Compiled for tourists in Moscow. Valid until the approval of a similar document of the TSSR. Option "0-1" Agreed upon: Arsenin, Kostin, Nizhnikovsky, Pigulevsky, Nikonorov, Renteyev, Smirnov, Khoroshilov.
Developed by Alekseev.

1. INTRODUCTION

In the last decade, the quality of reports on hiking trips submitted to the IWC at all levels has noticeably decreased. In many cases, the reports do not meet the requirements for these documents. It is not always possible to get an idea of ​​the actions and real qualifications of the group from such reports. Low-quality reports cannot be used in the preparation of routes, which leads to the aging of information stored in libraries and can significantly affect the safety of hikes.
At the same time, MCCs at all levels have reduced the requirements for reviewing submitted reports. Quite often, certificates are issued about the offset of the hike according to reports, in which the technical description is reduced to a detailed calendar plan of the hike. It is extremely rare for poor quality reports to be returned for revision.

2. GENERAL INFORMATION

The hiking report is the document by which the IWC evaluates real experience group, evaluates the actions of tourists on the route and the literacy of tactical decisions. On the basis of the reports, the IWC decides on the offset of the hike and the assignment of categories. On the basis of the reports, the panels of judges hold tourism championships.
Reports are one of the main sources of information about the travel area. Tourists use them to prepare for hikes. Based on the materials from the reports submitted during the approval of the route, the IWC decides whether the difficulty of the declared hike corresponds to the qualifications (capabilities) of the group. The library of tourist reports serves as an information basis for the work of the specific and interspecific commissions of tourism federations.

3. PURPOSE OF TRAVEL REPORTS

The main task of the tourist report is to convey the maximum reliable useful information the travel area and specific local obstacles. It should contain information about the routes of communication with the area of ​​the campaign, the peculiarities of the organization of movement, reserves and border zones, natural obstacles, climatic features, etc. The report should describe how the group acted and contain recommendations for subsequent travels.

4. REQUIREMENTS TO THE TOURIST REPORT

4.1. The report should contain only reliable information.
The report should unambiguously answer the question: where and how the route ran, how the group acted during its passage.
In addition to purely technical descriptions, the report may contain the impressions of the group members about the area, route thread and obstacles passed.
4.2 The report on the hiking trip can be written or oral. Submission of a written report is obligatory for hikes 4-6 grade c., As well as for hikes participating in tourism championships. In all other cases, as well as for hikes 1-3 class. the form of the report, its volume and content is established by the IWC when considering application materials, taking into account the novelty and availability of information on this area in the IWC library. The decision of the IWC is recorded in the route book. The section "Technical description of the route" in relation to the "Expanded route schedule" (see 5.5) is mandatory for all reports.
4.3. Together with the report, the itinerary book or its photocopy and documents confirming the passage of the route, completed certificates of travel credit for all participants are submitted to the MCC.
4.4. An oral report is made by the leader and members of the group at a meeting of the ICC. In this case, the documents listed in clause 4.3, photographs, videos, etc., as well as maps and route schemes are submitted. An oral report is built according to sections of the written (see 5.)
4.5. The written report must be executed in a typewritten (computer) way, have a continuous pagination, MUST HAVE A FIRM BIDDING, ensuring the long-term preservation of the report. For the content of the written report, see section 5.
4.6. The photographs and sketches included in the report should characterize the difficult sections of the route and the actions of the group on them, provide subsequent groups with orientation on the ground, display the nature and attractions of the area. On the photographs, the traversed "and the recommended route, as well as dangerous zones are highlighted. The photographs must be sequentially numbered and in MANDATORY ORDER have signatures that allow identifying the displayed object without referring to the text of the report. The text of the report must contain references to photographs and other illustrated material.
4.7. The report is accompanied by an overview map (diagram) of the marching area with a marked route, alternate options, directions of movement and possible evacuation, as well as places of overnight stay, indicating their serial numbers and dates, and the main obstacles. The map can be supplemented with sketches or large-scale diagrams of complex areas, with the indication of the line of movement, landmarks and photo points.
For hikes with significant differences in altitude, water and caving trips, a route profile is drawn up (altitude graph).
In the reports on water trips, sailing directions are given with an indication of obstacles and their landmarks, obstacle diagrams with an indication of the path of passage, places of belay and mooring.
In reports on caving trips, topographic materials on underground cavities are given.
The reports on auto moto - trips indicate the points of possible refueling and repair of vehicles.

The text part must contain the sections indicated in the "Typical form and content of the report on a camping trip, travel and sports tour" (see Appendix I). The individual sections are discussed in detail below, as well as in the “guidelines” (see Appendix 4).
5.1 Title page (see Appendix 2).
5.2 Contents (Table of Contents).
5.3 Background information about the hike.
The name of the conducting organization, country, republic, city, type of tourism, the category of difficulty of the hike, the length and duration of the hike, the number of the itinerary book and information about the powers of the IWC are indicated. This is followed by a detailed thread of the route, identifying obstacles, a list of the group indicating the year of birth, tourist experience and responsibilities in the group, addresses for consultations are given. 5.4. General geographic and tourist characteristics of the hike area. Includes the geographical location of the area, its tourist opportunities, options for entering and leaving, characteristics of vehicles, including the cost of travel and transport timetables, emergency and backup options for this route, information about medical centers, retail outlets, the location of border and protected areas, the procedure for obtaining passes to the restricted areas, addresses and telephones of the relevant organizations, the location and addresses of the MSS and PSO, the most interesting natural and historical objects, climatic and other characteristics of the route.
5.5. ORGANIZATION OF THE HIKE.
The features of preparatory preparation, the features of the chosen route are described, the rationale for the choice of the main and alternate options, the organization of the cast is given. The section should answer the question why this particular route was chosen; how successful the original plan of the campaign turned out to be. In this section, the declared route is given and separately actually traversed in a form convenient for comparison.
5.6. EXTENDED MOTION CHART.
It is given in the form of a table, for which the following columns are recommended: day of travel, date, section route, length (km), net running time, determining obstacles in section 8 meteorological conditions, height difference (for mountain hikes). At the end, the total duration, length, height difference is indicated. For hiking in the mountains, an altitude schedule is given, and for water trips, a profile of the route. THE INFORMATION FROM THIS SECTION IS DISCOVERED IN DETAIL IN THE NEXT SECTION.
5.7. DIARY AND TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ROUTE.
The main section of the report. It includes a detailed, without any exceptions, description of the route in the order of its passage, difficult sections according to the schemes below, technique and tactics of passing the route, dangerous sections and safety measures. Without this section, the report cannot be considered by the IWC.
The route description is broken down by day or tactical section. The latter are also broken down by day. The heading of each day indicates the date and day of the journey, as well as for the convenience of users, the route section, mileage, elevation difference, net running time in hours and weather conditions during the day. A sample title is provided in Appendix 3.
The text indicates the object (the point to which the group is striving), landmarks and direction of movement. The descriptions of the sections are given in a strict sequence, the characteristics of the section to be overcome (obstacles), the time of movement, the technique and tactics used, dangerous sections, and methods of insurance are indicated.
To facilitate the work on the report, it is convenient to use the ready-made diagrams below. Examples of their application and a methodology that facilitates the preparation of this section are given in Appendix 4.

LOCAL OBSTACLE DESCRIPTION SCHEME (on the example of the pass)

1. Name, category of difficulty (c.t.), height, characteristics of slopes, where it is located, which valleys, glaciers, etc. connects.
2. From where it is seen, where it is, landmarks for the search.
3. Characteristics (description) of approaches and pass take-off, dangerous areas.
4. Group actions, insurance, running time.
5. Description of the saddle.
6. View from the pass.
7. Characteristics (description) of the opposite slope.
8. Group actions on the descent, insurance, running time.
9. Recommendations for going the pass in the opposite direction.
10. Total travel time.
11. Places of possible accommodation.
12. Required special equipment.
13. Recommendations for equipment and insurance.
14. Assessment by the group of Ph.D. obstacles and options for its passage.
See: also Appendix I

SCHEME OF DESCRIPTION OF A LONG OBSTACLE (on the example of a valley)

1. Indicate the final goal (landmark) of the movement, for example, a local obstacle (pass, crossing) to which the group is going and its location.
2. Indicate landmarks, direction of movement, points from which landmarks or the goal of movement are visible.
3. Characteristics of the path to the chosen goal (road, trail, forest, talus, etc.)
4. Movement of the group from landmark to landmark with indication of the time of movement, characteristics of obstacles and group actions, insurance, dangerous places.
5. Total running time, pure running time.
6. Places of possible overnight stays.
7. Recommendations for groups going in the opposite direction.
8. Assessment by the group of Ph.D. obstacles.

5.8 GROUP MATERIALS
Provides a list of special equipment, features of personal and public equipment and comments to them. The calculation of the weight of the backpack is also given here.
5.9. ESTIMATE HIKE
The cost of travel, accommodation, meals and all other expenses is given. Recommendations for cost optimization are given.
5.10. RESULTS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This section summarizes and draws conclusions about the achievement of the set goals. The correctness of tactical decisions, the choice of the route thread and the timetable are analyzed, recommendations are given on its passage and possible changes. The correspondence of the category of difficulty of the route and individual obstacles to the declared ones, the reasons for changing the original plan of the campaign is analyzed.

ANNEX 1

STANDARD FORM AND CONTENT OF THE REPORT ON TOURIST TRAVEL, TRAVEL, SPORTS TOUR

1. Title page. (see Appendix 2)
2. Contents (table of contents)
3. Reference information about the hike.
3.1. Conducting organization (name, address, telephone, fax, e-mail, www)
3.2. Country, republic, territory, region, district, subdistrict, array (venue)
3.3. General background information about the route (in a column or in the form of a table).

3.4. Detailed thread of the route.
3.5. Determining obstacles of the route (passes, traverses, peaks, canyons, ferries, rapids, vegetation cover, swamps, talus, sands, snow, ice, water areas, etc.) in the form of a table to determine the complexity of the route according to the TSSR method.

3.6. Group list.
3.7. Full name, address, telephone, e-mail, leader and participants.
3.8. Report storage address, availability of video and film materials.
3.9. The hike was reviewed by the IWC __________________

4. General geographical and tourist characteristics of the area.
4.1. Geographical position and the tourist features of the area.
4.2. Entry and exit options.
4.3. Emergency exits from the route and its alternatives.
4.4. Characteristics of vehicles, features of weather conditions and other information typical for a given area and type of tourism.
4.5. The location of border zones, reserves, the procedure for obtaining passes, the location of the USAR team, medical facilities and other useful data.
4.6. The list of the most interesting natural, historical and other objects (occupations) on the route.

5. Organization and conduct of the trip.
5.1. Goals and objectives of the route. Preparation, route selection. Tactical ideas, novelty.
5.2. Route change and their reasons.
5.3. Expanded traffic schedule. Drawn up in the form of a table, briefly summarizing the basic information disclosed in the section "Technical description of the route by the group". Recommended columns: Travel days. Date. Section of the path (from-to). Length in km. Net running time. Defining obstacles on the site. Meteorological conditions.

6. Technical description of the route.
The main section in the report.
Difficult sections: passes, rapids, crossings, places with difficult orientation, etc. ≈ are described in more detail, indicating the time intervals of their passage and the actions of the group on them. Particular attention should be paid to the description of the technique and tactics of movement, as well as measures to ensure safety on the route, extreme situations. The text "Technical description of the route by the group" must be "tied" to the text of the "Expanded timetable" through the dates and days of the journey.
Potentially dangerous sections along the route are described separately.
The datasheet is broken down by travel days or tactical sections. The latter are also broken down by day. The title of each day indicates: Date, day of travel, and it is also desirable to indicate the route section, mileage, elevation differences, net running time in hours and weather conditions during the day (see Appendix 3).

7. Material support of the group.

8. The cost of accommodation, meals, equipment, transportation costs.

10. The report is accompanied by an overview and detailed map route indicating emergency options and emergency exits, photographs of defining obstacles, confirming their passage by the group (all photographs must be numbered, referenced to the text of clause 6 and signatures that allow identifying the depicted object without referring to the text), passports of local obstacles passed for the first time ... To create a databank of traversed routes and simplify the exchange of information, it is recommended, in addition to a written report to the IWC, to provide a report, "executed (preferably with maps, photos, etc.) on a CD-disk (diskette) in one of the pdf, html, rtf formats, doc, txt - text format.

APPENDIX 2

TITLE PAGE

REPORT
about (type of tourism) hiking trip
_______ category of complexity by ( geographical area)
perfect by a group of tourists (city, team)
in the period from _________ to ________ 200__.

Route book No. ___________
Team leader ____________
Address, phone number, e-mail of the head

The route qualification commission reviewed the report and believes that the hike can be credited to all participants and the head of the category of difficulty.
Use the report in the library ____________

City __________ 200_y.

APPENDIX 3

POSSIBLE VARIANT OF WALKING DAY TITLE. (Example)

APPENDIX 4

METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR DRAFTING A TOURIST REPORT

Cool at first
and then flattens out ...
(Description of the pass ZB k. S.)

We go on hikes for ourselves, but many tourists write reports not for themselves, but for others, and consider drawing up a report an obsolete, unnecessary sad duty, without which the "evil uncles from the IWC" will not give the coveted certificates about the test and will not be allowed into more challenging hike. "We are athletes, we are geeks, not writers" - this opinion can often be heard on the sidelines of tourist clubs.
"Colleagues, (I would like to object to this), what materials did you use to prepare the routes? Maybe some non-athletes, support personnel, second-class tourists or hired workers write reports for you?" Nothing of the kind, they are written by your comrades and, moreover, not always by their elders. Reports, let alone good reports, are written by honest athletes, those who not only use (for free!) Someone else's experience, but also help their friends and colleagues with their experience.
Let's be honest with ourselves and our friends, and this guide will help you to fulfill your duties with minimal labor and maximum benefit.
A person gets pleasure from any (including technical work on tourist route if he succeeds in this work). But in order to succeed, you first need to learn, "And in our school there were troikas for essays, well, it was not given to us to write," the stubborn ones will continue to object. However, all over the world, millions of non-writers and non-journalists write production and scientific reports, instructions, articles, statements and explanatory notes. The task of these non-writers is to convey any information to interested parties. And in this they are helped by worked out schemes of documents. If all the elements of the scheme (points of the plan) are observed, they will understand you, even if you write clumsily, boringly and ponderously.

I. HOW TO WRITE A REPORT

If you want to make your job as easy as possible, start writing your report well before you hike. During the preparation period, you can write a draft of the "general geographic and tourist characteristics of the hike area". Since you will still have to study the area before the hike, nothing prevents you from putting the information you received on paper or magnetic media in advance. After the hike, it remains to make small corrections, add the information received during the hike and start the printer. The same goes for some of the other sections. In order not to suffer with a technical description, it must be written on the route, following fresh tracks; in the form of a diary. It is best at halts, after each crossing, to describe the area covered. You can write yourself, or you can dictate to a participant with good handwriting (the ideal option is when several people keep diaries on a hike, for example: a leader, chronicler and timekeeper). In this case, your comrades will be able to make amendments and additions, and, at the same time, learn to write themselves. Then, after the campaign, all that remains is to edit and retype the text. It is dangerous to postpone the description until the evening. Much will be forgotten, and there may be no conditions and time for writing. And it is completely unacceptable to write a report from memory when you arrive home. Important details will be missed, timekeeping is forgotten, and, moreover, there will most likely not be time for long writing after the hike.
But most importantly, credibility will be lost. And the report should contain only reliable information! No wonder the participants geographical expeditions professed and profess the principle: "not recorded in the field book - was not observed"!
Here is an example: the editor of the newspaper "Volny Veter" SV, known to many travelers. Mindelevich walked according to the report of E.A. Ionikh in the Elbrus region, the Yusengi pass (2B). Ionikh passed this pass second, there were no other materials in the library. It followed from the report that the bend of the glacier "in the central part ends with a smooth roll-out on the tongue. But instead of roll-out, behind the bend, there was a flight - on sheep's foreheads with a drop in height of about 300 meters! A thin layer of fresh snow lay on the ice, and the bend did not allow looking down. Starting the descent without crampons and ropes, the group found themselves on unreliable steps above the cliff ... Later the author of the description tried to justify himself by describing the pass in a hurry at home, after the hike -...
Another tragicomic case: a group of tourists from MEPhI passed the 1B pass in Digoria. According to the description, a flat snow slope went straight from the saddle to the gentle part of the glacier, but the slope was not visible from the pass. Without a shadow of a doubt, the leader sat down on the plastic and disappeared behind the bend. The rest heard a frightened scream, but then the leader drove out of the blue and waved his arms invitingly. The second participant disappeared behind the bend, and again a scream and again a permissive wave of his hand. The third participant sat down on polyethylene and after a few seconds saw a huge (perhaps it seemed from fear) bergschrund beneath him. Fortunately, there was a small springboard above the top edge. Slowly, very slowly, a gaping bottomless mouth floated below. Hit, slip, roll out!
Both were lucky. Both of them used unfair descriptions.
To keep a diary on the route, you need a hardcover notebook, pens or pencils, a compass, an altimeter, or a GPE. Diary entries and, accordingly, a description of the route must be kept in a strict sequence, without interruptions (breaks). They must have accurate timing. However, it is not necessary to indicate "Live time", hardly anyone will be interested that you walked from 7-00 to 7-30 from the overnight place to the ford, but pure running time, that is, “walked 30 minutes”. It is all the more useless to point out that, for example, we went from the ferry to the glacier from 10-00 to 15-40, since it is not clear how much you rested, did or did not have a snack, etc.
It is necessary to describe the route from one noticeable landmark to another, indicate what is visible and from where, and in what weather conditions the stage was passed. In some cases, it is helpful to mention the state of the group. All this can be useful to those who follow you.

2. WHAT TO WRITE IN THE REPORT

At the beginning of the description of the running day, it is necessary to give its characteristics (see Appendix 3). Those who read the report should be able, without flipping through the entire text, to find a description of the section of the route they need and, without referring to other sections of the report, immediately determine where and where you were going from. In the text of the report, after the title of the day, it is necessary to indicate where the group starts to move, even if it is clear from the description of the previous day. And then outline WHERE THE GROUP GOES. For example, the path to Round lake starting from bus stop in the center of Igoshino village along a dirt road going north-west between houses. Or: from spending the night at the confluence of the Bystraya and Kedrovaya rivers to the Sosnovy pass, we go along the left bank of the Bystraya river along a well-developed trail to the southeast. At the same time, these phrases contain information about the nature of the beginning of the path (path, road) and about where this path begins from (there can be several roads and paths).
Then, if possible, it is necessary to indicate distant landmarks. For example, you have to walk about 1.5 hours (5 km) to the confluence of the second large right tributary, the valley of which is visible from the place of the overnight stay (from the turn of the main valley to the right, etc.) - This will allow less experienced travelers walking according to your description not to overshoot the required turn in bad weather, or out of absentmindedness.
Now we proceed, in fact, to the description of the route. We indicate the nature of the path (trails, off-road), forests, swamps, ferries. We indicate the time of movement between noticeable landmarks, for example, until the next tributary, meadow, bend of the river. Here we describe the actions of the group in difficult areas, berry thickets, places to sleep and others. useful information... As well as interesting objects, passes, waterfalls, canyons, forks of paths and roads. If orientation when moving in the opposite direction is difficult, for example, because of the steep bank, the bridge is not visible or the path is lost when entering the clearing and it is difficult to find it during the return movement, we give recommendations for those walking towards you.
Respecting colleagues, do not clutter up the text with abbreviations like "kpu" and "mn" (the end of the previous section and the place of spending the night), and also avoid everyday details, perhaps very nice, but not related to the passage of the route - there are newspapers and magazines for them ...
In no case should the descriptions be limited to only a narrow corridor or thread, as is done at rallies and competitions at the stage "following the legend". Without a landmark visible from afar or knowledge of the general direction of movement, a rather small inaccuracy in the description, inattention or a slight change in the relief (the snowfield has melted!), And it will be impossible to restore your location.
We give an approximate scheme for describing a linear section of the route using the example of a river valley, adhering to which you can confidently state all the necessary information

DIAGRAM OF DESCRIPTION OF AN EXTENDED OBSTACLE OR LINEAR SEGMENT

1. Indicate the starting point of the movement and the final (intermediate) goal to which the group goes and the location of this goal.
2. Indicate landmarks (the nearest and subsequent ones as you move), the direction of movement, points from which landmarks or the final destination of the path are visible.
3. Characteristics of the path (path, road, forest, slopes, talus, etc.)
4. Describe the movement of the group from landmark to landmark indicating the net running time, characteristics of the path and obstacles, the group's actions when overcoming obstacles, dangerous places, as well as the types of insurance used.
5. Travel time between the most important landmarks and the total travel time to the selected goal or per day.
6. Places of possible accommodation.
7. Recommendations for going in the opposite direction.
8. If necessary, recommendations for equipment. If there is a pass or other local obstacle on the way of the group that requires a detailed description, at the beginning we give it brief description, then we orient the readers of the report where it is located and from where it can be seen, and only after that we write, in fact, the description, according to the scheme given below for the case of a pass - the most common local obstacle.

SCHEME OF DESCRIPTION OF THE PASS (LOCAL OBSTACLE)

1. Name, category of difficulty, height, characteristics of slopes, where it is located, which valleys, glaciers, etc. connects.
2. Where is it visible, where is it in the circus or in the crest of the ridge, other landmarks that provide confident orientation.
3. Characteristics (description) of the pass take-off, dangerous areas.
4. Actions of the group, organization of insurance, running time, possible options, total running time for ascent.
5. Description of the saddle, the possibility of overnight stay.
6. View from the pass.
7. Recommendations for those going in the opposite direction, if, due to the shape of the slope, it is not visible from above and at the same time it is possible to enter dangerous or unnecessarily difficult areas.
8. Characteristics of the opposite slope along which the descent is to be carried out.
9. Group actions on the descent, insurance, running time, possible options.
10. Recommendations for those going in the opposite direction, if the path, especially in the upper part, is difficult to see from below.
11. The total travel time for the descent and ascent, recommendations for the passage, the necessary equipment, the organization of insurance, conclusions.
12. Places of possible accommodation. (See also Appendix 3). Below we will give examples of how not to and how to write descriptions for simple and difficult passes, give recommendations on determining the steepness of the slopes and wish you successful hikes and good reports.

SIMPLE PASS

1.How NOT to write a description

08/26/2001 From our overnight stay (there is not a word about its place on the previous page) we move to the Dzhankuat glacier and along the path in the glacier's tongue we cross the Dzhankuat stream (it is not clear to which bank). We climb the trail to the ridge of the glacier moraine (sometimes called the Dinosaur). Climbing a steep conglomerate slope (it’s not clear how to look for a trail on the slope). We go out onto the trail on the moraine ridge (50-60 minutes). We pass along the path, about 300 meters, and get off it, opposite the stream flowing from under the Koyavganaush pass (the first mention of the goal in the description of the day!). We go up the trail along the stream to the "Spartak Overnight Stays". Here is an ideal place for spending the night before the pass (the nature of the slope is not indicated, it is not clear where the nights are, there is no time to climb to them).
Ascent to the saddle of the pass along a weakly noticeable path along a small mobile black talus, in some places crossed by snowfields. It is better to pass the pass early in the morning, when the talus is seized by frost and does not crawl. The ascent from overnight stays takes an hour and a half (there is no indication where to look for the pass in the circus, the false saddle is missed, the glacier at the foot of the pass is forgotten, there is no total ascent time).
The saddle is wide, scree, you can put up several tents. From the saddle there is a good view of the Adyrsu valley.
Descent from the saddle through snowfields and small live debris to the Koyavgan glacier takes from 20 minutes to 1 hour (the dangerous section is missed, it will be given in the "correct description", it is not clear what caused the spread of the descent time by three times). Coming out onto the flat surface of an open glacier, we move closer to the left edge along the slopes of Koyavgan peak (the peak is not visible, its mention is meaningless). After 30-40 minutes we go to the terminal moraine, leaving the steep tongue of the glacier to the right along the way (there are no instructions on how to find the pass on this side, the passage of the glacier is not described in detail).
The moraine has water and platforms. A terrible path begins from here, which in an hour and a half leads to a green island on the banks of the Adyrsu River. This is an ideal place for a day out - pine trees, a clean stream ...- (the description of the valley and the "terrible trail" is not detailed, there is no total time of descent and total time of passing the pass).

2. How to write a description

Today we have to take the last and easiest pass Koyavganaush (IA, 3500, sn.-os). The pass is located in the Adyrsu ridge between the peaks of Koyavganbashi and VIATau and connects the valleys of the Adylsu and Adyrsu rivers. It leads from the tongue of the Djankuat glacier to the Koyavgan glacier and to the ruins of the Jailik a / l.
From the place of our overnight stay at the hut "Green Hotel" in the upper reaches of the Dzhankuat stream (2400 m) you can see the Dzhankuat glacier and a stream breaking through its right-bank moraine near the tongue. A path to the pass goes along the stream.
After passing along moraine deposits and pebbles along the Dzhankuat stream, we cross the glacier to the right bank. Further, by the left bank of the stream, along the path made in the conglomerate, we ascend into the pocket of the right-bank moraine of the Djankuat glacier. On the pocket and along the ridge there are trails to the upper reaches of the valley to the Trainer Pass (Gendarme). A moraine slope, cut by gullies, in which snowfields lie, leads to our pass from the pocket. On the slope along the stream flowing from under the pass you can see trails leading to a small circus. On the left along the way - grassy areas of "Spartak overnight stays" (3 hours).
From here, on the right side of the circus under the rocky massif of Koyavganbashi, near the pyramidal gendarme, you can see the pass. Closer to the top of VIatau there is a false saddle. The further path runs along a small, gently sloping glacier, the lower part of which is open, and the upper part may be covered with snow, but there are no cracks here. After passing under the false saddle, we climb the pass along a wide snow-talus slope. If the talus is saturated with water and crawls under your feet, you can go to the left, along simple rocky outcrops. The saddle is wide enough, talus. A bivouac is possible on it. Tour from the north side on the rocks. (5 hours from the "green hotel"). The pass is one of the best panoramic points of the Elbrus region. From here open the upper reaches of the Adyrsu valley and the Adyrsu ridge from the Freshfield pass to the Kulumkol pass. Elbrus and the Donguz-orunbashi massif are visible in the western sector.
The descent to the Koyavgan glacier passes along a wide slope (30 °, 400 m). In its upper part, there is usually a snowfield, the steepness of which can reach 40 °. If the snow density is high, you can climb a little to the left onto a ridge of destroyed rocks. Below begins the famous Coyawgan "loose", which, depending on the humidity, rides underfoot or turns into a solid conglomerate.
The end of the snowfield is not visible, so we decided not to risk it, and walked around it on the left. We did the right thing: at the end of summer, the snowfield shrank, and in the event of a breakdown, it would be difficult to linger before flying to the talus.
Then we went down to the glacier along the paths laid in black shale talus (1 hour). When passing this slope uphill, it is advantageous in the upper part to go to the right to a larger talus. (Rockfalls on the right!). We walked along the glacier with the left edge, bypassing the zone of swelling and ice breaks (rock falls from rocks, open radial cracks). After turning over the ice covered with debris, we go to the left-bank moraine and along it we go down to the platforms at the upper edge of the terminal moraine of the glacier (upper Koyavgan overnights) (50 minutes). You can also get here along the centerline of the glacier. In this case, descend to the moraine, not reaching the steep part of the tongue. Then, passing the moraine, on the left bank of the stream (in the off-season it is avalanche here) we go to the grassy "lower overnight stays". From here, a steep, deeply trodden path with frequent serpentines descends into the Adyrsu valley. Turning to the right, up the valley and crossing the stream from under our pass, we find ourselves in a pine grove, where there are numerous parking lots (2200, 4 hours from the saddle). We note that it is difficult to walk this pass from grass to grass, but we have the end of the route and the experience of the "four" behind us.
When moving in the opposite direction, it should be borne in mind that the false saddle under the VIatau slopes opens first. A cornice usually hangs on it. The pass is located on the left side of the circus behind the rocks and is not visible until the glacier turns. If a group descends towards the pass, it is better to wait behind the rock separating the main and false saddles, so as not to fall under a rockfall

DIFFICULT PASS

1. How NOT to write a description

6	08.08	1	Mn - gorge of the Tyutyusu river	2,4	1.20	Three moraine terraces with large talus slopes between them, in the lower one there are outcrops of rocks traversed at the left slope. Ridge of the right bank moraine (some areas with a steepness of up to 30 °)	7.00 clear, Т + 6 ° С 12.00 clear, Т + 22 ° С 19.00 cloudy. Thunderstorm at night.	Half-day, exploration and processing of the beginning of the pass slope
		2	Kpu - Tyutyu glacier	3	1.00
		3	Kpu - middle moraine	3	1.05	Moraine cover, open glacier with transverse cracks
7	09.08	1 Form 11-13	Mn-lane Semenovskogo	1,8	2.05	Gentle closed glacier ~ 1100 m. Glacial rise ~ 300 m, steepness up to 30 °. Firnovy - pass takeoff with bergschrund in the lower part ~ 400 m, steepness in the upper part up to 40 °. Descent along the ascent path.	7.00 fog. Т + 14 ° С 12.00 cloudy, Т + 18 ° С 19.00 snow Т + 10 ° С	Radial exit. Ligaments, cats
		2	Back	1,8	1.00
8	10.08	1 Form 14	Mn - bergschrund under the North-East buttress of Tyutyu.	0,4	0.20	A closed, gently sloping glacier. Snowy firn takeoff ~ 100 m, steepness up to 25 °.	7.00 clear, Т + 11 ° С 12.00 clear, Т + 16 ° С wind, 19.00 clear, Т + 20 ° С	Ligaments, cats. Separate transportation of backpacks. Observing stones when crossing gutters. A total of 330 m of ropes (9 ropes) were hung. Ligaments.
		2 Form 15-16	Kpu - a wide ice-snow couloir with avalanche troughs.	0,2	2.25	Bergschrund with a height difference of up to 4 m, snow slope ~ 40 m, steepness up to 40 °. Narrow bergschrund, ice-firn slope ~ 80 m, steepness up to 45 °. Railings, hooks, the first without a backpack. Open ice ~ 20-25 m, steepness up to 50 °. Railings, hooks.
		3	Kpu - the upper end of the avalanche troughs.	0,25	2.15	Snowy firn slope cut by avalanche trenches up to 1.5-2 m deep, slope length ~ 250 m, steepness more than 45 ° (railings, belay through an ice ax), movement along the ridge between the troughs. The stones in the lower part are to the right along the way, and from the middle and to the left - from the slopes. Uncomplicated rocks ~ 10 m.
		4 Form 17-21	Kpu - Suvorov Pass	0,2	0.30	Snow-ice couloir up to 200 m long, steepness 45 °, in the upper part up to 50 °, saddle of the pass - rocky ridge ~ 3m
		5	Kpu - a lake under the Zap. Jailik	4,5	2.10	Medium detrital talus ~ 1000m, steepness up to 30 °. Closed gentle glacier ~ 1000 m. Large and medium-stony slope - trail.

No other texts were found in this report.

2. How to write a description

Pass SUVOROVA(variant of the Dzhailyk pass) (ZA, 4100, ice., - sk., 132, fig.) is located in the northwestern branch of the Adyrsu ridge between the peaks of Dzhailyk and Tyutyubashi in the southern shoulder of the latter. It connects the Kulumkol (Adyrsu) and Tyutyu (Baksan) valleys, leads from the Tyutyu glacier to the Western Dzhailik glacier. Completed for the first time
In the upper left circus of the Tyutyu glacier, to the right, along the course of the Dzhailyk peak, the snow-ice cofferdam of the Dzhailyk pass is visible with rocky teeth. The Suvorov Pass is located to the right along the course behind a low rocky pyramid. The pass requires the use of the entire arsenal of ice and rock equipment. The defining side is described on the rise. All along the ice and snow slopes are rocky. Take off the bottom of the takeoff only in the morning.
Depending on the snow and ice conditions, the optimal ascent path can vary markedly. It is planned to mount up to 600 meters of handrails, of which about 150 meters on ice.
After spending the night "Tyutyu lower" we climb the Tyutyu glacier and move to the upper part of the middle moraine under the pass, where we will organize the initial bivouac (1 hour). From here you can see a pass "take-off with a hanging glacier, in the lower third of which the left side of which joins with an avalanche discharge.
The stem is torn apart by two bergschrunds. We overcome the lower one over the bridge, pass the upper one on the right along the way, and head towards the tongue of the hanging glacier. On ice (40-50 °, walls up to 60 °) we go up to the circus under the pass (handrail 150m). Directly above us is one of the saddles of the Dzhailyk pass (PZ), an extended rocky snow-ice couloir leads to our pass. Along the closed glacier (20-30 °) we go up to the right under the rocks, to the right along the couloir, and after walking about 80 meters along its edge, we go out onto the rocks (8 hours). Along the rocks (20-30 °, 80m) we go up to the buttress jutting into the couloir. Then we go up the buttress (40-60 °, 80m) to a wide grassy ledge. We cross the lateral couloir (40m) along it and go to the next buttress with a characteristic rock tooth. Along this buttress (40-60, in some places up to 80 °, 100m) we go up to the talus. Along it up and to the left (along the way) we go out under the pass couloir and along it (40-60 °, 30m) we go to the ridge. (8 hours from the pass circus). In the area of ​​the buttresses, semi-sedentary overnight stays are possible.
From the pass there is an excellent view in both directions. A bivouac is possible on the ridge, but there is no water. Descent towards the Adyrsu valley along small live talus leads to the Western Dzhailik glacier. We continue our descent along the right edge of the glacier. We pass convenient sites under the Dragon Tail Pass (IA) (2.5 hours).

Tourism is not only a warm sea, yellow sand and endless entertainment under the palm trees. Travels are different, and any connoisseur can choose a vacation to their liking. Active, youth, health, children, religious, beach, rural ... These are just a few areas that are popular.

"I am a tourist!" - any modern person who:

• travels out of curiosity
• goes on voyages for work,
• goes to the LDPE to sleep in the forest in a tent,
• travels outside the hometown for rest and treatment,
• attends training seminars or master classes in other countries.

The root of the word "tourism" is presumably French, from tour - "trip". But this name has long been applied not only to travel. Tourism and its types are developing so rapidly that it is difficult to count them!

Classification of the main types of tourism

Traveling is a way to relax, forget about problems, relax your body and soul. Guidebooks on the main types of tourism suggest dividing it according to geographic principle:

• Internal - rest within your own country. Who said that vacationing in Russia is not prestigious? This country has mountains, seas, places of pilgrimage, fishing, hunting and other entertainment;
• International - travel outside your country. Russians love to relax in Turkey, Egypt, Spain, Greece and other places. Overseas vacations are not necessarily more expensive than domestic ones.

The classification of tourism according to the main types involves the division of flows depending on the direction of travelers. Types of tourism are divided into inbound and outbound. In the first case, we are talking about foreigners who come to us - Russian resorts are especially popular with Chinese guests. Outbound tourism is when Russians go abroad.

According to the objectives of the activity, the following types of tourism are distinguished:

• Informative - sightseeing, historical monuments, architecture, visiting museums, art galleries;
• Religious or pilgrimage - visiting temples, cathedrals, monasteries and other shrines;
• Wellness - associated with rest in sanatoriums, in resorts with healing water, mud, clean air;
• Active - this includes such types of tourism as sports, fishing, hunting, visiting attractions;
• Recreational is relaxing on the beaches, swimming in the sea, a carefree pastime when you can do nothing and just enjoy your vacation.

But these are only the main and demanded types of tourism and their characteristics. Travelers love shopping tours, business vacations, and exotic ... Someone is looking for adventure, dancing until the morning, others - dream of silence or pursue other goals. It is difficult to say exactly how many types of tourism exist: their number is so huge that it will be difficult to try everything in this life.

Travel is a broad concept, and there are also many types of tourism. Have already chosen for yourself suitable rest? Even if you've only spent your vacation on the beach before, this is no reason not to try something new. After studying the types of tourism and travel, find the best option and experiment!

The most popular types of tourism

List the types of tourism that you know! Travelers usually name several popular destinations that enjoy special attention. And only people for whom recreation has become not just a hobby, but a lifestyle, are well aware of the characteristics of a much larger number of types of tourism. But not everything is so simple in modern times. What types of tourism are there?

sea ​​sunbeach

Perhaps the most popular type of tourism in the world is a holiday in resorts surrounded by palm trees, sea and sand. The main goal is to relax, get an even tan, swim, and forget about pressing problems for a long time. This type of tourism has a peculiarity: it is universal and suitable for any person. Families with children, newlyweds, aged people, friends go on vacation.

Among the other types and types of tourism by purpose, recreational is the most extensive, as it allows you to combine relaxing on the beach and visiting attractions, entertainment. Calling popular places for this type of tourism, one can single out the south of Russia, Turkey, Thailand, Vietnam and other countries.

Cultural and historical tourism: for the most curious

The motivation for this type of tourism and recreation is the desire of the traveler to expand his horizons, to get acquainted with the national culture of the country where he is going, with its historical and architectural monuments, museums, remarkable routes. This also includes those trips during which a person acquires an idea of ​​music, theaters, cinema, painting of the state, learns the local language, attends informative lectures or seminars.

Health tourism: with health benefits

The entire high society of Russia in the 19th century enjoyed relaxing "on the waters" and did not even assume that it was engaged in medical or medical tourism. The main goal of the traveler here is to improve health, increase the body's defenses or get rid of an acute or chronic illness. This area includes visiting sea resorts, sanatoriums, dispensaries, water and mud baths, mineral, thermal or radon springs. There is such a variety of it as climatotherapy. For example, in the high-mountainous region of the Caucasus, in Teberda, there is a sanatorium where respiratory diseases are treated with clean mountain air. Or boarding houses in Abkhazia, where the unique combination of sea air, subtropical climate, the proximity of a boxwood grove gives an amazing healing effect.

Sports and extreme tourism: for those who appreciate adrenaline and obstacles

These varieties are the most variegated, they are subdivided into many categories. All sports tourism is usually divided into passive and active. In the first case, the traveler does not personally participate, but observes a certain sporting event, and in the second, accordingly, he participates.

We note right away that representatives of sports and extreme types of tourism do not even consider the rest as tourists. There is often a funny misunderstanding between individual groups: climbers dislike cavers, cyclists - pedestrians, water workers - everyone else, but as a joke. Sports and extreme tourism are subdivided into narrower areas according to the type of sport, method or degree of extreme.

All types are considered sports:

• water tourism - windsurfing, kayaking, rafting, sailing, water skiing, diving;
• mountain - mountaineering, rock climbing, mountain trekking;
• speleotourism;
• air - balloon flights, hang gliding, parachuting (sea, mountain, etc.)
• winter destinations (skiing, tobogganing, snowboarding, snowmobiles, etc.), summer (bicycles, motorcycles and ATVs, horses), as well as hunting, fishing and even golf!

The difference between sports and extreme tourism is sometimes poorly discernible or completely absent! But the gradation takes into account: the degree of risk, loads, potentially dangerous or difficult conditions, obstacles.

Business tourism: business without barriers

Entrepreneurs also love to travel, but they prefer to benefit from travel, although in business tourism it is not material in nature. Can:

• present your product,
• gain new knowledge and experience,
• establish strong partnerships for further cooperation,
• maintain existing contacts,
• negotiate in an informal setting.

This type of tourism, after all, is more like a business trip. This category also includes all kinds of professional congresses, conventions, conferences, salons, fairs. Let's say the Le Bourget air show in France or the international Expo, which took place in Astana in 2017.

Event tourism: where the fun is!

It's simple - there are events that some consider unacceptable to miss! The visit of event tourists is always conditioned by some kind of event - it can be world famous festivals (carnival in Brazil, festival of young wine in France, Oktoberfest), but not only! The event can be cultural, sports, historical, business ...

Perhaps, each region has its own significant events, and they are all worthy of attention and find their fans. Let us recall the jazz festival in Koktebel, the blooming of tulips in Kalmykia or lotuses near Astrakhan, "Rock over the Volga" or "Chereshnevy Les" - they are not counting!

Ecotourism: for those who are looking for the purity of nature

Such tourism is often confused with rural or farm tourism, when a person tired of city life breaks out of the metropolis in order to live a simple life in contact with nature, choosing for this special campings, camps or eco-settlements that allow new guests to enter their territory. The bottom line is correct: all eco-tourism is built on the fact that the traveler is alone with nature. For this, people usually rush to wild, untouched by civilization places. And although the genre presupposes living in a primordially natural environment, special campgrounds, shelters and hotels are now appearing to make living "in the wild" more comfortable.

A striking sign of ecotourism is that a tourist must certainly perform certain actions that are beneficial to the environment, from basic garbage collection to cleaning streams, eliminating the consequences of accidents, and rescuing animals. Eco-tourists often research uninhabited territories: their geography, climate, flora and fauna, etc.

Whichever type of tourism you choose for yourself is great! Any trip expands the picture of the world and horizons, has a beneficial effect on health and perception of life.

Promising types of tourism

There are such types of tourism that in modern times are of increased interest, attract more and more travelers, and are the most promising. And just a few decades ago, the demand for them was minimal. How to keep up with the times and master new types of tourism? Pay attention to areas such as:

• Gastronomic tourism is visiting the resorts of the world in order to taste national cuisine, visit many restaurants, appreciate drinks and delicacies. Among the various types of tourism, this one does not require a lot of expenses, since travelers will buy food anyway;
• Space tourism is the most promising type of tourism, which has not yet received development, but its widespread introduction is already being discussed. The ticket price is over $ 100,000, excellent health is required, but this is an excellent option for those who dreamed of becoming an astronaut in childhood;
• Residential tourism is not exactly a growing type of tourism, but it is now experiencing a new surge. Guests go for the winter to Cambodia, Vietnam, Montenegro and other warm countries, where they experience bad weather - they stay for several months, after which they return to their homeland;
• Rural tourism is not widespread in our country, but it is already popular in the USA and Europe. The idea is to get away from skyscrapers and cars, abandon your phone and spend a week at the "dacha" digging beds or looking after flowers. However, life on a farm does not appeal to Russians yet.

By the way, in the near future the concept and main types of tourism will remain unchanged. Travelers will continue to be attracted by relaxing on the beaches, downhill skiing, visiting bars and restaurants. Although the development of types of tourism is taking place, it is more aimed at improving the conditions and level of service.

Unusual types of tourism in the world

There are non-traditional types of tourism that are not widespread, but have an army of fans and are of certain interest for connoisseurs. What are we talking about?

• Urban tourism - unusual view tourism, in which travelers make a "collision", visiting old destroyed factories, subways, catacombs and other man-made and gloomy structures;
• Diggerstvo is another type of tourism, which consists of forays into caves and miraculous structures underground;
• Virtual tourism as a new type of tourism - sightseeing with a computer, 3D tours, panoramas. Such a trip, of course, will not allow you to get real emotions, but in general it is interesting, and most importantly - completely free;
• Military tourism - the traveler goes where there are active hostilities. What could be better than being under a hail of bullets, grenades and bombs? Despite the fact that such travels look like suicide, they are still in demand among extreme and adventure lovers. Tourists often lose their lives during such a vacation;
• Types of tourism for people with disabilities- in fact, they are no different from traditional travel, but the route and the hotel are chosen taking into account the characteristics of the person, so that it is easy and convenient for him to move;
• Illegal types of tourism - our compatriots are attracted by interesting types of tourism associated with risk. Get into Chernobyl, into the territory of a military unit, a guarded object ... The main thing is not what you see there, but the drive because you can be caught at any moment.

These new types of tourism have broad development prospects. Beaches, sea and attractions are already boring, I want something unusual, interesting and rich. So why not climb the abandoned metro line, the most high building in Moscow or not to go to the Dyatlov pass?

Types of tourism depending on the season

The most popular time to visit the resorts is the high season, when the weather pleases with sunny days, it is pleasant to swim in the sea, and a huge amount of entertainment is offered. However, there are types of tourism that, in general, are in demand at any time of the year. When do travelers visit resorts?

• High season - still enjoys increased popularity and attention. Tourists love to bask on the beaches, sunbathe, enjoy the service. True, this type of tourism has a drawback - due to the abundance of guests, there are not enough places, hotels need to be booked in advance, there is a crush, and municipal beaches are getting dirty;
• Velvet season - such tourism, as a specific type of leisure activity, involves rest when the bulk of travelers have already gone home. There is no usual crush and the weather is still perfect. True, a cold snap may already be noted, a decrease in temperature, especially at night;
• Low season - in most resorts, swimming at this time of the year will not work due to the coolness. On the other hand, sightseeing, beauty salons and tranquility can be enjoyed. The plus of such a pastime is the increased care from the service staff, because you will be one of the few guests.

When choosing when to go to a resort, consider the climatic conditions and the weather. There were cases when employees of travel agencies sold a voucher to an unsuspecting traveler, and on the spot it turned out that it was not the season in the chosen country, the rest was ruined.

Risk factors for various types of tourism

Tourism as a type of active recreation is not completely safe, since no one can guarantee that you will not fall on your skis, get an insect bite in the jungle or another attack happens. Most dangerous species rest are active entertainment... On vacation, there are several risk factors:

• Injury risk - of course, you can get a fracture at home, but if you climb mountains, conquer rivers, jump with a parachute, the likelihood of damage increases;
• Poisoning - This factor is especially dangerous in developing countries, so it is not recommended to buy food from street vendors. Take care of the water you use - it is far from always safe;
• Environmental impact - you can get burned from the sun, get caught in a downpour, squally wind. Be careful, especially if you are traveling out of season. A tsunami or hurricane predicted by forecasters is a reason to abandon the tour;
• Terrorism and national conflicts - unfortunately, when going to another country, you should know in advance how safe it is to rest there. Perhaps there are cases of attacks on tourist buses, other events. If the country is on the brink of revolution, political processes and actions are taking place, it is not worth going there.

Tourism is always associated with some risk, however, there is no guarantee that you will not get injured at home. The safest vacation is within your country, in resorts where there is no risk of floods, landslides and other disasters. To reduce the likelihood of negative consequences, choose your vacation destination wisely.

The main types of tourism updated: March 30, 2019 by the author: GlonassTravel

recreation;

social goals;

business and professional goals;

visiting friends and relatives;

religion (pilgrimage);

other purposes.

Let's consider briefly the types of tourism, depending on the goals.

Recreational tourism. This is tourism with the main purpose of recreation, treatment and other health purposes. It offers a wide variety of sports activities and entertainment to fill leisure, for some reason, it includes such types of tourism as excursion, specialized, educational, sports, adventure, exotic, ecological.

Excursion tourism. It is one of the most popular types of educational tourism. It is carried out with the aim of acquaintance with tourist attractions (monuments of history, architecture, art, etc.).

Excursion routes usually pass through several cities and provide an opportunity to get acquainted with the most outstanding monuments. We can name the classic tours in Germany: Cologne - Bonn - Dusseldorf - Frankfurt am Main - Nuremberg - Munich; tours in Italy: Rome - Venice - Florence.

Specialized tourism. Unlike ordinary vacationers, travelers of this category have a specific purpose, their stay is usually associated with this very purpose, whether it is participating in sports, watching animals, participating in horse routes, visiting a number of places associated with a certain historical event or personality.

In specialized tourism, a group of tourists stands out, united by the desire to stay in an unusual accommodation facility, such as a health farm or a farmhouse. Research conducted on this segment showed a higher level of education, personal income, and a high social status of the participants (managers, unique specialists and other high-class professionals).

Educational tourism. Travel with the purpose of education, professional development is relatively new in international tourism. Language learning trips are the most popular, especially to the UK and other English-speaking countries.

Sports tourism. The main task of sports tours is to practice the chosen sport. Such tours are divided into active and passive. In the first case, the basis is being engaged in some kind of sport, in the second - interest in sports, for example, it is supposed to attend competitions.

Adventure tourism. It is a kind of recreation and provides not only the stay of tourists in an attractive place for them, but also engaging in unusual activities. Adventure tourism is divided into several types:

hiking expeditions;

safari tours (hunting, fishing, catching butterflies, etc.);

sea ​​and river travel (yachting).

A specific feature of such tourism is the need to obtain licenses (hunting, fishing, import of trophies), as well as to ensure security, which requires the participation of highly qualified instructors. This type of tourism has a rather high cost - it is an elite vacation.

Exotic tourism. This type of tourism is associated with travel to exotic countries, to the islands in Tikhiy and Atlantic oceans or traveling in an unusual vehicle. V last years tours appeared that were striking in their uniqueness. The most incredible and expensive so far is considered to be a flight into space. After the flight of the first tourist Denis Tito in a Russian spaceship, traveling into space no longer seems like a distant dream. A list of those wishing to make a short space trip on the Russian spacecraft "Buran", ready to pay for it, has been compiled exotic journey$ 100,000 USA.

An example of exotic tourism is a trip to the Arctic on comfortable icebreakers with a sauna, swimming pool, conference rooms. The icebreaker is equipped with boats and helicopters for excursions. There are many people who want to get acquainted with the underwater world and travel on a submarine. In Germany, a former prison cell is popular among tourists - lovers of exoticism, where you can feel like a prisoner.

Ecological tourism. Ecotourism has received a lot of attention in recent years. For residents of Europe and America, travel through protected natural areas has become one of the most common types of recreation. The main distinguishing feature of this type of tourism is that the focus of travel is on the natural environment and tourists try not to damage natural complexes, to promote nature conservation and improve the well-being of the local population: Ecotourism is designed to create economic incentives to preserve the environment. This is a wide range of travel - from small educational tours for schoolchildren to regular tourist programs in national parks and reserves. The proceeds from this type of tourism are partially channeled into environmental protection measures.

Social tourism. This is travel, subsidized from funds allocated by the state for social needs. The purpose of social tourism is not to make a profit, but to support people with low incomes to realize their right to vacation.

Tourism for business and professional purposes. In the hospitality industry individual countries there is a steady focus on one of the two main categories of tourists - on business travelers.

The peculiarity of this type of tourism is that tourists who come for business purposes spend most of their time at meetings or business meetings, have a rigid program and schedule of events. They often visit the same city, with which their interests are connected, stay in expensive hotels, use ordered transport, specially equipped rooms for business meetings, organize receptions for them, as well as individual excursions.

In general, business travelers have a higher level of spending than holidaymakers.

One of the most common types of business travel is conference travel. In the Russian version, it is customary to call it scientific tourism. The purpose of congress tourism is to conduct scientific and practical seminars, conferences, and congresses. Sometimes the elements of recreational or educational tourism are inherent in business tourism.

Business tourism also includes incentive tourism (incentive tourism). The customers of incentive tourism are large corporations that pay for group travel for their distinguished employees.

There are two major segments in business travel: individuals or groups traveling for business purposes, and employees of various companies who often travel on business. The latter is the so-called corporate tourism.

Visiting friends and relatives. As tourist statistics show, this type of travel represents a large segment. international tourism... Very often, trips to meet with relatives occur repeatedly, and the length of stay exceeds recreational and business trips. For example, guests from Arab countries, India and Pakistan constantly come to England to visit friends and relatives living there. Family members with Slavic roots come to Russia and Ukraine from Canada and the United States.

This segment of the tourist market is also called ethnic, or nostalgic, tourism, which is associated with the need for people to visit relatives, places of birth and residence of loved ones and occupies an important place in international tourist exchange. Usually, several travel agencies specialize in working with this market segment.

Religious (pilgrimage) tourism. It is currently popular. There are several types of it:

• • pilgrimage (visiting holy places to worship relics);
• · Educational trips (acquaintance with religious monuments, history of religion, etc.);
• · Scientific trips (trips of historians and other specialists dealing with religious issues, etc.).
• 1.2.4 Classification by mode of travel

Depending on the method of movement and the chosen type of transport, one can distinguish such types of tourism as aviation, rail, auto tourism, bus, water, hiking, cycling, etc.

Whichever mode of transport the traveler chooses, a prerequisite today is to ensure the safety and comfort of travel. Travel safety indicators are accidents (the number of accidents per year by type of transport) and personal safety, characterized by the number of deaths in road accidents per 100,000 people. In Russia, this figure is higher than in many countries with a high degree of vehicle use.

Tourism and transport are so interconnected that one cannot be imagined without the other. Examples of mutual influence: "Recreational vehicles" (RV) - mobile homes such as caravans or caravans (like our "Scythians") - an integrated vehicle and placement in one object. The growth in sales of caravanning caravanning requires the expansion of specially equipped parking lots in campsites for such mobile homes, which will allow them to instantly be included in the camping infrastructure - to connect them to electricity, water supply and sewerage at the parking lot.

For Russia, this type of transport is promising, provided that our roads will gradually approach the international standard.

Many tourists travel by special buses with observation windows, comfortable reclining chairs, air conditioning, bar, toilet cubicle, music, microphone, TV. These buses allow you to get to places where trains and planes do not fly. The condition of the bus fleet is a defining indicator of the quality of ground handling.

Tourists love cruise travel, which uses a special type of transport. It is not simple vehicles transporting passengers from one port to another, and the place of accommodation (overnight stay) and food is a worthy, if not the best, part of the tourist product. Modern cruise ships have the following equipment for tourists: gym, swimming pool, cinema, video salon, disco, shops, restaurants and bars, concert halls. Some ships have conference rooms with simultaneous translation equipment, allowing for business meetings and scientific conferences. One of the great things about cruise ships is food. Stabilizers reduce the negative effects of rolling on the human body. Many ships have extensive garage spaces that allow you to travel by sea with your car and use it while staying in ports of different countries.

Every person needs rest. Some prefer to lie at home with a book, some like to go out into the countryside, while others even choose to travel abroad or within their country. In Russia on this moment tens of thousands of agencies are registered to help organize vacations. When contacting them, you should not worry about booking hotels, tickets, insurance and visa applications. So what are the most popular travel destinations? We will talk about this in the article.

Why do people travel?

Regardless of what purpose of travel is chosen, the main thing is to go on a trip, taking with you a good mood and a positive attitude.

What tasks do tourists set for themselves?

The task of the trip directly depends on the chosen purpose of the trip:

If this is a vacation, you need to find out the main points: where you will live, how to get there, whether you need a visa to cross the border, and much more. All these tasks can not be solved independently, but shifted onto the shoulders of a travel agency.

With pilgrim tourism, things are much more complicated. Here the main task facing the tourist is to know the main points of the tour. Be prepared to get up early as all services are held in the morning. Do not count on accommodation in 5 * hotels and luxurious rooms. Also, get ready for hiking, long bus journeys. But the purpose of such a tour is spiritual enlightenment, not recreation.

If you go on a trip with the aim of collecting scientific information, the main task is to find out the details about the excursion program, the opening hours of historical and cultural sites. All this can be found in the tourist guide.

The task of a tourist who goes on a trip with the aim of improving their health is not to forget to first consult with the attending physician. So that later there would be no sad consequences from such a rest.

Going to support your favorite team, do not forget to book tickets for the match in advance, risk is a noble business, but not justified.

The purpose and objectives of the trip are the priority points with which the tourist must decide. If you can't figure it out on your own, it is better to contact the professionals at the agency.

Don't forget about rest

Goals tourist travel citizens may be different, but in 70% of cases they are committed for the sake of rest. What could be better than to soak up the warm sand after working days? For these purposes, citizens tend to choose international famous resorts or islands. In these cases, a travel agency will help. All that is needed from a vacationer is to decide on the place of travel, pay for a ticket, pack his bags, and not be late for the plane. The managers will do the rest for you.

Recently, among the residents of Russia it has become fashionable and prestigious to have a rest in Sochi. Luxurious infrastructure, new hotels, high level of service - all this attracts hundreds of thousands of tourists every year. Leisure travel is perhaps the most enjoyable.

There are situations when a busy work schedule does not allow you to get out somewhere, even for a couple of days. What to do in this case? An excellent option would be to organize a weekend in your city. You can end this with a small picnic in the park or on the riverbank, if there is one. Many people ask: "What is the purpose of traveling around your city?" Of course, this is recreation, entertainment, and you can also add an excursion program, visit museums, other cultural and historical sites.

Trip across Russia

Foreign tourists love to travel around Russia, as it is extremely rich in many historical and cultural attractions. A country with such a rich history is interesting and at the same time incomprehensible to visitors. To truly feel like Russian, you need to plunge into local traditions, try to get to know everything better national characteristics... That is why tours around ancient cities country.

The most popular route is “ Gold ring". Tourists are offered to visit 8 cities of Russia, which are its pride and heritage. The purpose of the trip to Russia is to inspect historically important and cultural places and objects, to get acquainted with the traditions and customs of the country.

Sometimes the program is built in a way that seems surprising at first glance. You can find in it items that no one expected to see, for example, a visit to the Rostov Zoo. The organizers specifically add such objects to the tour in order to change the emotional background of tourists who get tired of a large number information received. But what is the purpose of traveling to the zoo? Acquaintance, broadening of horizons, cultural recreation... Probably few people know that this zoo is one of the largest in Europe, not only in terms of area, but also in terms of the number of animals.

What are the differences between religious and pilgrim tourism?

Travel to visit holy places was especially popular in Russia before the advent of Soviet power. After that they lost their former glory, and many objects (temples, monasteries) were completely closed. In the early 90s, it was revived again. People became more interested in spiritual life, traditions and customs.

Many people ask, is there a difference between pilgrimage and religious trips? Experts assure that there are significant differences. Pilgrims, as a rule, are of the same denomination to which holy places they have come to bow their heads. There are similar tours on great holidays and significant dates.

For religious purposes, people often choose travel when any important points... Often people come to holy sources and places when they hope for God's help. In addition, such tourism implies acquainting a person with church art. This may include visiting all religious sites, regardless of whether it is a temple, a church or a mosque. Such a program may include evening entertainment, hotel accommodation, non-fasting meals, and so on.

Pilgrims do not need such conditions; in some cases, they may take this for a personal insult. For them, it is important to directly participate in church processes, prayers, services.

Traveling to visit holy places attracts a huge number of people. Russia is known for many monasteries and temples, where both foreigners and residents of the country come annually. For example, the Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood, Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg and many others.

Recently, tours of villages with small old churches have become very popular. They have no less attractiveness and historical significance. In such places you can find unique icons. And folklore, traditions that are told locals, will only add color. Quite often the whole performances are arranged in front of the travelers. This is especially interesting for foreigners who take part in this kind of entertainment with great pleasure.

Many tourists, choosing such a tour for the first time, are interested in: "What is the purpose of the trip?" Experts say that there are several of them: rest, broadening one's horizons, union with God.

What you need to know when going to the holy places

When going on a tour of holy places for the first time, you need to know and adhere to the following tips:

Women should dress in modest clothes, do not use bright makeup.

At the entrance to the temple, be sure to cover your head with a scarf, for men, on the contrary, take off their headdress.

Sportswear for visiting monasteries and churches is unacceptable.

Photographing and filming with the camera is allowed only in places where there is permission.

Religious tourism involves long walks, so please bring comfortable shoes.

These simple tips will help you feel comfortable on a trip like this.

The most famous pilgrimage sites

There are places on earth that are saturated with God's grace. Millions of people come there to get spiritual peace, to pray.

Briefly about the main thing

When defining your travel goals, do not forget to pay attention to the following points:

Financial opportunities. If you do not have enough funds to choose decent living conditions, it is better to reconsider the selected resort and find a worthy option.

Health status. If you are sick on the bus, do not purchase sightseeing or pilgrimage tours that use this type of transport.

When choosing tours to familiarize yourself with cultural and historical sites, ask if they work on these dates.

The travel goals of tourists can be different. The main thing is to immediately decide what kind of tour you need. Perhaps you are tired of everyday work, then it is best to just soak up the sea or ocean, go to a country holiday home - it all depends on your financial capabilities. If this option seems boring, you want to relax and renounce all worries and problems, there is an option with pilgrim tourism. Do you want to replenish your knowledge base? Set your goal correctly. Traveling to the local history museum, various palaces, art galleries - this is only a small part of the objects that can be visited. There are a lot of interesting things in the world.

Introduction

Classification of tourism - the allocation of internally homogeneous taxa (groups) of tourism activities on the basis of accepted principles. The most common classification of tourism is its division into types, categories, types and forms. The type of tourism is determined by the nationality of the tourists.

Classification of tours according to the purposes of recreation. Recreational activities

Educational tours. Objectives - to see interesting or just beautiful natural and cultural sites, receive new information about these objects, as well as visit unique places, so that later with a feeling of deep satisfaction to think and say: "And I was there." Objects visited for educational purposes are: monuments of nature, history, architecture, places associated with the life of wonderful people, museums, art galleries, exhibitions, theaters, etc.

Basically, educational tourism can be attributed to ecological tourism (ecotourism) - travel and visits to natural areas that are relatively well preserved and hardly affected by human activity.

Distinctive features of ecotourism:

• - it implies the presence of rather strict rules of behavior in nature in order to save it, which is a fundamental condition for the existence of this industry;
• - the impact on nature is relatively weak;
• - it is assumed that local residents not only work as service personnel, but also continue to lead the same way of life in the territory used, to engage in traditional types of economy that ensure a sparing regime of environmental management.

Types of ecotourism are visits to unique natural areas, observation of animals and birds in the wild, scientific tourism - outdoor travel for educational (for students) and research (for scientists) purposes, etc.

Also, cognitive tourism can be attributed to ethnographic tourism - acquaintance with the traditional way of life of the local population. In world practice, this type of tourism is quite developed. Examples of elements of ethnotourism:

• - visiting a village of the Papuans in New Guinea and Indian settlements in the Andes mountains and the Amazon forests ("Team Gorky" company);
• - visiting the parking lot of Mongolian cattle breeders with the provision of an opportunity to spend the night in a yurt

Sports tours. The goal is adventure, overcoming difficulties. Active tours subdivided by means of transportation. There are hiking, skiing, water tourism (canoeing, wooden or inflatable rafts - rafts, catamarans, boats, yachts, etc.), horseback riding, cycling. Also, speleotourism is separately distinguished - visiting caves, mountaineering - climbing mountain peaks. Separately distinguish mountain tourism- hiking in the mountains in order to overcome a certain number mountain passes... Stationary sports tourism - various types of recreation at sea (diving, surfing, yachting, water skiing, etc.) and in the mountains (skiing, sledding, snowboarding, para and hang gliding, etc.)

Wellness tours. The goal is to rest from everything, without any stress. Examples: beach vacation outside the city, both short-term at the nearest river, and many days on Black sea coast The Caucasus; picnic in nature at the weekend. (The term "health-improving" is not always suitable for the last example in the conditions of the current Russian traditions, but there is no other term yet).

Medical tours. The goal is the treatment or prevention of health. This is a vacation in sanatoriums or resorts. Medical services are necessarily provided, which differ depending on the prescribed course of treatment - various types of procedures, physiotherapy exercises, dietary nutrition, etc. At present, most sanatoriums offer both treatment programs and "wellness" programs - without the provision of medical services. In the latter case, the sanatorium is used as a comfortable holiday home. The cost of the tour is cheaper. Such events can be short-term, for example, meeting the New Year with subsequent relaxation.

Consumer tours. The goal is to collect the gifts of nature not for sale. This includes picking mushrooms and berries. This also includes sports fishing. Sports hunting in the USSR was not considered tourism, since the hunting department of the Ministry of Agriculture, which had nothing to do with tourism, was responsible for its organization. Hunting legislation is also not directly related to tourism. But from a semantic point of view, hunting, as a vacation outside the residence, can also be attributed to tourism.

Summer cottage tours - visiting summer cottages, it is understood that for the purpose of recreation. Agritourism is close to country tourism - recreation in the countryside (in villages, on farms, in peasant houses). Tourists lead a rural lifestyle, get acquainted with national songs and dances, local customs, take part in rural labor, folk holidays and festivals. In Russia, such events have existed for a long time at an amateur level (a trip to relatives in the village) and have never been perceived as tourism, although they fall under the definition of tourism.

Religious tours - pilgrimage to holy places. For example, a trip of Christians to Jerusalem to worship the Holy Sepulcher, a trip of Muslims to the holy city of Mecca, a pilgrimage to worship the relics of St. Seraphim of Sarov in the village of Diveyevo (Nizhny Novgorod region).

Business tours - trips for negotiations, participation in presentations, at conferences, exhibitions, fairs, exchanges, visits of official delegations, etc.

Hobby tours - trips for doing what you love: for wine tasting, collectors' conventions, etc.

Study tours - for the purpose of learning the language, applied arts, wushu gymnastics in China, etc.

Nostalgic tours - trips to memorable places, individual for each person, for example, home, to places of study, to relatives, etc.

Event tours - trips to one-time public events: festivals, concerts of popular artists, sports competitions as fans, carnivals, city days and more