Barque

Bark - a three-five-masted large sea sailing ship for the carriage of goods with direct sails on all masts, except for the stern (mizzen mast), which carries oblique sailing equipment. The largest barges that are still in service are Sedov (Murmansk), Kruzenshtern (Kaliningrad).

Barquentine

Barkentina (schooner-bark) - a three-five-masted (sometimes six-masted) sea sailing vessel with slanting sails on all masts except for the fore (foremast) carrying direct sails. Modern steel barkentines have a displacement of up to 5 thousand tons and are equipped with an auxiliary engine.

Brig

Brig - a two-masted ship with a straight sailing rig foremasts and mainmasts, but with one oblique gaff sail on the mainsail - the mainsail-gaf-trysel. In the literature, especially fiction, the authors often call this sail a counter-mizzle, but it should be remembered that a ship with a brig's sailing armament does not have a mizzen mast, which means there are no accessories for this mast, although the functional load of the brig's mainsail-gaf-trysel is exactly the same the same as the counter-mizzen frigate.

Brigantine

The brigantine is a light and fast vessel with the so-called mixed sailing armament - straight sails on the front mast (fore mast) and oblique sails on the back (main mast). In the XVI-XIX centuries, two-masted brigantines, as a rule, were used by pirates. Modern brigantines are two-masted sailing ships with a foremast armed like a brig and a mainmast with slanting sails, like a schooner - a main trisel and a topsail. A brigantine with a Bermuda grotto apparently does not exist in our time, although there are references to the very fact of their existence.

Galleon

Galleon - a large multi-deck sailing ship of the 16th-18th centuries with a fairly strong artillery armament, used as a military and commercial ship. The galleons were most famous as ships carrying Spanish treasures and in the battle of the Great Armada, which took place in 1588. The galleon is the most advanced type of sailing vessel that appeared in the 16th century. This type of sailing ship appeared during the evolution of caravels and caracques (naves) and was intended for long-distance ocean travel.

Junk

Dzhonka is a wooden sailing cargo two-to-four-masted vessel of river and coastal sea navigation, common in South-East Asia. In the era of the sailing fleet, D. were used for military purposes; goods are transported on modern D., often they are also used for housing. D. have a small draft, carrying capacity - up to 600 tons; characteristics- very wide, almost rectangular in plan, raised bow and stern, quadrangular sails made of mats and bamboo slats.

Iol

Iol is a type of two-masted sailing ship with slanting sails. The position of the aft mast (behind the rudder axis) Iol differs from the ketch, in which the aft mast is in front of the rudder axis. Some large yachts and fishing vessels have Iola-type sailing equipment.

Caravel

Caravel is a 3-4 masted single-deck universal sailing wooden ship capable of ocean voyages. The caravel had a high bow and stern to resist ocean waves. The first two masts had straight sails, and the last one had a slanting sail. The caravel was used in the XIII-XVII centuries. In 1492 Columbus made a transatlantic voyage on 3 caravels. In addition to seaworthiness, caravels had a high carrying capacity.

Karakka

Karakka is a large trading or military sailing three-masted vessel of the 16th-17th centuries. Displacement up to 2 thousand (usually 800-850) tons. Armament 30-40 guns. The ship could accommodate up to 1200 people. The ship had up to three decks and was designed for long ocean voyages. The karakka was heavy on the move and had poor maneuverability. The type of such a vessel was invented by the Genoese. 1519-1521 Carrack "Victoria" from the expedition of Magellan for the first time circumnavigated the world. For the first time, cannon ports were used on karakka and guns were placed in closed batteries.

Ketch

Ketch, ketch (eng. ketch), a two-masted sailing vessel with a small aft mast located ahead of the rudder axle. Sailing rigs of the K type (Bermuda or hafel) are used by some fishing vessels and large sports yachts.

flutes

Flute - a type of sailing vessel that had the following distinctive features:
* The length of these ships was 4 - 6 or more times their width, which allowed them to sail quite steeply to the wind.
* Topmasts invented in 1570 were introduced into the rigging
* The height of the masts exceeded the length of the vessel, and the yards became shortened, which made it possible to make sails narrow and easy to maintain and reduce the overall number of the top crew.

The first flute was built in 1595 in the city of Horn, the center of shipbuilding in Holland, in the Zsider Zee.
Vessels of this type were distinguished by good seaworthiness, high speed, large capacity and were used mainly as military transport. During the XVI-XVIII centuries, flutes occupied a dominant position on all seas.

Frigate

A frigate is a three-masted military ship with full sailing armament and one gun deck. Frigates were one of the most diverse classes of sailing ships in terms of characteristics. Frigates originate from light and fast ships used for raids in the English Channel since about the 17th century. With the growth of navies and their range, the characteristics of the Dunkirk frigates ceased to satisfy the admiralty, and the term began to be interpreted broadly, meaning, in fact, any light, fast ship capable of independent action. The classic frigates of the sailing age were created in France in the middle of the 18th century. These were medium-sized ships with a displacement of about 800 tons, armed with about two to three dozen 12-18 pounder guns on one gun deck. In the future, the displacement and power of the weapons of the frigates grew and by the time of the Napoleonic wars they had about 1000 tons of displacement and up to sixty 24-pound guns.

Sloop

Sloop (small corvette) - a three-masted warship of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries with direct sailing weapons. Displacement up to 900 tons. Armament 10-28 guns. It was used for sentinel and messenger services and as a transport and expeditionary vessel. In addition, a type of sailing rig is called a Sloop - one mast and two sails - front (staysail with Bermuda rigging, jib with direct rigging) and rear (respectively, mainsail and foresail).

Schooner

Schooner - a type of sailing vessel with at least two masts with slanting sails. According to the type of sailing armament, schooners are divided into gaff, Bermuda, staysail, topsail and brahmsail. Bramsel schooner differs from the topsail schooner by the presence of a bram-topmast and another additional direct sail - a bramsel. At the same time, in some cases, the topsail and topsail two-masted schooners (especially with a brief) can be confused with a brigantine. Regardless of the type of slanting sails (hafel or Bermuda), a schooner can also be a topsail (bramsel). The first ships with schooner rigging appeared in the 17th century in Holland and England, but schooners were widely used in America.

Yacht

A yacht is originally a light, fast vessel for the transport of important people. Subsequently - any sailing, motor or motor-sail vessel intended for sports or tourist purposes. The most common are sailing yachts.

Modern use of the term Yacht.
In modern usage, the term Yacht means two distinct classes of craft: sailing yachts and motor yachts. Traditional yachts differed from work vessels mainly in their purpose - as a fast and comfortable means of transporting the rich. Almost all modern sailing yachts have an auxiliary motor (outboard motor) for maneuvering in port or moving at low speed in the absence of wind.

Sailing yachts

Sailing yachts are divided into cruising, having a cabin, and designed for long trips and racing, pleasure and racing - for sailing in the coastal zone. According to the shape of the hull, keel yachts are distinguished, in which the bottom goes into a ballast keel (more precisely, a false keel), which increases the stability of the yacht and prevents it from drifting (drifting) when sailing, shallow-draft (dinghing dinghies), with a retractable keel (daggerboard) and compromises that have a ballast and retractable keel. There are two-hull yachts - catamarans and three-hull yachts - trimarans. Yachts are single- and multi-masted with different sailing equipment.

The sailing ship appeared in ancient times. It is believed that the primacy belongs to the civilization of Egypt, which arose more than 6 thousand years ago.

The installation of a sail on a boat was due to the need to overcome large spaces with minimal physical effort.

Centuries and millennia have passed. The primitive ships were replaced by different types of ships with one or more masts and a system of sails of excellent shape.

A modern liner does not depend on the direction and speed of the wind, because it runs on the power of the engines, but the sailboat is still considered the most graceful vessel.

The structure of a sailing ship

A sailing ship is a structure consisting of a hull (or several hulls) where equipment, supplies, and a crew are placed.

The horizontal area is called the deck. The front part of the hull is the bow, the rear part is the stern, the lateral restrictions are the left and right sides, the lower underwater part is the keel.

Also the main elements are:

• spars(masts with yardarms, hafels, topmasts, boom, bowsprit);
• rigging- standing, running (various rope, steel ropes, chains);
• sail(oblique, straight).

Gaff- this is a yard inclined at an angle to the mast, an oblique sail in the form of a trapezoid is attached to it; A geek- horizontal bottom rail. Topmast attached to the mast, being its continuation.

bowsprit sailors call a wooden beam, which is a continuation of the bow and is located at a slight angle to the sea surface; slanting sails are attached to it.

standing rigging, as can be inferred from its name, motionless. Such rigging gear firmly fastens masts and topmasts, they are divided into:

• shrouds and forduny located on the sides (similar to rope ladders);
• stays that fasten the masts in front;
• backstays securing the bowsprit.

running rigging in a fixed state, it is motionless, but when it is necessary to perform work on managing the vessel, it can move gear in space.

There are such types of rigging:

• tack(attaches the corner of the sail to the deck, bowsprit, boom);
• sheet(manages sailing equipment);
• halyard(raises the sail);
• brace(designed to rotate the yardarm in a plane parallel to the deck).

The classification of sails is based on several criteria. In shape, there are rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal.

By location - across the hull or along - straight (mainsail, topsail, brahmsel) and oblique (staysail, jib - one and the other additional), lower sail and upper (lower fore-marseille, upper fore-marseille).

The main types of sailing equipment are shown in the photo.

They also distinguish Latin sails - triangular in shape, which are attached with the long side to the yard, tilted relative to the mast at an angle of about 45-55 degrees.

Each tackle, in addition to the general, group name, also has an additional one, which indicates which element of the spars or sail it belongs to. So, the topmast of the first mast is the foremast; the sheet on the sail staysail is a staysail sheet.

Types of sailing ships

Sailboats are very diverse. They are distinguished by the number of masts, the features of the sails, and the purpose. The table will help determine the type of ship.

Vessel name	Purpose of the ship	Number of masts	Sails on masts	Additional characteristics of the vessel
Aak	Freight, transport	1	2-3 direct sails	River Dutch ship; known since the 16th century; has a flat bottom.
Barque	Transport	3, 4, 5	straight; on the mizzen mast - oblique	Initially small, then large sea ​​ship(displacement 5-10 tons); built before the first quarter of the 20th century. Looks very impressive.
Barquentine	Cargo	3, 4, 5, rarely 6	Straight only on the forward foremast; the rest are oblique; no gaff on foremast.	Appearance - 50s of the 19th century.
Bombard or bombing ship	Military (shelling of fortresses, other fortifications on the coast)	2, 3	Straight and oblique on all masts.	17th century - 19th century; equipment - from 6-12 large-caliber guns; mortars. Shallow-drafted to come as close to the shore as possible.
Brig	Convoy	2	Straight lines on the front background mast, straight and oblique - on the second (main mast).	Had 10-20 guns; could row.
Brigantine	Used for pirate raids; 18th century - messengers, reconnaissance warships.	2-3	Initially - Latin oblique sails; since the 19th century - straight on the fore mast, oblique - on the main mast.	Light ship - small brig; could row on oars (sails were removed).
Buer	Cargo for coastal navigation; in Russia - as an imperial pleasure craft.	01.02.18	oblique	Appeared in the 18-19 century. Russian fishermen from the north used iceboats mounted on skates (moving on ice). Later they began to be used as a sail on wheels for moving on dense sand.
Galleon	Fighting, trading ship, characteristic of the 16-18th century.	2-4	straight; on the mizzen mast - oblique.	A large marine vessel with a four- or seven-deck superstructure at the stern. Up to 80 guns on two decks. For its time, it had the most advanced design.
Junk	Military, then cargo ship.	2-4	They are made of mats in the form of quadrangles, the yards are made of bamboo.	Distributed in southeast Asia. Used on rivers and for coastal navigation. Cargo weight - up to 600 tons.
Iol (or yol)	military, fishing	2	oblique	Appeared in Sweden at the very end of the 18th century, then in Russia. They were equipped with cannon and falconets. The steering axle is in front of the rear mast.
Caravel	Fishing, merchant ship of the 13th-17th centuries.	3-4	Straight (first two masts), oblique.	They were part of the Spanish and Portuguese fleets, sailed on them. Features: high carrying capacity, seaworthiness, built-in stern and bow; could go against the wind.
Karakka	Military, trade (16-17 century).	3	Straight (fore-, main-mast), oblique (mizzen-mast).	Large ship with three decks, displacement of 1-2 thousand tons. Equipped with guns (30-40), it could take on board more than a thousand people. Karakka was part of the expedition of Magellan. Invented in Genoa.
Karbas	Industrial, cargo, transport.	1-2	2 straight sails per mast.	Place of use — Russian North (Pomors of the White Sea and others).
Ketch (catch)	Fishing, sports.	2 - (only main and mizzen mast)	oblique	It differs in that the aft mast is located in front of the steering axle.
Clipper	Military (patrol, intelligence).	3-4	Direct	Fast ship of the 19th century. He developed high speed due to the narrow hull, high masts and the presence of sharp contours on the hull. Displacement - up to 1.5 tons.
Lugger	Military (reconnaissance, messenger).	2-3	Direct	Created in France in the late 18th - mid 19th century. Valued for speed. Equipment - up to 16 guns.
Tender	Military Auxiliary	1 mast	oblique	Used in the 19th - early 20th century. There was a retractable bowsprit, up to 12 guns.
flutes	Military (transportation)	3		Maximum popularity - 16-18 centuries. High masts, short yards, up to 20 guns.
Frigate	Combat	3	Straight, on a mizzen mast - oblique.	They were popular in the 17th and 18th centuries. The size is average. Classical courts are created in France. A linear frigate was in demand.
Sloop	Military, expeditionary	3	Direct	Used in the 18th and 19th century. An open battery with 25 guns was installed.
Schooner	Trade and cargo	2-3	oblique	Homeland - England and Holland (17th century), but more widely used by the United States.
Yacht	Sports, tourism, can be personal	1 to multiple masts	Straight, oblique	Fast, light boat.

The table with the types of sailboats showed how the appearance of the ships, the attitude to the length and number of masts, and the sailing structure changed.

Sailboats of Russia

Russia for a long time did not have access to south seas and the Baltic. The first ancient Russian ships sailed along the rivers. These were sailing and rowing single-masted boats.

In the north, the Pomors went out into the cold seas on koches with one sail.

Up to the 18th century. in our country there was no navy, and only by order of Peter I, who sailed first on a boat, and then on a yacht, a shipyard was founded.

From there, the first sailing ship of the line (battleship) went to sea. Later, many sailboats were built at foreign shipyards.

There are ships that entered the history of our country.

Sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny" off the coast of Antarctica

On the sloop Vostok, Russian explorers discovered Antarctica.

The legendary frigate "Pallada", recognized as a model of perfection, is widely known thanks to the writer I. A. Goncharov who sailed on it.

The Vityaz corvette delivered N. N. Miklukho-Maclay, the first European, to the coast of New Guinea, inhabited by the primitive Papuans.

Modern sailing ships

Modern sailing ships are widely known:

Conclusion

The age of iron ships powered by nuclear reactors could not remove majestic sailing ships from the sea routes. The latter not only help cadets to master the maritime science in practice.

With their appearance, they awaken in children and adolescents an interest in traveling, help to touch history. geographical discoveries, as well as the military glory of our country.

In this thread, I suggest that you brief digression in the history of early navigation, in the days of sailing ships. You will learn about how navigation and shipbuilding developed in different parts of the world

Historical outline of the development of navigation

• Egypt

The first sailing ships appeared in Egypt around 3000 BC. e. This is evidenced by the paintings decorating ancient Egyptian vases. However, the home of the boats depicted on the vases is apparently not the Nile Valley, but the nearby Persian Gulf. Confirmation of this is a model of a similar boat found in the Obeid tomb, in the city of Eridu, which stood on the shores of the Persian Gulf.

In 1969, the Norwegian scientist Thor Heyerdahl made an interesting attempt to test the assumption that a ship equipped with a sail, made of papyrus reed, could sail not only on the Nile, but also on the high seas. This vessel, essentially a raft, 15 m long, 5 m wide and 1.5 m high, with a 10 m mast and a single straight sail, was steered by a steering oar.

Before the use of the wind, floating craft either moved by oars or were pulled by people or animals walking along the banks of rivers and canals. Vessels made it possible to transport heavy and bulky goods, which was much more productive than transporting animals by teams on land. Bulk goods were also transported mainly by water.

A large naval expedition of the ruler of Egypt Hatshepsut, undertaken in the first half of the 15th century, is historically attested. BC e. This expedition, which historians believe is also a trade, proceeded through the Red Sea to the ancient country of Punt on the east coast of Africa (this is roughly modern Somalia). The ships returned heavily laden with various goods and slaves.

Hatshepsut

• Phoenicia

In close navigation, the Phoenicians used mainly light merchant ships that had oars and a straight rake sail. Vessels intended for long-distance navigation and warships looked much more impressive. Phoenicia, unlike Egypt, had very favorable natural conditions for the construction of the fleet: near the coast, on the slopes of the Lebanese mountains, forests grew, dominated by the famous Lebanese cedar and oak, as well as other valuable tree species.

In addition to the improvement of sea vessels, the Phoenicians left another remarkable legacy - the word "galley", which probably entered all European languages. Phoenician ships set sail from the large port cities of Sidon, Ugarit, Arvada, Gebala, etc., where there were also large shipyards.

Historical materials also speak of the voyage of the Phoenicians in southbound across the Red Sea to indian ocean. The Phoenicians are credited with the honor of the first voyage around Africa at the end of the 7th century. BC e., that is, almost 2000 years before Vasco da Gama.

• Greece

The Greeks already in the IX century. BC e. they learned from the Phoenicians to build ships that were remarkable for that time and early began the colonization of the surrounding territories. In the VIII-VI centuries. BC e. the area of ​​​​their penetration covered the western shores of the Mediterranean Sea, the entire Pontus Euxinus (Black Sea) and the Aegean coast of Asia Minor.

Not a single wooden antique ship or part of it has survived, and this does not allow us to clarify the idea of ​​​​the main types of galleys, which has developed on the basis of written and other historical materials. Divers and scuba divers continue to explore the seabed at the sites of ancient naval battles in which hundreds of ships were lost. Their shape and internal structure can be judged by indirect signs - for example, by accurate sketches of the location of clay vessels and metal objects that have been preserved where the ship lay. And yet, in the absence of wooden parts of the hull, painstaking analysis and imagination cannot be dispensed with.

The vessel was kept on course by means of a steering oar, which had at least two advantages over the later rudder: it made it possible to turn a stationary vessel and easily replace a damaged or broken steering oar. Merchant ships were wide and had ample hold space to accommodate cargo.

The ship was a Greek war galley circa 5th century BC. BC e., the so-called birema. With rows of oars arranged in two tiers along the sides, she naturally had greater speed than a ship of the same size with half the number of oars. In the same century, triremes became widespread - warships with three "floors" of rowers. A similar arrangement of galleys is the contribution of ancient Greek masters to the design of sea vessels. Military kinkerems were not "long ships", they had a deck, internal quarters for soldiers and a particularly powerful ram, bound with copper sheets, located in front at water level, which broke through the sides of enemy ships during naval battles. The Greeks adopted a similar combat device from the Phoenicians, who used it in the 8th century. BC e.

Although the Greeks were able, well-trained sailors, sea travel was a dangerous business at that time. Not every ship reached its destination as a result of either a shipwreck or a pirate attack.
The galleys of ancient Greece plowed almost the entire Mediterranean and Black Sea, there is evidence of their penetration through Gibraltar to the north. Here they reached Britain, and possibly Scandinavia. Their voyages are shown on the map.

At the first big clash with Carthage (in the First Punic War), the Romans realized that they could not hope for victory without having a strong navy. With the help of Greek specialists, they built 120 large galleys in a short time and transferred to the sea their method of warfare, which they used on land - an individual battle of a warrior against a warrior with personal weapons. The Romans used the so-called "crows" - boarding bridges. On these bridges, which pierced the deck of the enemy ship with a sharp hook, depriving him of the possibility of maneuvering, the Roman legionnaires broke into the enemy deck and started the battle in their usual manner.

Trading sailboat.

The Roman fleet, like the contemporary Greek fleet, consisted of two main types of ships: "round" merchant and slender battle galleys.

Certain improvements can be noted in the sailing armament. On the main mast (mainmast) a large square straight sail is retained, which is sometimes supplemented by two small triangular upper sails. A smaller quadrangular sail appears on the forward inclined mast - the bowsprit. Increasing the total area of ​​the sails increased the force used to propel the ship. However, the sails continue to be an additional mover, the oars, not shown in the figure, remain the main one.
The value of the sail, however, undoubtedly increased, especially on long voyages, which were made as far as India. At the same time, the discovery of the Greek navigator Gippal helped: the August southwest and January northeast monsoons contributed to the maximum use of sails and at the same time reliably indicated the direction, like a compass much later. The road from Italy to India and the return journey, with an intermediate crossing by caravans and ships along the Nile from Alexandria to the Red Sea, lasted about a year. Previously, the path by oars along the shores of the Arabian Sea was much longer.

During trading voyages, the Romans used numerous Mediterranean ports. Some of them have already been mentioned, but one of the first places should be given to Alexandria, located in the Nile Delta, whose importance as a transit point increased as Rome’s trade with India and the Far East grew.

• Famous sailing and rowing ships

Ship of William the Conqueror

For more than half a millennium, knights kept Europe in fear high seas- Vikings. They owe their mobility and omnipresence to dracars - true masterpieces of shipbuilding art.
On these ships, the Vikings made distant sea ​​voyages. They discovered Iceland, South coast Greenland, long before Columbus they visited North America. The snake heads of the stems of their ships were seen by the inhabitants of the Baltic, the Mediterranean and Byzantium. Together with the squads of the Slavs, they settled in the great trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks.
The main mover of the drakar was a raked sail, with an area of ​​70 m2 or more, sewn from separate vertical panels, richly decorated with gold braid, drawings of the coats of arms of the leaders or various signs and symbols. Ray rose with the sail. The high mast was supported by the stays going from it to the sides and to the ends of the vessel. The sides were protected by richly painted shields of warriors. The silhouette of the Scandinavian ship is one of a kind. It has many aesthetic merits. The basis for the reconstruction of this ship was the drawing of the famous carpet from Bae, which tells about the landing in 1066 of William the Conqueror in England.

"Vasa" Swedish warship

At the beginning of the XVII century. Sweden has significantly strengthened its position in Europe. The founder of the new royal dynasty, Gustav I Vasa, did a lot to bring the country out of medieval backwardness. He delivered Sweden from Danish rule, carried out a reformation, subordinating the previously all-powerful church to the state.
The Thirty Years' War of 1618-1648 was underway. Sweden, which claimed to be one of the dominant countries in Europe, sought to finally consolidate its dominant position in the Baltic.
The main rival of Sweden in the western part of the Baltic Sea was Denmark, which owned both banks of the Sound and the most important islands of the Baltic Sea. But it was a very strong opponent. Then the Swedes focused all their attention on the eastern shores of the sea and, after long wars, captured the cities of Yam, Koporye, Karela, Oreshek and Ivan-gorod, which had long belonged to Russia, thus depriving the Russian state of access to Baltic Sea.
However, Gustav II Adolf, the new king of the Vasa dynasty (1611-1632), wanted to achieve complete domination of Sweden in the eastern part of the Baltic Sea and began to create a strong navy.
In 1625, the Stockholm Royal Shipyard received a large order for the simultaneous construction of four large ships. The king showed the greatest interest in the construction of a new flagship. This ship was named "Vasa" - in honor of the Swedish royal Vasa dynasty, to which Gustav II Adolf belonged.
The best ship craftsmen, artists, sculptors, and wood carvers were involved in the construction of Vasa. Hendrik Hibertson, a well-known shipbuilder in Europe, was invited as the chief builder.
Two years later, the ship was safely launched and towed to the outfitting pier, located just under the windows royal palace.

Galion "Golden Hind" ("Golden Doe")

The ship was built in the 60s of the 16th century in England and was originally called "Pelican". On it, the English navigator Francis Drake in 1577-1580, as part of a squadron of five ships, undertook a pirate expedition to the West Indies and made the second circumnavigation of the world after Magellan. In honor of the excellent seaworthiness of his ship, Drake renamed it the "Golden Hind" and installed a figurine of a doe made of pure gold in the bow of the ship.
The length of the galleon is 18.3 m, the width is 5.8 m, the draft is 2.45 m. This is one of the smallest galleons.

The ship of King Henry VIII "Henry Grace e" Dew

Warship, built in June 1514 in Wolwich (England) by order of King Henry VIII. The ship was very richly decorated. The front two masts carried three straight sails, the other two had latin sails, and on the bowsprit there was a blind and bowen blind.
The length of the main deck is about 50 m, the length of the keel is 38 m, the width is 12.5 m, the displacement is 1500 tons. Armament: 184 guns, 43 of them are of large caliber. The crew of 351 people, including 50 gunners. In addition, there were 349 soldiers on board.
In 1535 - 1536 the ship was rebuilt. 122 guns were installed on it and transferred to the karakki class.
In August 1553, the ship entered the parking lot in Volvich and burned down from a sudden fire.

J.Cook's ship "Endeavour"

Built in England in 1762 to carry coal. It was originally called the Earl of Pembroke. During the preparation of J. Cook's expedition, it was re-equipped and named "Endeavor". Sailing armament corresponded to a typical barque of the 18th century. Sailing area: 700 sq.m. Length 36 m, width 9.2 m. Armament: 10 guns and 12 mortars.
In 1768 - 1711, J. Cook made his first round-the-world voyage on the Endeavour.

English barque "Mayflower"

A three-masted barque, built in 1615. On September 6, 1615, she left Plymouth with 102 passengers on board and 67 days later landed on the American coast in Massachusetts Bay, where the English colony of the first settlers was founded. Length 19.5 m, displacement 180 tons.
In 1947, the Society of Settlers began the reconstruction of the ship as a museum. In 1957, the restored Mayflower barque crossed the Atlantic Ocean in 53 days and moored forever in the port of Provincetown.

English karakka "Mary Rose"

The ship was built in 1536 and is one of the largest and most powerful warships of King Henry VIII. Displacement - 700 tons. The vessel is distinguished by the presence of three solid decks. Armament - 39 large and 53 small guns.
On July 11, 1545, the ship, as part of the English squadron, was preparing to leave Portsmouth. After lifting the bramsails, the ship began to roll, then lay on the starboard side and sank two minutes later. Of the 700 sailors and marines on board, only 40 escaped. The cause of the disaster, obviously, was the poor stability of the vessel due to overloading with artillery.
In 1982, the ship was raised to the surface in parts. After restoring it, it was decided to create maritime museum

The fully rigged ship was built in 1783 at River Hull and was originally named "Bethia".
1783 Keel laid at Dock No. 2 at River Hull. May 26, 1787 Bought by the British Navy through the Meyers, Sharpe and Brian Bank for £2,600. Transferred to the shipyard in Durford for retrofitting. 8 June 1787 Renamed HMS "Bounty"
August 16, 1787 Lieutenant William Bligh is appointed captain of HMS Bounty by the Admiralty. December 23, 1787 Start of voyage to Tahiti.
March 23 - April 21, 1788 An attempt to go around Cape Horn was unsuccessful, a course was taken for the Cape of Good Hope.
May 24 - June 28, 1788 Repair and replenishment of food stocks in the port of False Bay. August 20 - September 3, 1788 Resupply at Adventure Bay. October 26, 1788 The ship reached Matavai Bay, Tahiti. April 4, 1789 The ship leaves Tahiti and heads for the West Indies. April 29, 1789 A mutiny breaks out on a ship led by Fletcher Christian. January 23, 1790 Bounty was burned on the island of Pitcairn (Pitcairn Island).

American frigate "Constitution"

The ship was built in Boston at the shipyard of Edmond Hartt in 1797 and was intended to protect against pirates of American shipping lanes in the Caribbean and Mediterranean seas. The hull of the frigate is made of very hard white oak, which has withstood large cannonballs. The length between the stems is 62.2 m, the width is 13.6 m, the side height is 6.85 m. Designed for 44 guns, the ship often had up to 55 trunks on its two decks, twenty-eight of them 24-pound and ten 12-pound. Crew: 22 officers, 378 sailors. Displacement 2000 tons. In 1844 - 1846, the frigate circumnavigated the world in 495 days. The frigate was afloat for 150 years. Since 1947, it has been put on eternal parking at one of the piers in Boston.

Ship "Eagle"

The ship was laid down in November 1667 in the village of Dedinovo on the Oka, not far from Kolomna, to protect merchant shipping with Persia on the Caspian Sea. The building was completed in 1669. This is the first warship of Russia. It was a type of marine two-deck three-masted ship with a length of 25 meters, a width of 6.5 and a draft of 1.5 meters, armed with 22 guns and hand grenades. In the summer of 1669, the Eagle, as part of a small flotilla, first moved to Nizhny Novgorod, and from there down the Volga to Astrakhan. In 1670 it was captured by the rebellious peasants led by Stepan Razin. After the suppression of the uprising by the tsarist troops, the ship did not succeed in playing any useful role. According to the surviving documents of those years, there is reason to believe that for many years, it stood idle in the Kutum canal, near one of the Astrakhan settlements, fell into complete disrepair.

"GRANDPA OF THE RUSSIAN FLEET"

In 1688, the attention of young Peter 1 was attracted by a boat belonging to his great-uncle. The future founder of the Russian regular military fleet on this boat, first on the Yauza, and then on the Izmailovsky Pond and Pereyaslavsky Lake, took his first steps in studying the basics of maritime affairs. On Pereyaslavsky Lake, he soon created a whole "flotilla" of such ships. Since then, the thought of the sea and sea trips has not left Peter for a minute. What is this boat? In the 17th century the length of ships, even the smallest ones, was assigned in whole feet, so the length of the boat is 20 feet (of course, with the accuracy with which the shipbuilders of that time were able to withstand the dimensions), or rather -6 m 5 cm. The weight of the boat is about 1500 kg.

Sailing and rowing frigate "Apostol Peter"

The Azov campaign of 1695 finally convinced Peter I that without the presence of a fleet he would not be able to capture even a relatively weak seaside fortress. The city of Voronezh became the center of shipbuilding. Here, at the shipyard, 15 versts from the confluence of the Voronezh River with the Don, in April 1696, the 36-gun sailing and rowing frigate Apostol Peter was launched.
The ship was built according to the drawings and with the participation of the "skillful master of galley structures" Dane August (Gustav) Meyer, who later became the commander of the second such 36-gun ship "Apostle Paul".
The length of the frigate is 34.4 m, the width is 7.6 m. The ship was flat-bottomed. The sides in the upper part of the hull collapsed inward, which made boarding difficult. The quarterdeck was open, on the cut forecastle there were platforms to accommodate the boarding team. The ship had three masts with topmasts and a bowsprit with a vertical jib. Focal and mainsail were lower sails and topsails. There was only mizzen on the mizzen mast. In addition, there were 15 pairs of oars in case of calm and for maneuver. "Apostle Peter" served quite successfully in the Azov Fleet for 14 years.
In 1712, after the unsuccessful Prut campaign, the Azov fleet ceased to exist. The fate of the ship "Apostol Peter" is unknown, although Peter I instructed "to keep it forever as an example for superiority."

Frigate "Peter and Pavel"

In order to create a coalition to fight against Turkey for access to the Black Sea, Peter 1 in the spring of 1697 sent a "great embassy" to Holland, England and Venice - the maritime powers of that time. Together with the embassy, ​​more than 100 people were sent to study shipbuilding and maritime affairs. The group of volunteers under the name of Peter Mikhailov included the tsar himself. For about five months, Peter worked hard, he learned everything he could, learned all the tricks of a complex specialty. The tsar participated in the construction of the frigate "Peter and Pavel" from its laying down and almost to the end of the work.
The construction was supervised by the shipbuilder of the East India Company Garrit Klas Pohl. The main dimensions of the ship: maximum length 32.85 m, waterline length 27.3 m, width 7.2 m, draft 2.75 m. Up to 40 guns could be placed on one closed and open deck. Upon completion of work at the shipyard, the master issued a certificate to Peter I, which noted that he "... was a diligent and reasonable carpenter ... and not only ship architecture and drawing plans ... he studied thoroughly, but also comprehended these subjects to the extent that we ourselves understand."
The knowledge of ship science at the shipyards of Holland, and then at the shipyards of England, allowed Peter I to personally design many ships and had a positive effect on the construction of the Russian fleet.

Ship "Fortress"

"Fortress" - the first Russian warship that entered the Black Sea and visited Constantinople.
Built in Panshin, near the mouth of the Don. Length - 37.8, width - 7.3 meters, crew - 106 people, armament - 46 guns.
In the summer of 1699, the "Fortress" under the command of Captain Pamburg delivered an embassy mission to Constantinople, headed by Duma councilor Em. Ukrainians. The appearance of a Russian warship near the walls of the Turkish capital, and the appearance of the entire Russian squadron near Kerch, forced the Turkish Sultan to reconsider his attitude towards Russia. A peace treaty was concluded between Turkey and Russia. This campaign of the "Fortress" is also notable for the fact that Russian sailors for the first time made hydrographic measurements of the Kerch Strait and Balaklava Bay, and also drew up the first plans for the Crimean coast. During the stay in Constantinople, many Turkish and foreign specialists visited the Fortress and gave a high appraisal of Russian shipbuilding. In June of the following year, 1700, the ship "Fortress" with 170 Russian prisoners returned from Turkey to Azov.

Frigate "Standard"

The Northern War already in the initial period convinced Peter I that it was impossible to achieve the conquest of the coast of the Baltic Sea with the help of one, even a well-trained army. It was decided to start building the fleet. On March 24 (April 4), 1703, at the Olonets shipyard on the Svir River, the Amsterdam shipbuilder Vybe Gerens laid down the first Russian warship of the Baltic Fleet - a frigate.
Its length is 27.5 m, width 7.3 m, average draft 2.7 m. Crew 120 people. On a closed deck, forecastle and poop, the ship carried 28 guns: 8-, 6- and 3-pounders.
On May 1 (12), 1703, Russian troops stormed the Swedish fortress of Nyenschantz, located near the mouth of the Neva. The path to the Baltic Sea was free. In connection with this event, changes were made to the royal standard: the double-headed eagle now held in its paws and beaks not three, but four cards - with the outlines of the White, Caspian, Azov and Baltic seas.
Launched on August 22, 1703, the frigate received the name "Standard", and on September 8 (19) of the same year, a new standard was raised on its main-bram-topmast. The ship under the command of Captain Peter Mikhailov (Peter I) crossed Lake Ladoga at the head of seven newly built ships and anchored in the roadstead of the Shlisselburg fortress.
Subsequently, he took an active part in the Northern War. On June 6 and 10, 1705, as part of the squadron of Vice Admiral K. Kruys, under the command of Captain J. de Lang, he fought with the Swedish fleet near the island of Kotlin. Timbered in St. Petersburg in 1711. The Shtandart frigate was part of the Russian fleet for more than 25 years and was dismantled in 1729.

Training frigate "Hope"

Shortly after accession to the Russian throne, Catherine II said: "We have an excess of ships and people, but there is neither a fleet nor sailors." At the initiative of the Empress, urgent measures were taken to revive the fleet in the spirit of Peter the Great. One of them was the reorganization of the training of cadets of the naval corps.
On June 21 (July 2), 1764, the Admiralty Board decided: "For the training of midshipmen and ... cadets, keep a three-masted yacht at the hull, which will be built and equipped with all the needs." There is no doubt that the construction of the ship took place, since the decision is categorical resolution of Catherine II: "Be on it!".
The three-masted ten-gun frigate "Nadezhda" was laid down at the shipyard of the Main Admiralty in St. Petersburg on December 23, 1765 (January 3, 1766), launched on June 4 (15), 1766. The builder of the frigate was the famous shipbuilder Lambe Yames. The main dimensions of the ship: length between perpendiculars 23.77 m, width without hull boards 6.71 m, depth 3.1 m, hold depth 2.82 m, average draft 2.34 m, displacement 270 tons, main sail area 445 m. The crew consisted of 28 people, including 17 sailors. The frigate could take on board 25 cadets. He swam in the area Gulf of Finland. However, due to the insufficient exposure of the building timber, the life of the ship was short-lived - in 1774 the ship was "dismantled due to dilapidation."
In the history of the Russian fleet, the frigate "Nadezhda" will forever remain as the first domestic training ship of a special construction.

Battleship "Glory to Catherine"

Zeichmeister General (Commander of Artillery) of the Black Sea Fleet I.A. On May 26 (June 6), 1779, Hannibal laid down the first two 66-gun ships of the line at the Kherson shipyard. The head of them was "Glory to Catherine". Presumably the project of a new battleship developed by the ship's master A. S. Katasonov. It was built by engineer I.A. Afanasiev. The length of the vessel along the lower deck is 48.77 m, the width without sheathing is 13.5 m, the depth of the hold is 5.8 m. that they can be used with the same benefit in action. The construction of the ship proceeded slowly, only on September 16 (27), 1783, in a solemn atmosphere, the ship was launched.
The military service of the "Glory of Catherine" fell on the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. Renamed in 1788 by General-Field Marshal G.A. Potemkin in the "Transfiguration of the Lord", the ship participated in all major operations of the Russian squadron, including victorious naval battles under the leadership of Admiral F.F. Ushakov.
The well-deserved fame gained in fierce sea battles puts this ship on a par with other hero ships of the Russian fleet.

Sloop "Vostok"

The ship was launched from the slipway of the Okhta shipyard in St. Petersburg in 1818. Its length is 40 m, width is about 10 m, draft is 4.8 m, displacement is 900 tons, speed is up to 10 knots. The armament consisted of 28 guns. The crew of 117 people. On July 3 (14), 1819, the Vostok sloop under the command of Captain II rank F.F. Bellingshausen, head of the round-the-world Antarctic expedition, and the Mirny sloop under the command of Lieutenant M.P. Lazarev left Kronstadt and on January 16 (28) of the following reached the coast of Antarctica. After repairs in Sydney (Australia), the ships explored the tropical part Pacific Ocean, and then on October 31 (November 12), 1820, again headed for Antarctica. On January 10 (22), 1821, the sloops reached the southernmost point: 69 ° 53 "south latitude and 92 ° 19" western longitude. On July 24 (August 5), 1821, having completed the most difficult voyage, the ships arrived in Kronstadt.
In 751 days they covered 49,723 miles (about 92,300 km). The most important result of the expedition was the discovery of a huge sixth continent - Antarctica. In addition, 29 islands were mapped and complex oceanographic work was carried out. In memory of this significant voyage in Russia, a medal was knocked out.
In 1828, the sloop "Vostok" was excluded from the lists of the fleet and dismantled. In our time, the names of the sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny" are two Soviet scientific Antarctic stations. According to the established tradition, the name "Vostok" passed to the largest research vessel.

Clipper ship Cutty Sark

Cutty Sark was created during the golden age of the sailing fleet - the era of clippers. A thousand years of experience in the construction and operation of sailing ships, many scientific and technological achievements accumulated by the middle of the 19th century. - all this was synthesized during the construction of clippers - the highest and last stage of sailing shipbuilding. Everything in the design of the clipper was subject to speed: a sharp, very elongated bow, streamlined contours, huge sails, a solid hull.
On the transatlantic lines, steamships had already begun to win convincing victories over sailboats, but on the Australian and Far Eastern ocean routes, half the globe in length, clippers still reigned supreme - the epitome of grace, light, swift, and the best of them was Cutty Sark.

Ships rest at the berths,
look into the water with sleepy haws,
attraction of mother earth
feeling tired sides.
They, like people, sometimes want
after storms and difficult voyages
feel bliss and peace
at the moorings of our Good, quiet Harbor ...

January 6, 2011 | Categories: History , Topper

Rating: +6 Article author: Enia_Toy Views: 56031

The first vehicles by which people crossed water barriers during their migrations or during hunting were, in all likelihood, more or less primitive rafts. Rafts existed, no doubt, already in the Stone Age. At the end of the Middle Stone Age, a boat hollowed out of a tree trunk, a canoe, was a great progress. With the passage of time and with the further development of the productive forces, boats and rafts became better, larger and more reliable. We have the most information about the development of shipbuilding in the Mediterranean region, although, of course, shipbuilding technology and navigation on the rivers and seas of other parts of the world developed in parallel. The oldest known to us are boats and ships. ancient egypt. A variety of floating facilities went along the Nile and the seas surrounding Egypt: first rafts and boats made of wood and papyrus, and later ships that could make long sea voyages, such as the famous expedition during the 18th dynasty to the country Punt (Ript - probably Somalia or even India) in about 1500 BC. e.

Ancient Egyptian papyrus river rowboat

Due to the low strength of papyrus, a thick rope was used as a longitudinal reinforcement, stretched between short masts, bow and stern. The boats were steered with an oar located at the stern. The ancient Egyptian sea vessels, like the river vessels that sailed along the Nile in those days, were flat-bottomed. As a result of this, and also due to the lack of frames and the insufficient strength of the building material (papyrus or low-growing trees, acanthus), the seaworthiness of the ships of Ancient Egypt was very low. These ships, sailing along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea or on the calm waters of the Red Sea, were propelled by oars and a rake sail.

Ancient Egyptian ship with a raked sail

Egyptian merchant and military ships almost did not differ from each other, only military ships were faster. It should not be forgotten that military campaigns and trade were closely interconnected. However, the Egyptians (inhabitants of the Nile Valley) cannot be called good sailors. Their merits in the field of shipbuilding and distant sea voyages are relatively modest. The inhabitants of the island of Crete were the first to build merchant sea vessels. According to some ancient researchers, they used the keel and frames, which increased the strength of the ship's hull. For the movement of the ship, the Cretans used both oars and a rectangular sail. It is believed that it was partly due to these technical improvements that Crete became the first maritime power in the Mediterranean. Its heyday falls on the 17th - 14th centuries. BC e. The method of building ships with frames from the Cretans was borrowed by the Phoenicians. The Phoenicians lived in east coast Mediterranean Sea, in a country rich in cedar forests, which provided excellent shipbuilding material. On their ships, the Phoenicians made military and trade campaigns to the most remote places of the modern world. As Herodotus wrote at the beginning of the 7th century. n. e., Phoenician ships circled Africa from east to west. This testifies to the great seaworthiness of the ships: on their way they had to go around the Cape of Good Hope, where it often stormed. Although the Phoenician ships were vastly superior in size and strength to the Egyptian ones, their shape did not change significantly. As the surviving bas-reliefs testify, for the first time rams appeared on the bow of a Phoenician warship to sink enemy ships.

Phoenician sailing ship

The ships of ancient Greece and, later, Rome were modifications of the Phoenician ships. Merchant ships were predominantly wide and slow-moving, usually propelled by sail and steered by a large steering oar located in the stern. Warships were narrow and propelled by oars. In addition, they were armed with a rectangular main sail mounted on a long yard and a small sail mounted on an inclined mast. This slanted mast is the forerunner of the bowsprit, which will appear on sailboats much later and will carry additional sails to facilitate maneuvering. Initially, one tier of oars was installed on each side of a warship, but with an increase in the size and weight of the ships, a second tier appeared above the first tier of oars, and even later, a third. This was explained by the desire to increase the speed, maneuverability and force of the impact of the ram on the enemy ship. One tier of rowers was located below deck, the other two were on deck. It looked like the most popular type of warship of antiquity, which, starting from the VI century BC. e. called a trireme.

Trieres formed the basis of the Greek fleet that participated in the battle of the island of Salamis (480 BC). The length of the triremes was 30-40 m, the width was 4-6 m (including supports for the oars), the freeboard height was about 1.5 m. There were a hundred or more rowers on the ship, in most cases slaves; speed reached 8-10 knots. The ancient Romans were not good sailors, but the Punic Wars (1st war - 264-241 BC; 2nd war - 218-210 BC) convinced them of the need to have their own navy to defeat the Carthaginians. The Roman navy of that time consisted of triremes built according to the Greek model.

An example of a Roman trireme of this type is the ship shown in the figure. It has a raised deck in the stern, as well as a kind of tower in which the commander and his assistant could find reliable shelter. The nose ends with a ram, upholstered in iron. To facilitate the conduct of combat at sea, the Romans invented the so-called "raven" - a boarding bridge with a metal load in the form of a hawse, which descended on an enemy ship and through which Roman legionnaires could go to it. In the battle of Actium (31 BC), the Romans used a new type of ship - the liburn. This ship is much smaller than the trireme, equipped with rams, has one tier of oars and a rectangular transverse sail. The main advantages of liburns are good agility and maneuverability, as well as speed. On the basis of a combination of structural elements of triremes and liburnes, a Roman rowing galley was created, which, with some changes, survived until the 17th century. n. e.

The improvement of rowing warships with additional sailing equipment was in the nature of leaps. The need for these vessels increased, for example, during military campaigns. From the end of the XII to the XIV century. galleys appeared in the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. But the main area of ​​operation of the galleys was, as before, the Mediterranean Sea; their further development was largely facilitated by the Venetians. Light combat galleys served warships, in heavy - by military transports. They were also used as merchant ships. The disadvantage of the galleys was the numerous crew. So, for one galley up to 40 m long, 120-180 rowers were required (and with two tiers of oars - 240-300 rowers). If you take into account the crew needed to maintain the rudder and sail, and the crew in the galley, then the total turned out to be well over 500 people. Such a galley had a draft of about 2 m and a freeboard height of 1-1.5 m. On medieval galleys, 2-5 rowers served one oar; the mass of the oar with a length of 10-12 m was up to 300 kg. In addition to the oars, the galleys were equipped with an auxiliary sail. Later, they began to install two, and then three masts, and the rectangular sail was replaced by a slanting one, borrowed from the Mediterranean Arabs. In the course of further development, ships began to be built, which are a combination of a galley and a sailing vessel. Such ships were called galleas. Galeasses were larger than galleys: the length of the largest reached 70 m, width 16 m, displacement 1000 tons; the crew was 1000 people. They were used as both military and merchant ships.

Galleass

Regardless of the development of shipping in the Mediterranean Sea, shipping also developed in Northern Europe, where already in the early centuries there lived excellent sailors - the Vikings. Viking ships were open wooden boats with a symmetrical fore and stern; on these ships it was possible to go both forward and backward. Viking ships were propelled by oars (they are not shown in the figure) and a straight sail mounted on a mast approximately in the middle of the ship.

Viking ships had frames and longitudinal ties. A characteristic feature of their design was the way the frames and other beams were connected to the outer skin, which usually consisted of very long wooden planks, passing from one stem to another and arranged in a lap. The largest Viking ships, which were called “dragons” due to the bow decoration and the shape of the dragon’s head, were 45 m long and had about 30 pairs of oars. Despite the difficulties of sailing through the stormy northern seas on open deckless ships, the Vikings very soon penetrated from Scandinavia to the coast of England and France, reached the White Sea, conquered Greenland and Holland, and at the end of the 10th century. entered North America.

The old Russian koch of the ice class was a real conqueror northern seas

Under feudalism, in parallel with the development of trade in Northern Europe, shipbuilding continued to develop. Large merchant ships of the 12th and 13th centuries, called naves, had the same shape of the bow and stern. They were driven exclusively by a transverse sail mounted on a mast in the middle of the ship. From the end of the XII century. so-called towers appeared in the bow and stern. At first, these were probably fighting bridges (perhaps the remains of a Roman bridge), which over time moved to the bow and stern and turned into a forecastle and poop. The steering oar was usually on the starboard side.

Nave

Hanseatic merchants, in whose hands European trade was concentrated from the 13th to the 15th centuries, usually transported their goods on coggs. These were strong high-sided single-masted vessels with almost vertical fore and stern posts. Gradually, small tower-like superstructures appeared on the coggs in the bow, relatively large superstructures in the stern and peculiar "crow's nests" at the top of the mast. The main feature that distinguishes the cog from the nave is the articulated rudder with tiller, located in the diametrical plane of the ship. Thanks to this, the maneuverability of the vessel has improved.

Single mast cogg

Until about the 14th century. shipbuilding in the northern regions Western Europe developed independently of the shipbuilding of the Mediterranean. If the rudder, placed in the plane of symmetry of the ship, became the greatest achievement in the art of shipbuilding and navigation of the North, then the triangular sail, which is now called Latin, introduced in the Mediterranean Sea, made it possible to sail steeper to the wind than was possible with a rectangular sail. Thanks to contacts between north and south in the XIV century. a new type of ship arose - a caravel, a three-masted vessel with Latin sails and an articulated rudder. Over time, a transverse sail was installed on the bow mast.

Columbus era caracca

The next type of vessel that appeared at the end of the 15th century was the karakka. This vessel had a much more developed forecastle and poop. Carracks were equipped with an articulated rudder and both types of sails. The bow mast had a straight sail, the middle mast had one or two straight sails, and the aft mast had a latin sail. Later, they began to install an inclined bow mast - a bowsprit with a small straight sail. With the advent of caravels and caracques, distant voyages became possible, such as the journey of Vasco de Gama, Columbus, Magellan and other navigators to unknown lands. « Santa Maria”, the flagship of Columbus, in all likelihood, was a caracca. It had a length of 23 m, a width of 8.7 m, a draft of 2.8 m and a crew of 90 people. The ship belonged to ships of medium size (for example, the ship "Peter von la Rochelle", built in 1460, had a length of 12 m). Subsequently, the typical aft superstructure of the karakk was replaced by a superstructure that rose in steps towards the stern. A mast was added (sometimes inclined), the number of sails increased. Direct sails were predominantly used, only a hafel sail was installed at the stern. This is how the gallion arose, which in the 17th and 18th centuries. became the main type of warship. The most common type of merchant ship of that time was the flute, whose hull tapered upwards. Its masts were taller and the yards shorter than those of earlier ships. The rigging was the same as on the galleons.

flutes

Powerful trading companies that were under the tutelage of the state (the English West India Company, founded in 1600, or the Dutch East India Company, founded in 1602), stimulated the construction of a new type of ships, which were called "East Indians". These ships were not very fast. Their full contours and high sides provided a very large carrying capacity. To protect themselves from pirates, merchant ships were armed with cannons. On the masts they put three, and later four direct sails, on the aft mast - an oblique hafel sail. There were usually latin sails in the bow, and trapezoidal sails between the individual masts. These vessels, by their resemblance to a warship of a similar type and with the same rigging, are also called frigates.

Frigate

A significant achievement in sailing shipbuilding was the creation of clippers. The clippers were narrow vessels (the ratio of length to width was approximately 6.7 m) with advanced weapons and a carrying capacity of 500-2000 tons. They were distinguished by high speed. The so-called "tea races" of this period are known, during which clippers with a load of tea on the China-England line reached a speed of 18 knots.

tea clipper

At the beginning of the XIX century. after many thousands of years of dominance of the sailing fleet, a new type of engine appeared on ships. It was a steam engine - the first mechanical engine. In 1807, the American Robert Fulton built the first ship with a steam engine, the Clermont; it went along the Hudson River. The steamer showed itself especially well when sailing against the current. Thus began the era of the steam engine on river boats. In maritime navigation, the steam engine began to be used later. In 1818, a steam engine was installed on the Savannah sailboat, which set the paddle wheels in motion. The ship used the steam engine only for a short passage across the Atlantic. For the first time, the Sirius, a steam sailing ship built in 1837, whose hull was still wooden, crossed the North Atlantic almost exclusively with the help of a mechanical drive.

Steamship - Sirius

Since that time, the development of a mechanical drive for marine vessels began. Large paddle wheels, whose work was hindered by sea waves, in 1843 gave way to the propeller. It was first installed on the steamer Great Britain. A huge sensation at that time was the Great Eastern ship, 210 m long and 25 m wide, built in 1860. This ship had two paddle wheels with a diameter of 16.5 m and a propeller with a diameter of more than 7 m, five pipes and six masts with total area 5400 m2, on which it was possible to put a sail. The vessel had rooms for 4,000 passengers, holds for 6,000 tons of cargo and developed a speed of 15 knots.

Great Britain

Great Eastern

The next step in the development of the ship's drive was made at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century; in 1897, a steam turbine was installed for the first time on the ship Turbinia, which made it possible to reach a speed of 34.5 knots that had never been seen before. Built in 1906, the British passenger ship Mauritania (length 241 m, width 26.8 m, carrying capacity 31,940 registered tons, crew 612 people, 2335 passenger seats) was equipped with turbines with a total capacity of 51,485 kW. During the crossing of the Atlantic in 1907, she developed an average speed of 26.06 knots and won a symbolic award for speed - the Blue Ribbon, which she held for 22 years.

Mauritania

In the second decade of the XX century. on sea ​​vessels started using diesels. In 1912, two diesel engines with a total capacity of 1,324 kW were installed on the Zeeland cargo ship with a carrying capacity of 7400 tons.

On May 18, 1881, the last sailing ship in Atlantic Ocean. We decided to recall 9 legendary sailboats that made the history of great travels and discoveries.

1. "Santa Maria" - the legend of legends, the ship on which Christopher Columbus and his team discovered America. This is a small vessel with a length of no more than 25 meters with four masts and direct sailing. The Santa Maria had five sails, which, under favorable conditions, could give her a fairly high speed. It should be noted that the Santa Maria was not the fastest ship, but at the same time she was highly stable, which could come in handy during a storm. The last voyage of this semi-mythical sailing ship took place on Christmas Day 1492 - it crashed off the coast of Haiti. But the wreckage of "Maria" was not left to rot at the bottom of the ocean, but was used in the construction of a settlement that still exists. Unfortunately, not a single image of "Santa Maria" remained, and all photographs and drawings were made either from diary descriptions or reconstructions.

2. Ship "Victoria" became the first ship in history on which people managed to go around Earth. The captain of this legendary ship was the no less legendary Ferdinand Magellan - a man who managed to maintain the spirit of his sailors for many months of an exhausting unbearable journey. Reliable images of the Victoria have also not been preserved, but researchers believe that this ship had three masts, two rows of direct sails and one oblique sail. The ship, despite the fact that it was intended primarily for research and peaceful purposes, was armed with several dozen guns to increase security. Scientists cannot decide on the characteristics of the ship either: its mass ranges from 80 to 200 tons.

3. "Golden Doe" , this is an English galleon led by Captain Drake, who was the first to return from a trip around the world after the voyage of Magellan. The golden doe spent 2 years and 10 months in the ocean. This ship is unique in that it was the only one able to sail through the Strait of Magellan (after Magellan himself). There are several replicas of the Golden Hind, which are on eternal parking in shipbuilding museums.

4. "Endeavour" James Cook - the ship on which this famous navigator made his first trip around the world, pursuing scientific astronomical goals - the study of the passage of Venus across the disk of the Sun, as well as for a more thorough study of the southern hemisphere.

5. "Dyfken"- the ship on which Australia was discovered by the European Willem Jans. It was a small ship about 25-30 meters long, quite fast (speeded up to 13 kilometers per hour) and light, designed for a small crew. A replica of the legendary ship is in the Australian Museum and anyone can easily visit it.

6. "Hope" And "Neva"- two small ships that managed to glorify domestic sailors and enter their names in the list the greatest travelers peace. It should be noted that both ships were purchased in England, especially in order to make a round-the-world trip. The navigators took this step for the reason that at that time Russia did not have its own shipbuilding of the required level, and Russian ships could not withstand such a long voyage. Kruzenshtern, who was the initiator of the trip, and his close friend Lisyansky were appointed captains of the ships.

7. "Galley"- the most famous pirate sailboat of one of the most cruel and successful sea robbers - Captain Kid. This ship had a displacement of about 300 tons, was equipped with fifty oars and 34 deck guns, which made it a very formidable weapon in the skillful hands of an experienced captain Kid.

8. "Flying Dutchman" - a ghost ship that for several centuries has instilled fear in sailors around the world. This is an eternal sea wanderer around which dozens of legends revolve. All legends, although they differ in plot, are similar in that the ship and crew were cursed for the sins of their captain. Neither the year of construction nor the type of the ship itself is known.

9. "Vasa"- a museum ship, the only sailing ship from our selection that has survived to this day. It was built and put into service in 1628 in Sweden, after which, having sailed for about half an hour, it sank safely. The ship was raised from the bottom centuries later, becoming a museum piece. At one time, the Vasa was one of the largest sailing ships, its length reached 65 meters and a width of 12 meters; an entire oak forest (about a thousand trees) was destroyed for the construction of the Vasa.