Russian navigators, along with European, are the most famous pioneers who opened new continents, sites of mountain ranges and extensive waters.

They became the discovers of significant geographic objectsMade the first steps in the development of hard-to-reach territories, made around the world. So who are the conquerors of the seas, and what exactly did the world know thanks to them?

Athanasius Nikitin - the very first Russian traveler

Athanasius Nikitin is considered to be the first Russian traveler who managed to visit India and Persia (1468-1474, according to other data 1466-1472). On the way back, he visited Somalia, Turkey, Muscat. Based on the travels of Athanasius, the notes were "walking for the three seas", which became in demand and unique historical and literary benefits. These recordings were first in the history of Russia a book, made not in the format of the story of pilgrimage, but describing the political, economic and cultural features of the territories.

Athanasius Nikitin

He was able to prove that even being a member of the poor peasant family, it is possible to become a famous researcher and traveler. Its name are the streets, embankments in several Russian cities, a motor ship, passenger train and Aviabort

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Semen Dejnev, founded Anadyr Ostrog

Cossack Ataman Semen Dejnev was an Arctic navigator, who became the discoverer of a number of geographic objects. Wherever Semen Ivanovich served, everywhere he sought to study the new and previously unknown. He was even able to cross the East Siberian Sea on a homemade nomad, having passed the path from Indigir to Alasey.

In 1643, as part of the detachment of researchers, Semyon Ivanovich opened a Kolyma, where the city of Middle Midkolmisk was founded with his associates. A year later, Semyon Denhev continued his expedition, held along Bering Strait (who did not yet have this name) and opened the easiest point of the mainland, called Dezhnev's cape. Also, his name is the island, peninsula, bay, village.

Semen Dezhnev

In 1648, Dezhnev again went on the road. His vessel was crashed in the waters located in the southern part of the Anadyr River. Robing on skis, sailors went up the river and stayed on the winter. Subsequently, this place appeared on geographic maps and got the name Anadyr Ostrog. According to the results of the expedition, the traveler was able to make detailed descriptions, make a map of those places.

Vitus Ionassen Bering, who organized an expedition to Kamchatka

Two Kamchatka expeditions entered the history of the marine discoveries of Vitus Bering and his companion Alexei Chirikov. During the first trip, the navigators conducted a study and were able to supplement the geographical satin of objects located in Northeast Asia and on the Pacific Coast of Kamchatka.

The discovery of Kamchatka and Lake Peninsulas, the Bay of Kamchatka, Cross, Karaginsky, the Bay of the holding, Islands of St. Lawrence is also the merit of Bering and Chirikov. At the same time, another strait was found and described, which later became known as Bering.

Vitus Bering

The second expedition was undertaken by them to find the path to North America and study Pacific Islands. In this journey, Bering and Chirikov laid the Petropavlovsky Ostrog. He got his name from the united names of their ships ("Saint Peter" and "Saint Paul) and later became the city of Petropavlovsky-Kamchatsky.

On the approach to the shores of America, like-minded ships lost each other from sight, a strong fog said. "Saint Peter", managed by Bering, fell to the west coast of America, but got into the strongest storm on the way back - the ship was thrown into the island. On him and passed the last minutes of the life of Vitus Bering, and the island later began to wear his name. Chirikov, on his ship, also reached America, but fully completed his swimming, finding several Aleutian ridges on the way back.

Khariton and Dmitry Laptev and their "Name" Sea

The Hariton cousins \u200b\u200band Dmitry Laptev were like-minded people and assistants of Vitus Bering. It was he who appointed Dmitry by the commander of the Irkutsk ship, and his double-boat "Yakutsk" led Khariton. They took part in the Great Northern Expedition, the purpose of which was to study and precisely describe and put the Russian shores of the ocean, from the Ugra ball to Kamchatka.

Each brothers made a significant contribution to the development of new territories. Dmitry became the first navigator who shot the shores from the mouth of Lena to the mouth of Kolyma. He amounted to detailed maps These places, taking the basis of mathematical calculations and astronomical data.

Khariton and Dmitry Laptev

Hariton Laptev with his associates led to the study of the most northern sect of the coast of Siberia. It was he who determined the sizes and outlines of the huge Peninsula Taimyr - performed the shooting of the Eastern coast, was able to identify the exact coordinates of the coastal islands. The expedition took place in difficult conditions - a large number of Ice, snow tumans, ration, ice captivity - a lot had to survive the team of Hyriton Laptev. But they continued to work. In this expedition, the assistant Lapteva Chelyuskin discovered the Cape, who was subsequently named after him.

Noting the great contribution of Laptev in the development of new territories, members of the Russian Geographical Society decided to call them named one of the largest seas of the Arctic. Also in honor of Dmitry named the strait between the mainland and the island of Big Lyakhovsky, and the name of the Hyriton wears west Coast Islands Taimyr.

Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky - organizers of the first Russian round-the-world swimming

Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisynsky - the first Russian navigators who committed trip around the world. Their expedition lasted three years (began in 1803 and ended in 1806). They with their teams went on the road on two ships, which wearing the names "Hope" and "Neva". Travelers passed through Atlantic Ocean, entered the water Pacific Ocean. On them sailors fell to the Kuril Islands, Kamchatka and Sakhalin.

Ivan Kruzenshternoto journey allowed to collect important information. Based on data mined by navigators, a detailed map of the Pacific Ocean was compiled. Another important outcome of the first Russian round-the-world expedition was the data obtained about the flora and fauna smoked and Kamchatka, local residents, their customs and cultural traditions.

During his travel, the sailors have moved the equator and the maritime traditions could not leave this event without the famous ritual - the sailor, moved to Neptune, welcomed the Cruisesttern and asked why his ship had arrived there, where never happened russian flag. What was the answer that they are here exclusively for the glory and development of domestic science.

Vasily Golovin - the first navigator, who managed to rescue from the Japanese captivity

Russian navigator Vasily Golinov led the two round-the-world expeditions. In 1806, he, being in the rank of lieutenant, received a new appointment and became the commander of the "Diana" gateway. Interestingly, this is the only case in the history of the Russian fleet, when the control of the ship was entrusted with Lieutenant.

The leadership set the goal of the circular expedition to study the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, with particular attention to the one part that is located within the native country. The path "Diana" was not easy. The slut was the island of Tristan-da-kun, Cape has passed hope and entered the port who belonged to the British. Here the ship was detained by the authorities. The British told the head about the beginning of the war between the two countries. The Russian ship was not declared captured, but also to leave the team bay was not allowed. After spending more than a year in this position, in mid-May 1809 "Diana", led by the head, tried to escape that the sailors successfully managed - the ship arrived at Kamchatka.

Vasily Golovin the next responsible task is a headman in 1811 - he had to draw up descriptions of the Chartarka and Kuril Islands, the shores of the Tatar Strait. During his trip, he was accused of non-compliance with the principles of Sakoku and captured by the Japanese for more than 2 years. It was possible to rescue the team from captivity only due to the good relations of one of the Russian maritime officers and an influential Japanese merchant, who was able to convince his government in the harmless intentions of Russians. It is worth noting that before that no one in history from the Japanese capture was returned.

In 1817-1819, Vasily Mikhailovich made another round-the-world journey at the Kamchatka ship specifically built for this.

Fadda Bellinshausen and Mikhail Lazarev - Antarctica Points

The captain of the second rank of Faddey Bellinshausen was determined to find the truth in the matter of the existence of the sixth mainland. In 1819, he went out into the open sea, thoroughly prepared two slut - "peaceful" and "east". The last commanded his like-minded people Mikhail Lazarev. The first round-the-world Antarctic expedition set themselves other tasks. In addition to finding irrefutable facts confirming or refuting the existence of Antarctica, travelers were going to explore the water area of \u200b\u200bthe three oceans - the quiet, Atlantic and Indian.

Fadda Bellinshausen The results of this expedition exceeded all expectations. For 751 days she lasted, Bellinshausen and Lazarev were able to make several significant geographical discoveries. Of course, the most important one is the existence of Antarctica, this historical event occurred on January 28, 1820. Also, during the trip, there were already two dozen-dozen islands were found on a map, sketches were created with the views of the Antarctic, the images of the representatives of the Antarctic fauna.

Mikhail Lazarev

Interestingly, attempts to open Antarctica did not happen once, but none of them were crowned with success. European navigators believed that either she was not, or it was located in places, which simply impossible to get along the sea. But Russian travelers have enough perseverance and purposefulness, so the names of Bellinshausen and Lazareva are made to lists the greatest seafarers World.

Yakov Sannikov

Yakov Sannikov (about 1780, Ust-Yansk, Russian Empire - after 1811) - the Russian merchant from Yakutsk, the mining person, the beer of Mammoth and the researcher of the Novosibirsk Islands.
Known as the Ghost Officer "Land Sannikov", which he saw from the Novosibirsk Islands. He opened and described the Islands of Podloboy (1800) and Faddean (1805).
In 1808-1810, he participated in the expedition of the exile Riga Swede M. M. Gedenshtrom. In 1810, the New Siberia is the island, in 1811 he went around the island of Faddeevsky.
Sannikov expressed an opinion on the existence north of the Novosibirsk Islands, in particular from the island of boiler house, extensive land, called the "Land of Sannikov".

After 1811, the traces of Jacob Sannikov are lost. Neither further occupation or the year of death is unknown. In 1935, the Grazian pilot, who ran the flights in the lower flow of the Lena River, near Kusiura discovered a tombstone with the inscription "Yakov Sannikov". In his honor, the strait is named, according to which the site of the Northern Sea Route is held today. Opened in 1773 by the Yakut industrialist Ivan Lyakhov. Initially, the strait was named after the doctor of the Expedition E.V. Toll V.N. Katina Yartseva F.A. Matisen. The current name is given to K.A. Volosovich on his map, and in 1935 was approved by the Government of the USSR.

Grigory Shelikhov

Gregory Ivanovich Shelikhov (Shelekhov; 1747, Rylsk - July 20, 1795, Irkutsk) - Russian researcher, navigator, industrialist and merchant from the Suslehov kind, since 1775, which has been engaged in the arrangement of commercial trade shipping between Kuril and Aleutian island ridges. In 1783-1786, he headed the expedition to Russian America, during which the first Russian settlements in North America were founded. He organized several trading and commercial companies, including in Kamchatka. Grigory Ivanovich mastered new lands for the Russian Empire, was the initiator of the Russian-American company. Founder of the northeastern company.

In his honor was called the bay. Shalikhov Bay (Kamchatka Region, Russia) is located between the Asian coast and the base of the Kamchatka Peninsula. Refers to the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk.

Ferdinand Wrangel

Wrangel showed himself from the best side, and he was tested in the complex round-world swimming, entrust to head the expedition to the extreme north-east of Siberia, to the mouths of Yana and Kolyma to put on the map of the Arctic Ocean coast until the Bering Strait, and in addition to checking the hypothesis On the existence not open yet land connecting Asia with America.
Three years spend Wrangel in ice and tundra with their companions, among whom his main assistant was Fyodor Matyushkin - Lyceum Comrade A.S. Pushkin.
In the interruptions between hikes to the north under the leadership of Wrangel and Matyushkin, topographic shooting of a huge coast was made, engulfed 35 degrees in longitude. On the territory of the recent white spots, 115 astronomical points were defined. For the first time, studies have been conducted by the impact of climate on existence and development marine iceAnd in Nizhnekolmsk, the first meteorological station was organized. Thanks to the meteorological observations of this station, it was found that in the interflueline of Yana and Kolyma is the "Polyus of the Cold" of the northern hemisphere.
Ferdinand Wrangel described in detail the expedition and its scientific results in the book, which was first published in 1839 and had a huge success. The glorious Swedish polar star Adolf Eric Nordencheld called it "one of the masterpieces among the writings in the Arctic."

The expedition in the Chukotka-Kolyma region put Wrangel in one row with the largest explorers of the harsh Arctic. After becoming one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society, he thought over the expedition project to the North Pole. He proposes to go to the pole on the vessel, which should be to wintering northern coast Greenland, from the fall to prepare along the path of the pole party food warehouses, and in March, people come out exactly in the direction of Meridian on ten narts with dogs. Interestingly, the plan to achieve a pole, compiled by Robert Piri, who joined the pole of 64 years later, in the slightest details repeated the old project of Wrangel. The name of Wrangel is the island in the Northern Arctic Ocean, Mountain and Cape on Alaska. It comes out about the sale of the Russian government of Alaska in 1867, Ferdinand Petrovich very negatively treated it.

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Russian discovers and travelers of the 19th century committed a number of outstanding discoveries that have become the property of not only Russian, but also foreign, world science. In addition, they made a significant contribution to the development of domestic knowledge and made a lot in order to facilitate the preparation of new personnel for the development of maritime research.

Prerequisites

The Russian discovers and travelers of the 19th century carried out their discovers in many ways because this century was the need for new trade routes and opportunities to support Russia's communications with other countries. In the late XVIII - early XIX century, our country finally strengthened its status in the international arena as a world power. Naturally, this new situation has expanded its geopolitical space, which demanded new research in the seas, islands and ocean coasts for the construction of ports, vessels and trade development with foreign states.

Russian discovers and travelers of the 19th century took place as talented navigators just at the very time, when our country has achieved access to the two seas: Baltic and black. And it is no coincidence. This opened new prospects for marine studies and gave impetus to the construction and development of fleets, sea business in general. Therefore, it is not surprising that, in the first decades of the century under consideration, the Russian discovers and travelers of the 19th century carried out a number of outstanding studies that significantly enriched Russian geographic science.

Plan around the world expedition

Such a project has become possible largely due to the successful military actions of our country in the late XVIII century. At this time, Russia got the opportunity to build his fleet on the Black Sea, which, of course, should stimulate the marine case. Russian navigators at this time seriously thought to pave comfortable trading paths. This is still facilitated by the fact that our country has owned in the territory North America Alaska. It also needed to maintain permanent ties and develop economic cooperation.

I.F. Kruzenshtern at the end of the XVIII century introduced the plan of the circular expedition. However, then he was rejected. But in just a few years, after the top of Alexander I, the Russian government showed interest in the plan presented. He received approval.

Preparation

I.F. Kruzenshtern occurred from the nobleman. He studied in the Kronstadt Maritime Corps and, being his student, took part in the war against Sweden, well then proven. After that, he was sent to internship in England, where he received a wonderful education. Upon returning to Russia, the plan of the circular expedition was presented. Having received approval, it was carefully prepared for her, bought the best devices and equipped the ships.

His closest assistant in this matter was his comrade Yuri Fedorovich Lisynsky. With him, he became friends in the Cadet Corps. Friend also perfectly proven as a talented marine officer in the years of the Russian-Swedish war 1788-1790. Already in a short time, two ships under the names "Neva" and "Hope" were equipped. The latter was led by the graph Nikolai Rezanov, who became famous thanks to the famous rock opera. The expedition went swimming in 1803. Its purpose was to explore and explore the possibility of opening new trade routes from Russia to China and the coast of the North American territory.

Swimming

Russian navigators reinforced Cape Horn and, after going to the Pacific Ocean, divided. Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky led his ship to the North American shores, where he beat off the commercial Russian city of Novo-Arkhangelsk. During this trip, he also held for the first time in the history of navigation sailing ship Around South Africa.

The ship "Nadezhda" under the leadership of Cruisesttern went to the Japanese Sea. The merit of this researcher is that he carefully examined the shores of Sakhalin Island and made significant changes to the card. The main one was interested in the leadership of the Pacific Fleet. Kruzenshtern entered the Amur Liman, after which, examining the coast of Kamchatka, returned to his homeland.

Contribution of Cruisesttern in Science

Russia's travelers have significantly advanced Russian geographic science, bringing it to the global level of development. Attracted the attention of the general public. After the end of the trip both wrote books in which the results of their research were set out. Kruzenshtern has published a "travel around the world", but it has a special meaning of the atlas with hydrographic applications. He filled many white spots on the map, spent the most valuable studies of the seas and oceans. So, he studied the pressure and temperature of the water, sea currents, tides and flow.

Social activity

His further career was closely related to the marine corps where he was first determined by the inspector. Subsequently, he began to teach there, and then he headed him at all. On his initiative, senior officers were created. In the future, they were transformed into the Marine Academy. Kruzenshtern introduced new disciplines in educational process. It significantly increased the qualitative level of the teaching of the sea.

In addition, he helped in the organization of other expeditions, in particular, promoted the plans of another prominent researcher O. Kotzebu. Kruzenshtern participated in the creation of a famous Russian geographical society, which was destined to take one of the leading places not only in the Russian, but also in world science. Of particular importance for the development of geography had the "Southern Sea Atlas" issued.

Preparation of a new expedition

Cruzenshtern a few years after his journey insisted on a thorough study of southern latitudes. He offered to equip two expeditions to the North and South Poles in two ships each. Before that, the navigator almost came to the Antarctic, but the ice was prevented further to pass. Then suggested that the sixth mainland either does not exist, or it is impossible to get to it.

In 1819, the Russian leadership decided to gear a new sailing squadron. Fadda Faddeevich Bellinshausen after a number of wires was appointed her head. It was decided to build two ships: "Mirny" and "East". The first was designed according to the plan of Russian scientists. It was distinguished by strength and waterproofing. However, the second, built in the UK, was less stable, so it had to redo it, rebuild and repair. The preparation and construction was led by Mikhail Lazarev, which was compiled on such a non-compliance of two vessels.

Journey to the south

The new expedition went in 1819. She reached Brazil and, having encouraged the mainland, came out to the Sandvic Islands. In January 1820, the Russian expedition opened the sixth mainland - Antarctica. During maneuvers around it, many islands were found and described. Among the most significant discoveries, Peter I island, the coast of Alexander I. Making the necessary description of the shores, as well as the sketches of animals seen at the new mainland, Faddeyevich Bellinshausen sailed back.

During the expedition, in addition to the detection of Antarctica, other discoveries were made. For example, participants found that the land of Sandwich is a whole archipelago. In addition, South George Island was described. Special importance are describing new mainland. From his ship, Mikhail Lazarev had the opportunity to observe better for earth, so his conclusions are of particular value for science.

The value of discoveries

The expedition of 1819-1821 was of great importance for domestic and global geographic science. The opening of the new, sixth mainland, turned the idea of \u200b\u200bthe geography of the Earth. Both travelers have published the results of their research in two volumes with an attachment of the atlas and the necessary instructions. During the trip, about thirty islands were described, great sketches were made by the species of Antarctica and her animal world. In addition, the participants of the expedition collected a unique ethnographic collection, which is kept in Kazan University.

Further activities

Bellinshausen subsequently continued his naval career. He participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1828-1829, commanded the Baltic Fleet, and then he was appointed Governor of Kronstadt. An indicator of the recognition of his merit is the fact that his name is called a number of geographical objects. First of all, you should mention the sea in the Pacific Ocean.

Lazarev also distinguished himself after his famous travel to Antarctica. He was appointed commander of the expedition to protect the shores of Russian America from smugglers, with which he successfully and coped. Subsequently, he commanded the Black Sea Fleet, participated in what a few awards was awarded. So, great discovers from Russia also make their outstanding contribution to the development of geography.

XIX century Became the time of the largest geographical discoveries committed by Russian people. Continuing the traditions of their predecessors - the discovers and travelers of the XVII-XVI11 centuries. They enriched the representation of the Russians on the people's economy, CNO-J computed the development of new territories included in the empire. Russia first implemented long dream: Russian ships reached the world ocean.

In 1803, at the direction of Alexander I, an expedition was undertook on two ships "Hope" and "Neva" for the study of the Northern Pacific. It was the first Russian round-the-world expedition, which lasted three years. It was headed by its corresponding correspondent of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1846). It was one of the largest seafarers and geographers of the century. During the expedition, they were first applied to a map of more than a thousand kilometers of shores about. Sakhalin. Many interesting observations left the travel participants not only about the Far East, but also about the territories through which they sailed. Commander "Neva" Yuriy Fedorovich Lisya (1773-1837) opened one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, called him name. A lot of interesting data was collected by the expedition participants about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, the islands of the quiet and Ocean Oceanov. The results of the observations were reported at the Academy of Sciences. They were so weighty that I.F. Kruzenshtern was awarded the title of academician. His materials were based on the basis of * published in the early 20_x. "Atlasa Southern Moreley." In 1845, Admiral Kruzenshtern became one of the founders of the Russian geographical society and brought up a whole pleiad of Russian navigators and researchers.

One of the students and followers of Kruzhenstern became Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen (1778-1852). He was a member of the first Russian round-the-world expedition, and after her return he commanded the "Minerva" frigate on the Black Sea. In 1819-1821. He was entrusted to head the new round-the-world expedition at the East Sluts (he commanded) and "Mirny" (Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev was appointed commander). The expedition project was compiled by Cruise. Its main goal was indicated by "the acquisition of the utmost knowledge of our globe"And" Opening of the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole. " On January 16, 1820, the expedition approached the shores of the unknown at the time by Antarctica, which Bellinshausen called the "Ice Londe". After parking in Australia, the Russian ships moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, where they were opened by a group of islands in the Tuamot Archipelago, called Russian Islands. Each of them received the name of the famous military or sea leader of our country (Kutuzov, Lazareva, Raevsky, Barclay de Tolly, Wittgenstein, Yermolov, etc.). After the new parking in Sydney, the expedition again moved to Antarctica, where they were open. Peter I and the coast of Alexander I. In July 1821, she returned to Kronstadt. For 751 day of swimming, Russian ships passed the way with a length of about 50 thousand miles. In addition to the geographical discoveries made, valuable ethnographic and biological collections were also brought, these observations of the waters of the World Ocean and the icy coatings of the continent for humanity. Later both leader of the expedition heroically showed themselves in the Military Service to Fatherland. A M.P. Lazarev after the defeat of the Turks at the Navarino Battle (1827) was appointed chief commander of the Black Sea Fleet and Russian ports on the Black Sea coast.

Gennady Ivanovich Nevelsky became the largest researcher of the Russian Far East of the middle of the century (1813-1876). Having since the XVIII century. Extensive possessions in the Far East, Russia did not succeed in their development. Even the exact limits of the eastern ownership of the country were not known. Meanwhile, the attention to Kamchatka and other Russian territories began to show England. This forced Nicholas I on the suggestion of the Governor General of Eastern Siberia N.N. Muravyova (Amur) to equip in 1848 a special expedition to the East. He headed her captain Nevelsky. In two expeditions (1848-1849 and 1850-1855) he managed, bypassing Sakhalin from the north, to discover a number of new, unknown territories before and entering the lowerland of Amur, where in 1850 he founded the Nikolaev post (Nikolaevsk-on-Amur). Traveling Nevelsky was important: for the first time it was proven, something Sakhalin is not completely connected with the mainland, and is the island and the Tatar Strait there is precisely the shed, and not the bay, as it considered it, Laeza visited these places.

Evfimiy Vasilyevich Putyatin (1804-1883) in 1822-1825. Arched around the world and left the descendants a description "of a lot from what he seen. In 1852-1855 during the expedition led by the Fregate" Pallada ", the islands of Roman-Korzakov were opened. He became the first of the Russians, who managed to visit, in the closed from Europeans Japan And even sign the contract there (1855).

The result of the expeditions of Nevelsky and Putyatina, except for the purely scientific, was the recognition of Europe's existence of the Primorskaya Obra (Nikolaevsk) and the fact of its belonging to Russia.

In the first half of the XIX century. Other discoveries were also committed. Traditional steel around the world expeditions: V.M. Head; At Diana Sluts (1807-1811) and "Kamchatka" (1817-1819), F.P. A liter at the Military Salt "Seyhanin" (1826-1829, for the material of the las of which more than 50 cards were drawn up) and others.

Exceptionally useful and necessary information on Alaska, Aleutian and Kuril Islands spent in 1839-1849; IG Voznesensky.

In 1809 A.E. Kolodkin began an intensive study of the Caspian, ended in 17 years by the preparation of the first atlas of the Caspian Sea.

In 1848, a study was conducted by the Northern Urals (up to Kara Sea) Expedition E.K. Hoffman and MA Kovalsky.

Expeditions in the north of Siberia were crowned with twisted results, conducted in 1842-1845. A.F. Middendorf (first described the Taimyr region).

P.A. Chihachev was opened to the Kuznetsky coal pool.

The successes of Russian travelers were so tanks that it took the creation of special institutions for the conversion and use of the results obtained. The most important among them was the Russian Geographical Society opened in 1845.

In the 19th century, Russian researchers committed a number of outstanding geographical discoveries. In 1803 G.I. Cruisenstern on the "Nadezhda" and "Neve" made the 1st Russian world expedition examining the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, Sakhalin, Alaska, Aleutian O-Wa. Y. Lysianyaki on the "Neva" opened one of the Hawaiian Islands. In 1819-21, Bellingshausen and M. Lazarev at the "East" and "Mirny" gateways made the 2nd Arctic Expedition. In the course of its 16.1.1820, the ships approached Antarctic, which Bellinshausen called the "Ilicate Mainst". The expedition moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean in Australia and opened O-Wa in the Tuamot Archipelago. They were named after Kutuzov, Lazarev, Raevsky, Barclay de Tolly, Yermolov, and others. Resting in Sydney, ships returned to the Antarctic and opened about. Peter I and the land of Alexander I. In July 1821, the ships were returned to Kronstadt, bringing a huge amount of materials and collections. The development of Russian America is associated with the name A. Baranova. A merchant from Kargopol was trading on Alaska from 1790. He compiled detailed maps of Alaska and nearby islands. In 1799, Baranov became the ruler of the colonies in America. B1804g. He founded Novoarhangelsk. Baranov tried to join Russia Hawaii, but failed. Despite the disease, he remained at the post before his death. The territory of the Far East remained on a Russian white spot. In 1848, Nikolai 1 sent an expedition to the Far East. He proved that Sakhalin-Island and researched the lowerland of Amur. E. Putyatin during the circular expedition of 1822-25. Owned by the Rimsky-Korsakov and concluded an agreement with Japan. Around the world expeditions were performed by V.Golovin-1807-11, f. Lytka-1826-29 and amounted to 50 cards. I. Voznesensky B1839-40. Described Alaska, Aleutian and Kurilsky O-Wa. In 1809 A. Kolodkin began the study of the Caspian. In 1848, E. Hoffman and M. Kovalsky investigated North. Ural. In 1845, a Russian geographical society was created.

Open lesson. For grade 8. Education and science in the 19th century.

Russian discovers and travelers.

At the very beginning of the 19th century, a system of higher, secondary and primary education has developed in Russia. The reform in the field of education conducted in 1803 led to the creation in each provincial city of gymnasium. In each county town county school. The Ministry of Folk Enlightenment was created to manage educational institutions. Government paid great attention to the development of higher education.

1. The universities and the dates of their education.

Derptsky 1802g

Kazan 1804

Kharkov 1804.

Vilensky 1804

Petersburg 1819

Alexandrovsky (Tsarskoselsky) Lyceum 1811

In which representatives of the Higher Nobility Society (A.S. Pushkin) were trained.

2. Fill in the table. Educational institutions under Nikolai 1.

Who and what was taught.

Parish schools

Representatives of the bottom. The law of God, diploma, arithmetic.

County schools

Children of merchants, artisans, burghers. Russian language arithmetic, geometry, history, geography.

Gymnasium

Children of the nobility, officials, merchants of the first guild. We studied accurate and humanitarian items.

3. Specify a bookbook, whose books contributed to the development of education in the 40s. 19th century?

A. Satent I.D.

B. Sirdin A.F.

V. Soldatenkov K.T.

Pavlenkov F. F.

4. Fill the table.

Improving the education system in many ways contributed to the development of domestic science.

Branch of science

opening

biology

Dvigubsky I.A.

The earth's surface and inhabiting its creatures over time under the action of natural causes are undergoing indigenous changes.

Dyadkovsky I.E.

Life is a continuous physicochemical process.

Bar K.M. 1834

Universal Law Development of Nature.

medicine

Pirogov N.I.1856.

The founder of military field surgery first used anesthesia.

geology

N.I. Kokshars 1840.

A geological map of European Russia was compiled.

Astronomy

Creating powerful telescopes. Pulkovo observatory

mathematics

Lobachevsky N.I. 1826

Neevklidova geometry.

Petrov V.V.1802.

Developed a galvanic battery. Difficult light bulb.

Lenz E.H. 1833.

Rule direction of driving force induction. A year later invented the electric motor.

Jacobi B.S. 1840

Halvonoplasty-method of applying metal on the desired surface with electricity .. The letterpress device for Telegraph.1850g

Schilling pl.1832g

Invented electric telegraph.

Guess the crossword. Chemistry, science and production. Taking advantage of the textbook on page 105-106

1. In 1826-27, one of these researchers laid the beginning of powder metallurgy.

2. This researcher opened the basic law of photochemistry.

3. 6. In the 1930s of the 19th century, these brothers are the fortress mechanics of the Nizhnyagilsky Metallurgical Plant built the first steam railway.

4. In 1840, this scientist opened the main law of thermochemistry.

5. In 1817, this outstanding metallurgist developed four variants of bouquet steel technology.

6. Chemistry researcher has developed a method for producing glucose.

7. One of these chemists created sustainable chemical dyes for the rapidly developing textile industry.

Distinctive features of the development of education and science in the first half of the 19th century were: an increase in the number of higher and secondary educational institutions and representatives of various layers of the country's population and students in them; the increase in the number of scientists; The major successes achieved on this basis in the development of domestic and world science; strengthening the practical focus of scientific research; Strengthening bonds of science with industrial production

6. Russian discover and travelers.

The 19th century became the time of the largest geographical discoveries committed by Russian researchers. Continuing the traditions of their predecessors-landlords and travelers in the 17-18 centuries, they enriched the representation of Russians about the environment, contributed to the development of new territories included in the empire. Russia for the first time implemented Soyu a long-time dream: her ships came to the world ocean.

Working with the text insert missed words.

1.Rerrusenshtern I.F. and Lissean Yu.F.

In 1803, at the direction of Alexander 1, an expedition was made on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" for the study of the northern part of the Pacific. It was the first Russian expedition, which lasted three years. She was headed by Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern-a largest navigator and a 19th century scientist.

During the swim, it was first applied to a map of more than a thousand kilometers of the shores of Sakhalin Island. Yu.F. Lisyansky discovered one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, called him name. A lot of data was collected by the participants of the expedition about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska. Islands of the Pacific and Ice Oceans.

The results of the observations were set forth in the report of the Academy of Sciences. Kruzenshtern I.F was awarded the title of academician. His materials were based on the basis of the "South Seas Atlas" published in the early 20s. In 1845, Admiral Kruzenshtern I.F became one of the founders of the Russian geographical society.

Work with a map. Relate information to the task.

2. Bellingsgausen F.F. and Lazarev M.P.

One of the students and followers of Kruzhenstern became Fadeevich Bellingshausen. He was a member of the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

In 1819-1821, Bellinshausen was instructed to head the new round-the-world expedition at the East and Mirny gateways. The plan of the expedition was Kruzenshtern I.F. The main goal was labeled "Acquisition of the utmost knowledge of our globe" and "Opening of the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole."

On January 16, 1820, the expedition approached the shores of the unknown at that time Antarctica, which Bellinshausen called "Ilicate Mother". After the parking lot in Australia, the Russian ships moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, where they were opened by a group of islands called the Russians of Russians.

For 751 day of swimming, Russian sailors passed about 50 thousand km. The most important were made geographical discoveriesThe valuable collections are brought. These observations of the waters of the oceans and the icy coatings are new to the continent for humanity.

Teaching report. Turn the missed words.

3. Banov A.A. And the development of Russian America.

Alexander Alexandrovich Baranova is difficult to attribute to the discoverers or travelers in the strict sense of the word. But it was a person who made an invaluable contribution to the development of Russian America's substitre.

In search of new areas of the hunt of the rams, the island of Kodiak and other territories, kept searching for minerals, founded new Russian settlements and supplied them with everything necessary. Implemented Exchange S. local residents. It was he who was for the first time to consolidate the extensive territories in the Pacific Coast of North America for the first time. Baranov's activity was extremely difficult and dangerous. Permanent raids of the Indians were worth the Russian settlers not only considerable money, but also lives. Only in 1802, when attempting to create a settlement on the island of Sitka, more than 200 settlers were killed.

The efforts of Baranov were so successful that in 1799 he became the ruler of the Russian-American company, and 1803 was appointed ruler of Russian colonies in America. In 1804, the Baranov on the island of Sitka founded the fortress of Novoarhangelsk, and then Fort Ross. In 1825, he undertook an expedition to Hawaiian Islands In order to access them to Russia. However, good luck did not bring. In 1818, he received consent to departures from America to his homeland. On the road, on the island of Java, Baranov died in 1819.

Work with a map. Relate information to the task

4. Nevelsky G.I. And E.V. Putyatin.

Gennady Ivanovich Nevelovskaya became the largest researcher of the Russian Far East of the mid-19th century.

In two expeditions (1848-1849 and 1850-1855), he managed by Sakhalin from the north, to open a number of new, unknown territories and enter the lowerland of Amur. Here in 1850 he founded the Nikolaev post (Nikolaevsk-on-Amur). Traveling Nevelsky was important: for the first time it was proved that Sakhalin was not connected with the mainland at all. And is the island and the Tatar strait, exactly the shed, and not the bay, as thought.

Efimiy Vasilyevich Putyatin in 1822-1825. Made a world journey and left the descendants description seen. In 1852-1855. During the expedition led by the Fregate "Pallada", the islands of Rimsky-Kororsakov were opened. Putyatin became the first of the Russians who managed to visit Japan closed from Europeans and even sign a contract in 1855.

The result of the expeditions of Nevelsky and Putyatina, except for purely scientific, was the consolidation of Russia of the Primorsk region in the Far East.

The scientific information collected by Russian travelers was so extensive and significant that it took the creation of special institutions for their generalization and use.

The most important of them was the Russian Geographical Society opened in 1845. It turned into a center of geographic knowledge in Russia. Regularly became the organization of scientific expeditions. Conducting research of the population of Russia and neighboring countries. Edition of geographical and statistical collections. For the development of economic and geographical research of Siberia, the Far East, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Central Asia in 1851, the Caucasian and Siberian departments of the Russian Geographical Society were created.

8. Master the task of paragraphs 15. 16.