They are formed in places of faults and shifts of the earth's crust. As a rule, these are deep narrow reservoirs with straight-bearing shores, located in deep-cutting bottom gorges of those located on Kamchatka, the lakes are lower than the ocean level. Tectonic lakes include far and Kuril. The Kuril Lake is located in the south of Kamchatka in a deep picturesque basin, surrounded by the mountains. The greatest depth of the lake 306 m. The shores of his climbers. Numerous mountain streams flow from them. Lake Soykochka, it takes the beginning of the River Ozernaya. On the shores of the lake on the surface are hot springs, and in its middle it is elevated the island, which is called the heart-stone. The lake from the lake is located a unique outcrop of PEMZ, which are called Cuthhina Bata. Currently, the lake is announced by the Reserve and Zoological Monument of Nature.

The bottom profile of the tectonic lakes is sharply outlined, has a form of a broken curve. Glacial sediments and precipitation processes have little changed the clarity of the tectonic lines of the lake. The influence of the glacier on the formation of the basin is noticeable, he leaves the traces of his stay in the form of scars, lambs, which are well visible on rocky shores and islands. The shores of the lakes are complicated mainly from hardening rocks, weakly denominated erosion, which is one of the reasons for the weak process of sedimentation. These lakes belong to the group of lakes of normal depth (A \u003d 2-4) and deep (A \u003d 4-10). The deep-sea zone (more than 10 m) from the total volume of the lake is 60-70%, shallow water (0-5m) 15-20%. The water lakes are thermally heterogeneous: during the greatest leveling of surface water, low bottom temperatures are preserved, which is promoted by stable thermal stratification. Water vegetation is rare, only a narrow strip along the shores of closed bays. Typical lakes in the pool r. Suna are large and medium: paligues, Sundozero, sandalwood, as well as very small Lakes Salvilamby and Randozero, located on private waters of lakes pallets and sandalwood.

As a result of the movement of the earth's crust in some places, recesses are formed. In these recesses and tectonic lakes arise. The three largest lakes of Kyrgyzstan: Issyk-Kul, Son-Kul and Chatyr-Kul are formed by tectonic way.

Many lakes and in the forest-steppe service. Here are such large reservoirs like Welga, Shablash, Argayash, B.Kuash, Kalda, Sugoyak, Tishka, etc. The depths of the lakes on the Zauralsky Plain are noticeably reduced and do not exceed 8-10 m. By origin, these lakes are related to erosion-tectonic type. Tectonic depressions were modified as a result of the impact of erosion processes. Many lakes of Zauralya are confined to the ancient places of the flow of rivers (Etkul, sandy, Alakul, Reed, etc.).

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The origin of the lakes Kotlovin
Seafood in lakes

Lakes - Natural reservoirs with standing or low-dimensional water, resulting from the flooding of sushi reductions (kotlovin) with water masses. Lakes are not connected with the ocean and, unlike rivers, have a slow water exchange.

Each lake consists of three interrelated natural components:

1. basins - the form of relief of the earth's surface,
2. water masses with substances dissolved in it,
3. plants and animals inhabiting water.

The origin of the lakes Kotlovin

The lakes of the lakes arise as a result of various embedded processes and are divided into several groups by origin.

With the manifestation of endogenous activity, the formation of tectonic and volcanic kitelins is associated.

Basins of tectonic origin They are formed as a result of the movement of the land of the earth's crust. Many of the lakes arising in brands of tectonic origin occupy an extensive area, characterized by a great depth and have an ancient age. The great examples of lakes belonging to this group are the great African lakes (including Tanganic with a depth of -1470 m), dedicated to the East African rift system, where the processes of stretching and the bending of the continental crust occur. A similar origin has a Lake Baikal in Russia (which is the largest freshwater reservoir and has a maximum depth of -1620 m among lakes), Lake Biva in Japan (known to those produced in it with freshwater pearls) and others. The basins are often confined to isometric defamations (Chad, Eyr) or large tectonic faults. The formation is connected with tectonic processes. residual lakeswho are the remnants of the ancient oceans and seas. Thus, the Caspian lake separated from the Mediterranean and the Black Seas as a result of the tectonic movements of the earth's crust.

Basins of volcanic origin timed to crater and calderam extinct volcanoes or located among frozen lava fields. In the latter case, lake basins are formed when hot lava flows from under a colder surface lava horizon, which contributes to the sedimentation of the latter (it was formed. Yellowstone), or in the case of binding rivers and streams by lava or mud stream during volcanic eruptions. The basins of such origin are found in areas of modern or ancient volcanic activities (Kamchatka, Transcaucasia, Iceland, Italy, Japan, New Zealand and etc.).

The manifold of exogenous processes leads to the formation of various groups of lake kitlovin.

A large number of lake boilers have ice Origins. Their formation can be associated with the activities of mountain and lowland glaciers. In the mountains, glacier lakes are presented by seament and horses. Morning-hubs are formed when spent by the glaciers of river valleys. When filling with water, the boilers are formed small scenic lakes with clean and cold water.
On the plains of the iceline of iceline is common in the territory subjected to quartered glaciation. Among them, it is possible to distinguish the hooks of exed, glacial and accumulative and minor-hovering origin. Examing basins are connected with the negative form of relief developed by the moving ice. The famous example of the lake, which is obliged to its origin of the destructive activities of glaciers, is Loch-Ness in Scotland formed in the river valley treated with the Glacier. Thousands of lakes formed in the ice plowing basins are found on the territory of the Scandinavian Peninsula, in the north of Canada. Glacial and accumulative basins are formed in the area of \u200b\u200bthe development of sea sediments. Lake basins in the field of marine-plain relief wide, have an oval shape and a small depth (moon, Ilmen); Under conditions of hilly-basin and hilly-dummy relief, they have an improper form, islands, a complex coastline, dissected by peninsulas and bays (Seliger). Moroen-hovering basins arise when using by the Moraine Snadnikovy River Valley (for example, Oz. Saima in Finland).

In the regions of many years of marbles are formed basins of thermocarbon origin, obliged to melting melting ice and frozen rocks and soil preservations. Such an origin has many basins of tundra lakes. All of them have a small depth and small in the area. Another area of \u200b\u200bthe development of thermocarbon kitelin is the area of \u200b\u200bdistribution of ferechny fluviohydial deposits. Here, when melting the covering glaciers under the thickness of the sediments, the huge boulders of dead ice were buried. Many of them melted only hundreds of years, and the basins filled with water appeared in their place.

Lakes basins of karst origin They are formed in areas composed by soluble (cruising) rocks. The dissolution of rocks leads to the formation of deep, but usually minor by Kotlovin area. Here, there are often failures caused by the collapse of the archives of underground karst cavities. Examples of Karst Kotlovin can serve as the famous "failure" in Pyatigorsk (known for the novel of Ilf and Petrov "Twelve Chairs") and Oz. Pharmacy French Alpshaving a depth of -99 m at an area of \u200b\u200bonly 57 hectares.

Lakes basins of suffosic origin Formed when cutting soils due to the removal of underground waters of loose dust particles. The basins of this genesis are found in the steppe and semi-desert zones of Central Asia, Kazakhstan and the West Siberian Plain.

Basins of fluvial origin related to the geological activity of rivers. Most often these are old and delta lakes. Sometimes the formation of lakes is due to the blocking of the riverbed by the Alluvial nanos of another river. For example, the formation of the Saint Curra Lake (USA) is associated with the binding r. Saint-Curia Alluvial sediments p. Mississippi. Due to the dynamicness of erosion and accumulative fluvible processes and small size, Kotlovin, the latter are relatively quickly filled with nanos and overflow in some places and are re-formed in others.

Some lake basins are formed as a result of binding with landslides, mountain colors or villages of rivers. Typically, such lakes exist for a short time - a breakthrough of the nanos forming the "dam" occurs. So, in 1841 p. Indo on the territory of modern Pakistan was led by a landslide resulting from an earthquake, and after six months "Dam" collapsed, and a lake of 64 km long and a depth of 300 m was lowered in 24 hours. Lakes of this group can remain stable under the condition that the excess water is discharged through solid rock-resistant. For example, the Sarezo lake formed in 1911 in the valley of the river. Murgab on the Eastern Pamir, there is still still a depth of -500 m (the tenth place in depth among the lakes of the world).
The process of binding the river with a powerful collapse contributed to the formation of one of the "pearls" of the Caucasus - Ricz Lakes in Abkhazia. The gigantic collapse on the slope of Mount Psogesti damaged the Lashipse River. The water of the river more than 2 km flooded the gorge (tracing a large tectonic spill in the thickness of rocks), the water rose by 130 m. From under the natural stone dam, a river is knocked out with an already other name - Yupshara (by Abkhaz "split").

Lakes artificial origin Associated with the filling of the water of artificial kitelin (quarries, etc.), or with the binding of river fluxes by dams. When building, dams are formed different in the size of the reservoir - from small ponds to huge reservoirs (Victoria Reservoir on Africa on the Victoria River, Volta on the river. Volta and Cariba on the r. Zambezi; The largest in Russia is a fraternal reservoir on the river Hangar). Some dams were raised to produce electricity for aluminum smelting based on large bauxite deposits. It is necessary to add that dams are created not only by a person. Dams built by beabonds can reach lengths more than 500 m, but there are only short time.

Basins of coastal marine origin They are formed primarily as a result of the separation of sea bays from the sea water area during the movement of the movement of the disintegration. At the initial stage, the hood is filled with salty sea waters, in the future the salty lake is gradually designed.

Basins of organogenic origin There are taiga, flashes and tundra, as well as on the coral islands, arise on sphagnum swamps. In the first case, they are obliged to be an uneven increase in Mukov, in the second - coral polyps.

Lakes across geological time exist relatively long. The exception is only some lakes with basins of tectonic origin, dedicated to the active zones of the earth's crust, and large residual lakes. Over time, the basins are filled with precipitation or fever.

Seafood in lakes

The deposits of lakes are represented by terrific, chemogenic and organogenic precipitation. The composition of precipitation accumulating in lakes is determined primarily by climatic zonality.

In the lakes of the humid regions, predominantly aneur-clay deposits accumulate, often with a large number of organic. Dead organisms, as well as the material demolished in the lake, are postponed on the day and form gitto. (from the Swede Gyttja - Il, Tina) - lake deposits consisting of organic residues. The organic matter of the gits is formed mainly due to the products of the decay of vegetable and animal organisms living in the water, to a lesser extent by the residues of land plants brought from the surrounding sushi. The mineral part consists of sand-clay material and precipitated from water calcium, iron and magnesium oxides. The guitty is also called sapropel (from Greek. Sapros - rotten and Pelos - Il, dirt - "putrebral il"). In Lake Nero, located at the city of Rostov-Yaroslavsky (Great Rostov), \u200b\u200bthe Sapropel layer reaches 20 m. Sappropels are used as fertilizer or as mineral feeding for livestock; Sometimes in balneological purposes (mud).

In semi-desert and desert arid zones of lakes with intensive evaporation. Since rivers and groundwater always bring salts, but only clean water evaporates, then there is a gradual increase in the saline of lake waters. The concentration of salts can increase so significantly that from the water suspended (RAPA), salt is precipitated to the bottom of the lake (self-peasant lakes). With the coalion of continental lakes, carbonate, soda, sulfate, hydrochny and other hemogenic deposits are accumulated. In Russia, modern soda lakes are known in Transbaikalia and in Western Siberia; Large Natron in Tanzania and Lake Serls in California uses abroad. Fields of natural soda are timed to fossil sediments of such lakes.
In general, halogen-carbonate sediments are characterized for arid areas, poor organic.

In some cases, a decisive role in the nature of sedimentation has the origin of laketry kotlovin. For glacial lakes, tape clays are characterized, which are formed due to the combination of lake and glacial sediments. Carbonates are accumulated in karst lakes, sometimes jams of chipping of oblivioning origin.

Acquaintance with varieties, geographical location, temperature regime of waters and chemical composition of Lakes of Russia.

Studying the location, square and indicators of the depth of the largest domestic reservoirs - Baikal, Ladoga and Onega Lakes.

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Ecological and geographical characteristics of the Lakes of the Moscow Region

Consideration of the total number, total area and location of the lake natural complexes Moscow region; Studying their hydrological, hydrochemical and temperature modifications.

Familiarization with the organic world of nearby lakes.

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The largest lakes of the world

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Genetic types of lakes, thermal regime and life in them. Lakes related to the activities of the rivers. Tectonic, volcanic and glacial lakes.

Characteristics of some large lakes

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Lake Caucasus

general characteristics Lakes Caucasus. Types of lakes on origin, nutrition, regime, chemical composition, their resources and use.

Description of tectonic, volcanic, glacier, water-accumulative, water-erosion lakes and artificial reservoirs.

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Lake Baikal - Sightseeing of Nature of Russia

Baikal as the deepest lake on the ground and the largest freshwater reservoir with high-quality clean water.

The study of its location and length in Russia. Study of the area of \u200b\u200bthe aqueous mirror, the maximum depth and volume of the water of the lake. Fauna Baikal.

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General information about Eastern Siberia as one of the largest regions of Russia.

The history of its research and study. The overall characteristics of small rivers and lakes of Eastern Siberia, their hydrological features, value and significance, economic use.

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Biogeography of Ladoga Lake

Research the history of the formation of Lake Ladoga.

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Great African lakes

The concept and features of the lakes, the assessment of their role and significance in nature, the territory of distribution. The overall characteristics of the largest lakes of East Africa: Victoria, Albert, Edward, Kivu, Tanganic, Nyas, their geographical position and assessment of water reserves.

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The environmental significance of the water environment of the lake, its vegetable and animal world.

Technogenic influence on the ecosystem of the lake.

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Significant water reserves are concentrated in the lakes. Russia has more than 2.5 million lakes. The largest lakes are Caspian, Ladoga, Onega and Baikal.

Caspian lake - most big Lake In the world, the deepest - Lake Baikal. Lakes are very unevenly distributed.

In particular, in Vilenovsky, the Western Siberian Plain and the North-West Layer of Europe in Karelia. All these areas are in too much humidity. In the south, in the zone of the steppe and semi-atrocondary zone with a weak climate, the number of lakes decreases sharply, and many lakes have salt or salt. Salt is such huge large lakes, like Caspian, as well as Lake Elton and Baskunchak, where the salt is eliminated.

Hydrographic characteristics of large lakes in Russia

There are different lakes and sources of pools.

Lakes of tectonic origin are located in the gutters and cracks of the earth's crust. The largest tectonic lake Baikal is located in Graben, reaching a depth of 1637 m.

Ice-tectonic lake pools were created as a result of treatment of liquid depressions of the glacier ice cortex: Imandra, Ladoga, Onega.

In Kamchatka and on Kuril Islands The lake is mainly related to volcanic origin. In the north-west of the European Plain, the origins of lake pools are associated with continental ice. Many caves are located between the hills of the sea: Seliger, Valdai.

Due to landslides in the mountain valleys, Lake Lake: Sirez in Pamir, Ritsa in the Caucasus. Small lakes are formed by karst nests.

In the south of Western Siberia, there are many lakes in the form of plates, which were created as a result of clogging by stones of stones. When the ice melts on the surface of permafrost, minor water is also formed, similar to the stove. Ozerny people are located on the floodplain plains of lowlands. On the coast of black and Azov Sea There are lakes estuaria.

All the largest and largest lakes of Russia are often used in the national economy. Catch and catch in them. Especially a lot of fish, including the most valuable sturgeon, fall into the Caspian.

In Baikal Harvest - Omul. Lakes are also used to navigate - geoglobus.ru. Numerous minerals were acquired in the lakes of the lakes: oil and mirritis in the Caspian Lake, salt in Elton and Baskunchak. Water for freshwater lakes is used for drinking. On the shores of many lakes there are many sanatoriums, holiday homes.

There are nine lake areas in Russia:

1) North-West Lake, Iceberg Icebergs;
2a) Azov-Black Sea estairi associated with maritime activities;
2b) North Caucasian - glacier and karst lake;
3) salt formation of the Caspian lake;
4) West Siberian-Tuscan and bitter-salt lakes;
5) Altai - Sea Type of lakes (Teletskoye, Markakol);
6) Zabaykalsky - the remaining lakes;
7) Nizhneyamur lakes having a hydrological connection with the Amur River;
8) Yakuti - Lakes from the thermocouple;
9) Lake Kamchatka - Lake of Volcanic Origin (Kronotsky, Kurilsky).

The lake is a reservoir that is formed on the surface of the sushi. Lakes do not have a direct connection with the oceans and seas. Most of the reservoirs are tectonic lakes. In total, on our planet, they occupy almost two percent of the sushi surface.

Characteristics of lakes

After a long study of the lakes, scientists revealed a number of characteristics inherent in this type of water bodies.

1. Area of \u200b\u200bwater mirror.
2. The length of the coastline.
3. Lake length. To measure this, the indicators are taken by the two most remote shoreline points. During the measurement, the average width is determined - this is the ratio of the area to the length.
4. The volume of the basin, which is filled with water is determined.
5. The average depth of the reservoir is installed, the maximum depth is also determined.

The largest lake of the world is Caspian, and the deepest is Baikal.

Name of Lake	Max. Surface area, thousand km 2	Max. Depth, M.	What continent is located
Caspian lake
			North America
Victoria
			North America
Ladogian
Onega

The origin of the lakes

All existing lakes are divided into underground and ground. The basins themselves can be endo- and exogenous origin. This factor determines the shape and size of the reservoir. Tectonic lakes are located in the largest basins. They can be located in tectonic slides like Ilmen, in rabes (Baikal) or in foothill and mountain deficits.

Most of the major kotlovin has a difficult tectonic origin. In their formation, discontinuous, folded movements participated. All tectonic lakes are distinguished by large sizes and significant depths, the presence of rocky slopes. The bottom of most reservoirs is located at the level of the world ocean, and the mirrors are much higher.

In the location of the tectonic lakes, some regularity is traced: they focus along the faults of the Earth or in rhythic zones, but they can frame shields. Examples of such lakes serve as Ladoga and Onega, located along the Baltic Shield.

Types of lakes

There is a classification of lakes on the water regime.

1. Sleeper. Rivers flow into these types of water bodies, but none of them follows. Most of them are located in insufficient moisture areas: in the desert, semi-desert. This type includes the Caspian Sea Lake.
2. Waste. Rivers flow into these lakes, and they leak out of them. Such species are most often in the excessive moisture zone. Miscellaneous number of rivers fall into such lakes, but one usually follows. An example of the tectonic lake of a waste-type is Baikal, Teletskoye.
3. Flowing reservoirs. In these lakes, there are a lot of rivers. Examples serve Lake Ladoga and Onega.

In any reservoir, food is due to atmospheric precipitation, rivers, underwater resources. Partly water evaporates from the surface of the reservoirs, flows or goes underground. Because of this feature, the amount of water in the pool fluctuates. For example, Chad when drought covers an area of \u200b\u200babout twelve thousand square kilometers, but during the rainy, the pool covers the area twice as much - about 24 thousand square kilometers.

The world's largest lakes have a tectonic origin. An example can be Baikal, Ladoga and Onega Lakes. Greasy Endogenous factors play the role in the origin of tectonic lakes. The basins of these reservoirs are formed on the downstairs of the earth's crust. Typically, such basins are strongly elongated and deep.

Baikal

The deepest and large lake of the world with fresh water. Baikal is located in Siberia. The area of \u200b\u200bthis pool is more than 31 thousand square kilometers, depth - above 1500 meters. If you look at Baikal in terms of water, then it takes only second place after the Caspian Sea Lake. Water in Baikal is always cold: in the summer - about nine degrees, and in the winter - no more than three. The lake has twenty-two islands: the largest - Olkhon. 330 rivers flow into Baikal, but only one - hangar follows.

Baikal influences the climate of Siberia: it softens the winter, and the summer makes a cooler. average temperature In January - about -17 ° C, and in the summer +16 ° C. In the south and in the north, over the course of the year, a different amount of precipitation falls - from 200 to 900 mm. From January to May, Baikal is covered transparent ice. This is due to very clean and transparent water - you can see everything that happens in water at a depth to forty meters.

Other types of water bodies

There are glacier-tectonic lakes resulting from the treatment with glaciers of tectonic decreases of the earth's crust. Examples of such lakes serve Onega, Ladoga. In Kamchatka and Kurilah are volcanic lakes. There are lake basins that appeared due to mainland glaciation.

In the mountains, some lakes were formed due to the bombards that had arisen, for example, Ritsa Lake in the Caucasus. Small reservoirs arise over karst dips. There are saucer-like lakes arising in loose rocks. When melting permafrost can form shallow lakes.

Lakes of glacial and tectonic origin are located not only in the mountains, but also on the plains. Waters fill the basins, literally filled with glaciers. During the movement of the glacier from the North-West to the south-east along the cracks, Ice as it would have done a furrow. It was filled with water: many reservoirs were formed.

Ladoga lake

One of the major glacial and tectonic lakes is Ladoga. It is located in Leningrad region And in Karelia.

The area of \u200b\u200bthe lake is more seventeen thousand square kilometers: the width of the reservoir is almost 140 kilometers, and the length is 219 km. The depth throughout the basin is uneven: in the northern part it ranges from eighty to two hundred meters, and in South - up to seventy meters. Ladoga feed 35 rivers, and the beginning takes only one - Neva.

There are many islands on the lake, among which the largest Kilpola, Valaam, Mantinsari are.

Ladoga lake in the winter freezes, and revealed in April. The water temperature on the surface is uneven: in the northern part it is about fourteen degrees, and in the southern - about twenty degrees.

Water in a hydrocarbonate lake with weak mineralization. It is clean, transparency reaches seven meters. Throughout the year, there are storms here (they are the strongest in the fall), the calm (most often in the summer).

Onega and other lakes

Most of the islands on Onega island: their more than a thousand. The largest of them is Clemetsky. More than fifty rivers fall into this reservoir, and the beginning takes only the switches.

There are quite a few tectonic lakes in Russia, among which they allocate a catchment pool, including Ilmen, Saima, Onega Lake.

There are lakes of similar origin in the Red Polyana, such as Khmelevsky. Their formation served as a deflection arising in the process of destruction of the earth's crust. A result of this deflection led to the formation of kitlovin, which were filled with water. As a result, Lake Hmelevsky, who became a national park formed in this place. There are four large lakes and a few small reservoirs, swamps.

Large lakes located in Russia have a lot of economic importance. These are huge stocks of fresh water. In the waters of many large lakes, shipping is developed. On the shores there are recreation centers, fishing places are equipped. In very large lakes, such as Ladoga, fishing fishery is conducted.

- The reservoir formed on the sushi surface in natural recess. Since the lake does not have a direct connection with the ocean, it is a reservoir of slow water exchange.

Total area of \u200b\u200blakes on globe - About 2.7 million km 3, which is 1.8% of the sushi surface.

The main characteristics of the lake:

• lake Square - water mirror area;
• shore Line - Water cut length;
• lake length - The shortest distance between the two coastline dots are most remote from each other, average width -square ratio to length;
• lake volume - the volume of the basin filled with water;
• medium depth - The ratio of the volume of the water mass to the square;
• maximum depth - Located direct dimensions.

The largest area of \u200b\u200bthe water surface of the lake on Earth - Caspian (376 thousand km 2 at a water level of 28 m), and the deepest Baikal (1620 m).

The characteristics of the largest lakes of the world are given in Table. one.

Each lake is distinguished by three interrelated components: a hood, aqueous mass, vegetation and animal world reservoir.

Lake Mira

By Regulation The lakeside of the lake is divided into terrestrial and underground. The latter are sometimes filled with juvenile water. The underground lakes can be attributed to both a treated lake in Antarctica.

Lake Basins may be as endogenic, so I. Exogenous Origin that most significantly reflected on their size, form, water mode.

The largest lake basins. They can be located in tectonic slides (Ilmen), in the foothill and intergoregous deflections, in rabes (Baikal, Nyasa, Tanganic). Most of the major lakes Kotlovin have a complex tectonic origin, both discontinuous and folded movements (Issyk-Kul, Balkhash, Victoria, etc.) are involved in their formation. All tectonic lakes are distinguished by large sizes, and most - and considerable depths, steep rocky slopes. The bottom of many deep lakes Les below the world's ocean level, and the ox mirror is higher than the level. In the location of the tectonic lakes, certain patterns are observed: they are focused along the faults of the earth's crust or in rift zones (Syrian-African-African, Baikal), or framed by Schita: Along the Canadian Schita, a large bearish lake, a large slave, great north-American lakes, along the Baltic Shield - Onega, Ladoga, etc.

Name of Lake	Maximum surface area, thousand km 2	Height above sea level, m	Maximum depth, m
Caspian Sea
				North America
Victoria
				North America
				North America
Aral Sea
Tanganyika
Nyasa (Malawi)
Big bear				North America
Big slave				North America
				North America
Winnipeg				North America
				North America
Ladogian
Maracaibo				South America
Bangveulu
Onega
Tonlesep
Nicaragua				North America
Titicaca				South America
Athasta				North America
				North America
Issyk-Kul.
Big salty				North America
				Australia

Volcanic lakes Craters and calders of extinct volcanoes are occupied (the crooked lake on Kamchatka, Lake Java, New Zealand).

Along with the lake hollows created by the internal processes of the Earth, the lake baths formed at the expense of exogenous processes.

Among them are the most common glacier Lakes on the plains and in the mountains, both in the brands, filled with a glacier and in lowering between the hills in the non-uniform sediments of the Moraine. The destructive activities of the ancient glaciers are obliged to their origin of Lake Karelia and Finland, which are elongated towards the movement of the glacier from the North-West to the southeast along the tectonic cracks. Actually mixed glacial and tectonic origin have Ladoga, Onega and other lakes. To the glacial hooks in the mountains include numerous, but small Karkov Lakes located in a bowl-shaped deepening on the slopes of the mountains below the snow border (in the Alps, in the Caucasus, Altai), and tigal Lakes - in the trough-shaped glacial valleys in the mountains.

With uneven accumulation of glacial sediments on the plains, lakes among hilly and sea relief are connected: in the north-west of the Eastern European Plain, especially at Valdai Hills, in Baltic States, Poland, Germany, Canada and in the north of the United States. These lakes are usually shallow, wide, with blade shores, with the islands (Seliger, Valdai et al.). In the mountains, such lakes arose on the site of the former languages \u200b\u200bof glaciers (Como, Garda, Vurm in the Alps). In the areas of ancient glaciation, the lakes in the hollows of the flow of melted glacial waters, they are elongated, trough-shaped, usually small and shallow (for example, a long, round-near Moscow).

Karst Lakes are formed in places of leaching of rocks underground and partly surface waters. They are deep, but small, often rounded in shape (in the Crimea, in the Caucasus, in Dinar and Other Mountains).

Suffosionic The lakes are formed in the hollows of sediments at the place of intense removal by the underground waters of small-seed and mineral particles (south of Western Siberia).

Term Carts The lakes occur when the multi-member soil or pulling ice is groaning. Thanks to them, the Kolyma lowland is one of the most lake edges of Russia. Many relic thermal lakes Kotlovin are located in the north-west of the Eastern European Plain in the former arrival zone.

Eoloic Lakes arise in the pitual blowing (lake Tecca in Kazakhstan).

Predaruds The lakes are formed in the mountains, often after earthquakes, as a result of collaps and landslides, brave river valleys (Lake Sarrebskoy in the Murgab Valley on the Pamir).

In the valleys of the plain rivers, the numerous lakes of the characteristic horseshoe-shaped form resulting from messenger of rivers and the subsequent hidden rigging; When drying rivers in Bococham - River lakes are formed; In the delta rivers - small Lakes-Ilmena, at the place of the ducts, often shouted with reed and reeds (Ilymeni Volzhsky delta, Lake Kuban smashes).

On the low-lying coasts of the seas, coastal lakes are characterized in the place of Limanov and Lagoon, if the latter are separated from the sea with sandwheel jumpers: braids, bars.

Special type includes Organogenic Lakes among swamps and coral buildings.

These are the main genetic types Ozerny Kotlovin, due to natural processes. Their location is presented in Table. 2. But recently there is more and more "man-made" lakes created by a person - gas-called anthropogenic lakes: lakes - reservoirs on rivers, lakes - ponds in quarries, in salt specks, on the site of peatores.

By Genesis of water masses Allocate two types of lakes. Some have water atmospheric origin: precipitation, river and groundwater. Such lakes freshAlthough in a dry climate ultimately can become salty.

Other lakes were part of the World Ocean - these are relic Salt Lakes (Caspian, Aralskoe). But in such lakes, primary seawater can be strongly transformed and even completely displaced and replaced by atmospheric waters (Ladoga et al.).

Table 2. Distribution of the main genetic groups of lakes on the continents and parts of the world

Genetic groups of lakes	Continents and parts of light
	Western Europe	Foreign Asia	North America	South America		Australia
Glacier
Glacial and tectonic
Tectonic
Volcanic
Karst
Residual
Lagunny
Floodplain

In action From water balance, so on. Under the conditions of the tributary and flow, the lakes are divided into the waste and faceless. Lakes throwing part of its waters in the form of a river flow - waste;a special case of them are Flowing lakes. A lot of rivers can fall into the lake, but only one (hangar from Lake Baikal, Neva from Lake Lake, etc.). Lakes, not having a runoff in the world ocean - Cleanless (Caspian, Aral, large salty). The water level in such lakes is subject to vibrations of different duration, which is due primarily by perennial and seasonal changes in climate. In this case, the morphometric characteristics of the lakes and the properties of the aquatic masses are changed. This is especially noticeable on lakes in arid areas, which are prompted by long-term wet wetting cycles and climate aridness.

Water lakes, like other natural waters, are characterized by various chemical composition and varying degrees of mineralization.

In the composition of the salts in the water of the lake are divided into three types: carbonate, sulfate, chloride.

By Mineralization degree Lakes are divided by fresh(less than 1% o), Solonishy (1-24.7% C), Salt (24.7-47% O) and Mineral (more than 47% C). An example of a fresh lake can serve as a Baikal, the salinity of whose will is 0.1% C \\ Solonish - Caspian Morse - 12-13% Oh, a large salt - 137-300% Oh, the Dead Sea - 260-270% Oh, in some years - up to 310% s.

In the distribution of lakes with varying degrees of mineralization on the earth's surface, geographical zonality is traced due to the moisture coefficient. In addition, those lakes in which rivers flow are distinguished by low salinity.

However, the degree of mineralization may be different and within one lake. So, for example, in a blind-eyed lake Balkhash, located in the arid zone, in the western part, where r. Or, the water is fresh, and in the eastern part, which is connected to the western only narrow (4 km) shallow strait, saltwater water.

In the oversaturation of the lakes from the pickle of the salt, they begin to fall into the precipitate, their crystallization occurs. Such mineral lakes called self-making (for example, Elton, Baskunchak). Mineral lakes in which lamellar fine needles are deposited, are known as mud.

An important role in the life of the lakes plays Thermal regime.

Fresh lakes of a hot heat belt are characterized by the warmest water at the surface, with depth it gradually decreases. Such a temperature distribution in depth is called direct thermal stratification. The lakes of the cold thermal belt almost all year have the coldest (about 0 ° C) and light water at the top; With depth, the water temperature rises (up to 4 ° C), water becomes more denser, harder. Such a temperature distribution in depth is called inverse thermal stratification. The lakes of a moderate heat belt have variable stratification by season of the year: in the summer straight, in winter is reverse. In the spring and autumn there are such moments when the temperature vertically is the same (4 ° C) at different depths. The phenomenon of constancy temperature in depth is called Homoterma (Spring and autumn).

An annual thermal cycle in the lakes of a moderate belt is divided into four periods: spring heating (from 0 to 4 ° C) is carried out due to convective mixing; summer heating (from 4 ° C to maximum temperature) - by molecular thermal conductivity; Autumn cooling (from the maximum temperature to 4 ° C) - by convective mixing; Winter cooling (from 4 to about ° C) - again by molecular thermal conductivity.

In the winter period of freezing lakes, the same three phases are distinguished as the rivers: freezing, ice station, autopsy. The process of formation and melting ice is similar to rivers. Lakes, as a rule, for 2-3 weeks are covered with ice than rivers in the region. The thermal mode of freezing salted lakes resembles the mode of the seas and oceans.

Dynamic phenomena in the lakes include trends, unrest and sewage. Stock trends arise when the river shoves in the lake and outflow of water from the lake in the river. In the flow lakes, they can be traced throughout the water area of \u200b\u200bthe lake, in the continuing - in areas adjacent to the mouth or the source of the river.

The height of the waves on the lake is less, but the steepness is greater compared to the seas and oceans.

The movement of water in the lakes, along with dense convection, contributes to the mixing of water, the penetration of oxygen into the lower layers, the uniform distribution of nutrients, which is important for the very diverse inhabitants of the lakes.

By Nutritional properties of water mass And the conditions for the development of the life of the lake are divided into three biological types: olitrophic, eutrophic, dystrophic.

Oligotrophic - Malopian lakes. These are large deep transparent lakes with greenish-blue water rich in oxygen, so organic residues are intensively mineralized. Because of the small number of biogenic elements, they are poor plankton. Life is rich, but there is a fish, crustaceans. This is many mountain lakes, Baikal, Geneva, etc.

Eutrophic Lakes have a large supply of nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, shallow (up to 1015 m), well warmed, with brown-green water. The oxygen content decreases with depth, because of which the fishes and other animals are wintering. The bottom is peat or or etched with an abundance of organic residues. In summer, there is a "flowering" of water due to the strong development of phytoplankton. In the lakes rich vegetable and animal world. They are most common in the zones of the forest-steppe and steppes.

Dystrophic Lakes are poor nutrients and oxygen, they are shallow. The water in them is acidic, low-transparent, brown due to the abundance of humic acids. The bottom of peat, phytoplankton and the highest aquatic vegetation is small, animals too. These lakes are distributed in very wetlands.

In the last decade, in the conditions of increased admission from the fields of phosphorus and nitrogen compounds, as well as the discharge of wastewater of some industrial enterprises, the lakes are energized. The first sign of this unfavorable phenomenon is the strong blooming of blue-green algae, then the amount of oxygen decreases in the pond, yers are formed, hydrogen sulfide appears. All this will create unfavorable conditions for the life of fish, waterfowl and others.

Evolution of lakes It occurs in different ways in a wet and dry climate: in the first case, they gradually turn into the swamps, in the second - in salt marshes.

In a wet (humid) climate, the leading role in filling out the lake and turning it into the swamp belongs to vegetation, partly the remnants of the animal population, which together form organic residues. Temporary watercourses and rivers bring mineral injuries. Small lakes with gentle shores will overgrow by adding plant ecological zones from the periphery to the center. Ultimately, the lake becomes a herbaceous lowland swamp.

Deep lakes with steep shores bump otherwise: by increasing from above Splavins (Zybun) - a layer of alive and dead plants. The basis of it is plants with long rhizomes (sabelnik, watch, whitefly), and other grassy plants and even shrubs (alder, Iva) are installed on the grid of the roots. The splavine first appears off the coast of the wind, where there is no excitement, and gradually coming to the lake, increasing in power. Part of the plants die, falls on the bottom, forming a peat. Gradually, only the "windows" of water remain in the global, and then they disappear, although the brand is not yet filled with sediments, and only with the time of the spline is closed with a peat layer.

In the dry climate of the lake, with time become salt marshes. This is facilitated by an insignificant amount of precipitation, intensive evaporation, reduction of river water influx, the deposition of solid precipitation, brought by rivers and dust storms. As a result, the water mass of the lake decreases, the level decreases, the area is declining, the concentration of salts increases, and even a fresh lake can turn first in the salt lake (a large salt lake in North America), and then in Solonchak.

The lakes, especially large, have a mitigating effect on the climate of the adjacent territories: in winter there is warmer, the summer is cooler. So, on the coastal meteorological stations at Lake Baikal, the temperature in winter at 8-10 ° S. above, and in summer at 6-8 ° S. lower than at stations outside the influence of the lake. Air humidity near lakes are more due to increased evaporation.

The lake is an element of the hydrosphere. This is a water-based water or artificial way. It is filled with water lodge and does not have a direct connection with the sea or ocean. There are about 5 million such reservoirs in the world.

general characteristics

In terms of planetology, the lake is existing in space and time as an object filled with a substance in liquid form. In the geographical sense, it is represented as a closed deepening of the sushi, which falls and where water accumulates. The chemical composition of the lakes remains constant for a relatively long time. The substance that fills it is updated, but much less often than in the river. At the same time, the flows present in it do not act as the prevailing factor determining the mode. Lakes provide regulation in waters undergo chemical reactions. In the course of interactions, some elements are settled in bottom sediments, others go into water. In some reservoirs, usually not having flow, the content of salts in connection with evaporation increases. As a result of this process, a significant change in the saline and mineral composition of the lakes occurs. Due to the large thermal inertia, large objects soften the climatic conditions of adjacent zones, reducing seasonal and annual meteorological fluctuations.

Bottom sediments

With their accumulation, significant relief changes occur, the size of the lake kitelin. When the reservoirs are tightened, new forms are formed - the plain and convex. Lakes often form barriers to groundwater. This, in turn, causes a fear of landing sites located nearby. In the lakes there is a continuous accumulation of mineral and organic elements. As a result, powerful strata of deposits are formed. They are modified along the further development of water bodies and turn them into land or swamps. Under certain conditions, bottom sediments are transformed into mining fossils of organic origin.

Features of education

Ponds arise for a variety of reasons. The natural creators are the wind, water, tectonic forces. On the surface of the earth, the basins can be washed out with water. Due to the action of the wind, a deepening is formed. The glacier is depressing the depression, and the mountain collar will be covered with a river valley. So it turns out the bed for the future reservoir. After filling with water, the lake occurs. In the geography of water bodies are classified depending on the method of education, the presence of life, salting concentration. Only in the most saline lakes there are no living organisms. Most of the reservoirs are created due to the displacements of the earth's crust or volcanic eruptions.

Classification

For its origin, reservoirs are divided into:

Volcanic reservoirs

Such lakes are located in extluous crater and tubes explosion. Such reservoirs are found in Europe. For example, volcanic lakes are present in the area of \u200b\u200bIifel (in Germany). Near them marks a weak manifestation of volcanic activity in the form of hot springs. As the most common type of such lakes, the crater filled with water. Oz. Mazama Volcano Crei in Oregon was formed more than 6.5 thousand years ago. Its diameter is 10 km, and the depth is 589 m. Part of the lakes is formed in the process of blocking in the streams of Lava Volcanic Valleys. Gradually, water accumulates in them and formed with water. So, for example, it appeared. Kivu - Wpadina of the East African Rift Structure, located on the border of Rwanda and Zaire. It comes out once from OZ. Tanganyika r. Ruzisi flowed along the Valley of Kivu to the north, towards the Nile. But from the moment that after the eruption of a nearby volcano, the riverbed was blocked, she filled out the depression.

Other species

Lakes can be formed in limestone voids. Water dissolves this breed, forming huge caves. Such lakes may occur in the areas of underground salt deposits. Lakes can be artificial. They are intended, as a rule, for water storage for different purposes. Often, the creation of artificial lakes is associated with carrying out all sorts of earthworks. However, in some cases, their appearance is by their consequence. For example, artificial water bodies are formed in career developed. Among the largest lakes should be noted. Nasser, located on the border of Sudan and Egypt. It was formed by damping the valley of the r. Nile. Another example of a major artificial lake is Oz. Foreign Ministry It appeared after the installation of the dam on the r. Colorado. As a rule, such lakes are serviced by local hydroelectric power plants, provide hot water settlements and industrial zones.

The largest glacier-tectonic lakes

As one of the main reasons for the formation of water bodies, it comes through this displacement in a number of cases, glaciers are cracked. The reservoirs are very common on the plains and in the mountains. They may be both in the basins and between the hills in lowering. Glacial and tectonic lakes (examples: Ladoga, Onega) are sufficiently common in the northern hemisphere. Avalanches left enough deep cavities after themselves. Thala water accumulated in them. Deposits (MORE) drove the depressions. So the reservoirs were formed in the lake edge. At the foot of the city of Great Arber is Oz. Arbersee. This reservoir remained after the glacial period.

Tectonic lakes: examples, characteristics

Such reservoirs are formed at the sections of the shifts and faults of the crust. Usually, the tectonic lakes of the world are deep and narrow. They are distinguished by ribbed rectilinear shores. These reservoirs are mainly in end-to-end gorges. Tectonic lakes of Russia (examples: Kuril and Far on Kamchatka) are distinguished by a lowest bottom (below the ocean level). So, oz. Kurilsky is located in the southern part of the Kamchatka, in a picturesque deep basin. The area is surrounded by mountains. The maximum depth of the reservoir is 360 m. It has blunt shores, which flows many mountain streams. From the reservoir stem p. Lake. On the shores are hot springs on the surface. In the center of the lake there is a slight elevation - an island. It is called "heart-stone". Not far from the lake are the unique submarines of Pemp. They are called Cuthin Bati. Today is Kurilsky is the reserve and declared a zoological natural monument.

DNA profile

Glacial and tectonic lakes of the world have a sharply discharge relief. It is represented in the form of a broken curve. Glacial sediments and accumulative processes in precipitation may not have a significant effect on the clarity of the catlovin lines. However, in some cases, the impact may be quite noticeable. Tectonic lake glaciers can have a bottom covered with "scars", they are well visible on the islands and rocky shores. The latter are mainly made of hardening breeds. They are weakly leaving erosion, which, in turn, causes a slight rate of precipitation. Such tectonic refers to categories A \u003d 2-4 and A \u003d 4-10. The deepwater zone (over 10 m) of the total volume is 60-70%, shallow (up to 5 m) - 15-20%. Tectonic lakes are distinguished by the inhomogeneity of water in thermal indicators. During the maximum heating of the surface, the low temperature of the bottom waters is retained. This is determined by stable thermal stratification. Vegetation occurs quite rarely. It can be detected along the shores in the closed bays.

Spread

Where, besides Kamchatka, there are tectonic lakes? The list of the most famous reservoirs of the country includes such education as:

1. Sandal.
2. Sundozero.
3. Palf.
4. Randozero.
5. Salvilamby.

These reservoirs are located in the Suna River basin. A tectonic lakes are also found in the forest-steppe propararal. Examples of reservoirs:

1. Welga.
2. Argayash.
3. Shablis.
4. Tishi.
5. Sugoyak.
6. Calda.
7. B. Kuiash and Others.

The depth of the reservoirs in the Saralic Plain does not exceed 8-10 m. By origin, they are referred to as erosion-tectonic type lakes. Their depressions were modified, respectively, under the influence of erosion processes. Many reservoirs in the Urals are timed to the ancient river hollows. This, in particular, tectonic lakes such as reed, alakul, sandy, Etkul and others.

Unique reservoir

In the southern part of Eastern Siberia is Oz. Baikal is a tectonic lake. Its length is more than 630 km., And the length of the coastline is 2100 km. The width of the reservoir varies from 25 to 79 km. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe lake is 31.5 square meters. km. This reservoir is considered the deepest on the planet. It contains the largest amount of fresh water on Earth (23 thousand m 3). This is 1/10 from global stock. The full renewal of water in the water reservoir occurs in 332 years. His age is about 15-20 million liters. Baikal is considered one of the oldest lakes.

Locality

Baikal lies in a deep downgrade. His surround mountain ridgesTaiga covered. The area near the water branch is complex, deeply dismembered. Not far from the lake itself marks a noticeable expansion of the mountain band. The ridges pass here in parallel to each other in the direction from the North-West to the southeast. They are separated by brand-shaped slides. River valleys take place on their bottom, in some places small tectonic lakes are formed. The shifts of the earth's crust take place in the area today. This indicates relatively frequent earthquakes near the basin, exits to the surface of hot springs, as well as lowering the large area of \u200b\u200bthe coast. Water in a blue-green lake. It has exceptional transparency and purity. In some places it is clearly possible to consider stones that occur at a depth of 10-15 m, thickets of algae. White disc, lowered into water, is visible even at a depth of 40 m.

Distinctive features

The shape of the lake is a born crescent. The reservoir stretched between 55 ° 47 "and 51 ° 28" North. latitude and 103 ° 43 "and 109 ° 58" Vost. longitude. The maximum width in the center is 81 km, the minimum (opposite the delta of the village of Selenga) is 27 km. The lake is located above sea level at an altitude of 455 m. There are 336 rivers and streams in the reservoir. Half of the water enters it from the r. Selenga. One river - hangar follows from the lake. However, it should be said that in the scientific community to date there are discussions on the exact number of flows flowing into the reservoir. Most scientists converge in the opinion that there are less than 336.

Water

Liquid substance filling the lake is considered unique in nature. As it was said above, the water is surprisingly transparent and pure, rich in oxygen. In the near past, she was even considered healing. Water Baikal treated various diseases. Spring transparency is higher. In terms of indicators, it approaches the standard - Sargasso Sea. In it, the transparency of water is estimated at 65 m. During the mass flowering of algae, the lake rate is reduced. Nevertheless, even at this time in the lull of the boat, the bottom is visible on a fairly decent depth. High transparency is caused by the activities of living organisms. Thanks to them, the lake is weakly mineralized. Water is approximated by structure to distilled. The importance of Oz. Baikal is difficult to overestimate. In this regard, the state provides special environmental protection to this area.