Okhotsk Sea is one of the largest and deep seas of Russia. There are important seaside paths connecting Vladivostok with the northern regions of the Far East and the Kuril Islands. Large ports on the coast of the mainland - Magadan and Okhotsk; on the island of Sakhalin - Korsakov; On the Kuril Islands - North-Kurilsk.
The Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk was opened by Russian landlords I. Yu. Moskvitin and V. D. Poyarkov in the first half of the 17th century. Since 1733, the work of the second Kamchatka expedition began, the participants of which were detailed maps Almost all of his shores.
The Sea Okhotsk, called the same lame or Kamchatka Sea, is a semi-closed sea in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. It is washes the shores of Russia and Japan (about. Hokkaido).
From the west, it is limited to the mainland of Asia from Cape Lazareva to the mouth of the Penzhina River; from the north - the Kamchatka peninsula; From the east of the islands of the Kuril Ridge and from the south of Hokkaido and Sakhalin Islands.
With the quiet ocean, the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is connected through the system of the Curil Straits. Such straits are more than 30 and their total width of more than 500 kilometers. FROM Japanese sea It has a message through the straits of Nevelsky and Laperose.
Characteristic of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk
The sea is called by the name of the river hunting in it. The Square of the Sea is 1603,000 square kilometers. The average depth is 1780 meters, at a maximum depth of 3916 meters. From the north to south, the sea stretches 2445 kilometers, and from east west to 1407 kilometers. The approximate volume of water enclosed in it is 1365 thousand cubic kilometers.
The coastline of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is risen weakly. Its length is 10460 kilometers. The most large bays are: Gulf of Shelikhov, Sakhalin Bay, Uda Guba, Tuyan Guba and the Bay of the Academy. Northern, northwestern and northeastern shores are high and rocky. In places of lubricants of large rivers (Amur, Uda, Hunting, Gignary, Penjin), as well as in the west of Kamchatka, in the northern part of Sakhalin and Hokkaido coast are predominantly low.
From October to May - June The northern part of the sea is covered with ice. The southeastern part almost does not freeze. In winter, the water temperature near the sea surface ranges from -1.8 ° C to 2.0 ° C, the temperature rises to 10-18 ° C in summer.
The salinity of the surface waters of the Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea is 32.8-33.8 ppm, and the salinity of coastal waters usually does not exceed 30 ppm.
Climate of the Sea Okhotsk
The Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is located in the monsoon climate of moderate latitudes. Most of the year with the mainland, cold dry winds, getting off the northern half of the sea. From October to April, the negative air temperature, steady ice cover, is observed here.
In the north-eastern part of the sea average temperature In January - February hesitates from - 14 to - 20 ° C. In the northern and western regions, the temperature varies from - 20 to 24 ° C. In the southern and eastern part of the sea in winter, significantly warmer from - 5 to - 7 ° C.
Middle temperatures of July and August, respectively, wounds 10-12 ° C; 11-14 ° C; 11-18 ° C. Annual precipitation in different places of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk also differently. So in the north there is 300-500 mm of precipitation per year; in the west to 600-800 mm; In the southern and south-eastern part of the sea - over 1000 mm.
According to the composition of the organisms living in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, it is rather an arctic character. See moderate stripes, due to thermal exposure to ocean waters, are mostly southern and southeast of the sea.
In coastal zones, numerous settlements of mussels, lyonic and other mollusks, preoccupative racks, marine hells, crustacean crabs are noted.
At the large depths of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, a rich fauna of invertebrates was found. Glass sponges, dowry, deep-sea corals, crustaceans are inhabited here.
Okhotsk Sea is rich in fish. The most valuable are salmonous species: Keta, Gorbow, Kizhuh, Chavik and Nerque. The industrial catch of herring, pollock, cambal, cod, navaga, washev, and bodies are underway.
In the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, large mammals live - whales, seals, sivuchi and sea seals. Many seabirds that arrange noisy "bazers" on the coasts.
UN recognized an enclave of the Okhotsk Sea part of the shelf of the Russian Federation
Inessa Dotsenko
The UN Commission on the Borders of the Continental Shelf recognized the Anclave of the Okhotsk Sea 52 thousand square kilometers part of the Russian continental shelf.
According to ITAR-TASS, this was stated by the Minister of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation Sergey Donskoy.
We officially received a document of the UN Commission on the Continental Shelf on the satisfaction of our application for an enclave recognition in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk by the Russian shelf. This is the ever-acting event, so I would like to congratulate everyone with it, "he said.
The decision of the commission, according to the minister, is unconditional and reverse does not have. Now the Russian jurisdiction is fully distributed on the enclave.
As ITAR-TASS informs, the Donskoy also informed that Russia's application for the expansion of the continental shelf in the Arctic will be ready in the fall of this year. In the autumn of submitting an application to the UN commission on the borders of the continental shelf depends on how the claims on an enclave in the Arctic of other countries will be built.
All resources that will be discovered there - everything will be mined exclusively within the framework of Russian legislation, said Donskaya. He said that according to the estimates of geologists, the total volume of hydrocarbon detected on this section exceeds a billion tons.
Magadan Governor Vladimir Listov believes that the recognition of an enclave in the middle of the Okhotsk Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Russian continental shelf opens up new prospects for the economy of Kolyma and the entire Far East. First of all, get rid of numerous administrative barriers to the fishermen of the region.
First, fishing fish, crab, mollusks can be freely conducted at any point of cooling. Special demolition resolutions will not be required both when leaving the sea and on return. Secondly, when the Russian territory is not only a 200-mile zone, and all the sea, we will get rid of the poaching of foreign fisheries in their waters. It will be easier to maintain a unique environment, "the press service of the government of the word of the liver leads.
reference
In the center of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, there is an extended enclave of significant sizes. Previously, he was considered all open sea". On its territory could freely move and conduct fishing of the court of any states. In November 2013, Russia managed to prove the rights to 52 thousand square kilometers of the water area in the center of the Okhotsk Sea. For comparison, it is more than the Square of Holland, Switzerland or Belgium. Center The Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk ceased to be part of the World Ocean and became completely Russian. After approval at the UN session, the process of legal assignment of the enclave to the Russian continental shelf can be considered fully completed.
Okhotsk Sea is located in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Asia and separated from the ocean chain Kuril Islands And Kamchatka. From the south and west, it is limited to the coast of the island of Hokkaido, the eastern coast of Sakhalin Island and the Asian mainland. The sea is significantly stretched from the southwest to the northeast within a spherical trapezium with coordinates 43 ° 43 "- 62 ° 42" s. sh. and 135 ° 10 "-164 ° 45" in. D. The largest water area length in this direction is 2463 km, and the width reaches 1,500 km. The area of \u200b\u200bthe sea surface mirror is 1603 thousand km2, the length of the coastline - 10,460 km, and the total volume of the sea is 1316 thousand km3. In their way geographical position It refers to the outbound seas of a mixed mainland type. The Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is connected to the numerous sheds of the Kuril Island ridge, and with the Japanese sea - through the strait of the lapere and through the Amur Liman - the straits of Nevelsky and Tatar. The average value of the depth of the sea is 821 m, and the largest - 3521 m (in the Kuril Basin).
The main morphological zones in are: shelf (mainland and island shallow island Sakhalin), the mainland slope on which separate underwater hills, depressions and islands are distinguished, and. The shelf zone (0-200 m) has a width of 180-250 km and takes about 20% of the sea area. Wide and gentle, in the central part of the pool, the mainland slope (200-2000 m) takes about 65%, and the deeplement of the bottom of the sea (more than 2500 m), located in the southern sea of \u200b\u200bthe sea - 8% of the sea area. Within the portion of the mainland slope, several elevations and depressions are distinguished, where the depths change dramatically (raising the Academy of Sciences, raising the Institute of Oceanology and the Basin of Derjugin). The bottom of the deep-water Kuril brand is a flat-resistant plain, and the Kuril ridge is a natural threshold that is cutting into the sea brand from the ocean.
The straits of Amur Liman, Nevelsky in the north and lapere in the south of the Okhotsk Sea connect with the Japanese sea, and numerous coarse straits with the quiet ocean. The chain of the Kuril Islands is separated from the island of Hokkaido Strait Treason, and from the Kamchatka Peninsula - the first strait. Straits connecting the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk with neighboring areas of the Japanese Sea and the Pacific Ocean, provide the possibility of water exchange between the pools, which, in turn, have a significant impact on the distribution of hydrological characteristics. The sheds of Nevelsky and Laperose relative to narrow and shallow water, which is the cause of relatively weak water exchange with the Japanese sea. The straits of the Kuril Island ridge, stretching about 1200 km, on the contrary, are deepening, and their total width is 500 km. The most deep-water are the straits of Bussol (2318 m) and (1920 m).
The north-west coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is practically devoid of large bays, and the North is significantly cut. There is a Tuyan lip in it, the shores of which is cut by bays and bays. From the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, the Huba is separated by the Koni Peninsula.
The largest bay of the Okhotsk Sea lies in its northeastern part, going to 315 km in mainland. This is Shalikhov Bay with Gizhihin and Penzhinsky lips. Gizhuginskaya and Pryzhinsky lips are separated by the sublime peninsula Tiagonos. In the southwestern part of the Gulf of Shelikhov, the north of the Pygina Peninsula, there is a small Jam Luba.
The west coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula is aligned and practically devoid of bays.
Complex in their outlines and form small bays of the coast of the Kuril Islands. From the Okhotorsk side, the largest bays are at the island of ITUURUP, which are deep-water and have a very difficult dismembered bottom. 
In the Okhotsk Sea flows quite a lot mainly, therefore, with a significant amount of its water, the mainland flow is relatively small. It is approximately 600 km3 per year, while about 65% of the flow gives the Amur River. Other comparatives large rivers - Penjina, Hunting, Uda, Big (in Kamchatka) - bring significantly less fresh water into the sea. The drain is mainly in the spring and early summer. At this time, its influence is mostly felt, mainly in the coastal zone, near the mouth areas of large rivers.
The shores of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk in different areas belong to various geomorphological types. There are a large part of this abrasion, modified by the sea of \u200b\u200bthe coast, and only on the Kamchatka Peninsula and Sakhalin island there are shores. Mostly the sea is surrounded by high and climby shores. In the north and northwest, rocky ledges go down straight to the sea. Along the Sakhalin bay of the shore low. Southeast low, and northeast - lowered. The coast of the Kuril Islands is very obversists. The North-East Hokkaido Island is predominantly lowered. The same character carries the coast of the southern part of Western Kamchatka, but the coast of its northern part is somewhat towers.
According to the features of the composition and distribution of bottom sediments, three main zones can be distinguished: the central, which is composed mainly with diatomacey aeuritis, aleurite-clay and partially clay yals; zone of propagation of hemiplagic and pelagic clays in the western, eastern and northern parts of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk; As well as the zone of distribution of booming sands, sandstones, gravel and aleurites - in the northeast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. A threshing material is common, which is the result of ice spreading.
The Sea Okhotsk is in the zone. A significant part of the sea in the West is deeply going to the mainland and lies relatively close to the Pole of the Cold of Asian Sushi, so the main source of the cold source for the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is west. Comparatively high ridges of Kamchatka make it difficult to penetrate warm Pacific air. Only in the south-east and in the south, the sea is open to the Pacific Ocean and the sea, from which there is a significant amount of heat. However, the effect of cooling factors affects more than peculiar, so the Sea Okhotsk is generally cold.
In the cold part of the year (from October to April), the Aleutian minimum affects the sea. The effect of the latter applies mainly to the southeast of the sea. Such a distribution of large-scale baric systems causes strong sustainable northwestern and northern winds, often reaching storm power. In winter, the wind speed is usually 10-11 m / s.
In the cold month - January - the average air temperature in the north-west of the sea is -20 ... -25 ° C, in the central regions - -10 ... -15 ° C, and in the southeastern part of the sea - -5 ... -6 ° FROM.
In the autumn-winter time, cyclones are mainly continental origin. They bring with them the amplification of the wind, sometimes lowering the air temperature, but the weather remains clear and dry, as the continental air from the cooled mainland comes. In March - April, there is a restructuring of large-scale baric fields, the Siberian anticyclone is destroyed, and the Hawaiian maximum is enhanced. As a result, the Warm Season (from May to October), the Okhotsk Sea is under the influence of the Hawaiian maximum and the area located above. At the same time, weak southeastern winds prevail over the sea. Their speed usually does not exceed 6-7 m / s. Most often, these winds are observed in June and in July, although these months are sometimes marked by stronger northwestern and northern winds. In general, the Pacific (summer) monsoon is weaker than Asian (winter), since in the warm season, horizontal pressure gradients are smoothed.
In the summer, the average monthly air temperature in August decreases from the south-west to the northeast (from 18 ° C to 10-10.5 ° C).
In the warm season over the southern part of the sea, tropical cyclones are often trained -. With them, the amplification of wind is connected to the storm, which can last up to 5-8 days. The predominance in the spring-summer season of southeastern winds leads to significant, precipitation,.
Monsoon winds and stronger winter heating in the western part of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk compared to the eastern - important climatic features of this sea.
Geographical location, high length of meridian, monsoon wind shift and good sea connection with the quiet ocean through the Kuril Straits - the main natural factors that significantly affect the formation of the hydrological conditions of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk.
The flow of surface Pacific waters in the Okhotsk Sea occurs mainly through the northern straits, in particular through the first Kuril Strait.
In the upper layers of the southern part of the Kuril ridge, the flow of oxomorsk waters prevails, and in the upper layers of the northern part of the ridge there is a flow of Pacific. In the deep layers, the receipt of Pacific waters.
The influx of Pacific waters significantly affects the temperature distribution, salinity, on the formation of the structure and water of the Okhotsk Sea.
The following aquatic masses are distinguished in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk:
- surface, having spring, summer and autumn modifications. It is a thin heated layer with a thickness of 15-30 m, which limits the upper maximum resistance due to the main temperature;
- the ohotomorsk aqueous mass is formed in winter from surface water and in spring, in summer and in the fall, it is manifested in the form of a cold intermediate layer that occurs between the horizons 40-150 m. This aqueous mass is characterized by quite homogeneous (31-32) and different temperatures;
- the intermediate aqueous mass is formed, mainly due to lowering waters through the underwater slopes, within the sea, located from 100-150 to 400-700 m, and is characterized by a temperature of 1.5 ° C and salinity of 33.7 ‰. This aqueous mass is distributed almost everywhere;
- the deep Pacific aqueous water is the water of the lower part of the warm ocean layer, entering the Okhotsk Sea on the horizons below 800-1000 m. This aqueous mass is located on the horizons 600-1350 m, has a temperature of 2.3 ° C and salinity 34.3 ‰ .
The aqueous mass of the South Basin has a Pacific origin and is the deep water of the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean near the horizon of 2300 m. This aqueous mass fills the hill from the horizon of 1350 m to the bottom and is characterized by a temperature of 1.85 ° C and salinity 34.7 ‰, which Only slightly change with depth.
The water temperature on the sea surface drops from the south to the north. In winter, almost ubiquitous surface layers are cooled to the freezing temperature of -1.5 ... -1.8 ° C. Only in the southeastern part of the sea, it holds around 0 ° C, and near the northern coarse straits under the influence of Pacific water temperature reaches 1-2 ° C.
Spring heating at the beginning of the season mainly goes on melting ice, only by the end of it begins.
In summer, the distribution of water temperature on the surface of the sea is quite varied. In August, the most lactions (up to 18-19 ° C) of water adjacent to the island of Hokkaido. In the central areas of the sea, the water temperature is 11-12 ° C. The coldest surface waters are observed at the island of ions, at Cape Pyagina and near the Cruise Strait. In these areas, the water temperature is held within 6-7 ° C. The formation of local foci of increased and reduced water temperature on the surface is mainly due to the redistribution of heat flow.
The vertical distribution of water temperature is different from the season for the season and from the place to the place. In the cold season, the temperature change with a depth is less difficult and varied than in warm seasons.
In winter, in the northern and central areas of the sea, the cooling of water spreads to the horizons 500-600 m. The water temperature is relatively homogeneous and varies from -1.5 ... -1.7 ° C on the surface to -0.25 ° C on the horizons 500-600 m , deeper it increases to 1-0 ° C, in the southern sea of \u200b\u200bthe sea and near the coarse straits, the water temperature from 2.5-3 ° C on the surface drops to 1-1.4 ° C on the horizons 300-400 m and then smoothly rises up to 1.9-2.4 ° C in the bottom layer.
In summer, surface waters are processed to a temperature of 10-12 ° C. In the subsurface layers, the water temperature is somewhat lower than on the surface. A sharp decrease in temperature to -1 ... -1.2 ° C is observed between the horizons 50-75 m, deeper, to the horizons 150-200 m, the temperature quickly rises to 0.5-1 ° C, and then it rises more smoothly, and On the horizons 200-250 m is equal to 1.5-2 ° C. Next, the water temperature almost does not change to the bottom. In the southern and southeastern parts of the sea, along the Kuril Islands, the water temperature from 10-14 ° C on the surface is reduced to 3-8 ° C 25 m, then up to 1.6-2.4 ° C on the horizon 100 m and up to 1.4-2 ° C at the bottom. For vertical temperature distribution in summer, a cold intermediate layer is characterized. In the northern and central areas of the sea, the temperature in it is negative, and only near the Kuril Straits it has positive values. In different parts of the sea, the depth of the cold intermediate layer is different and varies from year to year.
The distribution of salinity in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk relatively little varies on the seasons. The salinity rises in the eastern part under the influence of Pacific waters, and decreases in the western part, designed by the mainland stock. In the western part of the salinity on the surface 28-31, and in Eastern - 31-32 ‰ and more (up to 33 ‰ near the Kuril ridge).
In the northwestern part of the sea, due to desalination, the salinity on the surface is 25 and less, and the thickness of the desalination layer is about 30-40 m.
With a depth in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk there is an increase in salinity. On the horizons 300-400 m in the western part of the sea salinity is 33.5, and in Eastern - about 33.8 ‰. On the horizon, 100 m salinity is 34 and further to the bottom increases slightly, only 0.5-0.6.
In individual bays and sheds, the magnitude of salinity, its stratification can differ significantly from the water of the open sea depending on local conditions.
In accordance with the temperature and salinity, denser waters are observed in winter in the northern and central areas of the sea covered with ice. Somewhat less density in a relatively warm boncuril area. In summer, water density decreases, its smallest values \u200b\u200bare confined to the zones of the influence of coastal drain, and the greatest are marked in areas of spread of Pacific waters. In winter, it rises slightly from the surface to the bottom. In summer, its distribution depends on the upper layers on temperature, and on the middle and lower horizons - from salinity. In the summer, a noticeable density stratification of water vertically is created, a particularly noticeable density increases on horizons 25-50 m, which is associated with waters in open areas and desalination off the coast.
Intensive gland formation for most of the sea excites the enhanced thermohalin winter vertical circulation. At depths up to 250-300 m, it spreads to the bottom, and below it prevents the maximum sustainability existing here. In areas with the crossed bottom, the distribution of density mixing in the lower horizons contributes to the location of the water in the slopes.
Under the influence of winds and the flow of water through the Kuril Straits form specific traits Systems of non-periodic currents of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. The main one is a cyclonic flow system covering almost all the sea. It is due to the predominance of the cyclonic circulation of the atmosphere over the sea and the adjacent part of the Pacific Ocean. In addition, steady anticyclonic cycles are traced in the sea.
Strong flows bypass the sea along the coastline against: warm Kamchatka flow, sustainable East Sakhalin flow and quite a strong soybean.
Finally, another feature of the circulation of the Water of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk - bilateral sustainable flows in most Kuril Straits.
The flows on the surface of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk are most intense from Western (11-20 cm / s), in the Sakhalin Gulf (30-45 cm / s), in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Kuril Straits (15-40 cm / s), over the Kuril's hollow (11-20 cm / s) and for soy (up to 50-90 cm / s).
In the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, various types of periodic tidal flows are well expressed: semi-sufficient, daily and mixed with a predominance of semi-diversity or daily components. The speed of tidal flows from several centimeters to 4 m / s. Divided from the shores of the speed of the flows is small - 5-10 cm / s. In the straits, the bays and the coast of their speed increase significantly. For example, in the Curil Straits of the flow rate reach up to 2-4 m / s.
In general, the oscillations of the level in the Okhotsk Sea are very significant and have a significant effect on its hydrological regime, especially in the coastal zone.
In addition to tidal, well-riding levels are well developed here. They arise mainly when passing deep over the sea. Non-level raises reach 1.5-2 m. The greatest arrings are marked on the coast of Kamchatka and in the Bay of Patience.
Significant sizes and large depths of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, frequent and strong winds over it determine the development of large waves. Especially stormy sea is in the fall, and in some areas and winter. These seasons account for 55-70% storm unrest, including with wave heights of 4-6 m, and the highest heights of the waves reach 10-11 m. The most restricted - the southern and southeastern areas of the sea, where the average repeatability of the storm excitement is equal to 35 -40%, and in the northwestern part it decreases to 25-30%.
During the usual years, the southern boundary of a relatively stable ice cover bends to the north and passes from the strait of the laper to the cape of the blade.
The extreme southern part of the sea never freezes. However, due to the winds, significant ice masses are taken from the north, often accumulating the Kuril Islands.
Ice cover in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is held for 6-7 months. Floating ice is covered by more than 75% of the sea surface. The cohesive ice of the northern part of the sea is of serious obstacles to swimming even at icebreakers. The total duration of the ice period in the northern part of the sea reaches 280 days a year. Some of the ice from the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is taken out to the ocean, where they are almost immediately destroyed and melted.
The predictive resources of the hydrocarbons of the Okhotsk Sea are estimated at 6.56 billion tons in the oil equivalent, explored reserves - over 4 billion tons. The largest deposits on the shelves (along the coast of Sakhalin Island, the Kamchatka Peninsula, Khabarovsk Territory and the Magadan region). The most studied deposits of Sakhalin Island. Search works on the shelf of the island began in the 70s. The twentieth century, by the end of the 90s, seven large deposits (6 oil and gas condensate and 1 gas condensate) were opened on the shelf of northeastern Sakhalin on the shelf (6 oil and gas condensate and 1 gas condensate) and a small gas field. General gas reserves on the Sakhalin shelf are estimated at 3.5 trillion m3.
Vegetation I. animal world Different variety. In the reserves of the fishing crab, the sea ranks first in the world. Salmon fish are great value: Keta, Gorbow, Kizhuch, Chang, Nerque - source of red caviar. Intensive workers of herring, pollock, cambal, cod, navaga, washev, and others are inhabited by whales, seals, Syvuchi, sea seals in the sea. Mollusks and marine hells are gaining more and more interest. On the littorals are widely distributed various algae.
Due to the weak masters of the adjacent territories, the maritime transport has acquired the basic meaning. Important seaside tracks lead to Korsakov on Sakhalin Island, Magadan, Okhotsk and other settlements.
The most anthropogenic load are the areas of Tuyan lips in the northern part of the sea and the shelf regions of Sakhalin Island. In the northern part of the sea, about 23 tons of petroleum products arrive annually, while 70-80% p. In Tuyan lip, pollutants come from coastal industrial and communal household objects, and they enter the coastal zone almost without purification.
The shelf zone of Sakhalin Island is polluted by coal, oil and gas production enterprises, pulp and paper mills, fishing and processing vessels and enterprises, wastewater of communal household facilities. The annual flow of petroleum products to the south-western part of the sea is estimated at about 1.1 thousand tons, while 75-85% with a river drain.
In the Sakhalin bay, oil carbon carbons fall, mainly with the drain, so the maximum concentrations, as a rule, are noted in the central and western parts of the bay along the axis of the incoming Amur waters.
The eastern part of the sea - the shelf of the Kamchatka Peninsula - is polluted by the river drain, with which the main part of oil carbon comes into the marine environment. In connection with the reduction in work on the fish and repair enterprises of the Peninsula since 1991, there was a decrease in the volume of wastewater discharged into the coastal zone of the sea.
Northern Sea - Gulf of Shelikhov, Tuila and Pryzhinskaya Lips - the most polluted area of \u200b\u200bthe sea with an average content of oil carbon in the water in 1-5 times larger than the limit of permissible concentration. This is determined not only by anthropogenic load on the water area, but also by low average annual water temperatures and, therefore, the low ability of the ecosystem to self-cleaning. The highest pollution of the northern part of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk was noted in the period from 1989 to 1991.
The southern part of the sea is the strait of the laper and the Bay of Aniva - are subjected to intensive oil pollution in the spring-summer period of trading and fishing fleets. On average, the content of oil carbon in the strait of the laperose does not exceed the limit of the permissible concentration. Aniva bay is polluted slightly more. The largest level of pollution in this area was celebrated by the port of Korsakov, confirming that the port is a source of intensive pollution of the marine environment.
Pollution of the coastal zone of the sea along the northeastern part of Sakhalin Island is connected mainly with exploration and production on the shelf of the island and until the end of the 80s of the last century did not exceed the maximum permissible concentration.
The Okhotsk Sea, the resources of which are of great importance for states - one of the largest seas related to the pool of the Pacific Ocean. Located near the coast of Asia. It is separated from the ocean and the islands - Hokkaido, the eastern shore of Sakhalin and the chain of the Kuril lands.
It is worth noting that this sea is considered the coldest, of all located in the Far East. Even in the summer, the temperature above it does not exceed 18 degrees from the south side, and in the northeast thermometers show 10 degrees - this is the maximum indicator.
Brief description of the Sea
It is cold and mighty. The Sea Okhotsk is washed by the shores of Japan and Russia. In its outlines, the reservoir reminds the usual trapezium. Sea stretches from southwest to northeast. The length at the maximum limits is 2.463 km, and the maximum width is 1,500 km. Coastline with a length of more than 10,000 km. The depth of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk (maximum depression indicator) is almost 4,000 km. The type of water adjacent to the outskirts of the mainland is mixed.
Volcanic activity applies to both the surface and the bottom of the sea. When the seismic movement or an explosion of the underwater volcano occurs under water, it can cause huge tsunami waves.
Hydronim
Its name Okhotsk Sea, whose resources are used in the national economic spheres of the two countries (Russia and Japan) received from the name of the River Hunt. According to official sources, it was previously important Laman and Kamchatsky. In Japan, for a long time, the sea was called "Northern". But due to confusion with another reservoir, the hydronism adapted and now the sea is called Okhotsk.
The meaning of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk for Russia
It is impossible to overestimate it. Since 2014, the Okhotsk Sea refers to the inner waters of the Russian Federation. The state fully uses its resources. First of all, it is the main supplier of salmon fish species. This is Keta, Nerk, Chavich and other representatives of the family. It is organized by caviar mining, which is valued high enough. No wonder Russia is considered one of the large-scale suppliers of this product.
The problems of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, however,, like other reservoirs, led to a significant decrease in populations. It was on this state that I had to limit fish catch. And this applies not only to the family of salmon, but also other species, such as herring, Kambala, Cod.
Industry
Russia has reached large results in the development of industry on the shores of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. First of all, this is ship repairing enterprises and, of course, fish processing factories. These two spheres were upgraded in the 90s and are currently important for the economic development of the state. Nowadays, many commercial enterprises appeared here.
Industry is also quite well developed. Sakhalin. Earlier, in the royal times, it was perceived negatively, as he served as a place for references of the objectionable rule of people. Now the picture has changed in the root. Industry flourishes, people themselves seek to come here in order to earn big money.
Kamchatka seafood processing enterprises entered the world market. Their products are highly rated abroad. It complies with standards and is quite popular in many countries.
Thanks to oil and gas fields, Russia is a monopolist in this area. There is not a single state that could supply the same volumes of oil and gas to Europe. That is why there is a lot of money from the state treasury into these enterprises.
Islands
In the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk a little islands, the largest of them - Sakhalin. His coastline is heterogeneous: lowland is observed in the northeast, the southeast is slightly raised above sea level, in the West there is a shallow.
Kuril Islands are particularly interested. In terms of its size, they are small, large numbers around 30, but there is less. All together they form a seismic belt - the largest on the planet. About 100 volcanoes are located on the Kuril Islands. Moreover, 30 of them are valid: they can constantly "worry" the Okhotsk Sea.
The resources of Chartarka Islands - sea seals. It has the greatest accumulation of this species. However, recently, their production was regulated in order to avoid complete extermination.
Buli
The coastline of the reservoir is cut weakly, although it has a greater length. The bays and bays in this area are practically no. The swimming pool of the Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea is divided into three basins: Kuril, Tingro and Vpadina Derjugin.
The largest bays are: Sakhalin, Tugursky, Shelikhova, etc. Also there are several lips - deeply cut into the landing of the sea bays, which form a depression of large rivers. Among them, Penzhinskaya, Gizhiginskaya, Uska, Tuyskaya stand out. Thanks to the bays there are also water exchange in the seas. A. this moment Scientists call this question quite problematic.
Straits
They are part of the Okhotsk pool. This is an important element that connects the water with as well as the Pacific Ocean. In addition, low and shallow and nehelsky are observed. They do not play a special role, since enough small. But the sheds of the cruise-seater and the busus are distinguished by a large area, while their maximum depth reaches 500 meters. In many ways, they precisely regulate the salinity of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk.
Bottom and coastline
The depths of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk are inseparable. From the Sakhalin and the mainland, the bottom is presented with shallow - continuation of the Asian part of the mainland. Its width is approximately 100 km. The rest of the bottom (about 70%) is represented by the mainland slope. Near the Kuril Islands, next to about. ITUURUP is the patient of the vadina. In this place, the depth of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk reaches 2,500 meters. At the bottom of the reservoir, two large towering areas of relief with rather original names are distinguished: the elevation of the Institute of Oceanology and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
The coastline of the Okhotsk Sea refers to different geomorphological forms. Most of them are high and cloudless slopes. Only the western territory of Kamchatka and East about. Sakhalin have a lowlands. And here north coast It is significantly rugged.
Water exchange
Mainland stock of water is small. This happens for the reason that all rivers flowing into the Okhotsk Sea are not distinguished by fullness, and can not play a significant role. The most important is r. Amur, it is precisely a large half of the general indicator of wastewater. There are other relatively large rivers. This is hunting, Uda, Big, Penjin.
Hydrological characteristic
The reservoir is completely since the salty of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is quite high. Makes up 32-34 ppm. It decreases closer to the shore, reaching the mark of 30 ‰, and in the intermediate layer - 34.
Most of the area in the winter is covered floating ice. The lowest possible temperature of the waters during the cold season ranges from -1 to +2 degrees. In the summer, sea depths are heated to 10-18ºC.
Interesting fact: at a depth of 100 meters there is an intermediate layer of water, the temperature of which does not change during the year and is 1.7 ° C below zero.
Features of climate
The Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is located in moderate latitudes. This fact is rendered big influence On the mainland, providing in the cold part of the year the Aleutian minimum is dominated in the reservoir. It greatly affects northern windscausing storm storms that continue all winter.
In the warm season with the mainland, weak southeastern winds come. Due to them, the air temperature increases largely. However, cyclones come with them, which subsequently may form typhoon. The duration of such a typhoon can be from 5 to 8 days.
Okhotsk Sea: Resources
They will be discussed on. It is known that the natural resources of the Okhotsk Sea are still weakly divorced. The highest value is the sea shelves with its hydrocarbon reserves. Nowadays, 7 on Sakhalin, Kamchatka, in the Khabarovsk Territory and the Magadan Administrative Center. These deposits began to develop in the 70s. However, in addition to oil, the main wealth of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk - Flora and Fauna. They are distinguished by a huge variety. Therefore, fishery is significantly developed. In the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, the most valuable types of salmon fish are found. Calmarians are mined in depths, and the catch of crabs is in the first place in the world. Recently, production conditions have become more stringent and harsh. And on the catch of some fish introduced restrictions.
Marine seals, whales, seals live in the northern waters of the sea. Catching of these representatives of the animal world is strictly prohibited. In recent times, the fishery is gaining popularity - catching sea ends and mollusks. From the vegetation world, different types of seaweed have different types. Speaking about the use of the sea, it is worth noting its importance in the transport sector. It is a priority. There are important maritime trading paths that connect big cities Korsakov (Sakhalin), Magadan, Okhotsk and others.
Ecological problems
Okhotsk Sea, like other waters of the World Ocean, suffers from human activity. There are environmental problems in the form of a flow of oil refineries and gas connections. Also quite problematic are waste industrial and household enterprises.
The coastal zone has become polluted since the development of the first shelf deposits, but until the end of the 80s did not have such large-scale sizes. Now the human anthropogenic activity has reached a critical point and requires immediate permission. The greatest concentration of waste and pollution focuses on the shores of Sakhalin. It is mainly due to rich oil fields.
Sea Okhotsk - part of the Pacific Ocean, separated from him by the peninsula of Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands and the Island of Hokkaido. The sea is washes the coast of Russia and Japan. The Sea Okhotsk is called the Hunt River, which in turn comes from Evensk. Oakat - "River". Earlier was called Lamb (from Evensk. Lam - "Sea"), as well as Kamchatsky Sea. The western part of the sea is located on the continental shelf and has a small depth. In the center of the sea there are depressions of Derjugin (in the south) and Wpadina Tingro. In the eastern part there is a Kuril's hollow, in which the depth is maximum. The coast in the north is strongly cut, in the northeast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, the largest bay is located - Shalikhov Bay. From the smallest bays of the northern part are the most famous for the most famous lip and shelving bays, Zabichka, Babushkin, Kekurn. In the east, the coastline of the Kamchatka peninsula is practically devoid of bays. In the south-west, the largest Aniva and patience are the bays, the Odessa bay on the island of ITUURUP.
The Okhotsk Sea on the modern map of Russia has a large economic and environmental significance. In connection with the difficult political situation in relations with Japan, the significance of the sea is increasing to ensure the safety of the Rubes of the Russian Federation.
The Okhotsk Sea on the map of Russia is deeply embedded in the mainland sushi of the inner reservoir of the Pacific, framed by the shores of Asian mainland, Kamchatka Peninsula, Islands Hokkaido, Sakhalin and Kurilski.
Story study
Russian earthlowers V.D. Poyarkov and I.Yu. Moskvitin, who studied the Land of the Far East with Cossack devices, in the middle of the XVII century, described the new sea opened by them.
The study of climatic features, hydrography of rivers, nature, the lifestyle of the local population, the animal world and the map of the shores were held in the period from 1733 to 1743 during the research expedition under the leadership of Vitus Bering.
In 1805 Description eastern coast about. Sakhalin made an expedition team, headed by I.F. Cruisestrian, who made the "Nadezhda" ship trip around the world.
In the period from 1849 to 1855, the expedition under the direction of G.I. Nevelsky investigated the shores in the south-west of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, the place of failure in the strait river. Amur and determined that Sakhalin is an island. On the geographic Maps Convenient harbor and bays for parking ships were applied, the natural resources of the lower houses are described. Amur, Ussuri region and about. Sakhalin, on which stone coal reserves are open.
1894 was marked by the preparation of the first full summary of the hydrology of the sea by Flotodod and Admiral S.O. Makarov, who analyzed numerous samples of ocean water made by many ships, including the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk.
In Soviet times and in newest Story For many years, Russia has been conducted by research expeditions for many years with the involvement of special scientific courts and scientists, including the Far Eastern Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences, on the study of hydrography, weather and resources of the Okhotsk Sea.
Sea Characteristics: Salt Level, Area, Depth
The total area of \u200b\u200bthe water sea surface is 1 million 600 thousand km 2, on average, the depth of the reservoir is about 820 m, the most deep place - More than 3900 m. The shelf in the western part is shallow, in the center of the depth of the depth of Derdygin and Tingro, in the east - a narrow brand with a significant depth along the Kuril Islands. 
The value of the salt water of the sea is different:
- near the coast - less than 30% (the impact of the flow of numerous rivers);
- on the surface - up to 33.8%;
- intermediate layers - 34.5% (influx of significant mass salty water Ocean with deep flows);
- at high depth - up to 33.4%.
Water temperature by months
The temperature of water in the sea varies depending on the water layer and acting on them the flows or deposit of local rivers. 
The average temperature of the surface sea layer is shown in the table (top line - months; Lower - averaged temperature, o C):
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| +2,4 | +0,3 | -0,4 | 0 | +1,3 | +2,1 | +5,3 | +6 | +10 | +8,1 | +4,5 | +3 |
Resources
Natural resources The pool of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is currently significantly exhausted as a result of the poaching lot in the 90s of the last century. This led these days to the introduction of restrictions on the catch of certain species of fish, the extraction of marine cats.
The region has significant integrated reserves of coal, oil, gas, nickel, silver and gold. There are places of place of the beautiful Kamchatka amber.
Flora and Fauna of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk
Representatives of the animal world of the Northern Strip and Arctic representatives live on the harsh coasts of the Okhotsk Sea and Arctic representatives:
- wolves;
- foxes;
- wolverine;
- the Bears;
- white partridges.
In the depths of the sea live:
In addition to fish resources, there are found in the waters of the sea:
- sea hedgehogs;
- sea \u200b\u200bstars;
- mussels;
- shrimp;
- jellyfish;
- crabs.
The bird world is represented by numerous colonies:
- chaps;
- petrels;
- baklanov;
- geese;
- cayra.
Seaweed, mined and used in food:
- red, brown and green;
- laminaria;
- sea grass - Zoster.
What cities is washes by the Okhotsk Sea
Directly next to the Okhotsk Sea, the following cities and major settlements are functioning: 
| Name | Population (thousand people) | Main occupation of residents |
| Magadan | more than 92.7 | engineering, repair of helicopters, production of mining equipment, fish processing, forestry, carbon shipment, gold mining, seaport |
| Korsakov (Aniva Bay, Fr. Sakhalin) | about 33.2. | production and processing of seafood, gas processing plant, seaport |
| Holmsk | about 28. | repair of vessels, mining and processing of seafood, woodworking, tourism, sea \u200b\u200bport |
| Poronaysk (Bay of patience, o. Sakhalin) | about 15.3. | electricity generation, production and processing of fish, production of building materials, seaport |
| Yuzhno-Kurilsk | more than 7.7 | freeding and processing of fish, geothermal power station, study and mining of gold, sea \u200b\u200bport |
| Okhotsk | more than 3,3. | mining and processing of gold and silver, industrial mining of fish and processing, seaport |
| Kurilsk (about. ITUURUP) | more than 1.6 | seafood production and processing, seaport |
| Evensk | about 1,5 | reindeering, Fisheries, Berry |
| Chuminik (Uda Luba) | about 1. | artist mining of gold, fishing and processing of fish, fishery of the beast |
| Aanya | less than 0.9 | local fishing |
The meaning of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk for Russia
Okhotsk Sea on the map of Russia, showing fishing places of fishing and seafood of the Far East, occupies an important place. A large number of Different types of salmon fish, several varieties of crabs and shrimps, whales, sea seals, seals, Syvuchi make up the food potential of this region and the strategic reserve of Russia. 
Maritime shipping pathways have important for ensuring the vital activity of coastal settlements and other territories of the Far Eastern Territory.
The large amount of cargo consumed by the adjacent areas and exports, processes the ports of Magadan, Korsakov, Okhotsk, Poronaysk, South Kurilsk.
Development transport infrastructure, Strengthening border crossings, upgrading to the ismark located on the islands of the Kuril Ridge and about. Sakhalin, in recent years, is one of the priorities in Russia's policies. This is due to the increasing threat from the US military bases posted in Japan.
Economic use
The Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is on the map of the economic and trading zone of 2 countries - Russia and Japan, which it is washes. 
They lead the industrial fishing of many species of fish and mollusks in marine waters:
- salmon;
- narki;
- pink sali;
- czyro;
- navaga;
- mixed;
- cod;
- herring;
- washing;
- shrimp;
- crabs.
In the Sakhalin, West Kamchatka and Magadan shelves, deposits of hydrocarbon raw materials are explored, which is mined in drilling platforms with the participation of foreign companies.
In the water area of \u200b\u200bthe sea, transport shipping routes are held in the ports of the North of the Far East and Kamchatka (Magadan, Okhotsk, North-Kurilsk, Korsakov). Advantage is hampered by the presence of large ice fields (the ice station continues until 10 months. Per year) and long-term storms (in time to 7-10 days with a wave height to 10-11 m).
Industry
Industrial production in the pool of the Okhotsk Sea is focused on ensuring the extraction of marine fish resources: port structures, ship repair plants, caviar factory, fish and seafood (state and commercial). Fish and seafood processing products are popular not only in Russia, but also beyond. 
Significant development was obtained by oil and gas producing enterprises of the shelf deposits, which in recent years have been combined with processing plants supplying their products to many countries of the Pacific Basin (Japan, China, Indonesia, Korea, Vietnam).
The region has developed complexes for the processing of forest, copper-nickel, silver and gold-bearing ores, the production of building materials is developing.
Buli
The sea as a result of long geological processes formed several remarkable bays on the coastline:
- Shelekhov in aggregate with the Giuginsk lip (mouth r. Gorya) and Pryzhinsky Lip (mouth r. Penjin);
- Sakhalin;
- Uda Luba (mouth r. Uda opposite Shartar Islands);
- Tuyan lip (fusion of 4 rivers and several small bays);
- Tugursky;
- Aniva;
- Patience;
- Odessa (on about. ITUURUP).
Straits
The Okhotsk Sea on the map of Russia when considering its location draws attention to the presence of more than 30 straits, which connect it with the Pacific Ocean.
The most significant of them:
Narrow and shallow straits of Nevelsky and Laperose lead to the Japanese sea past the northern and southern tip about. Sakhalin.
Bottom and coastline
About 22% of the seabed - this is shelf and mainland shallows (Kamchatka, Asian, Sakhalin). About 70% are mainland slopes, deep depressions and elongated gutters (depth of 200 m to 1500 m). Along the series of different-dimensional Kuril Islands stretches a narrow deep (more than 2500 m) chute, which is the remaining 8% of the bottom. 
In the middle water area of \u200b\u200bthe sea, two ridges are formed by tectonic forces: Academy of Sciences and Institute of Oceanology, which conventionally divide the sea pool on significant natural recesses:
The coastline of the reservoir is different:
- in the northern coastal areas - is raised with small bays with high cliffs and irregular rocks;
- in the area of \u200b\u200bthe northeastern zones - the high shores of the large bay of Shelekhov with Penzhinsky and Gizhihnoy lips;
- in the East - almost even, without pronounced bays, the low shore of the Kamchatka Peninsula;
- in the West - a small height of the stony coast of the Sakhalin Bay and Shartar Sea;
- in the south - gender bays aniva and patience;
- on about. ITUP - Odessa Bay, high rocky shores of other ridge islands.
Water exchange
The Okhotsk Sea on the map of Russia when considering the water-exchange processes and flows draws the attention of researchers into small in the width and depth of the Strait of Laperus and Nevelsky, which does not allow the intensive exchange of water masses with a laurmer Japanese sea.
A large number of sheds of the Kuril ridge (the total amount of their width is about 500 km) and their relatively large depth (Bususol - more than 2,300 m, Cruise-seater - more than 1900 m) contribute to the more intensive exchange of the aquatic masses of the Okhotsk Sea with the Pacific Ocean.
Straits northern Islands The smoked passes into the Okhotsk Sea with the currents of the ocean surface water; Average straits work in both directions, pumping water flows at different levels; southern, on the contrary, merge more sea water in Pacific Ocean.
Ecological problems
The presence of environmental problems in the Okhotskaya Sea basin is associated with the economic activity of a person: entering the oil processing products and gas, industrial and domestic wastewater, pollution from undergoing ships and fishing trawlers. 
The greatest pollution is observed in the waters about. Sakhalin and Bulle Shelekhov in the area of \u200b\u200blarge seaports. An unfavorable factors contributing to the widespread dirty waters are natural tides and flows.
In addition to the pollution of the sea of \u200b\u200bthe sea, an increase in emissions into the air environment of harmful gases from burning hydrocarbons at the production places and industrial enterprises of large processing centers of the region is additionally added to the aircraft over the sea waters of frequent eruption of local volcanoes.
Interesting facts about the Okhotsk Sea
Significant and indisputable facts about the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk are considered:
Okhotsk Sea occupies unique place On the map of Russia for the presence in its water area and on the adjacent shores of significant reserves of various types of resources: mineral, biological and natural. Sea transportation have exceptional importance due to the minor development of railway and road transport in the region.
Article clearance: Mila Freidan
Video about the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk
Documentary "Golden bottom of the Okhotsk Sea":
