In Tibet, one of the most beautiful Buddhist palaces in the world - Potala. The structure has received its name in the 11th century. In 1994, the Temple of Potala included a UNESCO Heritage List. It is located at an altitude of more than 3 thousand meters. The church of Potala is the official winter representation of the Dalai Lama. It was here that all ceremonies were held, meetings with the Tibetan government. Currently, a lot of tourists come here different countries Mira in order to see with their own eyes all the beauty and power of the Tibetan temple, familiar with rare exhibits.
History Potala
This beautiful temple complex is located in the colorful lhasa valley on Mount Marelo Ri. In Tibet, it is one of the highest monumental structures. According to the mythical legend, in the cave on Mount Marta Ri engaged in meditation Songts Gempo (Tibetan ruler in the 7th century AD). Later he decided to build a temple complex on the hill. His initial declaration has taken up to 17th century. With the help of Dalai Lama in 1648, the temple was renovated and a bit reconstructed. Today, this building can see travelers, arriving in Tibet. About 7 thousand workers and 1,000 artists took part in building construction.
The Supreme Head of Tibet in 1922 made the repair of halls and other religious premises in the White Palace, also workers renovated the Red Palace. This greatest structure suffered only once - in 1959 at the invasion of the Chinese.
In addition, the temple remained in excellent condition and after the rings of Hongwebins, which destroyed many Tibetan palaces in the 60-70s. 20th century. In the temple complex, all the exhibits and the sanctuations were hidden at this time.
Once in the castle, administrators and religious mentors were taught. In the White Palace there are small chapels that are valued for their preservation and sacred.
White Palace
The Potala Temple consists of a white and red palace. In the White Palace you can see the rooms of the monks of the Supreme Head of Tibet, Sunny and Big Oriental Pavilions.
It is worth noting that the solar pavilion consists of eastern and western part. In the western part there are rooms of the Thirteenth Supreme Head of Tibet, and in the eastern - the room of the Fourteenth Dalai Lama. Tourists will be able to see brick blankets in a sunny pavilion, tea and gold tea devices, porcelain sculptures, statues of Buddha Shakyamuni and much more.
The big oriental pavilion is the largest in the White Palace. It was here that cultural celebrations and political meetings took place. The walls of the Big Eastern Pavilion are decorated with frescoes on topics: "The history of the life of the princess", "as a monkey turned into a person." In the center of the Big Pavilion is a large statue of the Dalais.
Red Palace
In the Red Palace they read prayers in the name of Buddha Shakyamuni Monks of the Dalai Lama. Here you can see many pavilions with memorial sanctors and other unusual rooms.
The Red Palace has eight sanctuations, among which it is worth highlighting the rooms of the Thirteenth Dalai Lama and the fifth Supreme Chapter of Tibet. Them appearance Just surprises. They are so big and luxurious that any tourist will accurately remember the memorial sanctuations in Potala for life. Stupa Fifth Dalai Lama has a height of more than fourteen meters (five-storey house). It is completely made of real gold. Only Tibetan memorial sanctios are a large part of world wealth.
Stupa thirteenth Dalai Lama rises in a height of about 14 m. It was built in 1934
In the Red Palace, travelers will see various attributes, unique scriptures, unusual products and crafts, icons of Buddhist saints, frescoes that are captured by the construction of Tibetan temple complex.
His western part is the highest and most spacious hall of the Red Palace. Here, once, Dalai Lama took guests, satisfied the solemn events and spent sacrifices. Among the exhibits presents a transparency with imperial painting, packer and golden thread panels. You can also see a statue of a multiple and multipath of Avalokiteshwara, made of silver and gold.
The most ancient landmark of the temple complex - Pabalakan Pabalakan (Avalokiteshwar) and Favana Cave (27 square meters. Km.) The pavilion is located right above the cave, which allows tourists to consider the beauty of the complex. The FAVAN cave is rare statues of the princesses of the Tuffan Kingdom: Ludongzana, Chitizul and Wencheng.
Most palace pavilion roofs are coated with gilding and have a traditional Chinese form with flipping angles, which are often decorated with animals from legends.
Potala Palace is a monument to Buddhist architecture. Many exhibits are unique here and amazing. Having been in this palace, travelers want to come back here again.
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Hidden from the worldly bustle and noise high mountains globe Tibet since ancient manits travelers. This is one of ancient states The world with its unusual charter and orders, richest history and cultural heritage. And it is not surprising that it is in Tibet that the highest castle complex in the world is - Potala Palace. He received its name in the 11th century due to the grief on which it is located. It is called ENTU, according to legend, it was here for the first time a bodhisattva of Avalokiteshwara appeared, which is considered to be an embodiment of the great compassion of all enlightened (Buddha).
Story of the construction of the palace
For the first time Potala Palace was erected in the second half of the 7th century at an altitude of almost four thousand meters above sea level by the Tufan ruler of the Sronzanzangamp, as the main imperial residence for him and his newly minted spouse Princess Wencheng. Before that, there were already caves for meditation. The entire palace complex, consisting of thousands of halls and rooms, was surrounded by a high fortress wall, and it was possible to enter it through four gates.
During the strongest thunderstorm, most of the wooden buildings of the palace were increasing with lightning.
Only in the middle of the 17th century Dalai Lama V Agvan Lobsan Jamzo decided to fully restore the former grandeur of the palace. As a result, arose grand Complex With inner courtyards, wide stone stairs, chapels, fenced with high walls and occupying an area of \u200b\u200babout three hundred and sixty thousand square meters.
Architecture and interiors
In this reconstruction, about seven thousand builders were involved and another and a half thousand sculptors and artists who created unique statues and sculpture compositions. The central place among them is the statue of the Potala, fully covered with gold and weighing half-bottom. In addition, silver, precious stones and a tree of valuable breeds were widely used in the construction and decoration of the palace.
The fact that Potala Palace is one of the main symbols of Tibet, a treasury of cultural and spiritual heritage of the country, as well as the greatest architectural monument region, contributed to the fact that in 1994 this complex was included in the list of world cultural heritage UNESCO. Today, he is a residence of the Dalai Lama, the place of the most important religious rites and one of the most interesting museums World.
How to visit
The palace for tourists from 9:00 to 17:00, and in the summer months from 7:30. On the day it can be examined by a little more than two thousand people, mainly this group of tourists who bought tickets in advance. As a rule, immediately after closing instantly bought entry tickets The next day, their cost is about $ 11 per person (June 2012).
In the mountains of Tibet, at an altitude of 3,700 meters, in the middle of the Lhasa Valley, the Potala Palace rises on the hill. For several centuries, he was a residence of the Dalai Lam and the Tibet government.
The history of the palace leaves its roots in the distant past. If you believe legend, there is a sacred cave, in which the Bodhisattva Chenzery (Avalokiteshwara) lived, which the Dalai Lama is on Earth. In this cave, the emperor Tibet Songtstene Gampot often meditated. Since the place was considered sacred, the emperor decided to build a palace on the hill and declare this place with his capital. And it was still in the VII century of our era. Unfortunately, many buildings were erected from wood, so in the VIII century, they burned down from the zipper. From the old palace there is little left. But the cave is well preserved, and the place is, as before, was considered holy.
In the middle of the XVII century, on the initiative of V Dalai Lama, the construction of a palace began, which was preserved to the present day. In 1645-1648, the White Palace was erected, which became the residence of Dalai Lam.
In the White Palace there are personal rest of the Dalai Lama, residential chambers of the Regent and the Mentor of the Dalai Lama, the office premises of the government and the library in which Buddhist Scriptures are collected. Here are the seminary and printing house. Official ceremonies were held in the Big Eastern Pavilion.
The second component of the Palace Palace is the Red Palace, which was built in 1690-1694. It pray and spend religious rituals.
There are eight memorial stories in which Dalai Lama is buried in the Red Palace. In addition, there are many large and small halls. They are dedicated to Buddhas, Botchisattany and Dalai Lamam. There are rooms for audiences and various ceremonies. They are exposed to jewels and relics, the statues of the deities and Dalai Lam, books and ritual items.
Potala Palace was the Residence of Dalai-Lam until 1959 - that is, until China's invasion of Tibet. XIV Dalai Lama was forced to leave Tibet and ask for refuge in India. We can say that the palace is great lucky. Unlike most Tibetan monasteries and temples, he was not destroyed by Hunweist in the 1960s and 1970s. Probably because the Chinese government made a palace on the list cultural monumentsrequested special protection of the state.
The main and central part of the complex is represented by the White Palace (Pocong Karpo) in the East and Red (Pochang Marto) - in the West.
Palace Potala created as a symbol of Tibetan statehood. This happened in those times when the country was rallied by the management of Buddhist Dalai Lam.
To finally exalt over all the mortal already tall palace, which is also high in the mountains, he is named after Tibet's patron saint, the Buddhist Divine Avalokiteshwar, the mythical palace in the south of India, which was on top of the mountain, on the coast Indian Ocean (In Chinese Buddhism - Pueto parades on the island in the East-Chinese Sea). According to Buddhist mythology, Potala is a paradise where Bodhisatvia Avalokiteshwara and Tara live.
History
The Tibetan Temple-Palace Potala was built on the site of a huge (more than 1000 rooms) Palace of the king of the Yarong Dynasty of Tibet Songzen Gampo, which was ruled in 604-650. And brought Buddhism to the people of Tibet. Today, Potala visitors show the Cave of Chogyal Compact, in which the King Songzan Gampo meditated, and the Phakra Lhakhang Hall as the surviving fragments of the ancient palace complex. Songzan Gampo was considered the reincarnation of Avalokiteshwara.Idea inspirer and initiator of the start of the construction of Potala in 1645 - Ngawang Lobsang Gyatsu (1617-1682) - Fifth Dalai Lama, or the Great Fifth, Tibetan religious and political figure. He was also considered the reincarnation of Avalokiteshwara. Consequently, Potala Palace - Paradise on Earth - became a visual confirmation of the integrity and revival of the Tibetan state.
However, in the construction of the palace, the obvious political subtext was also noticeable. The first half of the XVII century. She became a period of the most severe struggle of the rival schools of Tibetan Buddhism, supported by the rulers of various areas of Tibet. It was in 1642. Dalai Lama fifth received the supreme power over all Tibet: his school of Tibetan Buddhism Gelug won everyone else, a new Supreme Tibetan Religious Board appeared. The capital was declared Lhasa, where the palace was erected for a new nobility.
The first of the whole complex was built by the White Palace in 1645-1648: Dalai Lama Fifth turned him into his winter residence.
The Red Palace is erected between 1690 and 1694.
Before starting construction, a platform was prepared: the mountain crest was leveled by applying the traditional for Tibetan mountain architecture the cutting technique of downward terraces. Thus, the amazing effect of the "growing" building from the mountain was achieved.
With regard to construction technology and materials, Potala Palace is similar to ordinary peasant houses of Tibet.
Powerful exterior bearing walls are composed of roughly treated stones. They are fastened by clay. Thick wooden beams that support the floor and ceiling are inserted into the walls. In the premises of the beams are supported by wooden columns.
Slowed outdoor walls are also typical for homes of simple residents of Tibet: the walls are bevelled inward by 6-9 °. The space between the outer and the inner walls reaches 5 m (!), It is filled with the ground, stones and interleaven branches of the zeal.
Palace Potala One of his appearance should inspire the reverence and humility of the will of the Gods and their representatives on earth. Therefore, he is ascended to the hill in the midst of the valley high in the mountains of Tibet.
Created with the support of Mongols, the Palace of Potal in his appearance connected the Indian roots of Tibetan Buddhism, the Chinese architectural decor and traditional Tibetan construction technology.
Since 1951, he is part of the PRC on the rights of the autonomous region. His spiritual leader - Dalai Lama - since 1959 dwells in exile. But Potala Palace preserved: unlike most Tibetan monasteries and temples, Potala was not destroyed by the Hunweist and the Chinese army, thanks to the personal order of the first premiere of the State Council of the PRC Zhou Egnlay (1898-1976).
Potala and today remains the architectural embodiment of the Buddhist essence of Tibet.
The White Palace consists of a spacious eastern pavilion, a sunny pavilion, the residential chambers of the regent and the Mentor of the Dalai Lama, and also the official premises of the Government of the Tibetan Autonomous Region. The big oriental pavilion has always been used for official ceremonies. In the sunny pavilion there were personal rest of the Dalai Lama, then he lived and worked, read the sacred texts, solved the issues of management.
The Red Palace served as a place of prayer meetings and holding religious rituals. There are also several pavilions here.
In the Western extension of the Red Palace there is a tomb of Thuptan Giaso - Dalai Lama Thirteenth (1876-1933), which ruled from 1895 to 1933
Such a credit was also honored for ensuring that in 1912, he achieved the proclamation of the independence of Tibet and the formation of an independent Tibetan state.
The walls of the Palace Palace are covered with a layer of lime in a white palace and ocher - in red. The walls always look like new, because they are poured from above, and instead of the brushes use horns from the wool yaks.
You can always find out what places in the palace are of particular importance: they have small gold-plated Chinese roofs, but at the same time with gilded Indian ornaments, in ancient hand made by the hands of Nepalese masters.
The windows of the palace are curtained with carpets from black wool yak.
Eight memorial storms with disablled bodies of Dalai Lam are considered very important for Palace and Temple. Among them are the Stupa Dalai Lama Fifth - the builder of the White Palace.
Potala Palace is surrounded by monastery residential premises (focused in the Western Wing), storeroom and external fortification facilities. Due to the crowbility of buildings, it is sometimes difficult to judge what period they relate, but, in all likelihood, this is the end of the XVII century. It should be noted that the Temple Palace is constantly completed, making changes to the overall complex.
A visitors can get into the complex of the Palace of Palace, they can through a narrow gate to which several stepped ramps lead.
In the inner premises of the palace, wooden beams and columns, as well as walls are decorated with complex carvings and drawings. The halls are filled with many relics: these are spatial mandalas for contemplation, memorial stupas, statues of Dalai Lam and teachers, statues of deities and Yidamov, books, ritual items.
For all ages of its existence, Potala Palace never turned out to be significantly damaged. Its beautiful appearance and good condition of the interiors are supported only by the necessary repair.
Over the past decades, Lhasa marked noticeably, there were many buildings in a modern style, but Potala, as in the old days, everything is still majestically towers over the changing city landscape.
Potala Palace listed World Heritage UNESCO in 1994
general information
Location: Southeast Tibet.Administrative location: City of Lhasa, Tibetan Autonomous District, PRC.
Status: a cult facility, a historical monument.
Construction: VII, XVII, XIX centuries.
Languages: Tibetan, Chinese.
Ethnic composition: Tibetans, Hantians.
Religion: Buddhism.
Currency unit: yuan.
Numbers
Total Palace Square: 360 000 m 2 (along with the front yard and pond).Total height of the complex: 117 m.
Length: 400 m.
Width: 350 m.
Wall thickness: 3-5 m.
Floors: 13.
Height above sea level: 3650 m.
Eastern Yard Area (Terraces): 1600 m 2.
Square Cave Chogyal Compact: 27 m 2.
Number of monks (Nammyal Monastery) : 200.
Climate and weather
Mountain.The average temperature of January: -2.5 ° C.
The average temperature of July: + 15 ° C.
The average annual amount of precipitation: 420 mm.
Relative humidity: 60%.
sights
■ The complex of the palace and the temple of Potala (VII, XVII centuries).■ White Palace (1645-1648)
■ Red Palace (1690-1694)
■ Tkombic Thuptan Giaso - Dalai Lama XIII (1934-1936)
■ Other structures: Monastic residential premises, storerooms and external fortification facilities (end of the XVII century).
Curious facts
■ In 1652, Dalai Lama Fifth, the builder of Potala, arrived in Beijing, where a yellow palace was built specifically for him. Then by China's emperor Shun-Ji from the Qing dynasty as a sign of special appreciation assigned to Dalai Lame the fifth title penetrating, carrying a thunder's scepter similar to the ocean of Lama. In gratitude to the Dalai Lama, the fifth awarded emperor title Heavenly God, Manjushri, the highest, great lord.■ Building stone was delivered to a conflict from a quarry northeast of Lhasa. Delivered porters - on their own backs and in volokuschi. The clay used as a solution was mined right on the spot, and the remaining pits turned into a pond called the King Dragon pool.
■ Dalai Lama The thirteenth played a very important role in the so-called big game - diplomatic and military confrontation between Russia, Great Britain and the Qing Empire at the end of the XIX - early XX century. At the same time, he was on the side of Russia. In 1904, after the British invasion of Tibet, Dalai Lama fled in Urga, the capital of Mongolia. Turning to the Russian consulate, he asked the royal government permission to move to Russia. Dalai Lama received a refusal: if this request was satisfied, Russia for a long time, if not forever, would have spoiled relationships with China.
■ The main difference between the Potala architecture from the walls of traditional Tibetan houses is that the walls of small bastions in the eastern and western wing are rounded, and not direct.
■ Only the diligent consequence of the Tibetan traditions of house-building in the sweat can be explained by the presence on the flat roofs of the vertical parapet, in whose facial surface is inserted by the branches of Willow and Tamarisk, the ends directed outward and painted in red. They symbolize the knitting of the twigs and the shank of the hay, which in our days the Tibetan peasants are folded on the roofs of their simple houses.
■ The underground sanctuary of the ancient Dobddy Religion Bon has been preserved in the lower base tier.
■ Potala relics - one hundred sacred scrolls on palm leaves From ancient India. They are written more than a thousand years ago, while gold and silver inks were used, dyes from pearls, iron powder, corals, sea seashells and copper dust. Paper of scrolls do not affect insects or damp.
■ After the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama of the fifth (death and search of the new), his approximate hid it was almost ten years, fearing that the people would make up and stop working on the construction of Potala Palace.
■ Dalai Lama Fifth Stupa ranks fourth floor, its height is about 15 m, it is made of gold.
In Buddhist mythology, the paradise where the Bodisans of Avalokiteshwara and Tara live (corresponds to the Chinese paradea) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (Sanskr. Potala, Potalaka, Pautalaka), in Buddhist mythology, the name of Paradise, where Avalokiteshwara and Tara live. In Indian and Tibetan sources, it is located on the top of the mountain on the Indian Ocean coast, in Chinese Buddhism on the island in ... ... Encyclopedia mythology
Potal, in Buddhist mythology, the paradise where Bodhisatvians live (see Bodhisattva) Avalokiteshwara (see Avalokiteshwara) and Tara (see Tara (in mythology)) (corresponds to the Chinese parade) ... encyclopedic Dictionary
- (Sanskr.) 1) in Buddha. Mythology is the name of the paradise where Bodhisattva Avalokiteshwara and his female energy containers live; 2) Palace and Winter Residence of the Dalai Lama in Lhasa (until 1959), one of the ch. Shrine Tibet; Named in honor of Paradise Bodhisattva Avalokiteshwara ... Buddhism
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