Open lesson for 8th grade. Education and science in the 19th century.

Russian pioneers and travelers.

At the very beginning of the 19th century, a system of higher, secondary and primary education was formed in Russia. The educational reform carried out in 1803 led to the creation of a gymnasium in every provincial town. In every county town county school. For driving educational institutions The Ministry of Public Education was created. The government paid great attention to the development of higher education.

1. Match the universities and the dates of their formation.

Dorpat 1802

Kazansky 1804

Kharkov 1804

Vilensky 1804

Petersburg 1819

Alexander (Tsarskoye Selo) Lyceum 1811-

In which representatives of the highest noble society (A.S. Pushkin) studied.

2. Fill in the table. Educational institutions under Nicholas 1.

Whom and what was taught.

Parish schools

representatives of the lower classes. God's law, literacy, arithmetic.

County schools

Children of merchants, artisans, philistines. Russian language arithmetic, geometry, history, geography.

Gymnasiums

Children of nobles, officials, merchants of the first guild. Studied exact and humanitarian subjects.

3. Indicate the publisher whose books contributed to the development of education in the 40s. 19th century?

A. Sytin I.D.

B. Smirdin A.F.

V. Soldatenkov K.T.

G. Pavlenkov F.F.

4.Fill in the table.

The improvement of the education system in many ways contributed to the development of domestic science.

Branch of science

opening

biology

Dvigubsky I.A.

The earth's surface and the creatures inhabiting it undergo fundamental changes over time under the influence of natural causes.

Dyadkovsky I.E.

Life is a continuous physical and chemical process.

Baer K.M. 1834

The universal law of the development of nature.

medicine

Pirogov N.I.1856

The founder of military field surgery First used anesthesia.

geology

N.I. Koksharov 1840

A geological map of European Russia was compiled.

Astronomy

Building powerful telescopes. Pulkovo observatory

mathematics

Lobachevsky N.I. 1826

Non-Euclidean geometry.

Petrov V.V. 1802

Developed a galvanic battery. An example of an electric light bulb.

Lenz E.Kh. 1833

Rule for the direction of the driving force of induction. A year later he invented the electric motor.

Jacobi B.S. 1840

Electroplating is a method of applying metal to the desired surface with the help of electricity.

Schilling P.L.1832

Invented the electric telegraph.

Guess the crossword. Chemistry, science and production. Using the textbook on pages 105-106

1. In 1826-27, one of these researchers laid the foundation for powder metallurgy.

2. This researcher discovered the basic law of photochemistry.

3. 6. In the 30s of the 19th century, these brothers, serf mechanics of the Nizhny Tagil Metallurgical Plant, built the first steam railway.

4. In 1840, this scientist discovered the basic law of thermochemistry.

5. In 1817, this outstanding metallurgist developed four options for the technology for producing damask steel.

6. This researcher in the field of chemistry has developed a method for obtaining glucose.

7. One of these chemists created stable chemical dyes for the booming textile industry.

Distinctive features of the development of education and science in the first half of the 19th century were: an increase in the number of higher and secondary educational institutions and representatives of various segments of the country's population studying in them; growth in the number of scientists; the major successes achieved by Russian scientists in the development of national and world science achieved on this basis; strengthening the practical orientation of scientific research; strengthening links between science and industrial production

6. Russian discoverers and travelers.

The 19th century was the time of the greatest geographical discoveries made by Russian researchers. Continuing the traditions of their predecessors, explorers and travelers in the 17-18 centuries, they enriched the Russians' understanding of the world around them, contributed to the development of new territories that became part of the empire. Russia for the first time carried out soy old dream: her ships went to the oceans.

Work with text to insert missing words.

1. Kruzenshtern I.F. and Lisyansky Yu.F.

In 1803, at the direction of Alexander 1, an expedition was undertaken on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" to explore the northern part of Pacific Ocean. It was the first Russian expedition, which lasted three years. It was headed by Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, the largest navigator and geographer of the 19th century.

During the voyage, more than a thousand kilometers of the coast of Sakhalin Island were mapped for the first time. Yu.F. Lisyansky discovered one of the islands Hawaiian archipelago named after him. A lot of data was collected by the members of the expedition about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska. Pacific Islands and arctic oceans.

The results of the observations were presented in the report of the Academy of Sciences. Kruzenshtern I.F. was awarded the title of academician. His materials were the basis for the Atlas published in the early 1920s. South Seas". In 1845, Admiral I. F. Kruzenshtern became one of the founding members of the Russian Geographical Society.

Map work. Match the received information with the task.

2. Bellingshausen F.F. and Lazarev M.P.

One of the students and followers of Krusenstern was Fadey Fadeevich Bellingshausen. He was a member of the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

In 1819-1821, Bellingshausen was instructed to lead a new round-the-world expedition on the sloops Vostok and Mirny. The expedition plan was made by Kruzenshtern I.F. The main goal was designated "the acquisition of complete knowledge about our the globe” and “the discovery of the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole”.

On January 16, 1820, the expedition approached the shores of Antarctica, unknown at that time, which Bellingshausen called "the ice continent". After stopping in Australia, Russian ships moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, where they discovered a group of islands called the Russian Islands.

For 751 days of navigation, Russian sailors covered about 50 thousand km. The most important geographical discoveries were made, valuable collections were brought. Observational data on the waters of the World Ocean and ice covers of a new continent for mankind.

Student's report. Put in the missing words.

3. Baranov A.A. and development of Russian America.

Alexander Alexandrovich Baranov can hardly be attributed to the discoverers or travelers in the strict sense of the word. But he was a man who made an invaluable contribution to the development of Russian America by our compatriots.

In search of new hunting areas, Baranov studied Kodiak Island and other territories in detail, searched for minerals, founded new Russian settlements and supplied them with everything necessary. Established exchanges with local residents. It was he who managed for the first time to truly secure vast territories on the Pacific coast of North America for Russia. Baranov's activities were extremely difficult and dangerous. The constant raids of the Indians cost the Russian settlers not only a lot of money, but also their lives. In 1802 alone, more than 200 settlers were killed while trying to establish a settlement on the island of Sitka.

Baranov's efforts were so successful that in 1799 he became the ruler of the Russian-American Company, and in 1803 he was appointed ruler of the Russian colonies in America. In 1804, Baranov founded the Novoarkhangelsk fortress on the island of Sitka, and then Fort Ross. In 1825, he undertook an expedition to the Hawaiian Islands with the aim of annexing them to Russia. However, she did not bring good luck. In 1818 he received consent to leave America for his homeland. On the road, on the island of Java, Baranov died in 1819.

Map work. Match the information received with the task

4. Nevelskoy G.I. and E.V. Putyatin.

Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy became the largest explorer of the Russian Far East in the middle of the 19th century.

In two expeditions (1848-1849 and 1850-1855) he managed to bypass Sakhalin from the north, discover a number of new, previously unknown territories and enter the lower reaches of the Amur. Here in 1850 he founded the Nikolaev post (Nikolaevsk-on-Amur). Nevelsky's travels were of great importance: for the first time it was proved that Sakhalin was not at all connected to the mainland. And the Tatar Strait is also an island - it is a strait, and not a bay, as it was thought.

Efimy Vasilyevich Putyatin in 1822-1825 committed trip around the world and left to posterity a description of what he saw. In 1852-1855. during the expedition led by him on the frigate "Pallada" the islands of Rimsky-Korsakov were discovered. Putyatin became the first Russian who managed to visit Japan, which was closed to Europeans, and even signed an agreement there in 1855.

The result of the expeditions of Nevelsky and Putyatin, in addition to purely scientific ones, was the consolidation of the Primorsky region in the Far East for Russia.

The scientific information collected by Russian travelers was so extensive and significant that it was necessary to create special institutions for their generalization and use.

The most important of them was the Russian Geographical Society, opened in 1845. It has become the center of geographical knowledge in Russia. The organization of scientific expeditions became regular. Carrying out surveys of the population of Russia and neighboring countries. Publication of geographical and statistical collections. For the development of economic and geographical research in Siberia, the Far East, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Central Asia in 1851 the Caucasian and Siberian departments of the Russian Geographical Society were created.

8. Homework paragraphs 15. 16.

Russian navigators, along with European ones, are the most famous pioneers who discovered new continents, sections of mountain ranges and vast water areas.

They became the pioneers of significant geographical objects, took the first steps in the development of hard-to-reach territories, made round-the-world trips. So who are they - the conquerors of the seas, and what exactly did the world learn about thanks to them?

Afanasy Nikitin - the very first Russian traveler

Afanasy Nikitin is rightfully considered the first Russian traveler who managed to visit India and Persia (1468-1474, according to other sources 1466-1472). On the way back he visited Somalia, Turkey, Muscat. On the basis of his travels, Athanasius compiled the notes "Journey Beyond the Three Seas", which became popular and unique historical and literary aids. These records became the first book in the history of Russia, made not in the format of a story about a pilgrimage, but describing the political, economic and cultural features of the territories.

Afanasy Nikitin

He was able to prove that even as a member of a poor peasant family, one can become famous researcher and traveller. Streets, embankments in several Russian cities, a motor ship, passenger train and aircraft

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Semyon Dezhnev, who founded the Anadyr prison

Cossack chieftain Semyon Dezhnev was an Arctic navigator who became the discoverer of a number of geographical objects. Wherever Semyon Ivanovich served, everywhere he sought to study the new and previously unknown. He was even able to cross the East Siberian Sea on a makeshift koch, going from Indigirka to Alazeya.

In 1643, as part of a detachment of explorers, Semyon Ivanovich discovered Kolyma, where he founded the city of Srednekolymsk with his associates. A year later, Semyon Dezhnev continued his expedition, walked along the Bering Strait (which did not yet have this name) and discovered the easternmost point of the mainland, later named Cape Dezhnev. An island, a peninsula, a bay, a village also bear his name.

Semyon Dezhnev

In 1648, Dezhnev set off again. His ship was wrecked in the waters located in the southern part of the Anadyr River. Having reached on skis, the sailors went up the river and stayed there for the winter. Subsequently, this place appeared on geographical maps and received the name Anadyr prison. As a result of the expedition, the traveler was able to make detailed descriptions, draw up a map of those places.

Vitus Jonassen Bering, who organized expeditions to Kamchatka

Two Kamchatka expeditions inscribed the names of Vitus Bering and his associate Alexei Chirikov in the history of marine discoveries. During the first trip, the navigators conducted research and were able to supplement the geographical atlas with objects located in Northeast Asia and on the Pacific coast of Kamchatka.

The discovery of the Kamchatka and Ozerny peninsulas, the bays of Kamchatsky, the Cross, the Karaginsky, the Bay of Conduct, the island of St. Lawrence are also the merit of Bering and Chirikov. At the same time, another strait was found and described, which later became known as the Bering Strait.

Vitus Bering

The second expedition was undertaken by them with the aim of finding a way to North America and studying Pacific Islands. On this journey, Bering and Chirikov founded the Peter and Paul prison. It got its name from the combined names of their ships ("Saint Peter" and "Saint Paul") and subsequently became the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

On the approach to the shores of America, the ships of like-minded people lost sight of each other, heavy fog affected. "Saint Peter", driven by Bering, sailed to the west coast of America, but got into a severe storm on the way back - the ship was thrown onto an island. The last minutes of Vitus Bering's life passed on it, and the island subsequently began to bear his name. Chirikov also reached America on his ship, but successfully completed his voyage, finding on way back several islands of the Aleutian ridge.

Khariton and Dmitry Laptev and their “named” sea

Cousins ​​Khariton and Dmitry Laptev were like-minded and assistants of Vitus Bering. It was he who appointed Dmitry the commander of the Irkutsk ship, and Khariton led his double-boat Yakutsk. They took part in the Great Northern Expedition, the purpose of which was to study and accurately describe and map the Russian shores of the ocean, from Yugorsky Shar to Kamchatka.

Each of the brothers made a significant contribution to the development of new territories. Dmitry became the first navigator to survey the coast from the mouth of the Lena to the mouth of the Kolyma. He made up detailed maps these places, based on mathematical calculations and astronomical data.

Khariton and Dmitry Laptev

Khariton Laptev and his associates conducted research on the northernmost section of the coast of Siberia. It was he who determined the size and shape of the huge Taimyr Peninsula - he surveyed its eastern coast, and was able to identify the exact coordinates of the coastal islands. The expedition took place in difficult conditions - a large number of ice, snowstorms, scurvy, ice captivity - the team of Khariton Laptev had to endure a lot. But they continued the work they had begun. On this expedition, Laptev's assistant Chelyuskin discovered the cape, which was later named after him.

Noting the great contribution of the Laptevs to the development of new territories, members of the Russian Geographical Society decided to name one of the largest seas in the Arctic after them. Also, the strait between the mainland and Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island is named after Dmitry, and the name of Khariton is West Coast the islands of Taimyr.

Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky - the organizers of the first Russian circumnavigation of the world

Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky are the first Russian navigators to circumnavigate the world. Their expedition lasted three years (started in 1803 and ended in 1806). They set off with their teams on two ships, which bore the names "Nadezhda" and "Neva". Travelers passed through Atlantic Ocean entered the waters of the Pacific Ocean. On them, sailors sailed to the Kuril Islands, Kamchatka and Sakhalin.

Ivan KruzenshternThis journey made it possible to collect important information. Based on the data obtained by the navigators, a detailed map of the Pacific Ocean was compiled. Another important result of the first Russian round-the-world expedition was the data obtained about the flora and fauna of the Kuriles and Kamchatka, local residents, their customs and cultural traditions.

During their journey, the sailors crossed the equator and, according to maritime traditions, could not leave this event without a well-known ritual - a sailor dressed as Neptune greeted Krusenstern and asked why his ship arrived where it had never been Russian flag. To which he received the answer that they are here solely for the glory and development of domestic science.

Vasily Golovnin - the first navigator who was rescued from Japanese captivity

Russian navigator Vasily Golovnin led two round-the-world expeditions. In 1806, being in the rank of lieutenant, he received a new appointment and became the commander of the sloop "Diana". Interestingly, this is the only case in the history of the Russian fleet when a lieutenant was entrusted with the management of a ship.

The leadership set the goal of the round-the-world expedition to study the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, with special attention to that part of it that is within the native country. The path of "Diana" was not easy. The sloop passed the island of Tristan da Cunha, passed the Cape of Hope and entered the port, which belonged to the British. Here the ship was detained by the authorities. The British informed Golovnin about the outbreak of war between the two countries. The Russian ship was not declared captured, but the crew was not allowed to leave the bay either. After spending more than a year in this position, in mid-May 1809, the Diana, led by Golovnin, tried to escape, which the sailors succeeded in successfully - the ship arrived in Kamchatka.

Vasily Golovin The next important task Golovnin received in 1811 - he had to draw up descriptions of the Shantar and Kuril Islands, the shores of the Tatar Strait. During his journey, he was accused of not adhering to the principles of sakoku and was captured by the Japanese for more than 2 years. It was possible to rescue the team from captivity only thanks to good relations one of the Russian naval officers and an influential Japanese merchant who was able to convince his government of the harmless intentions of the Russians. It is worth noting that no one in history has ever returned from Japanese captivity before.

In 1817-1819, Vasily Mikhailovich made another round-the-world trip on the Kamchatka ship specially built for this.

Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev - discoverers of Antarctica

Captain of the second rank Thaddeus Bellingshausen was determined to find the truth about the existence of the sixth continent. In 1819, he went to the open sea, carefully preparing two sloops - Mirny and Vostok. The latter was commanded by his associate Mikhail Lazarev. The first round-the-world Antarctic expedition set itself other tasks. In addition to finding irrefutable facts confirming or refuting the existence of Antarctica, the travelers were going to explore the waters of three oceans - the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian.

Thaddeus Bellingshausen The results of this expedition exceeded all expectations. During the 751 days that it lasted, Bellingshausen and Lazarev were able to make several significant geographical discoveries. Of course, the most important of them is the existence of Antarctica, this historical event took place on January 28, 1820. Also during the trip, about two dozen islands were found and mapped, sketches were created with views of Antarctica, images of representatives of the Antarctic fauna.

Mikhail Lazarev

Interestingly, attempts to discover Antarctica were made more than once, but none of them were successful. European navigators believed that either it did not exist, or it was located in places that simply could not be reached by sea. But the Russian travelers had enough perseverance and determination, so the names of Bellingshausen and Lazarev are included in the lists the greatest sailors peace.

Yakov Sannikov

Yakov Sannikov (circa 1780, Ust-Yansk, Russian Empire - after 1811) - Russian merchant from Yakutsk, miner of arctic fox, mammoth tusks and explorer of the New Siberian Islands.
Known as the discoverer of the ghost island "Sannikov Land", which he saw from the New Siberian Islands. He discovered and described the islands of Stolbovoy (1800) and Faddeevsky (1805).
In 1808-1810, he participated in the expedition of the exiled Riga Swede M. M. Gedenstrom. In 1810 he crossed the island of New Siberia, in 1811 he bypassed the island of Faddeevsky.
Sannikov expressed an opinion about the existence to the north of the New Siberian Islands, in particular from Kotelny Island, of a vast land called "Sannikov Land".

After 1811, traces of Yakov Sannikov are lost. Neither further occupation nor the year of death are known. In 1935, pilot Gratsiansky, who was flying in the lower reaches of the Lena River, near Kyusyur discovered a tombstone with the inscription "Yakov Sannikov". The strait is named after him, along which a section of the Northern Sea Route passes today. It was opened in 1773 by the Yakut industrialist Ivan Lyakhov. Initially, the strait was named after the expedition doctor E.V. Tolya V.N. Katina-Yartseva F.A. Mathisen. The current name is given to K.A. Vollosovich on his map, and in 1935 approved by the government of the USSR.

Grigory Shelikhov

Grigory Ivanovich Shelikhov (Shelekhov; 1747, Rylsk - July 20, 1795, Irkutsk) - Russian explorer, navigator, industrialist and merchant from the Shelekhov family, from 1775 engaged in the arrangement of commercial merchant shipping between the Kuril and Aleutian island ridges. In 1783-1786 he led an expedition to Russian America, during which the first Russian settlements in North America were founded. He organized several trading and fishing companies, including those in Kamchatka. Grigory Ivanovich explored new lands for the Russian Empire, was the initiator of the Russian-American Company. Founder of the North East Company.

The bay was named after him. Shelikhov Bay (Kamchatka region, Russia) is located between the Asian coast and the base of the Kamchatka Peninsula. Refers to the water area of ​​the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

Ferdinand Wrangel

Wrangel showed himself from the best side, and he, tested in a difficult circumnavigation, is assigned to lead an expedition to the extreme north-east of Siberia, to the mouths of the Yana and Kolyma, in order to map the coast of the Arctic Ocean up to the Bering Strait, and in addition to test the hypothesis about the existence of an undiscovered land connecting Asia with America.
Wrangel spends three years in ice and tundra with his companions, among whom his main assistant was Fedor Matyushkin, a lyceum comrade A.S. Pushkin.
In between campaigns to the North, under the leadership of Wrangel and Matyushkin, a topographic survey of the vast coast was made, covering 35 degrees in longitude. On the territory of the recently white spot, 115 astronomical points were identified. For the first time, studies of the impact of climate on the existence and development of sea ​​ice, and the first meteorological station in this region was organized in Nizhnekolymsk. Thanks to the meteorological observations of this station, it was established that in the interfluve of the Yana and Kolyma there is a "pole of cold" of the Northern Hemisphere.
Ferdinand Wrangel described the expedition and its scientific results in detail in a book that was first published in 1839 and was a huge success. The famous Swedish polar explorer Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld called it "one of the masterpieces among the writings on the Arctic".

The expedition in the Chukotka-Kolyma Territory put Wrangel on a par with the largest explorers of the harsh Arctic. Subsequently, becoming one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society, he thought over the project of an expedition to the North Pole. He proposes to go to the Pole on a ship, which should be for the winter at north coast Greenland, from autumn to prepare food depots along the route of the polar party, and in March people will leave exactly in the direction of the meridian on ten sleds with dogs. Interestingly, the plan to reach the pole, drawn up by Robert Peary, who entered the pole 64 years later, repeated the old Wrangel project in the smallest detail. An island in the Arctic Ocean, a mountain and a cape in Alaska are named after Wrangel. Having learned about the sale of Alaska by the Russian government in 1867, Ferdinand Petrovich reacted very negatively to this.

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In the 19th century, Russian explorers made a number of outstanding geographical discoveries. In 1803 I. Kruzenshtern on the "Nadezhda" and "Neva" made the 1st Russian round-the-world expedition, exploring the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, Sakhalin, Alaska, the Aleutian Islands. Y. Lisyanyakiy on the "Neva" opened one of Hawaiian Islands. In 1819-21 F. Bellingshausen and M. Lazarev on the sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny" made the 2nd Arctic expedition. During its 16.1.1820 the ships approached Antarctica, which Bellingshausen called "the ice continent". Having rested in Australia, the expedition moved to the tropical Pacific Ocean and discovered islands in the Tuamotu archipelago. They were named after Kutuzov, Lazarev, Raevsky, Barclay de Tolly, Yermolov and others. After resting in Sydney, the ships returned to Antarctica and discovered about. Peter I and the land of Alexander I. In July 1821, the ships returned to Kronstadt, bringing a huge amount of materials and collections. The development of Russian America is associated with the name of A. Baranov. A merchant from Kargopol had been trading in Alaska since 1790. He made detailed maps of Alaska and nearby islands. In 1799 Baranov became the ruler of the colonies in America. In 1804 He founded Novoarkhangelsk. Baranov tried to annex Hawaii to Russia, but failed. Despite his illness, he remained in office until his death. The territory of the Far East remained a white spot on the Russian map. In 1848, Nicholas 1 sent an expedition of G. Nevelsky to the Far East. He proved that Sakhalin Island and explored the lower reaches of the Amur. E. Putyatin during the round-the-world expedition of 1822-25. discovered the Rimsky-Korsakov Islands and concluded an agreement with Japan. Round-the-world expeditions were made by V. Golovin-1807-11,F. Litke-1826-29 and made 50 cards. I. Voznesensky in 1839-40 described Alaska, the Aleutian and Kuril Islands. In 1809 A. Kolodkin began to explore the Caspian. In 1848, E. Hoffman and M. Kovalsky explored the North. Ural. In 1845, the Russian Geographical Society was established.

Who: Semyon Dezhnev, Cossack chieftain, merchant, fur trader.

When: 1648

What opened: The first to pass was the Bering Strait, which separates Eurasia from North America.

Thus, I found out that Eurasia and North America- two different continents, and that they do not overlap.

Who: Thaddeus Bellingshausen, Russian admiral, navigator.

Trips

When: 1820.

What opened: Antarctica together with Mikhail Lazarev on the frigates Vostok and Mirny.

Commanded the East. Before the expedition of Lazarev and Bellingshausen, nothing was known about the existence of this continent.

Also, the expedition of Bellingshausen and Lazarev finally dispelled the myth of the existence of the mythical " southern mainland”, which was erroneously marked on all medieval maps of Europe.

Navigators, including the famous Captain James Cook, searched without any success in Indian Ocean this "Southern Continent" is over three hundred and fifty years old, and of course nothing has been found.

Who: Kamchaty Ivan, Cossack and sable hunter.

When: 1650s.

What opened: peninsulas of Kamchatka, named after him.

Who: Semyon Chelyuskin, polar explorer, Russian Navy officer

When: 1742

What opened: the northernmost cape of Eurasia, named Cape Chelyuskin in his honor.

Who: Ermak Timofeevich, Cossack ataman in the service of the Russian Tsar. Ermak's last name is unknown. Possibly Tokmok.

When: 1581-1585

What opened: conquered and explored Siberia for the Russian state. To do this, he entered into a successful armed struggle with the Tatar khans in Siberia.

Ivan Kruzenshtern, officer of the Russian fleet, admiral

When: 1803-1806.

What opened: He was the first Russian navigator to travel around the world together with Yuri Lisyansky on the sloops Nadezhda and Neva. Commanded "Hope"

Who: Yuri Lisyansky, Russian Navy officer, captain

When: 1803-1806.

What opened: He was the first Russian navigator to circumnavigate the world together with Ivan Kruzenshtern on the sloops Nadezhda and Neva. Commanded the Neva.

Who: Petr Semenov-Tyan-Shansky

When: 1856-57

What opened: The first of the Europeans explored the Tien Shan mountains.

He also later studied a number of areas in Central Asia. For the study of the mountain system and services to science, he received from the authorities of the Russian Empire the honorary name Tien Shansky, which he had the right to pass on by inheritance.

Who: Vitus Bering

When: 1727-29

What opened: The second (after Semyon Dezhnev) and the first of the scientific researchers reached North America, passing through the Bering Strait, thereby confirming its existence. Confirmed that North America and Eurasia are two different continents.

Who: Khabarov Yerofey, Cossack, fur trader

When: 1649-53

What opened: mastered part of Siberia and the Far East for the Russians, studied the lands near the Amur River.

Who: Mikhail Lazarev, Russian Navy officer.

When: 1820

What opened: Antarctica together with Thaddeus Bellingshausen on the frigates Vostok and Mirny.

Commanded "Peace". Before the expedition of Lazarev and Bellingshausen, nothing was known about the existence of this continent. Also, the Russian expedition finally dispelled the myth about the existence of the mythical "Southern Continent", which was marked on medieval European maps, and which navigators unsuccessfully searched for for four hundred years in a row.

The achievements of Russian scientists in the field of geographical research were of particular importance. Russian travelers visited places where no European had ever set foot before. In the second half 19th century. their efforts were focused on exploring the interior of Asia.

The beginning of expeditions into the depths of Asia was laid Pyotr Petrovich Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky (1827-1914) geographer, statistician, botanist.

He made a number of trips to the mountains of Central Asia, to the Tien Shan. Having headed the Russian Geographical Society, he began to play a leading role in developing plans for new expeditions.

The Russian Geographical Society was associated with the activities of other Russian travelers- P.

A. Kropotkin and N. M. Przhevalsky.

P. A. Kropotkin in 1864-1866 traveled through Northern Manchuria, the Sayans and the Vitim Plateau.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky (1839-1888) he made his first expedition along the Ussuri region, then his paths ran through the most inaccessible regions of Central Asia.

He several times crossed Mongolia, Northern China, explored the Gobi Desert, Tien Shan, visited Tibet. He died en route, at the start of his last expedition. In connection with the news of his death, A.P. Chekhov wrote that such "ascetics are needed like the sun." “Constituting the most poetic and cheerful element of society,” he added, “they excite, console and ennoble ...

Russian travelers of the 19th century (briefly)

If the positive types created by literature constitute valuable educational material, then the same types given by life itself are beyond any price.

overseas Russian travels scientists in the second half of the 19th century.

become more targeted. If before they were mainly limited to describing and mapping coastline, now the life, culture, customs of local peoples were studied. This direction, the beginning of which in the XVIII century. put S. P. Krasheninnikov, it was continued Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklukho-Maclay (1846-1888).

He made his first travels in Canary Islands and across North Africa. In the early 70s, he visited a number of Pacific islands, studied the life of local peoples. For 16 months he lived among the Papuans on the northeastern coast of New Guinea (this place has since been called the Maclay Coast).

Russian scientist won trust and love local residents. Then he traveled through the Philippines, Indonesia, Malacca, and again returned to the Maclay Coast. The descriptions of life and customs, economy and culture of the peoples of Oceania, compiled by the scientist, were largely published only after his death.

World geographical science in those years largely relied on the achievements of Russian researchers.

By the end of the XIX century. the era of geographical discoveries ended. And only the icy expanses of the Arctic and Antarctic still kept many of their secrets. The heroic epic of the latest geographical discoveries, in which Russian researchers took an active part, falls at the beginning of the 20th century.

§ The first Russian Marxist V.

G. Plekhanov
§Beginning of Lenin's revolutionary activity
§Beginning of the reign of Alexander I
§Start Patriotic War 1812
§End of the Patriotic War of 1812

19th century became the time of the largest geographical discoveries made by the Russian people. Continuing the traditions of their predecessors - the discoverers and travelers of the XVII-XVI11 centuries. they enriched the understanding of the Russians about the world around them, cno-j contributed to the development of new territories that became part of the empire. For the first time, Russia realized an old dream: Russian ships entered the World Ocean.

In 1803, at the direction of Alexander I, an expedition was undertaken on two ships, Nadezhda and Neva, to explore the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. It was the first Russian round-the-world expedition that lasted three years. It was headed by corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1846). It was one of the largest navigators and geographers of the century. During the expedition, more than a thousand kilometers of the coast of about. Sakhalin. Many interesting observations were left by the participants of the trip not only about the Far East, but also about the territories through which they sailed. The commander of the Neva, Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky (1773-1837), discovered one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, named after him. A lot of interesting data was collected by the expedition members about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, the islands of the Pacific and Arctic Oceans. The results of the observations were reported to the Academy of Sciences. They were so significant that I.F. Kruzenshtern was awarded the title of academician. His materials were the basis * published in the early 1920s. "Atlas of the South Seas". In 1845, Admiral Kruzenshtern became one of the founding members of the Russian Geographical Society and brought up a whole galaxy of Russian navigators and explorers.

One of the students and followers of Krusenstern was Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen (1778-1852). He was a member of the first Russian round-the-world expedition, and after her return he commanded the Minerva frigate on the Black Sea. In 1819-1821. he was instructed to lead a new round-the-world expedition on the sloops Vostok (which he commanded) and Mirny (Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev was appointed commander). The expedition was drafted by Kruzenshtern. Its main goal was "the acquisition of complete knowledge about our globe" and "the discovery of the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole." On January 16, 1820, the expedition approached the shores of Antarctica, unknown at that time to anyone, which Bellingshausen called the "ice continent". After stopping in Australia, the Russian ships moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, where they discovered a group of islands in the Tuamotu archipelago, called the Russian Islands. Each of them received the name of a famous military or naval leader of our country (Kutuzov, Lazarev, Raevsky, Barclay de Tolly, Wittgenstein, Yermolov, etc.). After a new stop in Sydney, the expedition again moved to Antarctica, where Fr. Peter I and the coast of Alexander I. In July 1821 she returned to Kronstadt. For 751 days of navigation, Russian ships covered a path of about 50 thousand miles. In addition to the geographical discoveries made, valuable ethnographic and biological collections, data from observations of the waters of the World Ocean and the ice sheets of a continent new to mankind were also brought. Later, both leaders of the expedition heroically proved themselves in the military service of the Fatherland. A M.P. Lazarev after the defeat of the Turks at the Battle of Navarino (1827) was appointed chief commander of the Black Sea Fleet and Russian ports on the Black Sea coast.

Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy (1813-1876) became the largest explorer of the Russian Far East in the middle of the century. Having since the XVIII century. vast possessions in the Far East, Russia never succeeded in their development. Even the exact limits of the country's eastern possessions were not known. Meanwhile, England began to show attention to Kamchatka and other Russian territories. This forced Nicholas I, at the suggestion of the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia N.N. Muravyov (Amursky) to equip in 1848 a special expedition to the east. Captain Nevelskoy was placed at its head. In two expeditions (1848-1849 and 1850-1855), he managed, bypassing Sakhalin from the north, to discover a number of new, previously unknown territories and enter the lower reaches of the Amur, where in 1850 he founded the Nikolaev Post (Nikolaevsk-on-Amur). Nevelsky's travels were of great importance: for the first time it was proved that Sakhalin is not at all connected to the mainland, but is an island and the Tatar Strait is precisely a strait, and not a bay, as La Perouse, who had been in these places, believed.

Evfimy Vasilyevich Putyatin (1804-1883) in 1822-1825 traveled around the world and left to posterity a description of "much of what he saw. In 1852-1855, during the expedition led by him on the frigate Pallada, the islands of Rimsky-Korsakov were discovered. He became the first Russian who managed to visit Japan closed from Europeans and even sign a treaty there (1855).

The result of the expeditions of Nevelsky and Putyatin, in addition to purely scientific ones, was the recognition by Europe of the existence of the Primorsky region (Nikolaevsk) and the fact of its belonging to Russia.

In the first half of the XIX century. other discoveries were made. Round-the-world expeditions have become traditional: V.M. Golovnin; on the sloops "Diana" (1807-1811) and "Kamchatka" (1817-1819), F.P. Litke on the sloop-of-war "Senyavin" (1826-1829, based on the materials of which more than 50 maps were compiled), etc.

Extremely useful and necessary information on Alaska, the Aleutian and Kuril Islands spent in 1839-1849; I.G. Voznesensky.

In 1809 A.E. Kolodkin began an intensive study of the Caspian, which ended 17 years later with the compilation of the first Atlas of the Caspian Sea.

In 1848, a study of the Northern Urals was carried out (up to Kara Sea) by the expedition of E.K. Hoffman and M.A. Kovalsky.

Expeditions to the north of Siberia, carried out in 1842-1845, were crowned with the coolest results. A.F. Middendorf (who first described the Taimyr Territory).

P.A. Chikhachev discovered the Kuznetsk coal basin.

The successes of Russian travelers were so capacious that it was necessary to create special institutions for the generalization and use of the results obtained. The most important among them was the Russian Geographical Society, opened in 1845.