. (1972). About 93% of the population make up local peoples, speaking in the languages \u200b\u200bof various branches of the Austronian family. In anthropological terms b. Part of them relates to melanesians, a small group ≈ to the Polynesians. There is also a reasons for the French, Anglo-Australians, Taitian, Uvea, Futun, and others. According to religion, the majority of the population is Christians (mostly as Solider). Administrative center and port ≈ Vila (about Efat).

The islands of the mountains (height up to 1810 m) are composed of volcanic rocks, have about 60 volcanoes, of which 10 acting, a lot of solfatar, fumarole, hot springs. The sulfur field, manganese (is being developed). Tropical wet climate. Average monthly temperatures from 20 to 27 ╟c. Precipitation up to 1000 mm per year. On the onward oriental slopes ≈ wet tropical forests, on Western Radhodati. Coconut palm plantations, cocoa, also cultivated sugar cane, coffee, cotton. Breeding cattle. The preparation of valuable trees (Agathis, etc.). Opened in 1606 Portuguese navigator P. Kiros. In 1774, J. Cook was investigated and named after N. G. for the mountainous appearance of the shores, resembling Hebrid Islands in Europe. The condominium was finally decorated in 1906. The Office implements the combined administration, in which the English and French Supreme Commissioners are included in equal rights. In 1957, a consultative council of 30 members was created as a local governance (12 melanesians, the rest of the British and French).

(Franz. Nouvelles Hebrides, English New Hebrides)

the archipelago of 80 islands (of which 12 are large, including Espiritu-Santo, Ambrim, Efate) in the southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean, in Melanesia (see Melanesia). Joint ownership (condominium) of Great Britain and France. Area 14.8 thousand. kM 2. Population of 90 thousand people. (1972). About 93% of the population make up local peoples, speaking in the languages \u200b\u200bof various branches of the Austronian family. In anthropological terms b. h. They are related to melanesians, a small group - to the Polynesians. There is also a reasons for the French, the French, Anglo-Australians, Taitian, Uvea, Futun, and others. According to religion, the majority of the population are Christians (mostly as Soliderians). Administrative center and port - Vila (efate).

The islands of the mountains (height up to 1810 m.), are composed of volcanic rocks, have about 60 volcanoes, of which 10 acting, a lot of solfatar, fumarole, hot sources. The sulfur field, manganese (is being developed). Tropical wet climate. Average monthly temperatures from 20 to 27 ° C. Precipitation up to 1000. mM. in year. On the windy eastern slopes - wet tropical forests, on the Western - gentlemen. Coconut palm plantations, cocoa, also cultivated sugar cane, coffee, cotton. Breeding cattle. The preparation of valuable trees (Agathis, etc.). Opened in 1606 Portuguese navigator P. Kiros. In 1774, J. Cook was investigated and named after N. G. for the mountainous appearance of the shores, resembling Hebrid Islands in Europe. The condominium was finally decorated in 1906. The Office implements the combined administration, in which the English and French Supreme Commissioners are included in equal rights. In 1957, a consultative council of 30 members was created as a local government (12 Melanesians, the rest - the British and the French).

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"New hebritis" in books

Chapter 3 New Circumstances, New People, New Obligations