Estland Gubernia (Est. Eestimaa Kubermang), Estlandia - the northernmost three provinces of the Baltic region of the Russian Empire, stretched a strip from east to west along southern Shore Finnish Gulf And ended with the archipelago of the islands. Currently, Estonia is at almost the entire territory of the former Estland.
The first human settlements arose in the territory of the future province about 9500-9600 years BC, in the framework of the so-called Kunda culture. By the X-XIII centuries, the early refortel structure of society was formed, where the heads of the Military Druzhs were standing at the head of the land. In the XIII century, the Danish Crusaders, suppressing the resistance of Esta, included these lands to the Livonsky, and then Teutonic Order. In the XVI century, Estonia was amended by the Reformation, since this is the main religious confession on its territory, Protestantism became. In the same age, according to the results of the Livonian war, Northern Estonia became part of Sweden, and South Estonia was also included in Sweden after half a century. After the Northern War between Sweden and Russia, Estonia in 1721 was included in the Russian Empire. At the same time, Revevish province was formed. Division on the counties (at the beginning of the distributed distributors) Gubnia received in 1745.
Geographical position
Extreme points of E. province: in the West - Cape Daggerort (Kalan) on Dago Island (20 ° 2 "V.D.), in the east - Narova River (near the city of Narva, 28 ° 12" V.D.), in the north - Rocky Cape Stepher on the shore of the Gulf of Finland (59 ° 49 "S.Sh.), in the south - Kerksar island at the Bay (58 ° 19" S.Sh.). In the West, the mainland of E. Gubernia borders the Baltic Sea (297 Vörst), in the north - Finnish bay (469 Woolst), in the east - River Mountain, which is separated from the St. Petersburg province (75 Wool), in the south - Lake Chunk or Paibus and the Lifelard province (371 versta); More ² / 3 borderline is accounted for by water (not counting the islands) and about 1/3 - land borders. Sea coast within E. Gubernia is cut by a number of bays and bays and rich in the peninsula, in the West and the North-West - is surrounded by the islands. From the bays and bays more significant: in the Baltic Sea - the Werderie Bay, Matualwick, the Gapsal Bay (with the city of Gapsalem); In the Finnish Gulf - the Bay of Rogervik (with the city of the Baltic Port) deep, is placed and rarely freezes; Revelskaya (Revel City) - extensive, well protected, often remains all winter free from ice; Pappenvik (with Harra's harbor), Monkevik (with Yerro's pier), Kaspersuik, Kunda Bay (Harbor Port-Kunda) and Narva, the last only Western part (to the mouth of Narva) belongs to E. province. The islands along the mainland of the province of about 80, of which Dago (Dagden) in 843.7 square meters. Wools (separated from the island of Ezel Liflyandic province, the Strait of Zelazund, up to 6 width), Worms - 82.4 square meters. The versts (from Dago island separated by the Harrizond Strait, up to 11 width), the Kassar - 20.7 square meters. Wool, Bol. Horn - 12.4 square meters. Mestes, small. Horn - 12.2 square meters. The versts, Norgen - ...
· Temporary government of Estonia · Soviet republic of sailors and builders · Estonian war for independenceEstonian Republic
Estland province (Est. Eestimaa Kubermang), Estlandia - The northern of the three provinces of the Baltic region of the Russian Empire, stretched from the east to the west along the southern shore of the Finnish Bay and ended with the Islands archipelago. Currently, the territory is located as part of Estonia.
Geographical position
Extreme points of E. province: in the West - Cape Daggerort (Kalan) on Dago Island (20 ° 2 "V.D.), in the east - Narova River (near the city of Narva, 28 ° 12" V.D.), in the north - Rocky Cape Stepher on the shore of the Gulf of Finland (59 ° 49 "S.Sh.), in the south - Kerksar island at the Bay (58 ° 19" S.Sh.). In the West, the mainland of E. Gubernia borders the Baltic Sea (297 Vörst), in the north - Finnish bay (469 Woolst), in the east - River Mountain, which is separated from the St. Petersburg province (75 Wool), in the south - Lake Chunk or Paibus and the Lifelard province (371 versta); More ² / 3 border line accounts for water (not counting the islands) and about 1/3 of land borders. Sea coast within E. Gubernia is cut by a number of bays and bays and rich in the peninsula, in the West and the North-West - is surrounded by the islands. From the bays and bays more significant: in the Baltic Sea - the Werderie Bay, Matualwick, the Gapsal Bay (with the city of Gapsalem); In the Finnish Gulf - the Bay of Rogervik (with the city of the Baltic Port) deep, is placed and rarely freezes; Revelskaya (Revel City) - extensive, well protected, often remains all winter free from ice; Pappenvik (with Harra's harbor), Monkevik (with Yerro's pier), Kaspersuik, Kunda Bay (Harbor Port-Kunda) and Narva, the last only Western part (to the mouth of Narva) belongs to E. province. The islands along the mainland of the province of about 80, of which Dago (Dagden) in 843.7 square meters. Wools (separated from the island of Ezel Liflyandic province, the Strait of Zelazund, up to 6 width), Worms - 82.4 square meters. The versts (from Dago island separated by the Harrizond Strait, up to 11 width), the Kassar - 20.7 square meters. Wool, Bol. Horn - 12.4 square meters. Mestes, small. Horn - 12.2 square meters. The versts, Norgen - 11.0 square meters. Worst, then 5 islands with an area of \u200b\u200bmore than 2 square meters. Loaf each, 5 - at least 1 square meters. Themes, the rest are less than 1 square meters. Versets each.
Area
E. Gubernia's Square concludes 17791.7 square meters. Woolst (20246.7 square meters) or 1853183 decishes; Of these, 16290.5 square meters. The wool is the mainland, 1032.7 - islands and 468.5 square meters. Loaf under the waters ranged by the province of the part of the lake mound. Counties 4: Harritsky or Revelsky (5043.3 square meters. Verses, including under Islands 53.4), Virlyndsky or Vessenberg (5629 square meters), Yerwensky or Weisinsteinsky (2522.9 square 4128 square. Woolst, from them 979.3 under the islands).
Surface
The surface of the mainland E. province is a flat elevation that merges in the south with the elevations of the neighboring Lifelard province and parallel ledges descending in the West and the North to the sea, forming the so-called "mlinship" along the coast, and to the east - to the Lake the wisdom and the Narov River. Watershed in the Gulf of Finnish Bay with one, miracle of the lake and Riga Gulf - on the other hand passes in the middle of the province; The node is located on the Pantifer terrace in the parish of Klein Marien and Simonis (400 feet, the same hills - the Mountain of the Ovukavoy or Ebabefermyggi - reach 479 feet); From here to the West, the branch forming two more terraces is, in S.-Johannsky (240-300 feet) and in Rappel and Yerden arrival (240-250 feet). To the east, the Pantifer terrace decreases and goes into lowlands; In the south-east, it connects to the lifellands, and in the south-west, in the southern part of the Gapsal County, the ledges go down to the sea. North-Western and middle part of the Gapsal County Lowestly and the Swamp. The inner part of E. province, thanks to the deepeners formed by the river channels, mostly of the swampy and covered with forests; The deepening of these borders are hills reaching 350 feet (Pühtitsa at the town of Illuk and the village of Ruil). Self high Points E. The provinces are located in the south near the Lifelard border - near the village of Sall in the S.-Simonisk parish - Mount Emmomaghigi (Mother-Mountain) - 544 feet and in the same arrival of the shepherd Kellefer - 514 feet above sea level. Islands of E. province mostly lowlands and flat; The exception is the western part of Dago Island (up to 200 feet of height), Worms and some small islands, partly covered with rocky hills.
Geological structure
Geological structure. The foundation of E. province consists of solid from horizontal limestone plates. This limestone along with other stone layers under it (loose greenish clay sandstone, resinous clay slate, Ungulite sandstone, blue clay), belong to the Silician formation. The rocky base is unevenly covered with a layer of grant, clay and sand belonging to the deluel or to the ice period. In plates, the horizontal surface of the plates protrudes outwards, the same grant and crumbs, covering them, form embankments and dams from 30 to 70 feet height. These dams stretch on the mainland of the province, forming the swampy shorts, among which gravel hills are often tested (Saar, that is, the island). In the north of the province, along the sea shore, the dunes are drawn, consisting of rude, yellowish, rarely white sand; Similar dunes are found in the middle parts of the province. Boulders consisting of Finnish granite, unevenly scattered throughout. In lowlands, near the banks of the rivers, the bluish clay lay (3-6 feet thickness); It is rarely found in its pure form and mostly mixed with a grant. E. sea shores under the influence of waves are gradually destroyed; In connection with this destruction, the formation of marine yals is located (healing mud at the city of Gapsal). From minerals to E. provinces are mined: Limestone (on Dago island), sandstone (in various places), cement (in the estate of the Wessenberg district), marble (in the estate of the Vassalem of the Revel County), peat - is developed in many areas, especially in middle lane mainland; Total peatings in E. province about 100, of which are two large - in Gapsalsky (up to 100 square meters. Woolst) and in Vessenberg (300 square meters. Wool) counties. Peat extraction There is an Icestari; It goes exclusively for local consumption (on fuel). The soil prevails the clay and peat, the "black mill" lies between the places (a mixture of collapsed plant residues with clay and sand) belonging to the number of fertile soils.
Water
In addition to the sea and its parts attached to E. province, which is stated above, within the provincial, up to 200 lakes are located and it is irrigated by a variety of rivers. From the lakes, one moon (papes) occupies an extensive area, part of it, ranging to E. province, equals 468.5 square meters. Loaf; The rest of the lakes are all small, of which, more significant Ober-See, near the city of Revel (5.5 square meters. Wool), 7 lakes have an area from 1 to 3 square meters. Loaf each; The total area of \u200b\u200ball Lakes of the province, excluding the miracle, is equal to 17.2 square meters. Wool. Most of the lakes are located in the northern part of the province among the swamps, and their shores gradually fear. From rivers, like shipping, only one Narova is matters (Length 68 Loaf), the source of the Church of the Lake, current on the eastern border of the province; The rest of the rivers have only local importance as the irrigation source and to deliver drinking water. The most significant along the length of the river: the Kazargen River - in the southwest, near the Border Border, flows into the Baltic Sea (94 versts); Kehel or False (80 Wools), Yaggowa (73 versts), Brigitovka (70 Wool) - all the tributaries of the Gulf of Finland; The remaining rivers of the province have less than 65 lines. Crossing "Mlinte", rivers flowing to the north form waterfalls and thresholds; Of these, more significant: Narva or John, near the city of Narva, on the Narov River (20 feet height), Yaggowan (23 feet), Kehel, near Fall Castle (20 feet).
Climate
Climate E. province is more maritime, not only in the inner, but even in the other two Baltic provinces, since all E. province is located near the sea. Especially sea climate have west Coast And Dago Island, where direct winds reach with non-freezing and winter middle part Baltic Sea. Due to these reasons average temperature The year, and especially the autumn and winter, above E. province than in areas under the same breadth, but lying on the sea, and spring and summer, especially months from April to July, in E. provinces colder. The neighborhood of the sea has an effect on precipitation in the sense that they are relatively more autumn and relatively less than from May to July than in neighboring provinces to the south and east of E. province. Thanks to the thick rainerous network of the Liflyandsky Economic Society, which includes the provinces of Liflyand and E., this difference is visible. The swamps in E. province undoubtedly lower the temperature of the summer months and increase the risk of night frosts.
Population
The first census of the population of E. Gubernia was produced at the end of 1881, then it turned out 376337 shower of both sexes; According to the census in early 1897 - 433724; For 15 years, the population has increased by 37387 souls, which is 0.7% of the actual population growth per year. The urban population in 1881 consisted of 59814 souls, in 1897 - from 76315 souls; It increased by 16501 people, or almost 2% per year, while the rural population increased by 20886 people, or 0.4% per year.
According to 1897, per quarter. The mile in E. province accounts for 23.3 residents. In neighboring with E. provinces per quarter. The vest comes from St. Petersburg - 53.7, in Liflanda - 32.5 inhabitants; Such a huge difference comes from the presence in the last large cities - St. Petersburg and Riga. If we exclude the aforementioned cities in the calculation, in addition - Kronstadt in St. Petersburg, Yuriev in Liflyand and Revel to E. province, then the difference will smooth heavily and will succeed in 1 square meter. The vest in E. province - 19.7, in Liflanda - 24.3, in St. Petersburg - 16.6 inhabitants. From the counties of E. Province the currency of Torvalsky (Harritsky) - 31.4 residents per 1 square meter. The mile, which comes from being in it the largest in the province of the city center - Revel (64578 inhabitants); With the exclusion of it from the calculation of the population's density in the same county, it will drop to 18.4 inhabitants, and it will come close in this regard to the rest, rather uniformly populated by the governors. The islands ranked in the province, part of absolutely not populated; On Dago Island - up to 14 thousand souls (about 16 residents per 1 sq. Milestone), on Worms - 2100 people (25 inhabitants per 1 sq. Milestone). Cities in E. province 5: Revel (64.5 thousand inhabitants), Lenberg (5.5 thousand), Gapsal (3 thousand), Weisinstein (2.5 thousand) and the Bearer Baltic Port (less than 1 thousand. residents). Places 5, of which significant Kregolm (near the city of Narva Wessenberg County), with a huge manuff and 8 thousand inhabitants. Settlements Over 15000 - almost all separately standing estates, manages and foils; There are almost no villages consisting of numerous courtyards in the Estland province. In the vicinity of Revel and near Ust-Narov for last years There were large country settlements And resorts - Ekaterinenthal, Gugerburg, Mericul, etc., who have no permanent population and revived only in the summer.
In the absence of the developed data on the census of 1897, the religious composition of the population is determined according to the census of 1881: Protestants are 94.3% of the total population, Orthodox - 4.9%, Jews - 0.4%, Roman Catholics - 0.3 %, Persons Dr. confessions - 0.1%. Protestants almost all Lutherans; The Anglican was only 158 people, reformats - 128, etc. sects - several people. The Orthodox population is half (about 9000) lives in the city of Rolet, up to 7000 - in the eastern part of the Vessenberg county, on the shores of the Church of the Lake and up to 2000 - in Kregolm; Raskolnikov was 204 people, almost all - on the shore of the lake.
In the native language, the population is distributed as follows: Estonians 87.6%, Germans - 5.8%, Russians - 4.6%, Swedes - 1.4%, Jews - 0.4%, speaking other adverbs - 0.2% . Estonians ( indigenous population) accounted for 56% of urban and 94% of the rural population; 71% of Germans live in cities where they make up 26% of the total population; Russians - in the rive and in the eastern part of the province; The Swedes mainly (80%) live in a gapsal district, making up almost entirely the population of Worms Islands (now Wormsi) and others.
For 100 women, they fall into E. province of 96 men, in cities - 108, in counties - 94, in the city of Revel - 110. The distributions of the population for estates and classes of the Census of 1881 does not give. Eviction from E. province noticeably lately; Landless East masses move to the nearest Velikorvsky province - St. Petersburg, Pskov, Novgorod and Tver; There are no digital data about this movement. By the end of 1902, according to administrative data, in E. province there were 440694 inhabitants (217095 men and 223599 women) of them in cities - 80607, in the city of Revel - 68045.
National composition in 1897:
Noble childbirth
Administrative division
Administrative division of the Estland province
After the February Revolution on the basis of the provisions of the Interim Government of Russia of March 30, 1917 "On the autonomy of Estlandia" The composition of the Estland province included five northern counties of the Lifelandic province with the Estonian population: Yuryevsky, Pernevsky, Felly, the Voroskaya and Ezelian counties, as well as the Estonians in the Valki County. The exact new border between the Estland and Lifelard provinces was not installed.
Guide to Gubernia
Governors
| FULL NAME. | Title, chin, title | Time of replacing position |
|---|---|---|
| Apraksin Fedor Matveyevich | graph, Admiral General | 29.05.1719-10.11.1728 |
| Levny Friedrich | 1730-21.10.1735 | |
| Musin-Pushkin Platon Ivanovich | count, Valid Stach Advisor (Secret Advisor) | 21.10.1735-26.07.1736 |
| Douglas Otton Gustavovich | graph, Lieutenant-General | 1736-03.03.1740 |
| Leveldal Voldemar | baron, General-Annef | 03.03.1740-1743 |
| prince, Lieutenant General | 13.10.1743-29.03.1753 | |
| Dolgorukov Vladimir Petrovich | major General (Lieutenar General) | 29.03.1753-30.03.1758 |
| Prince Holstein-Beck Peter Augustus Friedrich | general Ansef. | 30.03.1758-09.01.1762 |
| Vacancy | 1762-1783 | |
| Grotengelm Georg Friedrich | lieutenar General, Governor Governor | 03.07.1783-23.10.1786 |
| Wrangel Henry Ivanovich | baron, Lieutenar General, Governance Ruler | 23.10.1786-28.11.1796 |
| Langel Andrei Andreevich | secret Counselor | 25.01.1797-14.06.1808 |
| Ikskul Bernard Ivanovich | baron, Secret Advisor | 27.06.1808-03.08.1818 |
| Budberg Bogdan Vasilyevich | baron, in the rank of chamber | 23.12.1818-27.07.1832 |
| Essen Otto Vasilyevich | 20.09.1832-27.10.1833 | |
| Benkendorf Pavel Ermolaevich | 27.10.1833-02.12.1841 | |
| Grunevaldt Ivan Egorovich | valid Stat Counselor (secret advisor) | 02.01.1842-21.12.1858 |
| Ulrich Vasily Kornilovich | major General, and. d. (Approved 06/23/1859, Lieutenant-General) | 27.12.1858-10.10.1868 |
| Galkin Mikhail Nikolaevich | valid Stat Counselor | 11.10.1868-25.09.1870 |
| Shakhovskaya-Glebov-Streshnev Mikhail Valentinovich | prince, Sweets of His Majesty Major General | 26.09.1870-11.03.1875 |
| Polivanov Viktor Petrovich | valid Stat Counselor | 14.03.1875-04.04.1885 |
| Shakhovskaya Sergey Vladimirovich | prince, Secret Counselor | 04.04.1885-12.10.1894 |
| Scalon Evstaphi Nikolaevich | secret Counselor | 25.10.1894-20.06.1902 |
| Belgard Alexey Valerianovich | in the rank of chamber, Stat adviser, and. d. | 06.07.1902-04.03.1905 |
| Lopukhin Alexey Alexandrovich | valid Stat Counselor | 04.03.1905-21.01.1906 |
| Basilov Petr Petrovich | valid Stat Counselor | 21.01.1906-11.07.1907 |
| Korostovets Izmail Vladimirovich | colonel (Major General) | 11.07.1907-1915 |
| Verekkin Peter Vladimirovich | valid Stat Counselor | 1915-08.06.1917 |
Gubernsky leaders of the nobility
| FULL NAME. | Title, chin, title | Time of replacing position |
|---|---|---|
| Taube Fomgold Ihanovich | baron, Captain | 21.03.1710-01.02.1711 |
| Wrangel Berend Ihognovich | lieutenant colonel | 01.02.1711-12.02.1713 |
| Shulman Berend Ihanovich | major | 12.02.1713-08.02.1715 |
| Rosen Erich Dietrich | captain | 08.02.1715-07.01.1720 |
| Ferzen Hans-Heinrich | 07.01.1720-06.02.1721 | |
| Reobener Gustav Magnus | baron, Rothmist | 06.02.1721-06.02.1724 |
| Tisengausen Yakov-Iohan | baron, Lieutenant Colonel | 06.02.1724-09.01.1725 |
| Ulrich Yakov-Heinrich | 09.01.1725-05.01.1728 | |
| Tisengausen Hans-Heinrich | baron, Lieutenant Colonel | 05.01.1728-21.01.1731 |
| Rebelter Discount Heinrich | baron, Rothmist | 21.01.1731-21.01.1734 |
| Leeva Gustav-Ringold | baron, Captain | 21.01.1734-13.01.1737 |
| Courses Christopher Engelbrecht | captain | 13.01.1737-11.01.1740 |
| Shatenberg Adam Friedrich | baron | 11.01.1740-10.06.1741 |
| Tisengausen Berend-Henry | baron, Captain | 10.06.1741-25.01.1744 |
| Nioto Magnus-Wilhelm | 25.01.1744-14.01.1750 | |
| Shatenberg outgon-magnus | general of the Golucket service | 14.01.1750-04.02.1753 |
| Ulrich Friedrich-Johan | 04.02.1753-15.03.1770 | |
| Ulrich Gustav. | captain, and. d. | 15.03.1770-13.03.1771 |
| Steel Background Holstein Fabian Ernst | 13.03.1771-13.03.1772 | |
| Tisengausen Berend-Henry | count, and. d. | 14.03.1772-25.01.1774 |
| Fock Ernst-Johan | 25.01.1774-25.01.1777 | |
| Budberg Extenuation-Wilhelm | 25.01.1777-27.01.1780 | |
| Engelgardt Gustav-Friedrich | major | 27.01.1780-24.01.1783 |
| Courses Moritz Engelbrecht | 24.01.1783-05.12.1786 | |
| Brevert Johan | 05.12.1786-01.12.1789 | |
| Levishtern Herman Ludwigovich | 01.12.1789-01.12.1792 | |
| Petkul Yakov-Johan | 01.12.1792-03.12.1795 | |
| Salz Alexander Filippovich | baron, Stat adviser | 03.12.1795-08.02.1800 |
| Berg Yaks Georgievich | college Assesor. | 08.02.1800-05.02.1803 |
| Rosentalfon Carl | major of the United States North America | 05.02.1803-10.02.1806 |
| Ikskul Berginard Ihanovich | baron, Valid Stat Counselor | 10.02.1806-01.02.1809 |
| Shatelberg Otto-Gustav | 01.02.1809-28.06.1811 | |
| Berg Yaks Georgievich | state Councillor | 28.06.1811-11.02.1815 |
| Tisengausen Paul | count, Major General | 11.02.1815-24.04.1815 |
| Berg Yaks Georgievich | and. d., Stat adviser | 24.04.1815-21.06.1815 |
| Vir Magnus | 21.06.1815-04.02.1818 | |
| Rosen Otto Fedorovich | baron, Stat adviser | 04.02.1818-12.02.1824 |
| Benkendorf Pavel Ermolaevich | guard Lieutenant | 12.02.1824-22.02.1827 |
| Lilienfeld Georgy Aleksandrovich | 22.02.1827-04.02.1830 | |
| Grunevaldt Ivan Egorovich | 04.02.1830-04.02.1836 | |
| Patcule Rudolf Yakovlevich | 04.02.1836-16.01.1842 | |
| Lilienfeld Otto Georgievich | 16.01.1842-16.01.1845 | |
| Essen Maxim Maksimovich | in the rank of chamber, a valid Stat adviser | 16.01.1845-14.01.1848 |
| Engelgardt Moritz Evstafyevich | 14.01.1848-16.01.1851 | |
| Benkendorf Ermolai Pavlovich | guard headquarters-Rothmist | 16.01.1851-19.01.1854 |
| Ungern-Sternberg Konstantin Konstantinovich | baron, in the rank of chamber | 19.01.1854-15.01.1857 |
| Kasenering Alexander Andreevich | count, in the rank of chamber, a valid Stat adviser | 15.01.1857-11.12.1862 |
| Palen Alexander Alexandrovich | 11.12.1862-11.12.1868 | |
| Dellenguezen Nikaus | baron, Guard Lieutenant | 11.12.1868-01.10.1869 |
| Ungern Sternberg Karl Gustav | 01.10.1869-09.12.1871 | |
| Mailid Eduard Antonovich | baron, in the rank of chamber, Stat adviser (valid Stat adviser) | 11.12.1871-16.01.1878 |
| Reobener Reynold Fabian | graph | 16.01.1878-16.01.1881 |
| Wangel Vasily Ferdinandovich | baron, Stat adviser | 16.01.1881-16.01.1884 |
| Tisengausen Voldemar Paul | graph | 16.01.1884-10.12.1886 |
| Engelgardt Georgy Moritz | baron | 10.12.1886-10.11.1889 |
| Mailid Eduard Antonovich | baron, in the rank of chamber, Stat adviser | 28.11.1889-16.12.1892 |
| Grünevaldt Johann Georg Ernst | and. d. | 16.12.1892-20.01.1895 |
| Budberggen-BenninShausen Otto Romanovich | baron, in the rank of chamber, a valid Stat adviser | 20.01.1895-22.01.1902 |
| Dellenetgauzen Edmund Nikolaevich | baron, in the rank of cameras-Juncker, Stat adviser (Valid Stat adviser) | 22.01.1902-1917 |
Vice-governors
| FULL NAME. | Title, chin, title | Time of replacing position |
|---|---|---|
| Lead Friedrich | major General | 1711-14.08.1730 |
| Delden Willim Willimovich | lieutenant-general | 1730-13.10.1732 |
| Position was absent | 1732-1762 | |
| Kadeus Karl Gustav | lieutenar General | 1762-11.04.1768 |
| Vacancy | 1768-1773 | |
| Sivers Joachim Christianovich | baron, Lieutenar General | 1773-29.12.1778 |
| Grothengelm Georgy Evstafyevich | lieutenar General | 1779-1783 |
| Wrangel Henrich-Johan | baron, Stat Counselor (Major General) | 13.10.1783-23.09.1786 |
| Langel Andrei Andreevich | state Councillor | 23.10.1786-25.01.1797 |
| Golitsyn Mikhail Nikolaevich | prince, Stat Counselor | 30.01.1797-30.05.1797 |
| Glinka Dmitry Fedorovich | valid Stat Counselor | 30.05.1797-10.09.1797 |
| Rading Herman Ivanovich | valid Stat Counselor | 11.09.1797-06.01.1809 |
| Salz Alexander Ivanovich | baron, Valid Stat Counselor | 06.01.1809-17.02.1816 |
| Levishtern Lev Pavlovich | valid Stat Counselor | 17.02.1816-20.03.1842 |
| Bellau Karl Andreevich | valid Stat Counselor | 20.03.1842-11.07.1852 |
| Rosen Roman Romanovich | baron, Stat Counselor (Valid Stat Advisor) | 20.07.1852-12.12.1858 |
| Raded Vladimir Fedorovich | baron, Stat adviser | 12.12.1858-27.12.1868 |
| Polivanov Viktor Petrovich | college Advisor (Valid Stat Advisor) | 01.01.1869-14.03.1875 |
| Manzhos Alexander Alekseevich | in the rank of chamber, Stat adviser (valid Stat adviser) | 11.04.1875-28.03.1885 |
| Tillo Adolf Andreevich | college Counselor | 28.03.1885-19.12.1885 |
| Vasilevsky Alexey Petrovich | valid Stat Counselor | 19.12.1885-04.04.1891 |
| Tchaikovsky Anatoly Ilyich | valid Stat Counselor | 04.04.1891-06.06.1892 |
| Dirin Socrates Nikolaevich | valid Stat Counselor | 08.06.1892-13.04.1903 |
| Girs Alexander Nikolaevich | college Counselor | 13.04.1903-12.08.1906 |
| Girs Alexey Fedorovich | college Counselor | 12.08.1906-18.05.1908 |
| Shirinsky-Shichmatov Andrei Aleksandrovich | prince, College Assestor | 18.05.1908-22.03.1910 |
| Jews Alexander Alexandrovich | stat adviser (valid Stat adviser) | 22.03.1910-29.11.1914 |
| Schidlovsky Sergey Alekseevich | valid Stat Counselor | 29.11.1914-1917 |
Land tenure
In E. province, as in other Baltic Territory, among private ownership of many major or feedycomed possessions, almost absolutely non-selling land; There was no time restriction, by virtue of which the bushels of noble estates could be some local nobles, although formally canceled, but by virtue of tradition, it is quite tightly held, and the number of landowners is inexpan. The peasant land tenure was formed in E. province according to the Law of 1863, which was opened with access to the acquisition of peasants (in some cases - and persons of other classes) to the ownership of the estates (the peasant yard with landlows belonging to him) in the noble and others . estates. Since 1863, the peasant land tenure began to quickly grow through purchases with the assistance of credit institutions. The overall nature of the peasant ownership is the foundation. In 1887, the Estlands were taken into account the land: private owners - 925539 tenthene (including 875100 tents, or 95% - noble), peasants - 682465, treasury - 3448, churches - 18979, cities - 11574, various institutions - 3036 Just 1645041 tenth. The middle noble ownership is 1768 tents, the average peasant - 38 tents. Bought the peasants their lands from 49 (in 1877) to 70 (1883) and 75 (1887) rubles. For 1 tenth. By January 1, 1902 in E. province was laid in mortgage institutions 9031 estates, in 1398312 tits; Debt on them was listed 185,79491 rubles. or 13 rubles. 29 cop 1 tenth. Despite the significance of the laid area (about 85%), the debt is small when compared with sales and rental prices. With the exception of 1 estations in 7643 decishes, laid down in the Nobility Bank, and 10 estates in 1252 testers - in the peasant bank, all other lands are pledged by E. Noil Land Credit Society.
Agriculture
Of the 1645041 tenths taken into account in 1887, the land was: arable - 300895, under the estates, vegetables and gardens - 11808, hay - 454282 (of which the filler - 10983), pasture - 300835, Forest - 326506 (from them Wood-level - 193630, the other together - 1092, overgrown - 54938), the rest is convenient - 6315, uncomfortable - 244400 tenthenes. Part of the marshes is operated as a pouch, the moss swamps (Hochmoore, in Estonian Rabba), in which the MCH layer reaches 20 feet, impassable, sometimes even in winter, because they do not freeze. Private owner or "mysterious" land (Hofsland) are more secured by forests than peasant (Bauerland): In the first forests, 32% (90% of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe provinces are about 4% of the ownership and about 8% of all forests; The remaining 2% of the forest area belongs to the treasury and other owners. Half of forests (51%) is located in the Vessenberg district; There are only less (12%) of them in Weisinsteinsky county. Recently, forestry everywhere in the province is maintained. Land Rental is developed: in 1887 it was handed over to private owners (exclusively to peasants) 5303 plots in 206735 tenthenes. Culture high; Plugging and improved tools are used everywhere. Crop rotation multipolon. In 1902 it was sown: winter wheat - 2069 tents, rye - 59091, Spring wheat - 583, oats - 39183, barley - 41002, potatoes - 40078, podlkovy plants - 4138 and flax - 2870 tenthenes. E. The province stands out among all the provinces of Russia in the sizes of potato culture. From herbs are mainly clover and vica (in pure form and with oats). Vintage (average for 10 years, 1891-1902): rye - Sam-6, winter wheat - Sam-6.2, oats - Sam-5.5, barley - Sam-5.3, potatoes - 4.0 . More advanced treatment and fertilizer of formulating lands affect the increase (approximately 10%) yields on them relatively with the lands of peasant. Collection in the year of the Middle Harvest: rye about 430 thousand quarters, wheat - 20 thousand quarters, oats - 375 thousand quarters, barley - 315 thousand quarters, potatoes - 3480 thousand quarters. Bread and potatoes go exclusively on local consumption and recycling at local distillery factories. Mills, grinding all the local bread, in 1902 in E. province was 1566, of which the winds - 1274 (in the Gapsal district - 745), water - 256, steam - 35, electric - 1 (in the city of Revel).
Cattle breeding is developed; In 1902 there were horses - 72793, cattle - 195110 heads, sheep simple - 156482, thinned - 40599, pigs - 79730; About 80% of the total cattle - in the peasants. The first place in cattle breeding is occupied by the Revel County. From cattle breeding products come true: meat ("Livonskoye"), oil and cheese - mainly in St. Petersburg, Revel, Narva, Yuriev (Derpt) and part of the border (in England and Denmark). The release of local leather in the village of Veshenberg County Cherenz (50 thousand rubles per year). In the estate of Undel (Vessenberg County) - Kurovania, giving up to 6000 rubles. in year. Horticulture and gardening are engaged in manifestations and in suburban areas, but gardening, due to climatic conditions, developed weakly.
Although agriculture is the basis and main occupation of the population of E. province, but thanks to its advantageous geographical position And the fishing life is developed in it. In addition to the development of mineral wealth (peat and building materials), almost all of the seaside (Neobrogenian) population is engaged in fishing. The sea is found mainly to spin (constituting an important article of the holiday trading of the city of Revel), Salaka, Lososi, Navaga, Kambala, and others. Right fishing sea coast belongs almost exclusively to private owners who usually rent catching seaside villages for low rental. The urban population of Revil is largely occupied by loading and unloading vessels. There are no stretch of fishing. Crafts are common in cities, they are engaged in the counties free time, especially in winter, solely for the needs of the local population. In 1902, artisans in E. province was 16966, of which in the cities - 10272 (in Revel - 9322). Most of all producing clothes (tailors, shoemakers, etc.) - about 3000, then Kuznetsov, carpenters, etc. Factories and plants in 1902 in E. provinces were 564, with 16926 workers and production at 40655471 rubles. The cost of production is more significant:
The amount of production of other industries does not exceed 310 thousand rubles. Each. The largest factory-factory terrain is the city of Revel, with 97 factories and plants, 7422 workers and production by 20,700 thousand rubles, then the departments of Wessenberg, with 152 factories and plants, 7198 workers and production at 14304 thousand rubles. (Crenholm manufactory with 5705 workers and production by 12250 thousand rubles, founded in 1857, and 61 distillery) and Revelsky - 110 factories and factories, with 789 workers, production by 2717 thousand rubles. (mainly distillation); In the Gapsalsky district, on the island of Dago - a closure factory. District plants are all steam; Alcohol smumes mainly from potatoes; In 1902, 184371132 ° was buried.
Trade
The seaside position of E. province contributes to the development of trade in it, especially external. In 1902 there were 7131 certificates for commerce and crafts. For numerous and diversity of trading institutions, the city of Revel occupies the first place. The internal trade is a lot of foreign trade, which in the whole province in 1902 it was 70-16 in the cities and 54 in the villages. The turnover of fairs (excluding 4 in the city of Rovel, which no information is not available) was 710 thousand rubles. A lot of alcohol is exported to the inner provisions from E. province: in 1900 - 167 million degrees, in 1901 - 200 million, in 1902 - 174 million. Foreign trade is focused mainly in the city of Repele, which has extensive, protected and Slightly freezing, and sometimes not a freezing raid at all. On average, navigation stops for 2 months, and in recent years, thanks to icebreakers, it is almost completely not interrupted. Other harbors are the Baltic Port (rarely freezing), Gapsal, Keritel (on Dago Island), Kunda (Vessenberg County) and Werder (Gapsal County). KungerburgLocated within the limits of E. province, serves the city of Narva (St. Petersburg province). Higher tension Trade of the city of Revel reaches in winter when the St. Petersburg raid freezes. In 1902, the roll was brought from abroad for 45327293 rubles, and recovered duty 16885804 rubles, exported - at 21754613 rubles. Total contributions from Germany (by 21 million rubles), England (19 million rubles), Denmark (4 million rubles); export - to England (8 million rubles), Denmark (7 million rubles), France (over 2 million rubles), Germany (about 2 million rubles), Holland (1.5 million rubles); The rest of the countries both by bringing and exporting does not exceed 1 million rubles. Each. In 1902, 2203 vessels arrived in the Revel port in 563091 tons, 2197 ships in 559210 tons were gone; From the gone ships there were 1009 steam and 1188 sailing, 1793 under Russian and 404 under a foreign flag (most German, English and Danish). The average capacity of Russian courts is equal to 153 tons, foreign (most of the steamers) - 703 tons (English - 929 tons). In terms of foreign shipping, Revel takes 8th place among the port cities of Russia.
Credit institutions
Credit institutions, with the exception of 3 loans, are all focused on the roar: branch of the State Bank, 2 public and 2 private banks, 2 banker offices and E. Noborsk Zemstvo Credit Society. Loan-saving Cass 4.
Means of communication
Railway crosses E. province from the city of Narva to the Baltic Port, for 242 Worst; In addition, the road from the station is the road to Riga, and from Revel - to Meizekul (Liflyandic province), with a branch of the city Weinesenstein; Length of all railways Within E. province 398 Worst. Railway stations 32; Of the goods from them (in 1901) 21120 thousand pounds, received - 27348 thousand pounds; 70% of the total cargo falls to the Revel Station; At the station Wessentberg - 2801 thousand pounds. Post-telegraph office (1902) 7, post office - 1, postal and telegraph departments - 8, postal - 5. Phone - in Rive and Kregolm.
The buildings
Buildings (1902). In cities, with the exception of churches, 11222 buildings, of them are stone - 2078, half-breed - 289, wooden - 6895; In the city of Roel 74% of all buildings. There are about 46,000 buildings in counties, including 89% of wooden. Savroge buildings 237: Stone - 147, wooden - 90. The temples of the Orthodox - 67, Protestant - 156, Baptist - 10, Roman Catholic - 2, Synagogues - 2. In the city of Repel and in Kregolm, permanent fire teams, in addition free fire fighter; In the rest of the cities and in many villages there are 20 free firefighters, well-supplied with fire extinguishing tools. 5 insurance companies, provincial mutual insurance (for peasant buildings) and 53 rural societies of mutual alex with firecards.
Medicine
Medicine (1902): hospitals 18, of whom in cities 7, 356 beds (in Revel 4, 303 beds), in counties 11, 310 beds; From the last 1 hospital in Kregolm, 240 beds. Doctors 80 (in Rive - 47), dentists - 9, paramedics - 23, overwhelming bars - 43; From medical personnel 49 consist in public service, the remaining unifitched. Patients were registered 70397, including 4633 enjoyed in hospitals. Veterinary doctors 10, paramedics 5. Pharmacies 40, of which 12 in the cities (in Revel 8).
Charity
In addition to the allegations of the order of public charity in a rive at 210 people (65 men and 145 women), many private charitable societies and institutions; Of these, some of the roar exist from ancient times (Schwarzenteypter Casas - from 1400, about the Johannovskaya Laddle mentioned in 1237). In addition to small guardians existing with each Lutheran parish, 69 charitable institutions (43 in the Roer); Most of them existed on the basis of ancient dimensions and only recently received statutes. The matter is widely carried out. Nurse in E. province almost does not exist.
Popular Education
By the end of 1902, the province of government and private educational institutions were 664, with 28464 students (15846 boys and 12618 girls). Medium educational institutions 4 (all in Roer): Men's Gymnasium 2, with 703 students, women's 1, with 313 students, 1 Real School, with 354 students. Special educational institutions 4: Nautical classes in the Baltic port and village Caspervik (71 student), Railway Technical School (265 boys and 50 girls) and School for the Blind (8 boys and 6 girls); Both latter in the roar. Comprehensive schools, except for named, 656, with 26694 students (14445 boys and 12249 girls), from them in Roer 60, with 4794 students, in other cities 24, with 1610 students, and in the counties of 572, with 20290 students; In fact, the initial (folk) schools 576, with 21095 students (11608 boys and 9487 girls), of which 6 schools are in Roer, with 555 students, in other cities 4, with 322 students, and in the counties of 566, with 20218 students; From the last 504 rural schools, with 18815 students. Literacy is developed; According to the census of 1881 in E. The province of illiterate was 6.1% (8.1% among men and 4.2% among women); The least illiterate was among the Germans - 0.9%, then among the ests - 4.3%, most of all among the Russians - 32.3%. Among the recruits adopted for the service were: in 1900 - 6.8%, in 1901 - 1.3%, in 1902 - 6.0%.
Societies of scientists and artistic 15; Of these, the most significant - "E. Literary Society "in Revel (492 member), with him" E. Museum "with a rich collection of antiquities, coins, medals, paintings, sculptures and objects on ethnography and natural historical. Periodic editions 11 (in Role 10 and in the city of Wessenberg 1), daily 3, weekly 6, monthly 1. In Russian 2, in German 3, on Estonian 6. Places of trading books and libraries for reading 72 (in Revel 29, in Dr. Cities 15, in settlements 28). Typography 19, lithographs 4, type-lithographs 2, only 25, of which 18 are in the roar.
Fallable fees
By the beginning of 1902, 36183 rubles consisted in failure; During the year, it was subject to admission: the state case of the tax - 53347 rubles, tax on urban real estate - 78,000 rubles, the public apartment tax - 23385 rubles, redemption payments with former state peasants - 5451 rubles and on the department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Public Protection - 8674 rubles, only 168866 rubles; In fact, 181479 rubles came; For some accruals and exceptions to the beginning of 1903, by bouncer fees on E. province remained in arrears of 25816 rubles.
City revenues and expenses (1902)
According to 5 cities, E. Province of revenues arrived 613125 rubles. (of them in the city of Reel - 540306 rubles.); The main articles of income: Emergency (from treasury, Zemskie fees, income from capital, etc.) - 31%, indirect taxes - 19%, from urban assets and rural articles - 20%, fees with private real estate - 14%, from industrialists - eleven %. The total amount of expenses of all cities - 606743 rubles. (Of them, the city of Revel - 542642 rubles.); The main costs: in city governance - 26% (including almost half to the content of the police), improvement - 16%, apartment service - 12%, charitable, etc. Public institutions - 23%, debt payment (by the cities of Revel and Gapsal) - eleven %. Excisive fees in 1902 Dali 1350164 rubles, of them actually with wine and alcohol - 1161,000 rubles. Factories to be excasted, 211 (distillers - 178), seats selling of eats and tobacco - 2316 (tobacco shops - 1861). Natural Means, with the exception of the military (in 1902, passed into the troops of 962 people), are departed at special provisions and rules; Both the appointment and distribution of these duties are provided to the nobility and is committed under its direct control.
History
The Baltic coast in antiquity was settled by the monster tribes that were in some dependence on Novgorod, Pskov and other cities of Northern Russia. The name of E. Or, more correctly, the Ostland is first found after conquering the edge of the Danes in 1080. In 1347, the Danish king of Waldemar III gave way to E. for 19,000 brands of the Livonian Order, in whose power it was until 1561, when the Estland nobility, together with cities, sank from Order and passed to Swedish citizenship. The territory of the province was attached to Russia in 1710; At the same time, Revevish province was formed. The current division on the counties (at the beginning of the distributed distributors) E. Gubnia received in 1745. The remains of ancient structures were preserved in E. province in many localities; In addition to old temples, etc. Buildings in cities, as well as ruined castles scattered around the country, the mass of the settlers and Kurgans occurs; When excavations, there are many objects of both historical and prehistoric eras.
Population
According to the final correspondence of the census of 1897 in the Estland province there were 412716 inhabitants, including in cities - 77081; From the cities only the provincial city of Revel has a 64572 inhabitant, in the rest of them no more than 6 thousand in each. Estonians, indigenous inhabitants, 365959; In addition, the provinces live: Russians - 20899 (in the city of Repel and in the Vessenberg district), Germans - 16037 (in cities - 11712), Swedes - 5768 (in the Gapsal district), etc. About 90% of the total population belong to Lutheran confession, 9% - to Orthodoxy, the remaining 1% - Jews, etc. According to the Central Statistical Committee, in E. province in 1905 there were 4,494,000 inhabitants, of which 81100 in the cities. Estland province in 1905-06. He strongly suffered from political and agricultural unrest and associated punitive expeditions.
Notes
Literature
- "Geographical Statistical Dictionary of the Russian Empire" P. Semenova (T. V, SPB., 1885);
- Paul Jordan, "Ergebnisse d. Ehstland. Volkszahlung "(Revel, 1883-84); His, "Die Resultate d. Ehstland. Volkszahlung "(Revel. 1886); His, "Collection of information on geography and statistics of E. province", with the application of Art. "On the settlements" (Revel, 1889); Map of the General Staff, compiled by Bursa (1863);
- Rusvurm, "Swedes on the shores of E." (Revel, 1885);
- dr. K. Ratlerf, "Essay on the orographic and hydrographic conditions in Liflandia, E. and Kurland" (Revel, 1852);
- dr. A. Guk, "Study of agricultural conditions in Estlandia, Liflandia and Kurlendia" (Leipzig, 1845);
- dr. Greving, " Geographic map Ostsee provinces "(1878);
- "The main data of land statistics", ed. Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, XLIX: "E. province ", (SPb., 1896); "Statistical compilation of the Ministry of Communications Communications" (Vol. 72, SPb., 1903).
- Background book on Estland province. Guide to the city of Rebel and the county. Revel, 1890.
A source
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 tons and 4 extra). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
Cards
| Prefabricated leaf of naval topographic map Estland Gubernia Scale: 3 versts in inches (1 cm-1260m). |
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