Describe one of the wonders of the world. What is it and how many miracles in the world of light: photo and list

The pyramids of Giza were built under the rule of 4 pharaoh dynasty (about 2550 BC) allegedly as tomb for the kings and queens. The architecture of ancient Egypt is represented by 90 pyramids, the main of which are the pyramids of Giza, which are on the edge of the capital of Cairo. The biggest in the world - the pyramid of Heops, towering over the plateau is one of the most ancient and untouched by the time historical and cultural monument. For 4300 years, the pyramid of Heops was the most high building on the ground. In 1889, her place was taken by the Eiffel Tower in Paris.

The pyramid was built completely from limestone. To find out, with the help of which mechanisms this grand pyramid complex was built, scientists still failed. With its construction, 1,300,000 stone blocks weighing from 2.5 to 15 tons were used. The length of its foundation is 230 meters. Four sides of Heops pyramid look at four sides of the world at an angle of 52 degrees. The initial height of the pyramid was 146.5 m, but today is only 137 meters. The pyramid lost 9 meters in height due to the fact that limestone coating and facing stones, which were on top, were removed from the pyramid and were used by the Turks in power in Egypt and were used in the construction of houses and mosques in Cairo. Hope's pyramid has two exits. Both are located in the northern part of it: one main and second 17 meters above the ground level.

In the XI N. e. Treasure seeker Khalif El Mamoun suggested that inside the pyramids are indispensable treasures and sent bricklayers to open the entrance to it. They came up in the pyramid of the tunnel, which deviates from the initial entrance and connects to it after 35 meters. Inside the pyramid, they did not find anything: the grains of Pharaohs were looted back in ancient times.

From the main entrance to the pyramid to the place where the sarcophag was located, leads a long narrow corridor with a low ceiling. It descends to a depth of more than 100 meters, and leads to the chamber located about 24 m below the ground level.

20 meters from the downward corridor there is another tunnel that leads the pyramid in the heart. It ends in the largest part of the pyramid - a big gallery. And it is a rectangular room of 49 square meters in length and 15 meters in height. From a large gallery, the long tunnel leads to the room of a second chamber, which is known as the tomb of the queen.

Lifting from a large gallery You can find the entrance to the third chamber, there is a sarcophague, which was made from a single block of granite stone. The room of this chamber is an amazing archaeological find: it is built from granite blocks that were brought from southern city Egypt Aswan, located 1000 km from Plateau Giza! The roof of the chamber consists of 9 granite slabs, the weight of each of which is estimated at about 50 tons. The burial chamber has small rectangular outlets from the pyramid. Scientists suggest that these recesses in the pyramid served to ensure ventilation, or according to the beliefs of the ancient Egyptians, provided the contact of Pharaoh with the stars.

The Great Pyramid in Egypt belonged to the Egyptian king of Huf. The name "Heops" was given to him with the Greeks. Both names are generally accepted. The same applies to the hufra pyramid (Greek "Greek") and the Pyramid of Mencar (in Greek "Micherina) are located near the Plateau.

Pyramid Hefren, the second in order and largest pyramid on the Plateau of the Egypt Giza. The main difference of this pyramid is the remaining layer of facing white stone on the top. When examining the pyramids of Giza, it seems that it is the biggest one. In fact, it is just an optical deception, as it stands on the hill. The height of the pyramid of Hefre is only 136 m, the width of the base is 214.5 m. Initially, the pyramid of Heffren was 143.5 m in height.

In the pyramid, no corridors leading to its center and burial cameras underground were found. The pyramid has a single entrance 15 meters above the Earth, and the descent in the narrow corridor at an angle of 25 ridges in the burial chamber of 14.2 by 6.9 m. This chamber contains a big black sarcophagus.

For the son of Hefrena, Micheerin, the smallest of three pyramids on the Giza plateau was constructed: 65.5 m in height (at present 62 m), with a base of 105 m and at an angle of 51.3 degrees. This pyramid, like the other two on the Plateau Giza, has the northern entrance. In addition to the sizes, the Pyramid of Micheryina was different from two other fact that her facing was made of pink granite, which was brought from Aswan. The king of Egypt Mohammed Ali Pasha used him to build a residence in Alexandria.

The wonderful creations of nature and humanity in different centuries were considered the most amazing. But another era comes and today I and the World will show you the wonders of the world of our time.

At the beginning of the 21st century, they decided to update the list of seven wonders of the world. For this, almost 100 million people around the world voted for the wonderful creations of the planet. And in 2007, the results of the survey were announced, where modern beauty of the Earth were presented.

How many and what wanders are preserved to this day? Let's start in order.

Colosseum (Italy)

Of all the buildings of that time, the Colosseum is the most ambitious and almost preserved to the present day. Here, on fun, the citizens of Rome fought and died hundreds of slave gladiators, as well as many exotic animals.

In the altitude of the amphitheater 57, and in the circumference - 527 meters. At the top was attached to huge cavity, and inside everything was covered with marble. 36 elevators raised up hand slaves, each 10 people.

After 8 years, when the amphitheater was completed, in the holiday, which lasted as much as 100 days, and thousands of animals and hundreds of gladiators were killed in the arena. The entrance was free, so the bloody spectacles could see everyone, there were many women. The battles always started at dawn and ended when the last rays of the sun touched the horizon. And on holidays everything went on several days.

Great Wall (China)

The wall stretches in the north of China 8851.9 km. Construction began in the 3rd century BC. er, where more than 1,000,000 people took part. The construction launched 10 years, but there were too many problems: there were no roads, a sufficient amount of water and food for the builders, raging epidemics. As a result, the local population rose against further construction and the ruling dynasty.

The next government who came to power continued the construction. But it exhausted the people and treasury, and the wall itself did not give the protection that the authorities hoped. Enemies could easily penetrate the weakly fortified places, or simply bribe the guards.

Ancient city in Peru

Machu Picchu is the old "lost city of the Inca", built high in the mountains. This city - one of the world wonders was erected in the 15th century at an altitude of 2450 meters above sea level. The architecture of stone buildings harmoniously fit into the beauty of mountain landscapes.

Astronomical structures were invented in the city, allowing to observe celestial luminais - this is a water mirror 0.92 by 0.62 m, a monolith-gnomon and a temple resembling an observatory.

Fruits and vegetables, healing plants, coca (cocaine) were grown here. And above in the mountains there were pastures of pets and useful metals were mined here.

Over the existence of the city of Spaniards and other conquerors, it was not possible to get to it. After the crash of the Empire Incas, the inhabitants left the city and 400 years he was in launch.

Nabata city

The ruins of ancient Petra were at the intersection of trade routes of the Red and Mediterranean seas. The city could admire more than 800 attractions. The structure was considered an artificial oasis embedded among rocks and sand, and almost completely consists of stone buildings.

At one time, Peter was conquered by the Roman Empire, but after the fall of Rome, the city was forgotten by almost 2,000 years. And only at the beginning of the 19th century, a Swiss traveler discovered him.

Tomb in India

One of the most beautiful wonders of the world. The architecture smoothly intertwined Persian, Islamic and Indian styles. Construction lasted 21 years and day, and at night. The temple was built in honor of the died during the birth of the beloved wife of the emperor Mumtaz-Mahal.

To build a tomb, building material was brought to India from all over Asia, and the temple was built more than 20,000 workers. The building rushes up 74 meters. At one time, English soldiers and officials plundered the Taj Mahal, smearing the precious stones from the walls of the temple. At the end of the 19th century, the tomb was reconstructed and modified, and an English appearance gave the garden.

Lovely snow-white mausoleum with five domes and four minarets seem to boil over artificial reservoirs, reflected on the water stroit.

Statue of Christ (Brazil)

The famous 38 meter statue of Christ-Redeemer. It is regularly in her lightning and therefore there are constantly in stock stones for recovery.

Every year, almost 2,000,000 tourists attend a huge monument to see not only his, but also a picturesque picture, which opens at the foot of the statue. You can get up by the freeway or rail with a miniature train. The construction of the statue was collected by the "whole world" and work continued for about 9 years.

In the initial version, the pedestal was to have the shape of the ball of the earth, but then they stopped at the statue of Christ with stretched hands in the form of a cross.

Sacred City of Maya (Mexico)

Chichen Itsa - sacred city Peoples Maya. People came to these places in the 4th century, and in the 10th century he was captured by Toltec and turned into the most powerful city of that time. In the 12th century, the city began to decline and gradually collapse. But it is still unknown why residents left the Great City.

Beautiful structures have reached this day: the Pyramid of the Cukulkana, dedicated to the wind and rain god, the "Temple of Time", the playgrounds for games with the ball (there is an opinion that the loser has begun a challenge), the temple of warriors, the Observatory, the Sacred Sequence for sacrifices.

The wonderful creations of humanity still admire their beauty and uniqueness. Maybe after many years will new list Seven miracles of the world, and while we admire the photo and read the description of these beautiful structures.

Pyramid Pharaoh Heops.

This currently existing geographical object, which also enters the list of 7 wonders of the world, is sometimes called Great Pyramid Giza. It serves as the tomb of the Egyptian ruler of Heops (Hofu). The pyramid was erected near Giza - Cairo's suburbs. To create this miracle, you needed a joint efforts of 100 thousand people. According to the calculations of archaeologists, the work continued about twenty years.

Zeus statue in Olympia

In honor of the band-throat, a truly monumental structure was erected. The temple of Zeus was entirely built of marble, including even a roof. On the perimeter of the sanctuary, 34 columns made from limestone were located. The walls of the temple covered picturesque bas-reliefs with images, as well as Hercules feats.

But in the list 7 wonders of the world did not entered temple complex, and the statue of Zeus. Above the embodiment of this masterpiece worked an ancient Greek sculptor fidi. The body of God was created from the ivory, the great set of rare gems and about 200 kg of gold without the slightest impurity of ligatures also took the decoration of the statue. Thunder's eyes would seem to be metal, and the head and shoulders were overflowing with unearthly light.

According to legend, lightning struck the center of the marble floor. It was regarded as an expression of approval from Zeus. At the point of strike, the altar from copper was installed. The statue of Zeus collapsed in a fire that occurred in the temple in 425. There is another version according to which it was transported to Istanbul, where the figure of the throat was burned in 476.

The ancient city of Galicarnas was known for venel residences, theaters and green gardens. But the list of 7 wonders of the world included not these architectural beauty, but the tomb of the cruel ruler of Mawsol. There were 3 levels in the mausoleum, the total arid of the construction was 46 meters. In this man-made masterpiece mixed up several architectural directions.

The traditional columns, as well as the statues of horsemen and Lviv, were involved as a decoration of the mausoleum. At the very top was the sculpture of the king of Malsol, proudly squeezing in the hardened chariots. Mausoleum stood about 19 centuries, the cause of its destruction was a strong earthquake. Curious fact - some fragments of the Mausoleum went to the construction of the fortress of St. Peter.

Farosky Mayak It was built in the 3rd century BC, it is also included in the world-famous list of 7 wonders of the world. This object was supposed to help the sea ships safely overcome coastal reefs and avoid shipwreck. In the afternoon of navigators, a pillars of smoke led, and in the dark, they could focus on flames.

Alexandrian Lighthouse towering 120 meters above sea level, his signals could be seen at a distance of up to 48 km. The upper part of the structure was decorated the statue of Isides-Farii, which was revered as a patronage of the navigators. To make the flow of light as efficient as possible, the builders applied the original system of curved mirrors.

The Faros Lighthouse, like many other objects from the list of 7 wonders of the world, was destroyed quite trivially. It was destroyed by a powerful earthquake that occurred in the middle of the 14th century. Some fragments of the Alexandrian Lighthouse Scientists have discovered at the Day of Sea during research in 1996.

The Colossus of Rhodes

This statue was made in honor of Helios (the God of the Sun). It was assumed that the growth of the figure would be 18 meters, but subsequently decided to make a 36-meter. The statue in the form of God-youth was cast from bronze, she was located on a marble pedestal. The construction was carried out on a hill created by artificially. The stones were located inside the figure, which was done to increase the stability of the structure.

The sculptor Hares, who worked on a colossus Rhodes, allowed to seek when determining the number of necessary materials. The master had to take a lot of money to get the opportunity to complete his masterpiece. Harez was completely ruined and surrounded by creditors, the sculptor committed suicide.

Rhodes colossus ruined the earthquake that happened in 222 or 226 BC The statue broke in the area of \u200b\u200bhis knees, and her debris continued to lie on the spot for about 1000 years. Fragments of the colossus were sold by the Arabs who captured Rhodes in 977. To remove a piece of sculpture, it took to equip a caravan consisting of 900 camels.

By the way, did you ever think about why the miracles of the world are only seven? In this case, we recommend that you read the article "" - and you will open the secret meaning of this "lucky" digit!

Question-answer, about itself, history

Everyone knows that there were seven wonders of the world in the world. Which of them are preserved, and what are we round in the fly?

Six of the seven wonders of the world, unfortunately, was not preserved. And only one left to please the gaze of tourists. Moreover, the miracle of the world, which lasted to the present day, is the most ancient. How old is he, where is it located? We will definitely answer this question. But first remember them all, and in order, starting from the youngest - built in the third century to our era.

Six wonders of the world who are not inevitable to this day

The Colossus of Rhodes

Colossus Rhodes - gigantic (colossal), at the time, an antique statue of the ancient Greek god of the Sun Helios, erected on the island of Rhodes (in the Aegean Sea), in the city with the title title.

The statue was ordered by the residents of Rhodes at the sculptor Hares.

Initially, they planned that it would be ten times higher than human growth, but subsequently increased the height of the project to 36-meters.

Construction began on 292nd BC. E and continued 12 years. Colossus Rhodes stood on a marble pedestal, had an iron frame and was lined with bronze plates, and the internal volume was filled with clay. It is known that about 8 tons of iron and approximately 13 tons of bronze took place on its construction.

Colossus Rhodes stood just about 55 years old and was destroyed by an earthquake in about 225 to our era.

Alexandrian lighthouse

Alexandrian lighthouse was built in the third century BC ancient Egypt On the island of Faros in the Mediterranean Sea not far from the shores of Alexandria. It was built from 5 to 20 years (here the data differ) during the reign of Tsar Egypt Ptolemy II. An approximate year of completion of construction is considered to be 283 years before the new era. The name of the architect is known, they were Sostrat Book.

Alexandrian Mayak was made from marble (or lined) and had three levels:

the lower level was rectangular and had residential premises.
the average level was octagonal
top level - cylinder in which firehouse burned

Another name Alexandrian Lighthouse was in honor of the island, which was built by the Faros Lighthouse. It was a height of about 130 meters, and its light was noticeable for ships, according to various sources, at a distance of 50 to 80 kilometers.

The lighthouse in the integrity stood up to 796 of our era. At this year, a strong earthquake badly damaged him. It was restored, but not in full. It is known that the 14th century his height ranged only 30 meters. And in the century 15th Sultan Al-Ashraf Saif Al-Din Kite Bay built a fortress "Kite-Bay" on this place, which exists to this day.

mausoleum in Halicarnassus

Mausoleum in Galicarnassa is a tombstone monument to Mausol, the ruler of the Carian people. The ancient city of Galicarnas, where the mausoleum was built, was located on the territory modern Turkey (city Bodrum).

The construction of Mausoleum ordered the wife of Malsol Artemisia III while the spouse's life. Greek architects Satir and Pilli took for construction. Also, the sculptors of Brixide, Leochar, Skas and Timophyos were attracted to work.

Mausoleum was built for eight years from the 359th to the 351st year before our era. Mausol did not wait for the completion of construction and died in 353.

The resulting structure was 45 meters high, the first level was decorated with 36 columns and many statues, the pyramid was tested above it, at the top of which was a marble quadriga - a two-wheeled chariot with four horses harnessed in it.

Galicarnassian Mausoleum stood in the 19th centuries and the ball was destroyed by a strong earthquake in the 13th century.

For reference: the word "mausoleum" occurred on behalf of Masol.

Zeus statue in Olympia

Olympic Games, in honor of the God of Thunder and Lightning - Zeus, were held in ancient Greece From 776 to our era. They enjoyed great popularity. And after 300 years, the Greeks decided to build the temple in honor of their main God and the patron saint of the Olympic Games. In 470, before the new era, they began to collect donations on his construction.

When funds were collected, the construction of a temple began, which lasted ten years between 466 and 456 to our era. The temple of Zeus turned out to be truly grand: the marble roof of the size of 27 by 64 meters was maintained 34 columns from limestone. Each column was 10.6 meters in height and more than 2 meters in diameter. And the total area of \u200b\u200bthe building was 1728 square meters.

The temple was built. After some time, the question arose about creating a worthy god of Zeus statue. For its creation, the famous Athenian sculptor fidi took. To do this, he needed a gigantic workshop equal to the Square itself, which was built in 80 meters from him.

The opening of the statue of Zeus in Olympia took place in 435 BC. e. It was performed in the technique of Christhelefantic sculpture: the wooden frame was glued with ivory plates, and the cape, a scepter with an eagle in his left hand, the statue of the goddess nickname in his right hand, and the olive wreath on the head were covered with gold. And with all the same, Zeus sits on the Golden throne. The statue altitude information will be different: along with the pedestal it was 12-17 meters.

The statue existed more than 800 years. The last written certificate of it dates back to 363 year. And in the 11th century, the historian George Kedrin argued that in the 5th century the statue was still a must. She could be transferred to Constantinople, where she burned down during a fire in 476. On the other hand, it was not transported anywhere, and she died with the temple in a fire of the 425th year.

Temple of Artemis at Ephesus

The temple of Artemida Ephesus, as easy to guess, was in the ancient Greek city of Ephesus, near the modern city of Selchuk (the extreme West of Turkey). The temple was erected in honor of Artemis - the goddess of hunting and fertility, and the patroness of all living on Earth.

The means for the construction of the temple donated the Lidi king Krez, and the project was developed by the architect Hersfron. He erected the wall and colonnade of the temple. Without waiting for the completion of the construction of Hersfron died. Construction continued his son Methagen, and finished the construction of the temple architects Peonia and Demetri.

The temple of Artemis was built in about 550 BC. And in 356 BC. Eh he was destroyed by the fire, which arranged, according to legend, a resident of Ephesus by the name of Herostrat. Thus, Herostrat just wanted to glorify and achieved his own.

By 323 BC, the temple of Artemis in Ephesus was fully restored by architect Alexander Daninet. And the funds for this allocated Alexander Macedonian. The temple turned out exactly the same as its former version, except that it was raised to a higher step base. The roof was supported by 127 columns standing in eight rows and had an 18-meter height. The length of the temple was 105 meters, and the width is 52. Inside the temple was decorated with sculptures, bas-reliefs and paintings.

The temple of Artemis in Ephesus safely existed for several centuries, before in 263, I was already plundered by Gotami in 263. And at the end of the 4th century it was closed and destroyed by Christians, due to the prohibition of paganism.

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Hanging gardens of seminimides - the most controversial miracle of the world. More unknown whether they existed at all. And, if we existed, then not at the time when the Queen of Semiramid lived.

The legend is as follows: Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II concluded a military union with Kiasar, the king of the Mussel, and to consolidate the Union, married the daughter of Kaasar, who was the name of Amitis (Amanis). Amitis moved to her husband in Babylon (Ruins of Babylon are located at the outskirts of the modern city of El Hill in Iraq), which was a dusty and dry deserted city.

Amitis missed his mountain and green homeland - Mussels. And in order to repay this boredom Nebuchadnezzar II ordered to build green hanging gardens. They were allegedly created in 605 BC.

And Semieramide is the legendary Queen of Assyria, the spouse of King Nina, lived for two centuries before. So the "Hanging Gardens of Semiramids" is more correct called "Amiti's hanging gardens." As for the term "hanging garden", he suggests a garden that is located on the roof, a gallery or special stone supports. Plants in it grow on a bulk soil layer.

If you believe the legends of the hanging gardens, the seminimides were existed until the first century of our era.

Heopsy pyramid - the only preserved miracle of the world

Hope's pyramid - the oldest and the highest miracle of the world. And besides the only one that has survived to this day. So, the most durable. She is at the Giza Plateau at the base of the Nile delta, not far from Cairo, in Egypt.

Although about 4500 years have passed since the construction, we know (how reliable this knowledge is a question) who was her architect. He was a nephew of Heops - Hemion. Supposed construction was completed somewhere around 2540 to our era and took about 20 years.

It is impossible to approve the exact date for the construction of the hiops pyramid. Miscellaneous methods for its definition gave different results, which are stacked in the following period: 2850 - 2560 BC. At the same time, the official start of construction is celebrated in Egypt: August 23, 2560 BC. e.

Hope's pyramid is made of granite blocks and limestone (mainly of limestone). Now it has a stepped look, but initially it was lined with white limestone (t. Jurassic marble) and had slopes. Something where this facing is preserved. The slopes of the pyramids shone in the sun with peach color, and the top was walked by a gilded stone - a pyramidion.

The height of the pyramid is 135.5 meters (initially 146.6 meters). The length of the base side is approximately 230 meters. The base area is about 53,000 square meters. And the average mass of one stone block is 2.5 tons. In this case, the worst block weighs 35 tons. In total, about 2.3 million blocks in the pyramid. The total weight of the pyramid is 6.5 million tons.

For over 3000 years, Heopsy's pyramid was the highest creation of man, and in 1311 the Lincoln Cathedral was built in England, the spire of which was built by 160 meters. True, in 1549 the spire collapsed.

Now the height of the cathedral does not exceed 83 meters.

As for the purpose of the pyramid of Heops, it is not known for certain. It is logical to assume that she is the tomb of Heops's Pharaoh (Hufu), but there was no mummies in it.

The eighth wonder of the world

The official eighth miracle of light does not exist. This term is customary to call some of the grandiose structures of humanity that could claim the title of a miracle of light, but ... But the miracles of light only seven and this list cannot be expanded.

7 Wonders of the World on Earth

Seven: Heads Pyramid Hanging Gardens Semiramides Temple of Artemis in Ephesus Statue of Zeus in Olympia Mausoleum in Galicarney Colossus Rhodes Alexandrian Lighthouse

Many know that there are 7 wonders of the world. Recently, there are 8 miracle of light, therefore it should be officially taking that miracles eight. The name of the seven wonders of the world was first invented by Antipatr Sidonsky in the second century BC.

e. The ancient Greeks of the family of miracles of the world called the most famous structures and statues in the ancient times. These miracles include the Egyptian pyramids, which were built during the reign of the three Egyptian pharaohs of the fourth dynasty: Heops (Hufu), Hifera (Hefren) and Mencare (Micheryin). Egyptian pyramids are built near the village of Giza, south-west of the capital of Egypt Cairo. The pyramids are the only of the seven wonders of the world that have survived to this day and continue to delight visitors with their greatness and beauty. - The temple of Artemis in Ephesus, which was built in honor of the Greek goddess of the Moon and the hunt of Artemis (the Romans called her Diana). The temple of Artemis was built in the 7th - 6th centuries BC. e. in the city of Ephes, on the shore Mediterranean Sea. - Hanging Gardens of Babylon. According to legend, the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562 BC) elevated artificial terraces, which grew up all the imaginable and unthinkable plants and trees in the terrain. Hanging gardens were erected to entertain the wife of Nebuchadnezzar II, the daughter of the Midydian king, Amitis. - Zeus statue in Olympia. The Great Athenian Sculptor FIDI Smelted the Statue of Zeus in 435 BC. e. In the city of Olympia, the Rhodonachal of the Olympic Games. - Mausoleum in Galicarneas was erected as the tomb of the king of Karia Mawsol, who deceased in 353 BC. e. In the city of Galicarnassa, on the territory of the modern city of Bodrum (Turkey). Mausoleum in Galicarneas stood about 2 thousand years, he was destroyed by a powerful earthquake in the 13th century. - The Colossus of Rhodes. The colossus was called the statue of the Sun of Helios, which was installed on the island of Rhodes in the 3rd century BC. e. - Farm lighthouse. He is also called Alexandria, as he was located on the way to the Alexandria bay. Built the Faros Lighthouse was about 280 to n. e. - The eighth miracle of the world - Taj Mahal. The White Graph Taj Mahal in Agra is called poetry in stone. The worshiped death of his beloved spouse The ruler Shah-Jahan (1592-1666) built a magnificent mausoleum for her (1631-1653), which rightly became architectural pearl of India.

Seven wonders of the world. In general, in every country there is a miracle)))

Heops Pyramid (Egypt), Hanging Gardens of Semiramides (Babylon), Temple of Artemis in Ephesus (Greece), Statue of Zeus in Olympia (Greece) Mausoleum in Galicarneas (Malaya Asia Peninsula), Colossus Rhodes (about. Rhodes in the Aegean Sea), Faros Lighthouse (O. Faros in the Mediterranean Sea), and the eighth miracle Taj Mahal (India)

7 Star Wonders of Light: Egyptian Pyramids, Alexandria Lighthouse, Statue of Zeus in Olympia, Hanging Gardens of Semiramides, Colossus Rhodes, Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, Mausoleum in Galakarnaas. 7New Wonders of the World: Roman Colosseum. The Great Wall of China, the Taj Mahal, carved in the mountain of Peter in Jordan, the statue of Christ in Rio de Janeiro, the city of Indians Makcu-Picchu in Peru, Pyramid Maya in Gordechic-Itsa in Mexico.

There is one more miracle of the world: the most famous and mysterious attraction of Jordan is the city of Peter, the ancient capital of the Nabatoe kingdom, cut down directly in the rocks more than 2 thousand years ago. Thanks to its rich history, fascinating, almost mystical beauty and the excellent preservation of monuments at the end of the last century, Peter was included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site, and in 2007 elected one of the new seven wonders of the world. The territory of Petra extends a few kilometers and includes the ruins of numerous stone buildings, a grand rocky temple, at the form of which he captures the spirit, and a rock monastery on the top of the rock. The path to the heart of Petra passes through a narrow gorge, on the sides of which the natural 60-meter rocks rise.

As you know, there existed in the world not 7, but 8 Wonders of Light. Some of them even managed to preserve to this day. Alas, but, unfortunately, not all. What is included in this list? For example, legendary Pyramids of Egypt. Unfortunately, most of the initial miracles did not reach this day. We can only read in the books and represent how they looked and what were.

After all, even with modern technologies, many monuments of antiquity, humanity still can not recreate. Perhaps the developed civilizations really existed before, who knew some amazing secrets and possessed wonderful construction technologies? It is possible that they were destroyed by the inexorable flow of time or the planet itself (natural cataclysms took place all the human history and, unfortunately, will occur). Let's try to find out what nevertheless lies under the abbreviation of "8 wonders of the world", known to every little little to the Earth formed by the resident of the planet.

Let's start with the fact that we have already managed to mention. Right, with ...

Pyramids of Egypt

Built not far from Giza, located south-west of the capital of the state, Cairo. The only miracle of the world from the original, which has come down to this day. Moreover, almost in primeval form. Pyramids - what time is not powerful. Once here buried to know, the peace of which disturbed only recently, with the light hand of archaeologists. Hope's pyramid uses the greatest popularity. The initial height of 146.5 meters over the years (and from the moment of construction there were almost 5 thousand years) decreased to 137 meters.

The season is almost always here. And last-minute tours are sold almost year-round. Dare.

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

To see us, unfortunately, not destined. They were erected by King Nebuchadnezzar in the period from 605 to 562 BC, as a gift for his beautiful wife, seminimis. Stunning violent vegetation was designed to remind a girl about his hometown. The garden was committed to the gardens, the earthquake erased them from the face of the earth ...

Monument to Zeus in Olympia

Created a legendary fidium sculptor in 435 to our era. One of the most majestic 8 Wonders of Light It was built using gold and ivory. The height of the sculpture was thirteen meters.

Temple of Artemis.

They built in the period from 7 to 6 century BC in the city of Ephesus (now on the territory of Turkey). Huge sizes, 120 marble columns (every 20 meters each) and the statue of the goddess - all this magnificence burned the villain Herostrat. However, soon on the same place the temple was built anew. Moreover, the new one turned out to be even more beautiful. But it was destroyed. It was only ruins to this day. But those are beautiful!

mausoleum in Halicarnassus

He is the tomb of the ruler of Mawsol, who died in 353 to our era. The tomb struck contemporaries the grandeur and the genius of architects. Its length was 140 meters, width of 20 meters, and the height of 45 meters. Now this is unlikely to see on a modern cemetery.

Farosky Mayak

I surprised those who saw him, with their 150 meters long. Such a structure was able to build in 280 to our era. Many know him as Alexandria. Sailors, who noticed a huge lighthouse from afar, imbued with respect for the empire, who managed to build such a giant.

The Colossus of Rhodes

Built in honor of the God of the Sun in the third century BC. Its height is not so impressive as the above-mentioned lighthouse, but, nevertheless, for those times was the grandiose. The statue rose by 35 meters, and more than ten years built it.

Taj Mahal

Second 8 Wonders of Lightwhich reached the present day. Mausoleum, the symbol of India, the icon of all-consuming and all-leaking love - the Taj Mahal Monument of the greatness of the idea. It was built in the 17th century, already our era. To see him, at the same time without having a bunch of money, it is enough to buy hot tours to India.

As for the new seven wonders of light, you can read about them.

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Album "from the wonders of the world to the wonders of Russia"

Description: This material will be useful for teachers. It is intended for students of 5 and 6 classes. Material is useful and interesting informationwhich can be used in the lessons of history and in extracurricular work.
Seven wonders of the world - These are the most ancient monuments of architecture that are rightfully considered the most great creations of human hands. The number 7 was chosen far from just like that. It belonged to Apollon and was a symbol of completion, completeness and perfection. At the same time, the traditional genre of Hellenistic poetry was the glorification of the list of the most famous cultural figures - poets, philosophers, kings, commander, etc. or prominent architectural monuments.
The first mentions about the miracles of the world are found precisely in this era, when the victorious troops of Alexander Macedonsky have already passed in Europe. The widespread extension of Greek culture in the territories included in the states that the Great Communist Party won, ensured loud fame to individual monuments and architectural structures. But it should be noted that the "selection" of miracles happened gradually. Some names were replaced by others, and to date, the list of the most majestic works of art and architecture includes:
1. Pyramids Giza
2. Hanging gardens of seminimis
3. Olympic Statue of Zeus
4. Temple of Artemis in Ephesus
5. Galicarnas Mausoleum
6. Colossus Rhodes
7. Alexandrian Mayak

Pyramids Giza
One of the most ancient and, nevertheless, bright miracles of the world are the Great Pyramids located in Giza (Egypt). The complex of Gazean buildings is the greatest architectural monument, ever created by a person. In total, more than a hundred pyramid buildings were found in Egypt, but most of them could not stand the tests of time.

The Pyramid of Cheops
The largest of the Gazee Pyramid of Heops is the largest building structure in the world. Its base represents the square with a side of 127.5 meters. As expected, the initial height of the structure was 146 meters, but several upper stones were destroyed, and today the pyramid is below 9 meters.
Engineering studies have shown that the largest Gizai architecture monument consists of 2.3 million stone blocks, each of which weighs at least 2.5 tons. The total structure is 2.34 million cubic meters. The faces of the pyramids are deployed on the sides of the world, and the entrance is internally located from the north.
A distinctive feature of the structure is that all united building blocks are so well confused to each other, which is even now, after several thousand years, it is impossible to push between them even the thinnest blade. In addition, the researchers found that the solution that the structural elements was fastened exceeds any modern material in their strength.
Purpose Pyramids
In the pyramid of Cheops, there are no inscriptions, drawings and decorations. There are three cameras inside the structure, in the center of one of which is mounted granite sarcophag. Initially it was assumed that the structure was a tomb. Perennial research was confirmed, then refuted this assumption.
But neither the remains of Pharaoh, nor any utensils or things that, according to the tradition of that time, were buried with the deceased, were not found. True, is great chancethat the pyramid is simply plundered. However, some details in the hypothesis about the purpose of the structure do not converge with an option about the tomb.
However, I will leave the historians and archaeologists about the origin and objectives of the construction of such an amazing complex of buildings, the entrance to which protects the large Sphinx is the largest monolithic sculpture on the planet. For us, with you the Pyramids of Giza, with which many legends are connected, remain one of the brightest and unusual examples of the flight height of engineering thought.

Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Babylon's hanging gardens are the second most important miracle of the world. To preleal, this amazing architectural structure did not survive to the present day, but the memory of him still remained.
The attraction is located not far from Baghdad, and today its stone ruins can impress a simple tourist except with their scale. However, history suggests that the construction was one of the most beautiful creatures of humanity.

Amazing gift spouse
The gardens were discovered by Robert Koldohem, which in 1989 spent excavations near Al-Hill. During the archaeological surveys, a branched network of trenches was discovered, and in their cuts, the scientist immediately recognized the legendary architectural monument.
Facts indicate that the hanging gardens were built at the Teling of Nebuchadnezzar II, the board of which falls on the 6th century BC. The best engineers, mathematics and interference inventors in the afternoon and night worked to satisfy the king's request for the creation of a gift for his wife Amitis.
The latter had a mussel origin, and those lands, as we know, were filled with flavors of flowering gardens and green hills. In the stuffy Babylon, the Tsaritsa had fallen, she squeezed in native land. That is why the ruler decided to break the unusual park, which at least a little reminded his wife's native home.
Spores around the Babylonian Miracle
Hanging gardens of the semi-amides were described by many historians of antiquity. But still there are some doubts about the reality of this work of engineering art. For example, Herodotus, who traveled in Mesopotamia somewhere in the V century BC, did not mention this construction. Although, apparently, it was the most majestic and beautiful in Babylon.
Even the chronicles of the city itself do not mention the gardens. However, Beros, Chaldean priest, engaged in annals at the end of the IV century BC. Very bright and clearly designated the construction in his works. It even exists that all historians, including contemporary scientists, relied on its descriptions, and they are too embellished by speculation and judgments of the author.
Some even believe that the hanging gardens of Semiramides were confused with similar parks that were created in Ninevei, located on the east coast of Tiber. But the basis of the irrigation system of this monument was the design of the archimedes screws, which was invented in the second century BC, while the construction of the gardens is dated to the VI century.
However, maybe Babylonians had already had an idea of \u200b\u200ba special thread of such a screw, although they called the device differently. And be that as it may, the mystery of the hanging gardens of Semiramids still excites the minds of scientists, archaeologists and historians.

Zeus statue in Olympia
The statue of Zeus in Olympia is the third on the meaning of the miracle of the world, the history of which began long before its creation - in 776 BC Then, for the first time in the temple, which was built in honor of the Father of the Gods, the participants of the next Olympic Games arrived.
Representatives of Malaya Asia, Syria and Sicily, Egypt and, of course, were present at the opening of the greatest in the history of the event. The first sanctuary of Zeus was built 150 km from Athens. But over time, the game acquired an increasing political weight, so Greece rulers decided to build a new temple.

Temple Zeus
Construction continued over 15 years, and in 456 BC. The world saw one of the most monumental and beautiful houses of Zeus. The project developed the most famous antique architect - Le Bon, whose creation had all the signs of the famous Greek sanctuations, but exceeded their scope.
The temple building was installed on a high rectangular platform. The roof was maintained with 13 majestic columns with a height of about 10 m and a diameter of at least 2 m, and in total there were as many as 34.
Creation Fidia
The Government of Eldlas invited Fididi into Athens, the famous sculptor, who managed to create something excellent - the statue of Zeus. The whole ancient world flew about this work on this work of art, and the masterpiece took its place in the list of miracles of the world.
Creating a statue dates back to 440th BC. The sculpture of the fathers of the gods was created mainly from the selected ivory. According to the description of eyewitnesses, who managed to find a statue in "good health", it had very impressive sizes.
Its height was at least 15 m, about 200 kg of gold was present in the design, the modern cash equivalent of which exceeds $ 8 million. Opening of the statue of Zeus Olympic falls for 435 BC.
Fate Statue Zeus
Historical sources argue that in the second half of the 4th century AD. The temple of Zeus was closed by the Roman emperor Feodosius, who was a Christian and disliked reflected in the pagan beliefs of the Greeks.
In 363, the statue was transported to Constantinople. Although some facts indicate that this architectural monument did not survive the looting and destruction of the temple, which took place at the end of the V century.
In 1875, the remains of the temple of Zeus were found, and in 1950, archaeologists discovered the workshop of Fidia. Careful research of the place where the architectural monument was found was allowed to recreate the temple itself, and the statue of the Zeus Olympic.

Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
The ancient Greek Ephesus knew the period of unprecedented heyday. Founded in the XII century BC, the city was the largest center of trade and radiated wealth and prosperity. Patronized Artemis. She, as you know, was the goddess of fertility and the patroness of animals, the guardian of the fever and hunters. Holy honorable it, the townspeople decided to build a majestic temple in honor of Artemis, which, moreover, was to significantly increase the income of the city.

Construction of shrines
In the VI century BC. Harsifron arrived in Ephesifron, the famous architect. It is he who owns the idea of \u200b\u200bbuilding a building from marble. According to his plan, the temple should have gone to two rows of impressive columns. At the same time, the master, apparently, possessed an outstanding engineering mind, since the project is the most difficult and at the same time original of all that was developed at that time. Since the city was rich and could afford to build such a big and expensive building.
But there was one obstacle - there was still no deposit found, able to satisfy the appetites of the project. But soon, thanks to the occasion, a sufficient number of stone was found, and the temple was successfully built. A single place in the construction of the building deserve just monolithic marble columns. They were transported here straight from the Kamenolomen, located ten kilometers from the construction site. The foundation of the temple is aerobatics Engineering thought.
The building was built on a swampy terrain, since still alive was the sad memory of the earthquakes who fell on Ellad. At the site of the future structure, a huge pitan was died, which builders filled with charcoal and wool. This and plus a very unorthodox foundation of the temple was to become a guarantee that the building would be with underground jogging of any power.
In the main hall of the temple, an amazing beauty was established by the statue of the goddess Artemis, the height of which was about 15 meters. She was very expensive because it was completely and near her inlaid with precious stones and gold. An outstanding Greek artists and sculptors took part in the decoration of the building. Rumors about the beautiful shrine rapidly spread throughout the ancient world, and later the temple of Artemis became one of the seven wonders of the world.
The fate of the temple
It should be noted that the Harsphon did not have time to bring the construction to the end. But the case continued his son, and after - the architects of Peonitis and Demetrius. And here about 450 BC. The world saw an unsurpassed temple of Artemis. It is said that if he was preserved for this day, he could eclipse any of the current masterpieces of architectural art. But, unfortunately, in 356 BC Herostrat, obsessed with the idea to become famous at all costs, arranged a fire in the building.
The building was almost completely destroyed, naturally, with the exception of those elements of the design that were made of marble. After that, the temple of Artemis was reborn several times and stopped his existence again. But in 263 BC. He was last looted by Gotami. Finally, the "marble" health of the construction was broken by the swampy soil, as well as the river Kayshthor, which took place nearby. And to restore the initial appearance of the building, scientists from all over the world needed several decades.

mausoleum in Halicarnassus
Galicarnassky Mausoleum is the same age of the second temple of Artemis. The same persons were taken part in its construction that they were restored by the shrine after a fire arranged by Herostrate. The building is Ziggurit, that is, both the tomb, and the sanctuary, and the monument. It should be noted that the name "Mausoleum" occurs on behalf of the powerful and cruel ruler of the Karia - Malsol.

Start of construction
Despite the fact that already in the 4th century BC The state was the colony of the Persian Empire, Malsol rules powerfully and stubbornly, trying not to fade under imperial pressure. His position was so strong, and the bonds are so wide that even after the suppression of the rebellion raised by him, he managed to stay on the throne. During the reign of the energetic and ambitious king, Helicarnas turned into the capital of Karya.
At the same time, the construction of the tomb, which subsequently entered the list of seven most famous attractions of the ancient world, was started long before the death of the ruler - approximately in 353 BC. The Mausoleum project was developed by Greek architects - satire and Pyfe. For the design of the construction, the sculptors Timofey, Leochar, Skas and Brixide were hired. And in total, the construction of hundreds of talented masters, whose names, unfortunately, were not preserved in history.
R okudskaya tomb for the king
The tomb was an impressive architectural complex that has its own courtyard. The center of the latter was installed a stone platform. A wide staircase guarded by stone lions was led to the top. Inside the building was decorated with bas-reliefs depicting scenes from ancient Greek legends and legends. The external walls of the mausoleum covered the sculptures of the gods and the goddesses, and in the corners of the facilities, the huge guards of the warriors squeezed out of stone.
Vastly Zigurat Marble Chariot, driven by a four massive horses. The statues of the catchers were depicted by Malsol himself and his sister-spouse Artemuscia. The height of this sculpture was about 6 meters, and the pyramidal roof of the tomb was maintained by 36,7-meter monolithic columns.
Fate Mausoleum in Galicarneas
When the Karya ruler died, the construction of the mausoleum was not yet completed, and fully finishing the premises was over only 350 BC. The tomb survived the conquest of Galicarnas Macedonian, and the attack of pirates in the early I Millennium. But at the beginning of the 15th century, Maltese at the beginning of the XV century, who finally destroyed the building, taking marble and stone slabs for the construction of the Fortress of St. Peter, which was located at the very place where the Palace of Malsol and Artemism stood. By the end of the XVI century, one base remained from the mausoleum.
Excavations of the tomb of Mausol, who led Kristian Jeplezen, were completed only in 1966-1977. According to the found bas-reliefs, statues and other elements of the situation and the design, the appearance of the Mausoleum was restored. His project served as the basis for the construction of a municipality building in Los Angeles, a memorial soldiers in Indiana, the London Church of St. George and many other architectural monuments of modernity.

The Colossus of Rhodes
Rhodes was the major economic center of the ancient world. Located on the south-west coast of Malaya Asia, he often acted as a talleled piece for the rulers of neighboring powers. So, in 357 BC. The famous king Mavlos became the new ruler of the city, and after 17 years the city fell into possession of the Persian Empire. In 322 BC Rhodes was conquered by Alexander Macedonian, but after his death, civilians began between the heirs of the Great Communion and one of them - the Antigonus - sent her son Demetrius to capture and destroyed the rebellious city.

It should be noted that a long siege did not succeed, and the commander was forced to retreat. On the shores of his warriors threw a huge siege tower, which was a real engineering miracle of that time, and enterprising immediately decided to sell it. The money was decided to build a statue of Helios - the patron of Rhodes to hurt the praise of the Sun God for saving the city from the invaders.
The beginning of the construction of a statue accounts for approximately 304 BC. The creation of a colossus was instructed by Harez, a student of the famous antique sculptor of Lisippa. It was proposed to portray Helios standing, and in his left hand he had to keep the covers with the rest of the earth, and the right to cover his eyes from the Sun. Despite the fact that such a posture did not match some canons of the sculpture of that time, the master understood that a huge statue would not hold on her legs if the colossus would point into his hand in the distance.
Three massive stone pillar served as the basis of the 36-meter sculpture. They were fastened with iron beams at the level of the shoulder of the colossus, which should have been sustainable. Construction continued for 12 years, after which the world saw the greatest statue whose head was decorated with a radiant crown.
The death of Colossus
Literally through half a century, the island was the strongest earthquake, and the legs of the colossus of Rhodes were abandoned. The statue of God fell into the sea and lay on the coast of about 1000 years. The defeated giant has become legends, but in 977 AD. He was decided to disassemble, remember and sell. In the chronicles, the data is preserved that for the bronze crossing, which the statue was finished, it took 900 camels.
Modern interpretations of the Great Statue
Colossus Rhodes entered the list of seven wonders of the world. Currently, even some measures to restore a huge statue are being taken. According to some given data, the cost of modern sculpture of Helios will be about 200 million euros. However, the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating monumental sculptures according to the example of a colossus of the Rhodes was used much earlier - a statue of a woman holding a huge torch in the hands of hands is installed in the New York Bay. This monument is more famous for the world as a statue of freedom, but the basis of its creation was the image of the Rhodic masterpiece.

Alexandrian lighthouse
The story of the seventh miracle of light - Alexandrian Mayak - is related to the basis of 332 BC. Alexandria, cities, which was named after the great Roman commander Alexander Macedonsky. It should be noted that throughout his career the conqueror founded about 17 cities with similar names, but only the Egyptian project managed to live until today.

The foundation of the city into the glory of the Great Communion
Macedonian selected a place for the founding of Egyptian Alexandria very carefully. He did not like the idea of \u200b\u200bthe location in the Nile Delta, and therefore it was decided to break the first construction sites in 20 miles to the south, near Mareotis wetland. Alexandria was supposed to have two big harbors - one was intended for merchant ships coming by the Mediterranean Sea, and the second - for ships going on the Nile.
After the death of Alexander Macedonsky in 332 BC The city passed under the power of Ptolemy I Sothera - the new ruler of Egypt. During this period, Alexandria turned into a prosperous trade port. In 290 BC Ptolemy ordered to build a huge lighthouse on the island of Faros, which would cover the way in the harbor of the city ships in the dark and in bad weather.
Construction of a lighthouse on the island of Faros
Construction of Alexandrian lighthouse dates back to the IV century BC, but the system of signaling lights appeared only in the first century BC. The creator of this masterpiece of engineering and architectural art is the Costrath, a resident of the book. The work continued a little over 20 years, and as a result, Alexandrian Lighthouse became the world's first structure in the world and the highest building of the ancient world, not counting, of course, the Gizaye pyramids.
The height of Alexandrian lighthouse was approximately 450-600 feet. At the same time, the structure was absolutely not like any of the architecture monument at that time. The building was a three-core tower, the walls of which were folded from marble plates bonded by lead mortar. Most full description Alexandrian lighthouse was Abu Al Andalusi - the famous Arab traveler - in 1166. He noted that the lighthouse in addition to the fulfillment of purely practical functions served as a very noticeable attraction.
Fate of the Great Lighthouse
The Faros Lighthouse covered the path of navigators for more than 1500 years. But strong underground shocks in 365, 956 and 1303 AD. The building was strongly damaged, and the most powerful earthquake of 1326 finally destroyed one of the greatest architectural structures of the world. In 1994, the remains of Alexandrian lighthouse were found by archaeologists, and later the image of the structure was more or less successfully restored using computer simulation.

New 7 Wonders of Light

The classic list of 7 miracles of the world appeared in the third century BC. It included the greatest architectural and historical and cultural monuments antique world. But the years went, and all new and new wondermen appeared in the world, which today can also be considered miracles of light, that is, the most outstanding creations of a person.
And 2001 was marked by the start of the New Open World Corporation project. Its main purpose was the choice of modern miracles of the world, worthy of all in the story forever. So, the winners of the competition on July 7, 2007 were:
1. Great Wall
2. Taj Mahal
3. Colosseum
4. Machu Picchu
5. Peter.
6. Chichen-ita
7. Statue of Christ-Redeemer

The great Wall of China
The Great Wall of China is one of the most oldest structures preserved to the present days, which in its grandiose and greatness has no analogues even in the modern world. Her history is rooted in the V century BC, the time that was noted by the collapse of the Zhou state.
There were many small kingdoms in his place, which immediately began a bloody internecine struggle with each other for the heritage of the Great Empire. It was during this period "the warring kingdoms" and the first pitched and eldcled shafts were erected to strengthen the boundaries from aggressive neighbors.

Start of construction
And here in 221 BC. The ruler of one of the kingdoms - Qin - the Great Shea Huangdi managed to pacify the long-term blood enmity. He was proclaimed the first Chinese emperor and for 11 years of his reign created a state with an effective management and justice system. It is him that the idea of \u200b\u200bconnecting the defensive structures in the north of the Empire has already existed in the north of the Empire.
And on the orders of the mistress, his army, consisting of 300,000 soldiers, as well as about a million prisoners and slaves began to build the fortress walls. Great Chinese Wall Constructed using a wide variety of building technologies. To protect even unfinished fortifications in the construction site area, numerous garrisons were keptically carried.
Shi Huangdi
After the death of Shi Huangdi, his successors continued - the emperors of the Han dynasty, who not only follow the maintenance of the structure in a proper order, but also engaged in lengthening the wall. The last important stage in the construction of the Great Wall of China falls on the era of the Board of the Imperial Dynasty Min, at 1368-1644.
From the middle of the XVII century, the need for disappeared, and the time and natural factors immediately took up his stone sides. But, fortunately, most of the wall has survived to this day. Moreover, the Government of China at one time has invested huge amounts in its reconstruction.
New miracle of light
Already during the reign of the Ming Dynasty, the fortifications stretched from the Fortress of Shanhaiguan, located on the shore of the Bohawan Strait, to Jiayuiguan in the north-west Gansu province. Today the length of the wall is a total of 8,851.8 kilometers, which is absolute and, most likely, an invincible record in construction.
In 1962, the Great Wall of China took an honorable place in the list of National Monuments of China, and in 1987 she was accepted in a general list. world Heritage UNESCO. It should be noted that this is the only structure that can be seen from the near-earth orbit without the use of any optical devices. And in July 2007, the wall entered the list of new wonders of the world, as one of the most impressive buildings in the history of mankind.

Mausoleum Taj Mahal
Taj Mahal is absolutely not in vain called architectural pearl of India. More majestic and lush buildings will not meet in the whole country. This mausoleum personifies the memory of the delicate love of the Muslim ruler of Shah Jakhan to his wife - a fabulous beauty to the woman named Mumtaz Mahal. The future king of the Great Mughal was still a young prince when at the beginning of the XVII century he took his wife a nineteen-year-old beauty. Newlyweds gently loved each other and, despite the fact that the king had a huge harem, he simply did not pay attention to other women.

Prehistory of construction
Favorite spouse gave birth to Shahu Jakhan six daughters and eight sons, but numerous births dredied the health of women, so when the fourteenth child appeared on the world, it was not. The king's grief was so great that he wasveling to reduce the scores with life. But responsibility for the state and other reasons kept the ruler in this world. Literally in the eyes of his suite, he has developed, and soon two-year-old mourning was announced throughout the state, during which there was no place for holidays, dances, music and fun.
"Indian Pearl"
Somewhat later in the capital of the Mogolskaya Empire - Agra - Grand Mausoleum was erected. The construction of the Taj Mahal lasted for more than 20 years. More than 20 thousand people worked at the construction site, including on a par with all the best Persian, Turkish, Samarkand and, of course, Indian architects and architects worked. The project was completed in 1653, and since then this amazing structure attracts millions of researchers and travelers.
Inside the Taj Mahal there are two tips - Shah and his spouses. But in fact, the burial is underground. Mausoleum is a five-populated building with a height of 74 meters. It is located on a platform with 4 minarets that are tilted away from the tomb, and adjacent to the construction of amazing beauty garden with an abundance of fountains and a swimming pool. The walls of the Taj Mahal were laid out of a translucent polished marble, which was brought to the construction site from a unique field 300 km from Agra.
The greatest monument architecture
The Great Mausoleum has been preserved for this day. It is one of the most majestic and beautiful structures on the planet. Tens of thousands of tourists visit him daily, at the expense of which the Indian Pearl replenishes the state treasury with considerable means. During the year, Taj Mahal takes about 5 million visitors. In order to preserve the architectural monument, the road traffic in the Taj Mahala area was prohibited.
Not so long ago, cracked were found in the walls of the Taj Mahal. Scientists believe that the destruction of the building is associated with the crime of Jamna - the river flowing in close proximity to it. But, nevertheless, Taj Mahal remains one of the most unusual and majestic structures in the world. It was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, and in July 2007, he took an honorable place among the new wonders of the world.

Coliseum
The Colosseum is one of the most majestic amphithers ever built by man. This famous Ancient Roman monument and this day towers in the middle of modern buildings of the Italian capital. Very long, the Colosseum played in the life of citizens and guests of Rome a very important cultural role. A huge number of people were gathered on his stands, which was craving for one - bright and exciting spectacles. It was here that there were gladiatorial battles and animal tribes, sports competitions and numbers.

Beginning of the History of Amphitheater Flaviev
The Colosseum is located on the Kolelyvsky, Palatinsky and Eskvilin hills, that is, where there used to be a pond of the Golden House of Nero. Originally, the construction was called the Amphitheater of Flaviev (in honor of his founders) of the famous imperial dynasty. Construction continued for 8 years, and approximately in 80 AD. The world saw one of the most accomplished arena.
Like any other Roman building of this type, the Colosseum has the form of an ellipse, in the center of which is the Arena, and its stands are equipped as a concentric rings. The perimeter of the outer ellipse of the Roman Arena is 524 m, the large and small axis have a length of 187.7 and 155.64 m, and the height of the amphitheater walls is approaching the mark of 50 m. The results of the simplest calculations show that the Colosseum could easily accommodate about 50 thousand. Spectators. It is the most ambitious arena in the world, not counting modern stadiums that can accommodate and over 100 thousand people.
The fate of the world's greatest arena
The Colosseum was deservedly considered a symbol of Roman greatness. The philosophers said that while he was standing, and the Great Empire would stand. Back in 264, during the reign of the Department, the Millennium of Rome was celebrated in the Amphitheater. History indicates that about 40 wild horses, more than 30 elephants, 60 lions and many other wild animals were killed in this era of the arena. In 405, the gladiatorial battles were banned by Emperor Gonenim, and the Colosseum removed the laurels of the greatest arena of the world.
Closer to the end of the XIII century, the Roman amphitheater was turned into a quarry. At the same time, 23 estates for aristocratic families were built from it. In the XIV-XV centuries from the disassembled parts of the Colosseum, the Italians erected 6 churches, and at the end of the XV century, the Office of the Pope of the Roman was built from the material of the Colosseum. In the middle of the XVI century, the architectural elements of the amphitheater served as the basis for some Roman bridges. In 1744, the Colosseum in honor of the early Christian martyrs was covered, and in the center of the Arena installed a cross.
In July 2007, the Amphitheater was adopted in the list of new wonders of the world. Today, he is the most famous historical and architectural monument of Rome, annually attracting tens of thousands of tourists from around the world.

Machu Picchu
On the territory of modern Peru there is one old mountain peakwhich the Indians called Machu Picchu. It is located at an altitude of 2450 meters above sea level, opening an amazing beauty view of the Valley of the Urumamba River. It is here, at the foot of Machu-Picchu Mount, one of the oldest cities, which is often called the "city among the clouds".

The origin of the "city in heaven"
Archaeologists believe that this lost city of Inca was created as a winter residence of the ruler of this ancient people - Pachaktec - literally in the century before the Spaniards came here. In 1532, when brave conquistadors and rampant gold adventurers invaded the Empire of Inca, all the inhabitants of the city mysteriously disappeared.
Machu-Picchu was one of the three houses of Pachektec and continued the role of shrine. The city had very modest sizes and accompanied about 200 buildings. Urban buildings were built out of high-quality treated stone blocks, fitted in each other. Stolplytno that most buildings Machu Picchu have been preserved until now. An abandoned settlement was accidentally discovered only at the beginning of the 20th century by the American archaeologist High Bingham. Several decades later found legendary trail Inca, leading through Urumamba Valley straight to the city.
Sights of the Residence Ruler Incas
Highlight ancient City There are extensive terraces on which the Inki was engaged in agriculture. "Decorated room" found from western Wall The main temple is a vivid evidence of how skillful this people was. The foundation of the room is made of two impressive stone blocks with outstretched three-dimensional vertices.
The temple of three windows is the most mysterious factor of Machu Picchu. According to the Bingham hypothesis, the trapezoidal windows overlooking the East were the symbols of the house of Pachaktec ancestors. But since architectural style Cities refers to the late Incan period, the accuracy of such an assumption causes certain doubts from archaeologists.
A new miracle of the world Machu Picchu received the status of UNESCO World Heritage Site, after which turned into a lively center mass tourism. Daily city attended about 2,000 travelers. But in order to preserve the city of UNESCO demanded to reduce the number of visitors to 800 people per day. On July 7, 2007, Machu-Picchu was selected in the list of new wonders of the world, and since February 2012, it was excluded from the list of World Heritage Objects, which are threatened.

Rocky town of Peter.
The ancient city of Peter is one of the most amazing memo architecture. It is carved in a solid stone rock, and around his origin is a huge amount of secrets and shortcoming. It is believed that the city was founded by nabbeans - nomadic tribes, which in the VI-IV centuries BC It was possible to subjugate a huge territory on which today is located Jordan, Syria and Israel.

Great city in the desert
Due to its advantageous location at the intersection of the wide trade routes of Peter over the years, flourished and rich. For many years he was a real salvation for merchants and travelers from flying Sun.. However, in the IV century BC. For unknown, so far reasons were abandoned. Perhaps the inhabitants kicked out the lack of water from the cool stone shadow. But most likely the city was left due to the loss of significance of its location in the very depths of the rocky Jordanian desert.
Peter is cut in a rock from red sandstone. Externally, architectural elements, preserved to our time, resemble Roman architecture. On the territory of the city archaeologists managed to find many temples, palaces, tombs and even an antique theater. The structures of Petras were built over the centuries, so there is an incredible interweaving of the culture of various eras.
At different times, Prew owned the idumes, Nabotes, Romans, Byzantines and Arabs, and in the XII century BC. The city captured the Crusaders. After the VI century AD. Construction ceased, and gradually one of the most amazing settlements on the planet was empty. The first European, who visited the famous city is the Swiss traveler Johann Burkhardt. It is thanks to him that a detailed description of the structure of Petra has been preserved, as well as sketches of some of its attractions.
Main attractions
The main urban attraction is the treasury - a huge building with a solid facade carved from the cliff. Cause the admiration and magnificent colonnade with an amphitheater, crowded by a kilometer Canyon Sik. They are the legacy of Roman culture in the history of Petra. Also should be noted the aqueduct, which supplied water to the city. He was the most complex system of terracotta pipes, which were collected by moisture from all sources located within a radius of 25 km from the city.
Separate attention deserves Ed-Dair - a huge monastery, cut down right in the rock on the top of the highest rock in the canyon. Some time he served even christian temple. Conducting the excavation of the monastery, archaeologists found here the tomb of the Nabatoy king. It is possible to climb it in stone staircase consisting of 800 steps.
Center for mass tourism and a new miracle of light
Today, Peter is one of the busiest tourism centers in the world. About half a million people who wanted to see this amazing creation of hands of man with their own way every year. In July 2007, Peter, a few previously entered the UNESCO World Heritage List, became one of the new wonders of the world.

Chichen Itsa
Chichen Itza is the sacred city of Maya - located 75 miles in the eastern direction from Merida - the capital of Yucatan. Archaeologists consider the ancient settlement, which occupies the area of \u200b\u200babout 6 square miles, one of the greatest in the world architectural monuments. Earlier there were several hundred structures here, but before our time most of them were not preserved. The surviving buildings, which are about 30, are of a huge interest for archaeologists, scientists and researchers.

Ancient Center for Culture and Religion
The remains of the city archaeologists are conventionally divided into two parts - in the first the buildings were built by Mayan approximately in the VI-VII centuries of AD, the second is a monument to Toltec culture, which lived in Yukotan in the X-XI centuries. Apparently, the population of Chichen-Itsi experienced a rather acute lack of water. This is evidenced by numerous seats - wells with steep smooth walls.
It was during the Mayan period that is associated with the unprecedented flowering of science and art, the city acquired the high status of the cultural and religious center. This is a bright confirmation of this construction, built in this period - a deer house, a monastery and church, Akab Djib, a house fell, the temple with three jumpers and a red house. After the Mayan civilization fell into decay, the reasons for which are still shrouded with a dense shadow of mysteries and secrets, cities like Chichen-Ice, were used for burials and carrying out some rituals.
Symbols of the city
One of the most famous buildings preserved in Chichen Ice is the Pyramid of the Cukulkana, which local residents often called El Castillo. The height of the structure is 23 m. On the day of spring and autumnal equinels, the Sun lights the western balustrade of the main staircase so that the image of 7 of the equilibrium triangles placed in a special order is formed. With attentive consideration it becomes clear that the figure that the sun's rays create is best like a huge snake crawling towards his head. And to see this exciting spectacle, annually on March 20 and September 21 thousands of tourists gather here.
Another attraction - Wuho de Pelota - is the largest playground ever created by Maya. It should be noted that there are eight eight such structures in the city, but the "big box for playing the ball" significantly exceeds them in size - its length is 135 m. Special attention is attracted by paintings cut on the walls that protect WEGO de Pelota. They depict a very cruel scene, and scientists believe that they are directly related either with the practice of sacrifice, or with the illustration of the game serving the replacement of bloody war.
Fate of the city
After 1194, Chichen Itza finally empty, and around the fact that there was a reason for the care of residents of the city, numerous rumors and legends go. It should be noted that the rigid policy of the Spaniards, fired in the XI century in America, assumed the execution of Maja's clergymen, as well as the destruction of ancient books and manuscripts. Therefore, no more and less believable information about the mysterious history of this ancient civilization has not come to this day.

Statue of Christ the Redeemer
The statue of Christ-Redeemer is installed on the top of the Corcovado mountain in Rio de Janeiro. The monument is a symbol of the city and Brazil. Every year, millions of travelers and tourists come here, so that with their own eyes to see the majestic statue of Christ, as if taking the entire modern world in their arms.

Construction of Monument
The history of the monument leaves the roots in the XVI century, when Portuguese navigators dubbed the peak of Corcovado "Mountain Temptation". In 1921 (a year before the anniversary of Brazil's independence), the well-known edition of Cruiseiro announced the collection of funds for the construction of the monument, as a result of which more than 2 million flights were collected.
The draft Statue of Christ-Redeemer developed Carlos Oswald. In 1927, the first monument models were designed, and all the necessary calculations performed the Costa Hices. The construction of the monument was attended by Pedro Vyang and Either Levi, as well as the sculptor Paul Landovsky, who modeled and made a gypsum head and the hands of the statue.
The whole army of engineers and technicians worked on the creation of the sculpture. The steel frame of the monument was decided to replace the reinforced concrete, and the outer layer of the monument was made of soap stone specially imported in Rio de Janeiro from the Swedish Lymhamn field.
Construction lasted about 9 years, and in 1931 the world saw the majestic statue of Christ-Redeemer, which for a long time was not equal in scale all over the world. The height of the monument is 38 meters, and the weight of the entire structure, taking into account the base exceeds 1100 tons. The scope of the statue of the statue is about 23 meters, and the head and the hands of Christ-the Redeemer weigh about 54 tons.
The majestic history of the statue of Christ-Redeemer
In 1965, the monument was consecrated by Pope Paul VI, and in 1981, on the day of the 50th anniversary of the monument, John Paul II was present at the solemn festival. The statue of Christ-Redeemer was renovated three times - in 1980, 1990 and 2010. In 1932 and 2000, the night lighting system of the statue was modernized, and today it is highlighted in a special way against the background of the starry sky at night.
It should be noted that the statue of Christ the Redeemer passed the strongest storm in July 2008, which destroyed several nearby Rio quarters. The monument saved the very soapy stone, which performed as a dielectric and redeemed the lightning discharge on the surface of the statue. To date, the monument is in excellent condition.
The statue of Christ-the Redeemer took an honorary place in the UNESCO World Heritage List, and on July 7, 2007, on the initiative of the New Open World Corporation, it was included in the list of new miracles of the world.

7 wonders of Russia: the greatness and beauty of the country

Seven wonders of the world knows everyone. Their history is studying scientists from the whole planet, a lot of scientific papers are written about them, they are dedicated to presentations, reports, reports, chapters in textbooks. With each of the unusual world heritage sites of Russia and UNESCO, secrets and legends are connected, there are many facts and unconfirmed information. On June 12, 2008, the world learned that 7 wonders of Russia were made public, - choose these objects from a huge amount of ancient, mysterious, mystical and just very beautiful placeswhich are replete with corners of the country, it was quite difficult. The project aimed at identifying the most beautiful places of Russia was initiated by the newspaper "Izvestia" in the Commonwealth with a radio station "Mayak" and the Russian TV channel in 2007. In 2008, the most significant and amazing sights of the country were chosen as a result of a nationwide vote - 7 wonders of Russia.
The list of 7 wonders of Russia includes: 1. Pullets of weathering Mago Pup-Ner in the Komi Republic. 2. Peak Elbrus in Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria. 3. Lake Baikal in Buryatia. 4. Valley of geysers on the Kamchatka Peninsula. 5. Mamaev Kurgan, Motherland Monument. 6. Monument of palace and park art Peterhof, St. Petersburg. 7. Cathedral of Basil Blessed, Moscow.
Of the seven wonders of the world in Russia 4 refer to the class of natural objects, three to architectural monuments and park arts.

Lake Baikal, Buryatia
In Buryatia, where Lake Baikal is located, he is called Baigal Dalai or Baigal Nuur. Most deep lake The world has a tectonic origin and is a UNESCO protected object. Baikal included in 7 wonders of Russia is often called the sea - its sizes are really impressive: width from 24 to 80 km, length 632 km. The form of a majestic and very beautiful reservoir itself is interesting - in the form of a crescent.

Interesting to know. The crystal purity of the waters of the "Batyushka Baikal", the participant of the great seven of the wonders of Russia, is unique, to see each pebble possible at 40 meter depth, and the minimum amount of mineral salts allows the use of Baikal water as distilled.
The name "Batyushka Baikal" Object 7 wonders of Russia received due to ancient legend. Baikal had 336 sons and only one daughter - hangar. Sons constantly replenished with their waters Baikal, and Angara gave her waters to Yenisei, who loved. The angry Baikal cursed the daughter of the hangar, dropping the shaman-stone into her source.

Valley Geysers, Kamchatka Territory
The valley of geysers is harnessed in one of the volcanic gorges of the Kronotsky Reserve, it is possible to get to it only by helicopter. 250 kilometers on the way over the tundra, ridges, hillocks, the taped spices and acidic lakes - and the person falls into another world filled with fountains of whining vapors, light smells of sulfur and rain splashes that transfuse all the colors of the rainbow. Passing along a pedestrian path with wooden flooring, you can observe 30 major geysers and many small sources emitting for tens of meters up jet boiling water (+95 ° C). Hot mud boilers are preserved. Because of the well-haired soil, the slopes of the valley of the riveted greenery and trees. For the bottom of the gorge, the Geyser River flows, which never freezes.

Mamaev Kurgan and Motherland-Mother, Volgograd region

During the Great Patriotic War, Mamaev Kurgan became the arena of bloody battle. The struggle for Mamaev Kurgan, marked on military topographic maps as "height-102.0", lasted 135 days from 200 days of the Stalingrad battle. In 1959 - 1967, a memorial complex was erected at this place - "Heroes of the Stalingrad Battle". On the hill, in fraternal grave Found the eternal peace of 34,505 soldiers. From the foot of the top of the Kurgan lead 200 granite steps (by the number of days of battle). Here is the statue of "Motherland-Mother calling!". It is a figure of a woman with a height of 87 meters with a raised sword in his hands. This is one of the highest monuments in the world. (For comparison: the height of the statue of freedom in the United States reaches only 46 meters). The figure of the mother's female is an allegorical symbol of the Motherland, calling her sons to fight against the enemy.

Peterhof, St. Petersburg

Founded in the 1710th Emperor Peter I, Peterhof became a luxurious royal residence and a peculiar triumphal monument, symbolizing the successful exit of Russia to the Baltic Sea. The unified ensemble combined palaces, alleys, elegant sculptures and greenhouses with wonderful plants. But the main pride of Peterhof is his fountains. 176 fountains and 4 cascades work without a single pump. Hydrailk Engineer V. Touvolkov created a unique fountain waterwater: 20 km from here, sources are beaten, of which water due to the height difference flows across the channels and gateways to the pools, and from there on underground pipes rushes to the fountains and cascades of Peterhof.

Cathedral Vasily Blyzhenny, Moscow

The Cathedral of Basil Blessed is the same symbol of Russia and Moscow as the Eiffel Tower - for Paris and France, the Statue of Freedom - for the US and New York or Taj Mahal - for India and Agra. The Cathedral of Basil Blessed was built by Ivan Grozny in 1555-1561 as a sign of victory over Kazan Khanate. In terms of the temple is an eight-pointed star: 8 churches symbolize 8 days per day of decisive battles for Kazan. They are grouped around the 9th, central church, personifying the state idea of \u200b\u200bthe king about the united lands. The name of the cathedral was given a chapel attached in 1588 and consecrated in honor of Vasily blissful.

Wrapping pillars, komi

The top of the Many Pup-Ner Mountain crowned the remains of bizarre forms. These giant pillars with a height of 30 to 42 meters were created within 200 million years under the influence of water and wind. According to the legend, the pillars were giants who wanted to destroy the local people - Mansi. But as soon as their leader-shaman saw sacred Mount - Mago-Pup-Ner, threw his tambour in horror, and his companions turned into stonestores.

Elbrus, Caucasus

At the border of the republics of Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia are two-headed Elbrus - the highest point Russia. The height of the Western Top of Elbrus is 5642 m, and the eastern - 5621 m. Mountain is famous for its glaciers that feed mountain rivers, mineral sources, stretching at the foot and fascinating species. Few mountains of volcanic origin are superior to Elbrus in height: So, the highest peak of Africa - Kilimanjaro volcano - only 253 meters above the "Russian Miracle".
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