Two large natural regions can be distinguished on the territory of Sweden, this is Northern Sweden (where the eastern slopes of the Scandinavian Highlands are crossed by numerous wide deep valleys that contain elongated narrow lakes. On the interfluves, large areas are occupied by swamps. In some valleys there are significant areas of fertile soils formed on fine-grained sands and loams; they are mainly used for pastures. Farming in the valleys is possible up to about 750m above sea level. Northern Sweden has experienced relatively little human influence and is rather sparsely populated) and Southern Sweden (which differs from Northern Sweden in high population density and a high concentration of industry and agriculture on its territory).

Within the more elevated Northern Sweden, three vertical belts stand out:

• Upper, including the eastern periphery of the Scandinavian Highlands, abounding in lakes;
• · medium, covering the Norrland Plateau with a cover of moraine deposits and peat bogs;
• · lower - with a predominance of marine sediments on the plains along the western coast of the Gulf of Bothnia.

Within the southern part of the country stand apart: the plains of Central Sweden, the Småland plateau and the plains of the Skåne peninsula.

As for the climate, it can be added that since the territory of Sweden has a significant extent in the submeridional direction, it is much colder in the north of the country and the growing season is shorter than in the south. Accordingly, the length of day and night also differs. However, in general, Sweden is characterized by a greater frequency of sunny and dry weather compared to many other countries in Northwest Europe, especially in winter. Despite the fact that 15% of the country is located beyond the Arctic Circle, and all of it is located north of 55 ° N, due to the influence of winds blowing from Atlantic Ocean the climate is quite mild. Such climatic conditions are favorable for the development of forests, comfortable living for people and more productive agriculture than in continental regions located at the same latitudes. Throughout Sweden, winters are long and summers are short.

The water resources of the country are the numerous rivers of Sweden, among which there is not a single very large one, they all form a dense network and are of great economic importance. Fast-flowing rivers are widely used for energy production. Timber rafting is carried out along many rivers. The largest lakes of the kingdom are Vänern with an area of ​​5545 km 2, Vättern with an area of ​​1898 km 2, Mälaren with an area of ​​1140 km 2 and Elmaren with an area of ​​479 km 2. These lakes are navigable and are an important transport system countries, various freight transportation. Numerous narrow elongated "finger-shaped" lakes in the mountains of Sweden serve mainly for timber rafting. Lake Silyan, located in historical center Swedish state.

Among the water channels of the state, the Göta Canal, which connects the largest lakes of the country, Venern and Vättern, is of the greatest importance. Thanks to this channel, communication is carried out between important industrial centers - these are cities such as Stockholm in the east, Gothenburg in southwest coast, Jönköping at the southern tip of Lake Vättern and many other cities located in Central Sweden. Other large water channels in Sweden are Elmaren, Stromsholm, Trollhättan, which is laid around the waterfalls on the Göta Elv River and Södertälje, which is one of the first in the country and is still in operation.

Sweden (officially called the Kingdom of Sweden) is a state located in northern Europe on the Scandinavian Peninsula (Scandinavian Peninsula). The area of ​​the entire territory of Sweden is about 449,964 km2, which is comparable to the area of ​​Uzbekistan. IN Russian Federation about 38.5 Sweden would fit! Nevertheless, the Kingdom takes a well-deserved 5th place in terms of area in all of Europe after Russia, Ukraine, France and.

Few people know that Sweden is located beyond the Arctic Circle, which means that in winter there is a polar night, and in summer - a polar day. Polar night and day are phenomena in which the Sun practically does not set below the horizon or does not emerge from behind it for more than a day. In order to survive such periods, the inhabitants of the Kingdom have to take vitamins and fight a terrible reluctance to wake up early "at night" and fall asleep with the sun's rays beating in the face of the "day". But the Swedes do not lose heart and see the pluses in everything: they rejoice at the northern lights and the opportunity to launch beautiful fireworks at any time of the day, they are charged with energy and positive mood from the sun that never leaves for a minute ...

Geographic location and geology

The length of the Swedish borders is 2233 km, while for the most part of its borders it “contacts” with the Kingdom of Norway (1619 km), then with Finland (615 km), and the rest is the water border with the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Botany, as well as with several bays separating Sweden and Denmark. The kingdom also owns 2 fairly large Baltic islands: Gotland and Eland, as well as several very small ones.

Terrain, volcanoes and mountains

Needless to say, Sweden is rich in tall mountains and volcanoes - there are only 12 peaks above 2000 meters, the highest of which is Kebnekaise. Height is this mountain range is 2106 meters above sea level. And there are no active (active) volcanoes in Sweden at all. Nevertheless, the Kingdom did not escape the "natural disaster" that happened not so long ago - in 2010. One of the volcanoes rich in seismic activity in Iceland under the name Eyjafjallajökull, which is difficult for a Russian-speaking person to pronounce, began to erupt in March of that year. The amount of ash emissions emitted into the atmosphere turned out to be incredible. A huge cloud of ash was carried by westerly winds towards Europe. After Iceland, sunlight was hidden from human eyes in Norway, Sweden, and then in almost all of Europe. The ash settled quickly enough - less than a month after the incident, the sky over European countries was clear. Despite the rapid drop in emissions for several days, all of Europe ceased to communicate with the rest of the world by flights.

Hundreds of flights had to be canceled and rescheduled. This event is still remembered, many stories for news channels around the world were filmed about it. Some said that the ash cloud would reach Russia, but this never happened. Returning to the relief of the earth's crust, it is important to note that Sweden is not one large plain - although there are not very many mountains, there are more than enough hills and fields, rocks, lakes and rivers for such a small state. Wide coastlines, behind which a fresh coniferous forest mysteriously froze. It hides forest dwellers going about their business, hides small villages, hides many tiny streams, rivers and lakes. An inspiring picture of a cold and secretive Northern European Kingdom immediately pops up in my head.

Climate

Sweden is located in two main climatic zones - subarctic (in the northern and eastern parts of the country) and temperate (in the southern and western parts). Most of the subarctic (as it is also called subpolar) part is occupied by glaciers, it is there that the polar days and nights are longer, and the northern lights are brighter. In parts with a temperate climate, the weather conditions are much milder. The main roles in shaping the climate of the small Kingdom were played by the Scandinavian mountains, which do not let in the winds that come from the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Stream, which brings moisture and heat to the cold northern country. Due to the high humidity in Sweden, there are many swamps, heavy rainfall and frequent fogs, giving the Kingdom that very Scandinavian mystery and perhaps even charm.

Reservoirs within the state, on its mainland

The whole world knows Sweden not only for foggy forests that seem to exude freshness, but also for a huge number of lakes. Only lakes occupy about 10% of the entire area of ​​​​the state, and yet it is also rich in other water bodies like rivers! There are more than 4,000 lakes in the Kingdom that are larger than 1 km2! It is difficult to imagine what their total number is, counting even the smallest, located in the middle of dense forests. Lake Venern is considered the largest in terms of area with a value of 5519 km2, and the deepest is Khurnavan, in order to reach the bottom of which you will have to dive 221 meters under water! There are only 7 largest, longest rivers in Sweden: Turneelven (522 km), Dalelven (520 km), Umeelven (470 km), Luleelven (461 km), Kalikselven (461 km), Klarelven (460 km) and Indalselven (430 km). ). It is hard not to notice that at the end of each name of almost any river in the Kingdom there is a root -elven-, which in Swedish alven means "river".

Flora of the Kingdom of Sweden

Botanists share the whole vegetable world Scandinavian Kingdom into 5 separate vast "branches": the region of northern latitudes and mountain peaks; an area of ​​​​forests with trees that have crooked trunks, otherwise this territory is called "crooked forest"; an area of ​​coniferous forests in the north of the state, which is the most extensive in Sweden); area of ​​coniferous forests in the south of the state; area of ​​forests of pine and beech trees.

In addition to zonal natural areas, there are also azonal ones: for example, near numerous lakes, the vegetation is much richer, more lush than in places that are relatively arid for Sweden, in almost every swamp (which, by the way, together occupy about 14% of the entire area of ​​​​the Kingdom) and their environs there are its own special microflora, a unique flora. Different types of forest cover about 65% of the total area small country. If we add up these and the above data on the occupancy of the territory, such an amazing thing turns out: about 90% of the entire small kingdom is occupied by nature, the miraculous world, and only 10% is allotted settlements with a high number of people per square kilometer.

Some choose to live in the depths of dense forests, or more often on the shores of lonely small lakes in wooden huts. Many city dwellers often go to such places to get away from the bustle of the city, from a large number people and constant distractions, "hide" in a quiet and peaceful place near a small village. Many are engaged in meditation or yoga, practice "communication with nature." In Sweden, there are a huge number of lonely hermits living in the wilds and devoting their lives only to themselves and nature.

The favorite "natural attraction" of tourists is one of the oldest trees on our planet, whose age, according to scientists, is more than 2500 years, and its roots are even more - for about 9000 years they have not stopped their development and do not die so far! Its mass and volume are incomparable with anything on the planet, not considering inanimate nature and man-made structures - this tree is the absolute winner, because it is the heaviest and largest in size of all living organisms on Earth. The world's oldest giant sequoiadendron (the common name for the species of this amazing plant), scientists have given a separate "name" - General Sherman. It acquired this name back in 1879 thanks to Major General, later Army General William Tecumseh Sherman, who became famous in wide circles after civil war in the United States of America.

Fauna of Sweden

Various species of mammals in Sweden are quite scarce, but their number can be envied. In the northern part, especially in Lapland, seeing whole herds of reindeer is a common thing. In coniferous and deciduous forests, animals common to temperate climatic zones are found: foxes, hares, small rodents, martens, brown bears, lynxes with wolverines and other similar species.

With a variety of birds in the kingdom, things are much better - there are more than 340 species of them, but they do not differ in uniqueness - swans, gulls and ducks are a common thing for all northern European countries. The same "fate" befell the inhabitants of rivers, seas and lakes - there are about 160 species of fish, which, like birds and mammals, are found almost everywhere, for example, trout, perch, salmon ...

At first glance, it is inexplicable that one of the many species of mammals in Sweden is the American norm. Where did she even come from? The fact is that having brought an amazing animal from the United States, no one suspected that it could spread throughout Europe, but, refuting their assumptions, it happened. The population has risen faster than anyone could have expected, but now the American mink is the most common animal in Sweden, which now seems to have lived in their climate since the beginning of time.

Ecology and protection of nature

In the kingdom this moment inaugurated set national parks, as well as more than 1000 reserves. It became the first European state with a system of national parks - the first of these was opened already in the 9th year of the last century! The government has spent more than 400 million Swedish crowns (400 million crowns in rubles at the current exchange rate is approximately equal to 2.87349725 x 10 to the 9th power of rubles - an unimaginable amount) on research and environmental development in the country, in particular, largely on getting rid of harmful exhaust gases and air purification. I must say that all efforts were not in vain - Sweden is on the list of 10 most environmentally friendly countries in the world.

On the way to our final destination - the fjords of Norway - we never ceased to admire the pictures of the natural landscape in Sweden.
Sweden is one of the few European states, where you can still see wildlife, landscapes untouched by civilization, and people who have been living in the harmonious rhythm of the change of seasons for centuries. At the same time, it is a rich country with a modern industry, whose products have become a symbol of impeccable quality, and the population is socially protected.
and lives in enviable prosperity for many.

This is one of the largest countries in Europe, characterized by a variety of natural and climatic conditions.
The contrast between long summer days and equally long winter nights is striking here. In summer, the sun in some parts of northern Sweden and beyond the Arctic Circle does not leave the sky around the clock, and the white nights extend further south, where in June there are only short twilights at night.

A significant part of the Swedish landscape is represented by coniferous forests, in particular pine forests, as well as widely spread deciduous forests - birch, aspen - in the southern part of the country.
Some parts of the Scandinavian mountain range are distinguished by exotic flora, including, for example, numerous species of orchids.

In addition to magnificent landscapes, Sweden has a rich and varied wildlife - from bears and wolves in the north of the country to roe deer and wild boars in the south. The country also has a rich flora and aquatic life, further enriching its biodiversity.
Moose, roe deer, squirrels, hares, foxes, martens are found in the forests, in the northern taiga - lynxes, wolverines, brown bears. There are about 340 species of birds, and up to 160 species of fish.

wild cat

Sweden was the first in Europe - back in 1910 - to start creating National parks predominantly in mountainous areas. This helped to save part of what was still in Europe wildlife from exploitation. The country also has many nature reserves and protected areas.
Sweden has 16 national parks and almost 900 nature reserves under the protection of cultural heritage.

Well, what can I tell you or where to start a story about our nature in the south of Sweden or, as our region is called, Skåne.

Skane / Skane / - a very fertile region, black earth, besides, there was always a war and struggle between Denmark, under which Skane was almost 400 years old and a little less under Sweden too. For the fertile lands of Skåne, there was a long and exhausting struggle, and on its territory there were battles between the Danes and the Swedes, as well as a guerrilla war between the Skons and the Swedes. Since Skåne was Danish for so long and then became Swedish, the traditions, the language, the cuisine, and the architecture all intertwined into a bright pattern very distinctive from all of Sweden. Even the flag took a little bit of colors from both Danish and Swedish: the Danish flag is red with a white cross, the Swedish one is bright blue with a yellow cross, and the Skone flag is red with a yellow cross! Also the language, although they seem to speak Swedish, and the pronunciation and many words are from Danish. When people from central or northern Sweden come to us, very often they cannot understand what the Skons are talking about!
The nature of southern Sweden is amazingly diverse!

Quite in the south, where such large cities for Sweden as Lund, Malmö, Ystad, Treleborg are located - nature resembles more a steppe with soft hills and small forests. There, in the cities, palm trees are planted in the streets along the sea to create a really feeling of the south! And this can be understood, because the summer in Sweden is short and flies by very quickly! In summer it is beautiful there: the sea is warm and shallow, huge sandy shores with dunes and heather, and the atmosphere of the southern European cities complement an almost idyllic picture, but in autumn and winter ... Strong, penetrating winds blow almost constantly, gray and low skies, high humidity and rains - this is a typical autumn, and in winter snow is added, with the same piercing wind and icing of all roads, it feels like you are driving on a skating rink.

Well, a little higher, in the southwest, where geographically I live, in fact, the landscape changes very noticeably: hills with heaped granite stones, small streams winding through the fields, lakes and forests consisting of birch, spruce, oak and beech. I live in the small commune of Ostorp (as a district center in Russia - 14,000 thousand people) at the foot of the Southern Upland / S;derasen, where there are many forests of beech, oak, spruce and birch. The hill itself is reminiscent of a little bit of Switzerland: granite cliffs, descending deeply, and so steep and high slides that you have to climb on them, sometimes almost like climbers. Many millions of years ago, there was a ridge of volcanoes stretching south, and now it has been preserved in its collapsed, but obvious form, practically alone with the visible outline of the round throat of the volcano and the lake in it, which bears the mystical name Odin. Odin is the most powerful Deity in Norse mythology, like Zeus. The water in this lake, which is about 20 meters deep, is as energetic and extraordinary as, for example, Svetloyar, in Nizhny Novgorod. Swimming here is very unusual: the water seems to glow and shimmer with light from within or from the depths and air bubbles still rise from the bottom, which means that the Earth is still breathing in this place!

And go down from the "mountains" of the hill, so open spaces with fields, farms, forests immediately open up and new "mountains" are visible in the distance - the Dutch Upland, behind which lies the very famous town of Bostad - summer international tennis competitions are held there.

The sea surrounds us from almost all sides: in the south and southeast - the Baltic Sea, in the southwest - the Kategat Strait between Helsingborg - Sweden and Helsingor - Denmark, and the whole strait is called Oresund, where the sea is warm, due to the flowing Gulf Stream, which , in turn, gives us a fairly mild climate in which roses, magnolias, hydrangeas grow beautifully, Walnut and many other exotic plants and trees. The shores are wide and sandy with dunes, where you can hide in the sand from the wind, with heather and a huge wild rose, and a little higher, towards Bostad / B;stad /, the shores suddenly become steep and steep and resemble granite giants, associated in my eyes, with Scotland.

Yes, I also forgot to tell you that after Kategat and the high cape Kulaberg, which is considered the highest place on the southern and southwestern coast, a large bay opens - Schelderviken or Engelholm Bay, because it lies directly across the city of Engelholm, which means Angelic hills. The beaches here are considered the best in Sweden and therefore tourists from everywhere come here: Germany, Holland, Denmark and, of course, Sweden, and immediately behind the beach forests begin, which, for some reason, are called Siberian (from Siberia - they are dense, wild and stretch for several kilometers). It was in this forest that the flying saucer landed, 63 years ago. A small monument was erected to her by a man who saw her and communicated telepathically with the aliens! This man was called Östa Karlsson /G;sta Carlsson/ and it was he who built the small monument of the flying saucer, which has been standing here for many years, in memory of the event. This place, of course, is very unique: a huge diameter space that burned out when the saucer landed , but over the years it has already been decently overgrown, but this space is still visible and the energy here is also surprisingly strong and positive - here you can sit and improve your health or just recharge your batteries.

And how many in Scandinavia / Denmark and Sweden / dolmens? You won't believe it - 4500!!! And most of them are scattered in Skane, in the south of Sweden, where I live. And how powerful are these dolmen structures, which in fact there are several types here: above-ground, similar to Gelendzhik dolmens and underground with passages to them and a hill above them. The fact that there is an unusually strong Energy, probably, is not worth much to say, since this is quite obvious from the history of dolmens. There, too, you can be charged with Energy and in your Meditations just fly away to other dimensions or see interesting things. Only about dolmens in the south of Sweden one can write a separate book!!! But, that might be another time.

There are also picturesque and energetically strong Viking burials. You can meet them everywhere in Sweden, even in deep forests. As a rule, they are recognized by the stones standing and deeply going into the Earth, arranged in a spiral. The central stone of this spiral always belonged to the head of this Viking clan, and then other members of the families of this clan or tribe were already buried. Stones can act as pyramids or just be smooth but powerful boulders. Here in Ostorp, in the city park, next to the windmill, you can find several such spiral burials under powerful oaks, which, of course, later grew on this site. When you stand in the center of this spiral, you can recharge your Energy System, or, more simply, your health, with these powerful Energy Streams that simply flow vertically from the center of these points. And if you do not really believe this or want to check the veracity of these statements, then please come and visit us in Sweden! Take a pendulum or, as we call it, a pendel and check it !!! The pendulum will simply go off scale, rushing in a circle and clockwise! And how many such graves I myself saw in the Småland forests (middle Sweden), picking blueberries and mushrooms.

On the E6 highway, between Helsingborg and Landskrona, towards Malmön south, on top of an observation mountain, from which the island of Ven is perfectly visible, on which the famous astronomer and scientist Tycho Brahe was born and lived, and also Denmark is visible - Helsingør, the coast and then Copenhagen, then on the right on this hillock you can see untouched burial mounds - burial places of noble Vikings. And the Swedes are not in a hurry to tear the Earth apart and bite into the past, they treat the Earth with respect and do not disturb it for any reason. After all, there is already all the evidence and all kinds of relics from history, and they also spend their budget money very wisely and economically! This is probably why they, despite all kinds of crises, still have a relatively stable economy! Well, if someone still decides to dig up these and other mounds, well, then, let them try for their money, but I don’t think that the inhabitants would allow them to do this.

Here we have such an unusual nature! And with reserves, and with extraordinary places of power, and just with mushrooms, blackberries, raspberries, rabbits, pheasants, deer and ... very nice, hardworking people who need to be understood and known, because the Scandinavian mentality and temperament are completely different from , say Slavic, Russian or Ukrainian. People are very restrained, cautious, shy and never impose on anything, even somewhere proud, one might say, but if they recognize you and love you, then this is for life and will become friends for life too.

Well, I wanted to write briefly for you about the nature of our region or region, which I selflessly fell in love with, but it turned out to be a whole essay ...

I will be glad if this gives YOU some idea about her - Skone!

Welcome to us if you want to see it all for yourself and love it too!!

Memories of gloriously spent once summer holidays, about childhood years in the village always cause a lot of emotions in people. These memories are overflowing with the smell of strawberries, fresh hay and freshly cut branches, birdsong and other forest sounds. These are memories of catching crabs on fish heads and of fishermen tarring their boats...

The Swedes are the world's biggest nature lovers. They are ready to expand on this topic for as long as they like.

Sweden is covered with endless forests, in which the Swedes in full family composition, fighting against countless hordes of mosquitoes, pick berries and mushrooms. Loneliness seekers take boats and kayaks to hundreds of thousands of lakes that have survived in their original state, if you do not pay attention to the dry cleaning they have undergone as a result of acid rain coming from Britain. Those who love skiing go hiking on the mountain slopes of Lapland, where the silence is so absolute that the traveler can hear the innermost thoughts of his companion. This phenomenon often serves as a mitigating circumstance in Sweden in many murder trials.

The area around Stockholm, with its 25,000 mostly uninhabited islands, is a wonderful haven for all nature lovers. During the summer, tens of thousands of yachts, sailing and motor boats rush into the waters of the islands, trying to be the first to capture the most picturesque corners of land and secluded bays, the noisiest rivers and the most beautiful rocks.

In these places, children selflessly play Robinson Crusoe, while adults, meanwhile, just as selflessly imagine themselves not yet enslaved by children. More major islands, overgrown with apple trees and teeming with poisonous snakes, remind young people of the surroundings of some chapters of the Old Testament and provoke them to try themselves as the first people who settled in Eden. And all those who went to the islands greedily absorb the sun's rays until the moment when the luminary squeezed out by them to failure hides from them beyond the horizon for six whole months.

With the onset of winter, when the sea freezes, tourists from the continent leave the islands, and the number of islanders returns to a constant mark of 6 thousand inhabitants. Life on the islands, especially in winter, is not very diverse. It is said that when one of the inhabitants of the islands was asked how they cope with the anguish of their existence in the midst of all this silence and what they do here, he replied: “In the summer we breed and fish, and in the winter, when there is no fish, then only we multiply."

Ecology

The Swedes have a dream: to save nature, to protect it from the destructive impact of man. And if we assume that the Swedes are generally capable of some kind of passion, then we can say that they devote themselves to the realization of this dream of theirs with all the passion that they are capable of.

Those magazines that used to publish huge materials on space exploration now give their pages exclusively to "recycling", that is, the industrial processing of secondary raw materials. In academic and industrial labs, scientists are looking for ways to turn agricultural waste into food packaging materials. And one Swedish engineer even invented an internal combustion engine that should run on exhaust gases; only one bad luck: should work, but does not work. And in marble halls parliament deputies produce much more waste paper than before - they prepare raw materials for "recycling".

But nowhere have the Swedes shown more concern for the preservation of the natural environment than in their work on the project of a bridge across the Øresund Strait, which separates Sweden from Denmark and connects the North and Baltic Seas. The same strait separates Sweden from world civilization. The idea of ​​building a bridge across the Øresund is as old as the idea of ​​building a tunnel under the English Channel. Until recently, it could not be implemented due to lack of funds. And so, when the money for the construction was finally found, the project was heavily criticized due to environmental considerations. The reason for the disputes that arose around the project was the suspicion that the construction of the bridge would disrupt the salt and oxygen balance. Baltic Sea. And yet, by July 1, 2000, the bridge was built, and the king of Sweden and the queen of Denmark were present at its opening.

Generally speaking, the transport artery that now crosses the Öresund is not a bridge in the full sense of the word. The project, developed by the construction committee, provided for the creation of an eight-kilometer road and rail bridge, starting on the Swedish side, which goes down - into the tunnel - and there continues its way to Denmark.

For the uninitiated, it remains a mystery what could actually threaten the Baltic. What else can worsen the ecological situation in this inland sea after decades of pollution from Poland, the former GDR and the Soviet Union? Can the construction of a bridge, which is only half a bridge, add something to this? Rather, care should be taken to ensure that water does not begin to flood the mouth of the tunnel in the middle of the Øresund, because if this happens, then the bridge, in essence, will no longer be good or needed for anything.

Climate

The weather in Sweden is for every taste - it will please both lovers of coolness and lovers of "hot". In winter, the temperature can be found from cold to very cold, and in summer it can be found from warm to very warm. There is no heat here like at the equator and no cold weather like at the north pole. It remains only to choose a place in the country according to your favorite weather.

The climate of Sweden is formed under the influence of two main factors: the influx of warm, moist air masses from the Atlantic and the penetration of cold, dry air from the Arctic and northern Eurasia. The considerable length of the country from north to south and the varied relief cause great differences in the climate of the north and south, east and west of Sweden.

Despite the fact that 15% of the territory of Sweden is located beyond the North Pole, and the whole country is north of 55 ° north latitude, the winds blowing from the ice-free coast of the Atlantic Ocean moderate the temperate climate in general. Therefore, here people live more comfortably, and agriculture is more productive than in other countries located at the same latitudes.

In Northern Sweden, fenced off by the Scandinavian mountains from the western winds and at the same time open to the north and northeast, a more severe continental-type climate prevails with long frosty winters, short cool summers and moderate rainfall. The average temperatures on the Norrland plateau in January range from -10° in its southern part to -14° in the Arctic, and in July - respectively from 16 to 14°.

Precipitation, mainly in the form of snow, falls from 400 to 600 mm per year. Only on the slopes of the Scandinavian mountains along the border with Norway does the amount of annual precipitation reach 1000 mm or even more. Weak evaporation and water impermeability of the underlying rocks lead to waterlogging of the surface and severe waterlogging.

Open to the western and southwestern winds, Southern Sweden has a mild, humid maritime-type climate. Winter here is short, warm, the average temperature in January is about 0°; the summer is cool, the average temperature in July is about 17°, the precipitation is significant - 700-900 mm per year. The climate of the eastern regions of Central Sweden is more continental. average temperature January is - 4 °, July - 18 °. The amount of annual precipitation decreases to 500--700 mm. The climatic conditions of Southern and most of Central Sweden make it possible to achieve high yields of grain crops and perennial grasses.

Sweden is characterized by very large fluctuations in the weather regime from one year to another. If air masses from the Atlantic predominate, then the winter is milder, and the summer is cooler and rainier, while if this influence is weakened, the winter is more severe and frosty, and the summer is warmer and drier.