Perhaps the most amazing and unusual sea on the planet is the Mediterranean. It separates three different but at the same time serves as a meeting place for the most diverse cultures, nations and religions. Which countries are washed by the waters mediterranean sea And which of them do tourists like to visit the most? You will learn about this from our most interesting article.

Mediterranean: history and geography of the region

Which countries are washed by the Mediterranean Sea? What famous cities are located on its banks? Before answering these questions, it is necessary to study the geography and history in detail. this region.

Mediterranea is the name of the Mediterranean in English language. This historical region occupies the entire basin of the sea of ​​the same name - the cradle of European and Arab navigation. Ancient Civilizations and powers arose on its shores - Phoenicia, Ancient Hellas, the Roman Empire. The latter once controlled the entire region. Which countries are washed by the Mediterranean Sea today?

The total area of ​​the region, according to various scientists, ranges from 4 to 5 million square kilometers. On its territory, the states of two continents and three parts of the world are located at once.

Which countries are washed by the Mediterranean Sea? Largest cities

Geographically, culturally and mentally, the Mediterranean is divided into three zones (parts): European, Asian and African.

So, which countries are washed by the Mediterranean Sea with its waters? These include 21 independent states. These are Spain, France, Italy, Monaco, Malta (an island republic, located directly in the water area), Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco.

The unrecognized countries of Palestine and Northern Cyprus, as well as two overseas territories of Great Britain (Gibraltar, Akrotiri and Dhekelia).

Which cities are washed by the Mediterranean Sea? Thousands of settlements are located on the shores of its water area. Among the largest and most famous cities in the Mediterranean are the following: Barcelona, ​​Marseille, Cannes, Genoa, Napoli, Dubrovnik, Athens, Istanbul, Antalya, Alexandria, Tripoli.

Structure of the Mediterranean: islands, archipelagos, seas

Scientists say that the Mediterranean Sea is nothing more than a relic of an ancient reservoir of a planetary scale - the Tethys Ocean. The Black, Caspian and Aral Seas are also its remnants.

The modern Mediterranean Sea is connected to Atlantic Ocean narrow It passes between two high cliffs, named in ancient times. An interesting fact: in the Mediterranean Sea, hydrographers distinguish a number of smaller seas. For example, on the maps of this part of the planet you can find the Adriatic, Aegean, Ionian, Cypriot and others.

What is the Mediterranean Sea? Several large Apennine, Pyrenean, deeply protrude into its water area. In the waters of the Mediterranean there is also a large number of islands of various sizes. And almost every one of them is very attractive for tourists. It is worth mentioning a few famous islands Mediterranean: Crete, Malta, Sicily, Rhodes, Ibiza and Mallorca.

Synthesis of cultures and peoples

"The sea in the middle of the Earth" - so they called it in antiquity. This geographical toponym, having slightly transformed, has survived to this day. Indeed, it was here that various peoples, cultures, religions and civilizations met over the centuries. As a result, a unique ethno-cultural situation has formed in the Mediterranean.

Already in the third millennium BC, the so-called Aegean civilization arose here, which consisted of several cultures and was complicated by Sumerian influences. Mixed ethnic groups could also be observed within the state of Carthage. Even later, the synthesis of European and Eastern traditions formed here a powerful state - Byzantium.

Thus, cultural syncretism is more than characteristic of the Mediterranean region. It is this fact that makes it extremely popular among tourists from all over the world.

Tourism in the Mediterranean

The countries of the Mediterranean Sea are annually visited by tens of thousands of tourists from different parts of our planet. The attractiveness of this region is enhanced by the fact that it is located entirely within the mild subtropical climate.

Of course, the most The best way to know the Mediterranean is a cruise holiday. It allows you to visit several countries and dozens of interesting cities. During such a cruise, the tourist can see firsthand how the monuments are combined with the creations of our time.

In the Mediterranean, tourists most often visit Italy, Spain, Turkey, Greece, Tunisia and Croatia.

Holidays in Turkey

Each of the Mediterranean countries can boast of its first-class resorts. And the most famous resort country in this region is, of course, Turkey!

This state today is very successful in the development of its tourism infrastructure. Resting here is both interesting and very comfortable. Moreover, Türkiye is ready to offer holidays for every taste and wallet size.

Excellent hotels, wonderful beaches, delicious cuisine and acquaintance with the vibrant local culture - this is what awaits every tourist who decides to visit Turkey. In addition, in a very short time you can see many interesting sights here.

Which cities in Turkey are washed by the Mediterranean Sea? This is the largest metropolis of Istanbul, Izmir, Antalya and Mersin.

Spain and Italy

Spain is located in the western part of the region. Tourists appreciate this Mediterranean country for its picturesque landscapes, beautiful nature, sunny first-class resorts and ancient monuments of architecture. No cruise, as a rule, bypasses Mallorca and Ibiza. But true connoisseurs of architecture should definitely visit the city of Barcelona.

Another European Mediterranean state is Italy. The country of sun, pizza and spaghetti attracts a huge number of foreign tourists. Lovers of unity with virgin nature go to Sicily, but connoisseurs of cultural and historical monuments go to Rome. Here is also the world-renowned center of haute couture - the city of Milan.

Balkan Mediterranean countries

Five have access to the Mediterranean Sea at once. And all of them have a huge tourist potential.

Croatia is the most attractive of the Balkan countries for tourists. Even 20 years ago, she fought for her independence, and today she receives thousands of tourists every year. Vacationers are amazed by the unique purity of sea water in Croatia and the huge number of coastal islands.

famous for its great resorts and Montenegro. In particular, the Ada Bojana beach, 3.8 kilometers long, boasts the cleanest sand in the entire Adriatic.

Gradually gaining popularity among tourists and Albania. This country wins due to its beautiful landscapes and extraordinary coloring. Only in Albania you can taste the chic local cuisine in an abandoned concrete bunker of the last century!

African Mediterranean countries

Of course, tourists do not bypass the African states of this region. Egypt has long gained fame as a resort and tourist country. But even countries such as Libya and Algeria are actively equipping their resorts and cities for potential vacationers.

Increasingly, cruise ships sail to the ports of Morocco. This state, located right at the junction of East and West, Islamic and European cultures, a priori arouses interest among tourists.

Tunisia is another state of the Mediterranean, on the territory of which a large number of historical and architectural monuments, museums with ancient artifacts. And after a rich cultural program, the tourist here will also be able to fully relax on one of the beautiful beaches. Another feature of Tunisia is its colorful and colorful markets.

Finally...

Now you know how many countries the Mediterranean Sea washes. There are 21 in total. The Mediterranean is a unique and very attractive region for tourists. First of all, they seek to get to Turkey, Italy, Spain, Tunisia and Croatia. Indeed, in these countries there are a lot of attractions, and the infrastructure is in perfect order.

Mediterranean Sea- Mediterranean, intercontinental sea of ​​​​the Atlantic Ocean, connected to it in the west by the Strait of Gibraltar.

The seas of the Mediterranean basin wash the shores of the states: Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia, Albania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Russia, Syria, Lebanon, Libya, Algeria, Morocco.

In the northeast, through the Dardanelles, it connects with the Sea of ​​Marmara and further through the Bosphorus - with the Black Sea, in the southeast - with the Suez Canal - with the Red Sea.

The area is 2500 thousand sq. km.

The average depth is 1541 m, the maximum depth is 5121 m.

The most significant bays: Valencia, Lyon, Genoa, Taranto, Sidra (B. Sirte), Gabes (M. Sirte).

Largest islands: Balearic, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Crete and Cyprus.

The large rivers Ebro, Rhone, Tiber, Po, Nile, etc. flow into the Mediterranean Sea; their total annual flow is approx. 430 cubic km.

The flora and fauna of the Mediterranean Sea is distinguished by a relatively weak quantitative development of phyto- and zooplankton, which entails a significant difference. the paucity of larger animals that feed on them, including fish. The amount of phytoplankton in the surface horizons is only 8-10 mg / m3, at a depth of 1000-2000 m it is 10-20 times less. Algae are very diverse (peridine and diatoms predominate).

The fauna of the Mediterranean Sea is characterized by high species diversity, but the number of representatives of the sep. species are small. There are dolphins, one species of seals (white-bellied seal); sea ​​turtle. 550 species of fish (sharks, mackerels, herrings, anchovies, mullets, dolphins, tunas, bonitos, horse mackerels, etc.). About 70 species of endemic fish, including stingrays, anchovy species, gobies, sea. blenny, wrasse and needlefish. Of the edible mollusks, the most important are the oyster, the Mediterranean-Black Sea mussel, and the sea date. Of the invertebrates, octopuses, squids, sepia, crabs, spiny lobsters are common; numerous species of jellyfish, siphonophore; sponges and red coral live in some areas, especially in the Aegean.

Fishing in the Mediterranean Sea is of secondary importance compared to other basins of the Atlantic Ocean. The industrialization of the coast, the growth of cities, the development of recreational areas lead to intense pollution of the coastal strip.

The resorts of the Cote d'Azur (Riviera) in France and Italy, the resorts of the Levantine coast and the Balearic Islands in Spain, etc. are widely known.

Photos of the Mediterranean Sea:

Menton, France

In the Mediterranean Sea, the seas are distinguished: Alboran, Balearic, Ligurian, Tyrrhenian, Adriatic, Ionian, Cretan, Aegean. The Mediterranean basin includes the Sea of ​​Marmara, the Black Sea, the Sea of ​​Azov.

The modern Mediterranean Sea is a relic of the ancient Tethys Ocean, which was much wider and stretched far to the east. Relics of the Tethys Ocean are also the Aral, Caspian, Black and Marmara Seas, confined to its deepest depressions. Probably, Tethys was once completely surrounded by land, and between North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, in the region of the Strait of Gibraltar, there was an isthmus. The same land bridge connected southeastern Europe with Asia Minor. It is possible that the Bosphorus, Dardanelles and Gibraltar straits were formed on the site of flooded river valleys, and many island chains, especially in the Aegean Sea, were connected to the mainland.

The Mediterranean Sea juts out into the land between Europe, Africa and Asia.

The seas of the Mediterranean basin wash the shores of 21 states:

Europe (from west to east): Spain, France, Monaco, Italy, Malta, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Montenegro, Albania, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus; Asia (from north to south): Turkey, Syria, Cyprus, Lebanon and Israel; Africa (east to west): Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco. In the northeast, through the Dardanelles, it connects with the Sea of ​​Marmara and further through the Bosphorus - with the Black Sea, in the southeast - with the Suez Canal - with the Red Sea.

The area is 2500 thousand km².

The volume of water is 3839 thousand km³.

The average depth is 1541 m, the maximum depth is 5121 m.

The shores of the Mediterranean Sea near the mountainous coasts are predominantly abrasion, leveled, near the low ones - lagoon-estuary and deltaic; the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea is characterized by Dalmatian-type coasts. The most significant bays: Valencia, Lyon, Genoa, Taranto, Sidra (B. Sirte), Gabes (M. Sirte).

Largest islands: Balearic, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Crete and Cyprus.

The large rivers Ebro, Rhone, Tiber, Po, Nile, etc. flow into the Mediterranean Sea; their total annual flow is approx. 430 km³.

The bottom of the Mediterranean Sea breaks up into several basins with relatively steep continental slopes, with a depth of 2000-4000 m; along the coasts, the basins are bordered by a narrow strip of shelf, expanding only between the coast of Tunisia and Sicily, as well as within the Adriatic Sea.

Geomorphologically, the Mediterranean Sea can be divided into three basins: Western - Algiers-Provencal basin with a maximum depth of over 2800 m, uniting the depressions of the Alboran, Balearic and Ligurian seas, as well as the depression Tyrrhenian Sea- over 3600 m; Central - over 5100 m (Central basin and depressions of the Adriatic and Ionian seas) and Eastern - Levantine, about 4380 m (hollows of the Levant, Aegean and Marmara seas).

The bottom of some basins is covered with Neogene-Anthropogenic strata (up to 5-7 km thick in the Balearic and Ligurian Seas) of sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Among the Messinian (Upper Miocene) deposits of the Algiers-Provencal Basin, a significant role belongs to the salt-bearing evaporite stratum (thickness of over 1.5-2 km), which forms structures characteristic of salt tectonics. Along the sides and in the center of the Tyrrhenian Basin, several large faults are stretched with extinct and active volcanoes; some of them form large seamounts (Lipari Islands, Vavilov volcano, etc.). Volcanoes along the outskirts of the basin (in the Tuscan archipelago, on the Pontine Islands, Vesuvius, and the Aeolian Islands) erupt acid and alkaline lavas, volcanoes in the center, parts of the Mediterranean Sea - deeper, basic lavas (basalts).

Part of the Central and Eastern (Levanta) basins are filled with sedimentary strata, including thick products of river runoff, especially the Nile. At the bottom of these basins, according to geophysical studies, the Hellenic deep-water trough and the Central Mediterranean swell were identified - a large arch up to 500-800 m high. Along the foot of the continental slope of Cyrenaica, the Libyan trough is traced, very clearly expressed in the relief and poorly filled with sediments. The basins of the Mediterranean Sea are very different in time of initiation. A significant part of the Eastern (Levantinsky) basin was laid down in the Mesozoic, the Algerian-Provencal basin - from the end of the Oligocene - the beginning of the Miocene, some basins of the Mediterranean Sea - at the beginning - the middle of the Miocene, Pliocene. At the end of the Miocene (Messianic Age), shallow basins already existed in most of the Mediterranean Sea. The depth of the Algiers-Provencal basin during the salt deposition in the Messinian was about 1-1.5 km. Salts accumulated as a result of strong evaporation and concentration of brine due to the influx of sea water into a closed reservoir through a strait that existed south of Gibraltar.

The modern depths of the Tyrrhenian depression were formed as a result of bottom subsidence during the Pliocene and Anthropogenic period (over the last 5 million years); as a result of the same relatively rapid subsidence, some other basins also arose. The formation of the basins of the Mediterranean Sea is associated either with stretching (pulling apart) of the continental crust, or with the processes of compaction of the earth's crust and its subsidence. In the department In areas of the basins, the processes of geosynclinal development continue. The bottom of the Mediterranean Sea in many parts is promising for the search for oil and gas deposits, especially in the area where salt domes are distributed. In shelf zones, oil and gas deposits are associated with Mesozoic and Paleogene deposits.

The hydrological regime of the Mediterranean Sea is formed under the influence of high evaporation and general climatic conditions. conditions. The predominance of fresh water consumption over the inflow leads to a decrease in the level, which is the reason for the constant influx of surface water. salt water from the Atlantic. OK. and Black Cape. In the deep layers of the straits there is an outflow of highly saline water caused by the difference in water density at the level of the thresholds of the straits. Main water exchange occurs through the Strait of Gibraltar. (the upper current brings 42.32 thousand km³ of Atlantic water per year, and the lower reaches 40.80 thousand km³ of Mediterranean water); 350 and 180 km³ of water per year flows in and out through the Dardanelles, respectively.

The circulation of waters in S. of m has hl. arr. wind nature; it is represented by the main, almost zonal Canarian Current, which carries waters predominantly. Atlantic origin along Africa, from the Gibraltar Strait. to the shores of Lebanon, n system tsiklonich. gyres in isolated seas and basins to the left of this current. The water column to the depths. 750-1000 m is covered by a unidirectional water transfer in depth, with the exception of the Levantinsky intermediate countercurrent, which carries the Levantine waters from about. Malta to the Strait of Gibraltar along Africa.

The speeds of steady currents in the open part of the sea are 0.5-1.0 km/h, in some straits - 2-4 km/h. The average surface water temperature in February decreases from north to south from 8-12 to 17 °C in the east. and center. parts and from 11 to 15 ° C for 3. In August average temperature water changes from 19 to 25°C. - at the extreme east, it rises to 27-30 °C. Large evaporation leads to a strong increase in salinity. Its values ​​increase from 3. to V. from 36 to - 39.5. The density of water on the surface varies from 1.023-1.027 g/cm³ in summer to 1.027-1.029 g/cm³ in winter. During the period of winter cooling in districts with increased density, intensive convective mixing develops, which leads to the formation of highly saline and warm intermediate waters in the East. basin and deep waters in the north of the western basin, in the Adriatic and Aegean Seas. In terms of bottom temperature and salinity, the Mediterranean Sea is one of the warmest and most saline seas in the world. (12.6-13.4 ° C and 38.4-38.7, respectively). Relates water transparency up to 50-60 m, color - intense blue.

The tides are mostly semidiurnal, their magnitude is less than 1 m, but in some parts. points in combination with wind surges, level fluctuations can reach 4 m (Genoa Bay, near the northern coast of Corsica Island, etc.). Strong tidal currents are observed in narrow straits (Messina Strait). Max. excitement is noted in winter (wave height reaches 6-8 m).

The climate of the Mediterranean Sea is determined by its position in the subtropical zone and is distinguished by great specificity, which distinguishes it as an independent Mediterranean climate type, characterized by mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. In winter, a hollow of low atmospheric pressure is established above the sea, which determines unstable weather with frequent storms and heavy precipitation; cold northern winds lower the air temperature. Local winds develop: mistral in the area of ​​the Gulf of Lion and bora in the east of the Adriatic Sea. In summer, most of the Mediterranean Sea is covered by the crest of the Azores anticyclone, which determines the predominance of clear weather with little cloudiness and low rainfall. During the summer months, there are dry fogs and a dusty haze carried out of Africa by the southerly sirocco wind. In the Eastern basin, stable northerly winds - etesias - develop.

The average air temperature in January varies from 14-16°С southern shores up to 7-10°С in the north, in August - from 22-24°С in the north to 25-30°С in the southern regions of the sea. Evaporation from the surface of the Mediterranean Sea reaches 1250 mm per year (3130 km3). Relative humidity varies from 50-65% in summer to 65-80% in winter. Cloudiness in summer 0-3 points, in winter about 6 points. The average annual precipitation is 400 mm (about 1000 km3), it varies from 1100-1300 mm in the northwest to 50-100 mm in the southeast, minimum - in July - August, maximum - in December.

Mirages are characteristic, which are often observed in the Messinian Strait. (the so-called Fata Morgana).

The flora and fauna of the Mediterranean Sea is distinguished by a relatively weak quantitative development of phyto- and zooplankton, which entails a significant difference. the paucity of larger animals that feed on them, including fish. The amount of phytoplankton in the surface horizons is only 8-10 mg / m³, at a depth of 1000-2000 m it is 10-20 times less. Algae are very diverse (peridine and diatoms predominate).

The fauna of the Mediterranean Sea is characterized by high species diversity, but the number of representatives of the sep. species are small. There are crayfish, one species of seals (white-bellied seal); sea ​​turtle. 550 species of fish (mackerel, herring, anchovy, mullet, dorado, tuna, bonito, horse mackerel, etc.). About 70 species of endemic fish, including stingrays, anchovy species, gobies, sea. blenny, wrasse and needlefish. Of the edible mollusks, the most important are the oyster, the Mediterranean-Black Sea mussel, and the sea date. Of the invertebrates, octopuses, squids, sepia, crabs, spiny lobsters are common; numerous species of jellyfish, siphonophore; sponges and red coral live in some areas, especially in the Aegean.

The coast of the Northern Sea has long been densely populated and is distinguished by a high level of economic development (especially the countries located along its northern coast).

Agriculture of the Mediterranean countries: stands out for the production of citrus fruits (about 1/3 of the world harvest), cotton, oilseeds. In the system of international trade and economic relations, trade and economic relations occupy a special position. Located at the junction of three parts of the world (Europe, Asia, and Africa), the Northern Sea is an important transport route along which Europe's maritime links with Asia, North Africa, and also Australia and Oceania run. Important trade routes pass along the S. m., connecting Russia and Ukraine with Western countries, and large cabotage lines between the Black Sea and a number of other ports in Russia and Ukraine.

Transport value of the water area S. m. for Western Europe increases continuously due to the growing dependence of these countries on the import of raw materials. The role of S. m is especially great in oil transportation. S. m. is an important "oil" route between Western Europe and the Middle East. The share of southern ports (the chief of which are Marseille, Trieste, Genoa) in the supply of Western Europe with oil is constantly growing (about 40% in 1972). Seaports are connected by pipelines both with the countries of Western Europe, including Austria, Germany, France, and Switzerland, and with the oil fields of the Middle East and North Africa. Transportation of various types of raw materials, metal ores and bauxites, agricultural products is also great. products through the Suez Canal, through which Western Europe links with Asia and Australia. The largest ports are Marseille with outports in France, Genoa, Augusta, Trieste in Italy, Sidra, Marsa Brega in Libya.

Numerous industrial enterprises have been set up along the sea coast and on the islands. On raw materials delivered by sea, the chemical and metallurgical industries developed. In 1960–75, the islands of Sardinia and Sicily in Italy, the mouth of the Rhone in France, and others became major centers of the chemical industry. Oil and gas production began on the shelf of the Northern Sea (the northern part of the Adriatic Sea, the coast of Greece, and others).

Fishing in the North Sea is of secondary importance compared to other basins of the Atlantic Ocean. The industrialization of the coast, the growth of cities, the development of recreational areas lead to intense pollution of the coastal strip. The resorts of the Cote d'Azur (Riviera) in France and Italy, the resorts of the Levantine coast and the Balearic Islands in Spain, etc. are widely known.

Tourism enthusiasts ask much more often than schoolchildren. This sea plays an important role not only in the life of the modern inhabitants of its coast, it has influenced the emergence of many civilizations.

"Sea in the middle of the Earth"

The Mediterranean began to be used long before new continents were discovered. It seemed to people that this significant body of water is located in the very center of the planet. Thus the sea got its name.

"The Sea in the middle of the Earth" became the most important trade route. It helped to cross from Eurasia to Africa. Not only trade relations were established between peoples. Ethnic groups living on the coast sought to establish diplomatic contacts with other countries. Alliances were made with someone, and hostilities were fought with someone. But even wars to some extent positively influenced the development of mankind. The captured peoples adopted the experience and culture of the invaders. As a result of cultural exchange, new civilizations were born.

Today, the Mediterranean continues to facilitate contact between different cultures. The main source of income of the ancient inhabitants of the coast was trade with foreigners. Nowadays, tourism has also been added to trade. Having learned which countries the Mediterranean Sea washes, tourists plan their vacation.

Where to travel?

There are a huge number of countries on the coast. It will take more than one vacation to get to know everyone:

• Malta. Many people mistakenly believe that the state consists of only one island. In fact, in addition to the main part, Malta, the state includes the island of Gozo (it is also called Gozo) and several sparsely inhabited islands. A small state inhabited by only about 500,000 people. Due to its climate, in 2011 Malta was recognized as one of the best countries to live in the world.
• Italy. Here the tourist expects rest for soul and body. In Italy, you can lie on the beach and visit a huge number of museums. The rich culture of this country will not leave anyone indifferent. Italy is famous for its gastronomic delights. National cuisine is not only tasty, but also healthy. Beach holidays in this country are suitable for lovers of nudism. In 2006, being on the beach without clothes was legalized. Sunbathing in this way is not possible in every country on the Mediterranean Sea. In some states, for such behavior of travelers and the local population, a large fine or arrest awaits. More than half a million people visit Italian nude beaches every year.
• Spain. This country seems like a place for endless holidays. Some celebrations terrify foreign tourists. Tomatina is a festival during which people throw tomatoes at each other. Not every traveler will appreciate this way to spend free time. You can give preference to less exotic entertainment. Some tourists, returning from Spain, decide to take a flamenco or guitar course.
• France. The southeast of this country is washed by the Mediterranean Sea. French culture is very diverse. The specificity of the region will be determined by its location. Being in the south of the country, travelers often feel that they are in some Spanish or Italian town. And this feeling is not far from the truth. Most Mediterranean cities are really similar to each other. Some settlements in the south of France were founded by representatives of other ethnic groups. Marseille, for example, was founded by the Greeks. It was originally called Massilia.
• Türkiye. This country is most popular among Russian tourists. Europeans can be found here much less frequently. For thousands of Russians Antalya, Mersin, Istanbul and some others Turkish cities are a permanent place summer holiday during several years. Türkiye attracts with its cozy beaches, architectural sights and local cuisine. Prices in this country are much lower than in Europe. The Turkish lira is worth less than the dollar or the euro. It is noteworthy that while in Turkey, you can relax not only on the Mediterranean, but also on the Black Sea.

Despite the wide popularity of travel to Asia and America, tours along the Mediterranean coast have not lost their appeal for many years. The warm sea, mild climate and the abundance of historically significant places invariably attract tourists from near and far abroad.

The Mediterranean Sea is a vast body of water that unites Asia, Europe and Africa. Because of geographical location the sea is called intercontinental or marginal. Through the Strait of Gibraltar, more than 13 km long, the sea flows into the Atlantic Ocean.

The area of ​​the Mediterranean basin is about 3 million km2. The length of the reservoir from west to east is about 3800 km, and from north to south - about 1700 km. Overall volume water resources sea ​​- more than 3800 km 3.

The Mediterranean Sea has a long history. It is a "descendant" of the ancient Tethys reservoir, which was located between the two oldest continents. After the displacement of tectonic plates and continental drift, the basin was unable to maintain its former shape.

The first travelers who mastered the movement by sea are considered to be the inhabitants of ancient egypt. Already in 3000 BC. the Mediterranean basin was used to transport trade goods, people and livestock. In addition to the Egyptians, the Phoenicians, Greeks and Romans used sea communication.

After the 1400s trade moved to new lands - India and the East. However, after the opening of the Suez Canal in the 19th century, the Mediterranean basin again became one of the leaders in the development of shipping, tourism and trade, and it continues to be considered as such to this day.

countries bordering the mediterranean sea

The waves of the Mediterranean Sea wash the coasts of Europe, northern Africa and a small part of Southwest Asia. Among them:

Seas

The Mediterranean Sea is a vast watershed, which includes basins of other water bodies washing the coastlines of the African and Eurasian continents.

The seas of the Mediterranean region are:

Rivers

Many rivers flow into the Mediterranean Sea.

The most voluminous of them:

Islands

As in any other, in the Mediterranean Sea there is a huge number of islands, different in size and location. Some of them are separate states. The archipelagos, which include several islands, are among the countries that are washed by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea.

Most populous islands:

Depth of the Mediterranean

Although the Mediterranean Sea is not included in the list of the deepest bodies of water in the world, in some places of the basin there are sections with depressions more than 4000 m long. The Hellenic depression is considered the deepest - 5121 m.
It is used for the extraction of minerals - natural gas and oil. The average depth of the watershed is approximately 1500 m.

Geological structure and bottom topography

The bottom relief of the Mediterranean Sea was formed under the influence of the Earth's climate. The depths of the basin are divided into 2 parts - eastern and western. The first is an uneven surface dotted with many depressions and ridges. The bottom topography of the western sea region is flat and relatively flat.

At the bottom of the reservoir there are tectonic depressions, uplands of active and extinct volcanoes. Also, the depths of the sea conceal an innumerable number of the remains of sunken ships.

Among the largest bays in the Mediterranean are:

1. Genoese.
2. Gabes.
3. Sidra.
4. Lyons.
5. Taranto.
6. Valensky.

Hydrological regime

The water regime of the Mediterranean Sea is characterized by strong evaporation, which is not replenished by the amount of precipitation entering the basin.

The reason for this is the geographical location of the reservoir, which is influenced by the countries surrounding it with climatic conditions suggesting the predominance of high temperatures air. The lack of resources is eliminated by water coming from the Atlantic Ocean.

Salinity of the Mediterranean Sea

The Mediterranean Sea is considered quite warm. The temperature of sea water is regulated by salinity and density parameters. that increase during evaporation. The movement of water flows is provoked by winds. In the straits, water flows faster - up to 2-4 km / h, while the speed of the flow of free sections is about 1 km / h.

The transparency of the water of the Mediterranean Sea is 55-60 m. The color of the reservoir in the deep waters is dark blue, and the coastal waters have a blue-blue tint.

Vegetable world

The Mediterranean flora is rich and varied. It is based on colonies of brown, green and red algae, the total number of species of which is close to 800. Phytoplankton lives in the layers of the sea accessible for sunlight, the population of which is poorly developed.

About 700 km seabed occupied by Posidonia oceanic. This plant is considered one of the largest in length among the known varieties of algae. Posidonia is also unique in its ancient history, since its age exceeds 100 thousand years.

Animal world

The fauna of the Mediterranean basin is considered scarce in number, in comparison with the number of representatives of the animal world of other seas. This is due to a small variety of plankton, which is food for marine inhabitants.

In addition to the known species of fish and mammals, there are about 900 species of mollusks and invertebrates in the waters of the Mediterranean Sea.

In the reservoir live:

Mediterranean fish

Spring and summer are considered the spawning period for fish. At this time, they stay dispersed, not gathering in large shoals. However, already in winter you can find large concentrations of underwater inhabitants of various varieties.

Mediterranean waters are home to about 750 species of fish. Dolphins, tuna and several species of flying fish live in the reservoir. Approximately 290 species of waterfowl inhabit the Israeli part of the sea.

Among them:

• mullet;
• laurel;
• sea ​​bream;
• garfish;
• zuban;
• silago;
• palamida;
• marmir;
• spitz;
• grouper;
• aras;
• saragus;
• bluefish.

Dangerous inhabitants of the Mediterranean

The waters of the Mediterranean basin are inhabited by many species of fish, animals and plants that can harm humans and pose a danger to their health:

Tourism in the Mediterranean

the mediterranean opens holiday season from the end of April, and it lasts until the beginning of October. The most favorable period is from May to July. In August, the jellyfish season begins, so swimming in the sea becomes unsafe. The water of the Mediterranean Sea during the year stays within +12°-+29°C in the coldest and hottest months, respectively.

The Mediterranean Sea offers both a relaxing holiday on coastal beaches, and rich active and excursion programs.

The following types of recreation are available to travelers:

• diving;
• surfing;
• yachting;
• snorkeling;
• boat trips on the sea;
• visiting aquariums, water parks, entertainment centers.

Major European resorts

Almost all European resort capitals on the Mediterranean coast combine the possibility of a beach holiday and a wide entertainment program. Each tourist point has its own characteristics and local charm.

However, the largest holiday regions are:

In Greece, tourists will discover a world that combines regularity and the spirit of antiquity. Priceless treasures are everywhere historical monuments left over from the time Ancient Greece. Athens, Thessaloniki and Thebes will show the beauty and majesty of the buildings of this era to the fullest.

The tourist infrastructure in the country is very developed, so each resort provides top-level service. In addition to relaxing on the beach and excursion tours, travelers are offered diving, visiting wineries and cheese dairies.

Cities worth visiting in Greece:

The state of Cyprus is an island that is replete with a variety of recreation areas. Here travelers will find sandy beaches with a crystal clear coastline, where you can forget about the bustle of big cities. Major resorts Cyprus are Limassol, Paphos and Ai-Napa.

Italy is a country with a wide choice of resort holidays. The north of the state is known for its sights and a huge excursion program. A warm welcome awaits tourists in the south local residents, the opportunity to relax on the beach and enjoy the world famous national cuisine. An unforgettable vacation will be presented by the Italian islands of Sicily, Capri and Sardinia.

In Italy, it is worth visiting such cities as:

Spain is considered by many travelers exotic country because it is different from most European states.

Majority Spanish resorts located on islands and small archipelagos in the Mediterranean Sea:

• Ibiza;
• Tenerife;
• Majorca;
• Minorca.

However, there are plenty of places to stay on the mainland. Barcelona will surprise with Catalan flavor and open the world of Gaudí architecture, and Valencia will show the tourist the homeland of Don Quixote. Travelers will love the Costa Brava, Costa del Sol and the resort of San Sebastian.

France is called the country for elite vacation. World-famous stars rest at luxury resorts, but even a budget tourist can relax here without much financial loss. Hotels have a gradation by class, as well as individual resort areas.

famous cities The Côte d'Azur of the Mediterranean Sea are:

Despite the higher cost of a European vacation, the price pays off thanks to the high quality of service, excellent cuisine and a varied leisure program.

During the holidays, it is worth remembering that in many resort countries of the Mediterranean during lunch, all establishments are closed for a siesta. This happens from about 13:00 to 17:00.

Attractive Asian coast

The tourism business is most common in such countries of the Asian shores of the Mediterranean as Turkey, Israel and Egypt. Travelers come here all year round thanks to the pleasant climate of the region.

Israel is famous for its resorts. In Tel Aviv, tourists will plunge into the contrasting atmosphere of the capital, will be able to see the colorful oriental streets and go on excursions to important historical places. All Tel Aviv beach areas are well equipped, and the sand on the sea coast has a golden hue. Tourists consider it the highlight of the Israeli coast.

Rest in Israel will provide resort towns:

• Haifa;
• Sironite;
• Herzliya;
• Dado;
• Bat Yam.

Cairo is the capital of Egypt. Here tourists can get acquainted with the greatest monuments architecture preserved from pre-Christian times.

The Great Pyramids of Giza and a visit to the Sphinx are included in the mandatory excursion program. It is fascinating to explore the Nile Valley, where vacationers can enjoy the view of magnificent gardens and ancient rock caves. In Alexandria and Mersa Matruh, in addition to historical sights, travelers are offered beach holiday.

Türkiye is considered the most visited resort country Mediterranean Sea. Almost every coastal city has the status of a resort. Service, level of hotels and quality of rest amaze even the most severe critics. The Turkish coast is predominantly sandy, pebble beaches are less common.

As an excursion program, tourists are offered:

• visiting mosques, museums, palaces;
• trips to Troy, Ephesus, Istanbul;
• tours in underground cities Cappadocia.

The best Turkish resorts:

1. Side.
2. Alanya.
3. Kemer.
4. Belek.
5. Antalya.

Popular African cities

The waters of the southern Mediterranean Sea wash the North African states. most popular tourist destinations Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco are considered. Every year, countries ennoble resorts and improve service, which competes for the European Mediterranean.

Despite the fact that the beaches of Algiers are somewhat inferior coastline other Mediterranean capitals of Africa, the city does not lose its popularity among tourists.

Tourists will appreciate visits to the ruins of Byzantine, Phoenician and Roman structures. Travelers who prefer leisure, Sahara tours on jeeps or camels are suitable. Holidays by the sea can be spent on Cape Sidi Frej and the Turquoise Coast.

Tangier is considered one of the main resort points of Morocco. The city is attractive because it is washed by the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean at the same time.

In Tangier, you can not only relax by the water, but also see the famous oriental bazaars, colonial architecture and picturesque gardens with half a century old trees. In El Hoceim and Saidia, tourists will enjoy the originality of Moroccan culture and will be able to spend a measured vacation.

The most popular resort in Tunisia is Hammamet. It is known for its ennobled beaches and numerous thalassotherapy salons. Tourists are invited to visit architectural monuments, ancient ruins and well-groomed gardens, full of a variety of flora. Others popular resorts Monastir, Carthage and Djerba are considered.

Mediterranean cruises

Many tourists choose a cruise vacation in the Mediterranean due to the fact that in a short period of time you can visit several countries and travel at any time of the year. The duration of the tours is 3-13 days.

Depending on the class of trip, the range of services and the type of room may differ:

1. Standard- low prices, a huge selection of services and entertainment, cabins without windows.
2. Premium- luxurious interiors, high level service, gourmet cuisine, rooms with a porthole.
3. Suite- liners are designed for a small number of passengers, the staff meets any requirements of customers, cabins with a balcony.

A range of leisure activities can be included in the ticket price or purchased separately. On board, vacationers spend time in the room, attend the proposed cultural events or manage their time as they see fit.

The liner makes sea traffic in the evening or at night, so tourists are offered a wide range of entertainment:

• cafes, bars, restaurants;
• sports grounds and swimming pools;
• dance lessons;
• spas;
• cinemas;
• master classes for every taste;
• playgrounds and animators;
• libraries, Internet centers and gambling rooms;
• discos, stand-up shows, theatrical performances.

Before you go on a trip, you must arrive at the landing site. The tourist also has the opportunity to join the tour during the trip from any port where the ship makes a stopover.

Cruise ships usually depart from European ports:

• Civitavecchia;
• Trieste;
• Savona.

Every day the liner stops at a new port. Daylight hours are reserved for sightseeing on land. While the ship is in the parking lot, vacationers go on excursions or explore the city on their own.

Travel by sea is carried out on ships:

• Royal Princess;
• Pacific Princess;
• Queen Vicroria;
• Costa.

A feature of Mediterranean cruises is the abundance of shore excursions. The sea is surrounded by many countries with an ancient and rich history, which allows you to broaden your horizons and visit the most significant places in a short time. Mediterranean tours cover western and East Coast.

to the stop program cruise liners includes the ports of the following cities:

1. Italy:

2. Spain:

• Barcelona;
• Alicante;
• Malaga;
• Cadiz;
• Ibiza;
• Palma de Mallorca.

3. France:

• Ajaccio;
• Marseilles;
• Toulon.

4. Greece:

• Santorini;
• Corfu;
• Katakolon;
• Piraeus.

5. Croatia:

• Split;
• Dubrovnik.

6. Malta - Valletta.

7. Montenegro - Kotor.

8. Portugal - Lisbon.

9. Cyprus - Limassol.

10. Morocco - Casablanca.

11. Monaco - Monte Carlo.

The countries washed by the Mediterranean Sea allow you to know their culture and history, in addition, providing comfortable rest under the sun. A variety of Mediterranean resorts will help you choose a vacation spot for every taste and income.

Article formatting: Mila Fridan

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