Perhaps the most amazing and unusual sea on the planet is the Mediterranean. It disjects three different but at the same time serves as a meeting place at various cultures, nations and religions. What countries wash water Mediterranean Sea And in which of them most like to come tourists? You will learn about this from our most interesting article.

Mediterranean: history and geography of the region

What countries is the Mediterranean Sea? What famous cities are located on his shores? Before answering these questions, you need to study the geography and history of this region in detail.

Mediterranea - the name of the Mediterranean on english language. This historic region takes the entire pool of the same sea - the cradle of the European and Arabic Women's cradle. Ancient civilization And the powers arose on his shores - a china, ancient elda, Roman Empire. The latter at one time controlled the entire region. What countries is the Mediterranean Sea today?

The total area of \u200b\u200bthe region, according to various scientists, varies from 4 to 5 million square kilometers. On its territory there are placed states of two continents and three parts of the world.

What countries is the Mediterranean Sea? Largest cities

Geographically, cultural and mentally, the Mediterranean is divided into three zones (parts): European, Asian and African.

So, what countries wash the Mediterranean Sea with its waters? This includes 21 independent state. This is Spain, France, Italy, Monaco, Malta (Island Republic, is located directly in the water area), Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco.

The mediterranean sea also has the exit of the unrecognized countries of Palestine and Northern Cyprus, as well as two overseas Territories of Great Britain (Gibraltar, Akrotiri and Deckelia).

What cities is washed by the Mediterranean Sea? On the shores of its water area there are thousands of settlements. Among the largest and most famous cities of the Mediterranean can be allocated as follows: Barcelona, \u200b\u200bMarseille, Cannes, Genoa, Napoli, Dubrovnik, Athens, Istanbul, Antalya, Alexandria, Tripoli.

The structure of the Mediterranean: Islands, Archipelago, Sea

Scientists argue that the Mediterranean Sea is nothing but a relic of an ancient reservoir of the planetary scale - the ocean Tetis. Black, Caspian and Aral Sea are also its remnants.

The modern Mediterranean is connected to Atlantic Ocean It takes place between two high cliffs, called in ancient times. Curious fact: In the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Mediterranean Sea, hydrographs allocate a whole number of smaller seas. For example, on the maps of this part of the planet, you can meet the Adriatic, Aegean, Ionian, Cyprus and others.

What is the Mediterranean Sea? Some large Apenninsky, Pyrenean, Mediterranean in the waters are also deep in his water management. a large number of Islands, various areas. And almost each of them is very attractive for tourists. It is worth named by several of the most famous islands of the Mediterranean: Crete, Malta, Sicily, Rhodes, Ibiza and Mallorca.

Synthesis of cultures and peoples

"Sea in the middle of the earth" - so called it in antiquity. This geographical toponym, transformed a little, reached the present day. Indeed, it was here that various peoples, cultures, religions and civilization were met for centuries. As a result - a unique ethnocultural situation was formed in the Mediterranean.

Already in the third millennium BC, the so-called Aegean civilization arose here, which consisted of several cultures and was complicated by Sumerian influences. Mixed ethnic groups could also be observed within the state of the Carthage. Even later, the synthesis of European and eastern traditions has formed a powerful power here - Byzantium.

Thus, cultural syncretism is more than characteristic of the Mediterranean region. It is this fact that makes it overly popular among tourists from around the world.

Tourism in the Mediterranean

Mediterranean countries annually visit tens of thousands of tourists from different parts of our planet. The attractiveness of this region is also enhanced by the fact that it is completely located within a soft subtropical climate.

Of course, the most the best way To know the Mediterranean is a cruise rest. It allows you to visit several countries and dozens of interesting cities at once. During such a cruise, the tourist can face the monuments combined with the creations of modernity.

In the Mediterranean, tourists are most often visited by Italy, Spain, Turkey, Greece, Tunisia and Croatia.

Rest in Turkey

Each of the countries of the Mediterranean can boast of their first-class resorts. And the most famous country resort in this region is, of course, Turkey!

This state today has greatly succeeded in the development of its travel infrastructure. Resting here and interesting, and very comfortable. And Turkey is ready to offer rest for every taste and size of the wallet.

Excellent hotels, wonderful beaches, delicious kitchen and acquaintance with a bright local culture - this is what each tourist awaits, who decided to visit Turkey. In addition, for a very short time, there you can see a lot of interesting sights.

What cities in Turkey is the Mediterranean Sea? This is the largest megapolis of Istanbul, Izmir, Antalya and Mersin.

Spain and Italy

In the western part of the region there is a state of Spain. This Mediterranean country tourists appreciate the most picturesque landscapes, beautiful nature, sunny first-class resorts and ancient architectural monuments. No cruise, as a rule, does not bypass by Majorca and Ibiza. But the real connoisseurs of architecture is necessary to visit Barcelona.

Another European Mediterranean state is Italy. The country of sun, pizza and spaghetti attracts a huge number of foreign tourists. Fans of unity with virgin nature go to Sicily, but connoisseurs of cultural and historical monuments - in Rome. There is also a world-recognized high fashion center - Milan City.

Balkan Mediterranean countries

The Mediterranean Sea has five and all of them have a huge tourist potential.

The most attractive from the Balkan countries for tourists is Croatia. 20 years ago she fought for his independence, and today there are thousands of tourists annually. Vacationers amazes the unique purity of seawater in Croatia and a huge number of coastal islands.

It is famous for its excellent resorts and Montenegro. In particular, the Beach of Ada Boyan long 3.8 kilometer can boast the cleanest sand throughout the Adriatic.

Gradually gains popularity among tourists and Albania. This country wins at the expense of its most beautiful landscapes and extraordinary color. Only in Albania you can taste luxury dishes of local cuisine in the abandoned concrete bunker of the last century!

African Mediterranean countries

Of course, tourists and African states of this region do not bypass. Egypt has long acquired the fame of the resort and tourist country. But even countries such as Libya and Algeria are actively equipping their resorts and cities for potential recreants.

Cruise liners and ports of Morocco are increasingly swimming. This state, being right at the junction of the East and the West, Islamic and European cultures, a priori is of interest among tourists.

Tunisia is another state of the Mediterranean, in which a large number of historical and architectural monumentsMuseums with ancient artifacts. And after a saturated cultural program, the tourist here can also fully relax on one of the beautiful beaches. Another feature of Tunisia is his colorful and motley markets.

Finally...

Now you know how many countries is washed by the Mediterranean Sea. In total, they are 21. The Mediterranean is a unique and very attractive region for tourists. First of all, they seek to get to Turkey, Italy, Spain, Tunisia and Croatia. After all, these countries have a lot of attractions, and infrastructure in perfect order.

Mediterranean Sea - Mediterranean, intermarkets of the Atlantic Ocean, connecting with him in the West by the Gibraltar Strait.

The sea pool of the Mediterranean sea is washed by the shores of states:, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia, Albania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Russia, Syria, Lebanon, Libya, Algeria, Morocco.

In the northeast of the Strait of Dardanelles, it connects to the marble sea and then the Bosphorus strait - with the Black Sea, in the southeast Suez Canal - with the Red Sea.

Area 2500 thousand sq. Km.

The average depth of 1541 m, the maximum - 5121 m.

The most significant bays: Valencian, Lyon, Genoese, Taranto, Cider (B. Sirt), Gabes (M. Sirt).

The largest islands: Balearic, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Crete and Cyprus.

In the Mediterranean Sea, large peeks Ebro, Ron, Tiber, Po, Nile, etc.; General annual stock of them. 430 cubic cm.

The vegetation and animal world of the Mediterranean are relatively weak quantitative development of phyto and zooplankton, which attracts itself. The small number of larger animals feed on them, including fish. Number of phytoplankton in surface horizons is only 8-10 mg / cubic meters, at a depth of 1000-2000 m 10-20 times less. Very varied algae (Peridine and diatoms prevail).

The Fauna of the Mediterranean is characterized by a large species diversity, however, the number of representatives of the Depth. species are small. Dolphins are found, one type of seal (whitebury seal); sea turtle. Fish 550 species (sharks, macumbrid, herdo, anchovy, kefali, corneter, tuna, pelamids, stavids, etc.). About 70 species of fish endemics, including skates, types of hamses, bulls, mor. Dogs, Guban and Fish needles. Oysters, Mediterranean-Black Sea Middine, Seaidini have the greatest importance from edible mollusks. Octopuses, squid, sepia, crabs, Langstocks are common from invertebrates; Numerous types of jellyfish, siphonophore; In some areas, especially in the Aegean Sea, sponges and red coral live.

Fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea compared to other atlantic basins is secondary value. Industrialization of the coast, the growth of cities, the development of recreational zones lead to intensive pollution of the coastal strip.

The resorts of the Côte d'Azur (Riviera) in France and Italy, the resorts of the Levancen coast and the Balearic Islands in Spain, and others are widely known.

Photo of the Mediterranean Sea:

Menton, France

In the Mediterranean Sea highlights seas: Alboran, Balearic, Ligurian, Tyrrhenian, Adriatic, Ionian, Cretan, Aegean. The pool of the Mediterranean includes the marble sea, the Black Sea, the Azov Sea.

The modern Mediterranean is the relic of the ancient Ocean Tethis, which was much wider and stretched far east. The relics of the Ocean Tethis are also the Aral, Caspian, Black and Marmara Sea, dedicated to his deepest varnishes. Probably, Tetis was once completely surrounded by land, and between North Africa and the Pyrenean Peninsula, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Gibraltar Strait, there was experiencing. The same land bridge associated southeast Europe with Malaya Asia. It is possible that the Bosphorus Straits, Dardanelles and Gibraltar were formed on the site of flooded river valleys, and many island chains, especially in the Aegean Sea, were connected to the mainland.

The Mediterranean Sea goes into the land between Europe, Africa and Asia.

The sea pool of the Mediterranean Sea wash the shores of 21 states:

Europe (from west to east): Spain, France, Monaco, Italy, Malta, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Montenegro, Albania, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus; Asia (from north to south): Turkey, Syria, Cyprus, Lebanon and Israel; Africa (from east to west): Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco. In the northeast of the Strait of Dardanelles, it connects to the marble sea and then the Bosphorus strait - with the Black Sea, in the southeast Suez Canal - with the Red Sea.

Area 2500 thousand km².

The volume of water is 3839 thousand km³.

The average depth of 1541 m, the maximum - 5121 m.

The coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the mountainous coasts predominantly abrasion, aligned, at low - lagoon-lifted and delta; The Eastern Coast of the Adriatic Sea is characterized by the shore of Dalmatian type. The most significant bays: Valencian, Lyon, Genoese, Taranto, Cider (B. Sirt), Gabes (M. Sirt).

The largest islands: Balearic, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Crete and Cyprus.

In the Mediterranean Sea, large peeks Ebro, Ron, Tiber, Po, Nile, etc.; General annual stock of them. 430 km³.

The bottom of the Mediterranean Sea falls into several kitelins with relatively steep mainland slopes, a depth of 2000-4000 m; Along the shores of the hollow, the narrow strip of the shelf, expanding only between the coast of Tunisia and Sicily, as well as within the Adriatic Sea.

Geomorphologically Mediterranean Sea can be divided into three pools: Western - Algeria-Provencal pool with a maximum depth of over 2800 m, which combines the depths of the seas of the Albust, Balearic and Ligurian, as well as the Tyrrhenian Sea, more than 3600 m; Central - more than 5100 m (central hollow and depressions of the seas of the Adriatic and Ionical) and East - Levantinsky, about 4380 m (depressions of the seas of Levant, Aegean and Marble).

The bottom of some Kotlovin is covered with neogene anthropogenic strata (in the Balearic and Ligurian Sea with a capacity of up to 5-7 km) sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Among the Messinsky (Upper Miocene) of the deposits of Algerian-Olive, a significant role belongs to the solenous evaporite thicker (with a capacity of St. 1.5-2 km), forming the structure characteristic of salt tectonics. On the sides and in the center of the Tyrrhenian brand, several large faults are stretched with dead and acting volcanoes; Some of them form large underwater mountains (Liepan O-Wa, Vavilov Volcano, etc.). Volcanoes in the outskirts of the basins (in the Tuscan archipelago, on Pocianic O-Wah, Vesuvius, as well as Lapar O-VA) spew the sour and alkaline lava, volcanoes in the center, parts of the Mediterranean - more depth, main lava (basalts).

Part of the Central and East (Levantine) pools are filled with sedimentary strata, including powerful river removal products, especially the Nile. At the bottom of these Kotlovin, according to geophysical studies, helensky deep-water and central Mediterranean shaft is highlighted - a large arch of up to 500-800 m. Along the foot of the mainland closet of Kerenaica, Libyan flakes, very clearly expressed in the relief and weakly filled with precipitations. The Mediterranean Basins are very different in time to go. A significant part of the Eastern (Levantine) pool laid in the Mesozoic, Algerian-Olive basin - from the end of the oligocene - the beginning of the Miocene, some of the Midishmamine Basins - at the beginning - the middle of Miocene, Pliocene. At the end of the Miocene (Messiysk Century), the most part of the Mediterranean Square already existed shallow basins. The depth of the Algair-Olive basin during the deposition of salts in the Messinsky century was about 1-1.5 km. The salts were accumulated as a result of strong evaporation and concentrations of the brine due to the influx of seawater into a closed pond through the strait, which existed south of Gibraltar.

The modern depths of the Tyrrhenian depression were formed as a result of lowering the bottom during the Pliocene and the anthropogen period (for the last 5 million years); As a result of the same rapid lowering, some other basins arose. The formation of the Mediterranean Kotlovin is associated either with a stretching (spun) of the mainland crust, or with the process of sealing the earth's crust and its sediment. In deposit Sections of Kotlovin continue geosyncinal development processes. The bottom of the Mediterranean Sea in many parts is promising for searches for oil and gas deposits, especially in the field of distribution of salt domes. In the shelf areas, oil and gas deposits are confined to mesozoic and paleogenic sediments.

The hydrological mode of the Mediterranean Sea is formed under the influence of great evaporation and common climates. Conditions. The prevalence of fresh water flows over the arrival leads to a decrease in the level, which causes the constant inflow of surface less salted waters from Atlantic. OK. And the black m. In the deep layers of the straits, the outflow of high-fat water occurs, caused by the difference in the density of water at the level of strait thresholds. OSN. Water exchange takes place through the Gibraltar Prol. (upper. Current brings 42.32 thousand km³ per year Atlas-Tich. Waters, and the bottom - takes out 40, 80 thousand km³ of Mediterranean); Through Dardanelles and flows, respectively, 350 and 180 km³ of water per year.

Water circulation in S. m. Has ch. arr. wind nature; It is represented by the main, almost the zonal Canarian flow carrying water. Atlantic. Origin along Africa, from Gibraltar Prol. To the shores of Lebanon, and the cyclonich system. Crupions in the separate seas and pools to the left of this flow. The thickness of the waters to the depth. 750-1000 m is covered by unidirectional in the depth of the transfer of water, with the exception of the Levantine intermediate antimony carrying the Levantine waters from about. Malta to Gibraltar Strait along Africa.

The speed of the steady currents in the open part of the sea is 0.5-1.0 km / h, in some straits - 2-4 km / h. The average temperature of the water on the surface in February decreases with S. on Yu. From 8-12 to 17 ° C to Vost. and center. parts and from 11 to 15 ° C by 3. in August average temperature Water varies from 19 to 25 ° C. - In the edge V. it rises to 27-30 ° C. The big evaporation leads to a strong increase in saline. Its values \u200b\u200bincrease with 3. on B. from 36 to - 39.5. The density of water on the surface varies from 1.023-1.027 g / cm ³ in summer - to 1.027-1.029 g / cm³ in winter. During the winter cooling period, intensive convective stirring is developing with increased density, which leads to the formation of high-headed and warm intermediate waters into the vest. pool and deep waters on S. Western pool, Adriatic and Aegean seas. At the bottom temperature and saline, the Mediterranean Sea is one of the most warm and salted seas of world OK. (12.6-13.4 ° C and 38.4-38.7, respectively). Relates. Transparency of water up to 50-60 m, color - intense blue.

The tides are mostly semi-sufficient, their value is less than 1 m, but in depth. Points in combination with wind turbines of level fluctuations can reach 4 m (Genoese Hall, in North. Shore about. Corsica, etc.). In narrow straits, strong tidal flows are observed (Messinsky Prol.). Max. The excitement is observed in winter (the height of the waves reaches 6-8 m).

The climate of the Mediterranean Sea is determined by its position in the subtropical belt and is distinguished by high specificity, which highlights it in an independent Mediterranean type of climate, characterized by soft damp in winter and hot dry summer. In winter, a low-pressure atmosphere is installed above the sea, which determines unstable weather with frequent storms and abundant precipitation; Cold northern winds lower air temperature. Local winds develop: Mistral in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Lyon Gulf and Bohr in the East of the Adriatic Sea. In the summer, most of the Mediterranean covers the crest of the Azores Anticyclone, which determines the predominance of clear weather with a small cloudiness and a small amount of precipitation. In the summer months there are dry fogs and dusty blades, submitted from Africa to the southern wind of Sirocco. In the eastern basin, steady northern winds are developing - ethesy.

The average air temperature in January varies from 14-16 ° C southern Coast up to 7-10 ° C in the north, in August - from 22-24 ° C in the north to 25-30 ° C in the southern areas of the sea. Evaporation from the surface of the Mediterranean reaches 1250 mm per year (3130 km3). Relative air humidity varies from 50-65% in summer to 65-80% in winter. Cloudy in summer 0-3 points, in the winter about 6 points. The average annual precipitation of 400 mm (about 1000 km3), it varies from 1100-1300 mm in the north-west to 50-100 mm in the south-east, at least in July - August, the maximum in December.

Characterized by Mirage, who are often observed in the messinsky prol. (T. N. Fata Morgan).

The vegetation and animal world of the Mediterranean are relatively weak quantitative development of phyto and zooplankton, which attracts itself. The small number of larger animals feed on them, including fish. Number of phytoplankton in surface horizons is only 8-10 mg / m³, at a depth of 1000-2000 m 10-20 times less. Very varied algae (Peridine and diatoms prevail).

The Fauna of the Mediterranean is characterized by a large species diversity, however, the number of representatives of the Depth. species are small. There are crayfish, one type of seal (whiteburhide seal); Sea turtle. Fish 550 species (Skumbrian, herring, anchoous, kefali, cornhene, tuna, pelamids, stavrids, etc.). About 70 species of fish endemics, including skates, types of hamses, bulls, mor. Dogs, Guban and Fish needles. Oysters, Mediterranean-Black Sea Middine, Seaidini have the greatest importance from edible mollusks. Octopuses, squid, sepia, crabs, Langstocks are common from invertebrates; Numerous types of jellyfish, siphonophore; In some areas, especially in the Aegean Sea, sponges and red coral live.

The coast of S. m. It has long been tightly populated, distinguished by a high level of economic development (especially the countries located on its northern coast).

Agriculture of Mediterranean countries: allocated by the production of citrus (about 1/3 of world harvest), cotton, oilseeds. In the system of international trade and economic relations S. M. occupies a special position. Being at the junction of three parts of the world (Europe, Asia and Africa), S. m. It is an important transportation through which Europe with Asia, North Africa, as well as Australia and Oceania pass. According to S. m. There are important trading routes connecting Russia and Ukraine with Western countries, and Large Cabotage Lines between the Black Sea and near Dr. ports of Russia and Ukraine.

Transport value of the water area S. m. For Western Europe Continuously increasing due to the increasing dependence of these countries from imports of raw materials. The role of S. m. In the transport of oil. S. M. - An important "oil" path between Western Europe and the Middle East. The share of southern ports (the main of which is Marseille, Trieste, Genoa) in the supply of Western European oil is constantly growing (about 40% in 1972). Ports S. m. Are connected by pipelines both with countries of Western Europe, including Austria, Germany, France, Switzerland and with fields of oil of the Middle East and North Africa. There are also the transportation of various types of raw materials, metal ores and bauxite, S.-H. Products on the Suez Channel, through which the connections of Western Europe with Asia and Australia are held. The largest ports are Marseille with the Avantports in France, Genoa, Augusta, Trieste in Italy, Cider, Marsa-Brega in Libya.

On the coast of S. m. Numerous industrial enterprises have been created on the islands. On the raw materials delivered by the sea, the chemical and metallurgical industry developed. Large nodes of the chemical industry became in 1960-75 Islands of Sardinia and Sicily in Italy, the mouth of the Ron in France, etc. The production of oil and gas on the shelf S. m. (Sev. Part of the Adriatic Sea, the coast of Greece, etc.).

Fisheries in S. m. Compared to other atlantic basins, about has a secondary meaning. Industrialization of the coast, the growth of cities, the development of recreational zones lead to intensive pollution of the coastal strip. The resorts of the Côte d'Azur (Riviera) in France and Italy, the resorts of the Levancen coast and the Balearic Islands in Spain, and others are widely known.

Much more often asked tourism lovers than schoolchildren. This sea plays an important role in the life of not only modern residents of His coast, it influenced the emergence of many civilizations.

"Sea in the middle of the earth"

The Mediterranean Sea began to enjoy long before the new continents were opened. It seemed to people that this substantial water was located in the heart of the planet. So the sea and got its name.

"The sea in the middle of the earth" became the most important trading way. It helped to forward from Eurasia to Africa. Between the peoples, not only trading ties were established. Ethnic groups living on the coast sought to establish diplomatic contacts with other countries. Someone concluded alliances, and combat actions were conducted with someone. But even the war to some extent positively influenced the development of mankind. The captured peoples adopted the experience and culture of the occupiers. As a result of cultural exchange, new civilizations were born.

Today, the Mediterranean Sea continues to contribute to the establishment of contacts between different cultures. The main article of the income of the ancient inhabitants of the coast was trade with foreigners. Nowadays, tourism was added to trade. Having learned what countries the Mediterranean is washed, tourists are planning their vacation.

Where to go on a journey?

On the seaside there is a huge number of countries. To get acquainted with everyone, you will need not one vacation:

• Malta. Many people mistakenly believe that the state consists of only one island. In fact, besides the main part, Malta, the state is the island of Gozo (it is also called Goo) and several little inhabited islands. A small state inhabits only about 500,000 thousand people. Thanks to its climate in 2011, Malta was recognized as one of best countries For living in the world.
• Italy. Here the tourist awaits rest for the soul and body. In Italy, you can lie on the beach, and visit the huge number of museums. The rich culture of this country will not leave anyone indifferent. Italy is famous for gastronomic delights. National cuisine is not just tasty, but also useful for health. Beach holidays in this country approaches lovers of nudism. In 2006, it was legalized on the beach without clothes. It is not possible to sunbathe in this way in every country in the Mediterranean. In some states, for such behavior of travelers and the local population is waiting for a large penalty or arrest. Italian nudist beaches annually visits more than half a million people.
• Spain. This country seems to be a place to hold endless holidays. Some celebrations are horrified on foreign tourists. Tomology is a holiday, during which people throw tomatoes in each other. Not every traveler will appreciate this way to spend free time. You can prefer less exotic entertainment. Some tourists, returning from Spain, decide to go through the Flamenco or Guitar Games.
• France. Southeast of this country is washed by the Mediterranean Sea. French culture is very diverse. The specificity of the region will be determined by its location. While in the south of the country, travelers often feel that they were in some Spanish or Italian town. And this is a feeling not far from the truth. Most Mediterranean cities are really similar to each other. Some settlements In the south of France were founded by representatives of other ethnic groups. Marseille, for example, is based on the Greeks. Initially, he was called Massily.
• Turkey. This country has the greatest popularity among Russian tourists. Europeans here can be found much less often. For thousands of Russians Antalya, Mersin, Istanbul and some others turkish cities are a permanent place summer holiday during several years. Turkey attracts cozy beaches, architectural attractions and local cuisine. Prices in this country are significantly lower than European. Turkish Lira is cheaper than dollar or euro. It is noteworthy that being in Turkey, you can relax not only on the Mediterranean, but also on the Black Sea.

Despite the wide popularity of travel to Asia and America, tours along the Mediterranean coast are not losing their attractiveness for many years. The warm sea, the mild climate and the abundance of historically significant places invariably decide the tourists of the near and far abroad.

The Mediterranean Sea is an extensive reservoir, uniting Asia, Europe and Africa. because of geographic location The sea is called intercontinental or outskirts. Through the Gibraltar Strait, more than 13 km long, the sea flows into the Atlantic Ocean.

The area of \u200b\u200bthe Mediterranean basin is about 3 million km 2. The length of the reservoir from the west to the East is about 3,800 km, and from north to south - about 1,700 km. The total amount of water resources of the sea is more than 3800 km 3.

The Mediterranean Sea has a long history. It is a "descendant" of the ancient pond of the Tethis, which was between the two oldest continents. After the displacement of tectonic plates and continental drift, the pool could not save his former shape.

First travelers who have mastered movement by sea, residents are considered Ancient Egypt. Already in 3000 g BC The Mediterranean pool was used to transport trade cargo, people and livestock. In addition to the Egyptians, the maritime communications used the Phoenicians, Greeks and Romans.

After the 1400s. Trading moved to new lands - India and East. However, after the opening of the Suez Canal in the XIX century, the Mediterranean pool again became one of the leaders in the development of shipping, tourism and trade, and he continues to be considered as this day.

Countries werehed by the Mediterranean Sea

The Waves of the Mediterranean are washed by the coast of Europe, the North Africa and a small section of South-West Asia. Among them:

Seas

The Mediterranean Sea is an extensive watershed, which includes pools of other water bodies, wash the coastal lines of the African and Eurasian continents.

The seas of the Mediterranean region are considered:

River

A variety of rivers fall into the aqueous array of the Mediterranean Sea.

The most voluminous of them:

Islands

As in any other, in the Mediterranean Sea there is a huge number of islands, different in size and location. Some of them are separate states. Archipelagoes, including several islands, are ranked to countries that are washed by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea.

The most populated islands:

Depth of the Mediterranean Sea

Although the Mediterranean Sea is not included in the list of the deepest reservoirs of the world, in some places of the basin there are areas with recesses of more than 4,000 meters long. The deepest is considered to be Ellinskaya Tspadina - 5121 m.
It is used to mining minerals - natural gas and oil. The average depth of the watershed is approximately 1500 m.

Geological structure and relief

The relief of the Mediterranean Sea was formed under the influence of the climate of the Earth. The depths of the pool are divided into 2 shares - oriental and western. The first is an uneven surface that is littered with a variety of depressions and ridges. The relief of the Western Sea Region is even and relatively gentle.

At the bottom of the reservoir there are tectonic depressions, elevation of valid and extinct volcanoes. Also, the seaside depths are made of innumerable sets of sunken ships.

Among the largest bays of the Mediterranean are distinguished:

1. Genoese.
2. Gabes.
3. Cider.
4. Lyon.
5. Taranto.
6. Valensky.

Hydrological mode

The aqueous regime of the Mediterranean Sea is characterized by a strong evaporation, to replenish which not enough atmospheric precipitation entering the pool.

The reason for this is the geographical location of the water branch, which is influenced by the surrounding countries with climatic conditions involving the prevalence high temperatures air. The lack of resources eliminate the water coming from the Atlantic Ocean.

Salt of the Mediterranean Sea

The Mediterranean Sea is considered fairly warm. Sea water temperature adjust salinity and density parametersincreasing during evaporation. The movement of water streams provoke wind. In the spills of water flows faster - up to 2-4 km / h, while the rate of flow of free plots is about 1 km / h.

The transparency of the water of the Mediterranean is 55-60 m. The color of the reservoir in deep-water sections is dark blue, and coastal waters have a blue-blue tint.

Vegetable world

The Mediterranean Flora is rich and diverse. Its foundation is the colonies of brown, green and red algae, the total number of types of which is approaching 800. In the layers of the sea, the phytoplankton is available for solar color, the population of which is poorly developed.

About 700 km of the seabed occupy an oceanic. This plant is considered one of the largest in length among well-known varieties of algae. Posidonia is also unique ancient historySince its age exceeds 100 thousand years.

Animal world

The fauna of the Mediterranean basin is considered scarce in size, in comparison with the number of representatives of the animal world of the other seas. This is connected with a small variety of plankton, which is food for maritime residents.

In addition to famous species of fish and mammals, in the waters of the Mediterranean, there are about 900 varieties of mollusks, and invertebrate animals.

In the reservoir live:

Fish of the Mediterranean Sea

Spring and summer are considered a period of spawning fish. At this time, they hold out dispersed, not going to large shoals. However, in winter it is possible to celebrate large accumulations of underwater residents of various varieties.

Mediterranean waters are home to about 750 species of fish. Dolphins, tuna and several types of volatile fish live in the reservoir. Approximately 290 varieties of waterfowl inhabit the Israeli part of the sea.

Among them:

• mullet;
• lavrak;
• dorada;
• garfish;
• boulder;
• silago;
• palam;
• marmir;
• spitz;
• grug;
• aras;
• saragus;
• lufar.

Dangerous inhabitants of the Mediterranean Sea

The Water of the Mediterranean Basin inhabits many species of fish, animals and plants that can bring harm to a person and pose a danger to his health:

Tourism in the Mediterranean

The Mediterranean Sea opens the holiday season from the end of April, and it lasts until the beginning of October. The most favorable period is the time from May to July. In August, the jellyfish season begins, so swimming in the sea becomes unsafe. The water of the Mediterranean is held throughout the year within + 12 ° - + 29 ° C in the coldest and hottest month, respectively.

Mediterranean Sea offers as a quiet holiday on coastal beachesAnd saturated active and excursion programs.

Travelers have access to such types:

• diving;
• surfing;
• yachting;
• snorkeling;
• walking around the sea on the boats;
• asking aquariums, water parks, entertainment centers.

Large European resorts

Almost all European resort capitals on the shores of the Mediterranean are combined with the possibility of a beach holiday and a wide entertainment program. Each tourist point is distinguished by its features and local charm.

However, the largest vacation regions are considered:

In Greece, tourists will open for themselves peace, combining the dimension and spirit of antiquity. There are priceless everywhere historical monumentsremaining since the times of ancient Greece. Athens, Thessaloniki and Fiiva will show the beauty and majesty of the structures of this era to the fullest.

The tourist infrastructure in the country is very developed, so each resort provides service at the highest level. In addition to resting on the beach and tour toursTravelers offer diving classes, visiting wineries and cheered.

In Greece, you should visit the city:

The state of Cyprus is an island that has been shot by a variety of recreation areas. Here travelers will find sand beaches With a crystal clear coastal line, where you can forget about the bustle of big cities. Large resorts Cyprus are Limassol, Paphos and Ai-Napa.

Italy is a country with a wide selection of resort holidays. The north of the state is known for their attractions and a huge excursion program. In the south of tourists, it is waiting for a warm reception of local residents, the opportunity to relax on the beach and enjoy the world famous national Kitchen. An unforgettable vacation will give the Italian Islands of Sicily, Capri and Sardinia.

In Italy, you should visit such cities like:

Spain Many travelers consider an exotic country, as it differs from most european states.

Most spanish resorts Located on the islands and small archipelagoes in the Mediterranean Sea:

• Ibiza;
• Tenerife;
• Majorca;
• Minorca.

Nevertheless, there are enough places for rest on the mainland. Barcelona will surprise the Catalan flavor and open the world of Gaudi architecture, and Valencia will show the tourist to the homeland of Don Quixote. Travelers will like the coast of Costa Brava, Costa del Sol and the resort of San Sebastian.

France is called the country for elite rest. In the resorts of the Luxury class, the stars of global are resting, but also a budget tourist will be able to relax here without much financial damage. Hotels have gradation in classes, like individual resort areas.

Famous cities The azure coast of the Mediterranean Sea is considered:

Despite the higher cost of European recreation, the price pays off due to the high quality of service, excellent cuisine and a variety of leisure program.

During the holidays, it is worth remembering that in many resort countries of the Mediterranean during lunch all the establishments are closed on Siesta. It happens around from 13:00 to 17:00.

Attractive Asian coast

Tourist business is most common in the countries of the Asian Coast of Mediterranean as Turkey, Israel and Egypt. Here travelers come practically round yearThanks to the pleasant climate of the region.

Israel is famous for its resorts. In Tel Aviv, tourists plunge into a contrasting atmosphere of the capital, will be able to see coloric eastern streets and go on excursions on important historical places. All beach zones Tel Aviv are well equipped, and the sand on the sea coast has a gold tint. Tourists consider it a highlight of the Israeli coast.

Rest in Israel will provide resort towns:

• Haifa;
• Syremit;
• Herzliya;
• Dado;
• Bat yam.

Cairo - the capital of Egypt. Here tourists can meet with the greatest monuments Architecture preserved from pre-Christian times.

The Great Pyramids in Giza and the Sphinx visit are included in the mandatory excursion program. Fascinating is the study of the Nile Valley, where vacationers will be able to enjoy the view of magnificent gardens and ancient rock caves. In Alexandria and Mersa-Matrich, except historic attractions, travelers are offered beach rest.

Turkey is considered the most visited resort country Mediterranean Sea. Almost every coastal city has the status of the resort. Service, hotel levels and recreation quality are also striking the most stringent critics. The Turkish coast is predominantly sandy, pebble beaches are less common.

As an excursion program, tourists are offered:

• visiting mosques, museums, palaces;
• trips to Troy, Ephesus, Istanbul;
• tours B. underground cities Cappadocia.

Top Turkish Resorts:

1. Side.
2. Alanya.
3. Kemer.
4. Belek.
5. Antalya.

Popular African cities

The water of the southern part of the Mediterranean is washed by North African states. Most popular tourist destinations Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco are considered. Every year the country is adding resorts and improve the service, which represents competition for the European Mediterranean.

Despite the fact that Algeria's beaches are somewhat inferior to the coastline of other Mediterranean capitals of Africa, the city does not lose its popularity among tourists.

Lovers of excursions will appreciate visits on the ruins of Byzantine, Phoenician and Roman facilities. Travelers preferring leisure, Sugar tours are suitable on jeep or camels. Rest by the sea can be held on Cape Sidi Fredz and the Turquoise shore.

Tangier is considered one of the main resort points of Morocco. The city is attractive in that it is simultaneously washed by the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.

In Tangier, you can not only rest at the water, but also see the famous oriental bazaars, colonial architecture and picturesque gardens with half-century trees. In El Hoseeim and Saidia, tourists will fall on the identity of Moroccan culture and will be able to spend a measured vacation.

The most popular resort of Tunisia is Hammamet. It is known for its crushed beaches and numerous thalassotherapy salons. Tourists are invited to visit the monuments of architecture, ancient ruins and well-groomed gardens, a variety of flora. Other popular resorts are monastir, Carthage and Djerba.

Mediterranean Cruises

Many tourists choose exactly a cruise vacation in the Mediterranean, due to the fact that in a short period of time you can visit several countries, and travel at any time of the year. By duration, the tours make up 3-13 days.

Depending on the class of the trip, a set of services and a view of the room may differ:

1. Standard - Low prices, a huge selection of services and entertainment, cabins without windows.
2. Premium - Luxury interiors, high level of service, exquisite kitchen, rooms with porthole.
3. Lux - The liners are designed for a small number of passengers, the staff performs any customer requirements, cabins with a balcony.

The spectrum of leisure activities can be included in the ticket price or purchased separately. On board, vacationers spend time in the room, attend the proposed cultural events or dispose of time at their discretion.

The sea movement liner commits in the evening or night time, so tourists are offered a large selection of entertainment:

• cafe, bars, restaurants;
• sports grounds and swimming pools;
• dance lessons;
• spa salons;
• cinemas;
• master classes for every taste;
• playgrounds and animators;
• libraries, Internet centers and gambling rooms;
• disco, Standap-show, theatrical productions.

Before poisoning on a journey, you must arrive at the landing site. The tourist also has the opportunity to join the tour along the trip from any port in which the ship performs a stop.

Cruise liners are usually recovering from European ports:

• Civitavekye;
• Trieste;
• Savona.

Every day, the liner stops in the new port. Light time of day is discharged for sightseeing on land. While the ship is in the parking lot, vacationers go on excursions or explore the city yourself.

Traveling around the sea is performed on ships:

• Royal Princess;
• Pacific Princess;
• Queen Vicroria;
• Costa.

The feature of Mediterranean cruises is an abundance of coastal excursions. The sea is surrounded by many countries in an ancient and rich history, which allows you to expand the horizons and visit the most significant places in a short time. Tours in the Mediterranean Sea covers the Western and Eastern Coast.

The cruise liner stops program includes ports of such cities:

1. Italy:

2. Spain:

• Barcelona;
• Alicante;
• Malaga;
• Cadiz;
• Ibiza;
• Palma de Mallorca.

3. France:

• Ayachcho;
• Marseilles;
• Toulon.

4. Greece:

• Santorini;
• Corfu;
• Catabolion;
• Piraeus

5. Croatia:

• Split;
• Dubrovnik.

6. Malta - Valletta.

7. Montenegro - Kotor.

8. Portugal - Lisbon.

9. Cyprus - Limassol.

10. Morocco - Casablanca.

11. Monaco - Monte Carlo.

The countries werehed by the Mediterranean Sea allow you to know their culture and history, in addition, providing comfortable rest under the sun. The variety of the resorts of the Mediterranean will help you choose a place to leave for every taste and wealth.

Article clearance: Mila Freidan

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